PIONERES MÈDIQUES 61
PIONERES MÈDIQUES
Dra. Coral Cuadrada
1. INTRODUCCIÓ
«v# shu# d# pl# xq# sodhu# l# xq# krqru# txh# hov# phpeuhv# gho# uhfhqwphqw#
ixqgdw# Fhqwuh# gġHvwxglv# Ylod0vhfdqv/# txh# sruwd# shu# vxewÏwro# ho# gh#
Pduld#Hohqd#Pdvhudv/#pġkdjl#ghpdqdw#xq#duwlfoh#sho#sulphu#qÜphur#
gh# od# vhyd# uhylvwd/# txh# dxjxur# ehq# srwhqw# l# gh# uhihuÊqfld# hq# euhx#
whpsv1#Do#wudfwdu0vh#gġdpegxhv#yhvvdqwv#Ğho#fhqwuh/#od#uhylvwdĞ#ydlj#
sursrvdu#xqhv#uhľh{lrqv#hqwruq#d#ohv#grqhv/#od#klvwÔuld#l#od#phglflqd/#
rihulqw#dl{Ï#xq#krphqdwjh#d#od#sulphud#grqd#txh#hv#pdwulfxoÂ#hq#xqd#
xqlyhuvlwdw# shu# d# fxuvdu# hvwxglv# gh# phglflqd/# Ľood# gh# Ylod0vhfd1# Qr#
suhwhqf/#shuÔ/#ihu0qh#od#vhyd#elrjudĽd#hq#h{whqv/#ql#fhqwudu0ph#qrpËv#
hq#hood#Ğhp#uhihuluË#wdpeË#d#Wurwxod/#Rolyld#Vdexfr/#Groruv#Dohx#Ulhud#
l# d# Pduwlqd# Fdvwhoov# EdoohvsÏĞ/# vlqÕ# shqvdu# hq# ohv# uhodflrqv# hqwuh# od#
suÂfwlfd#vdqlwÂuld#rĽfldo#l#ho#pÕq#ihphqÏ#ghv#gġxqd#shuvshfwlyd#Âpsold#
l# gldfuÔqlfd/# shu# srvvlelolwdu# ho# grqdu# shx# d# od# frqvlghudflÕ# md# pËv#
frqfuhwd#ghov#shutxÊv#l#ohv#udrqv#gh#ohv#sulphuhv#qrlhv#xqlyhuvlwÂulhv#
fdwdodqhv/# lqwhqwdqw# hqglqvdu0ph# glqv# gho# srvvleoh# hq# ohv# fdxvhv#
shuvrqdov# txh# ohv# sruwduhq# d# grqdu# xq# sdv# hqgdydqw# gh# wdq# vlqjxodu#
lpsruwÂqfld/#hvghyhqlqw#dl{Ï#dydqwjxduglvwhv#l#slrqhuhv1#
Dtxhvw# hvwxgl/# gġdowud# edqgd/# vġlqvhuhl{# hq# ohv# phyhv# ylhv# dfwxdov#
gh# uhfhufd=# od# klvwÔuld# gh# ohv# grqhv# l# od# klvwÔuld# gh# od# phghflqd/# dl{Ï#
frp#od#klvwÔuld#phglhydo/#d#od#txh#hp#uhihuluË#gh#irupd#lqwurgxfwÔuld/#
62 PIONERES MÈDIQUES
vreuhwrw# shu# dvvhq|dodu# ho# fdqyl# hqwuh# od# phglflqd# lqirupdo# l# od#
irupdo/#hvphqwdqw#ohv#vhyhv#frqvhtÞÊqflhv#uhvwulfwlyhv#l#qhjdwlyhv#gh#
fdud# d# od# surihvvlÕ# pÊglfd# h{huflgd# shu# ohv# grqhv1# Dedqv/# shuÔ/# fuhf#
lqglvshqvdeoh#sodqwhmdu#xq#vxewlo#dsursdphqw#d#ohv#whrulhv#ihplqlvwhv/#
gġdvvlvwÊqfld#vrfldo#l#pÊgltxhv/#frvd#txh#idlj#d#frqwlqxdflÕ1#
Od#klvwrulrjudĽd#l#ohv#whrulhv#ihplqlvwhv#hv#ydq#sodqwhmdu#ghv#ghov#vhxv#
lqlflv#frp#d#remhfwh#gġdqÂolvl/#od#uhodflÕ#txh#ohv#grqhv#pdqwhqhq#dpe#
ho# vhx# frv1# Ho# sxqw# gh# sduwlgd# irx# od# frqvflÊqfld# gh# txh# ho# frv# gh# ohv#
grqhv#kd#hvwdw#xq#remhfwh#sulylohjldw#gho#glvfxuv#pdvfxoÏ/#hq#wdqw#txh#
hoohv#kdq#hvwdw#ghĽqlghv#do#ooduj#gh#od#klvwÔuld/#hq#pdmru#phvxud#txh#
hov#krphv/#hq#uhodflÕ#hvwuhwd#l#gluhfwd#dpe#or#pdwhuldo/#or#frusrul/#dpe#
xqd#elrorjld#gh#od#txdo#vh#qġkd#ihw#xq#ghvwÏ1#Urxvvhdx/#erq#frqhl{hgru#
gh#od#olwhudwxud#pÊglfd/#l#d#od#yhjdgd#dxwru#gh#surixqgd#lqľxÊqfld#vreuh#
ho# shqvdphqw# gho# vhx# whpsv/# lqfoÜv# ho# ghov# phwjhv/# h{suhvvÂ# dpe#
foduhgdw# d# od# vhyd# qryhood# shgdjÔjlfd# Émile, ou de l’Éducation +4:95,#
dtxhvwd#lghd#gh#oodujd#ylgd/#txh#ohv#grqhv#hvwdq#ghwhuplqdghv#sho#vhx#
vh{h#gġxqd#pdqhud#l#Ľqv#d#xq#sxqw#txh#qr#kr#hvwdq#hov#krphv=
El baró és baró en alguns instants; la dona és dona
vida o almenys durant tota la
durant tota la seva vida,
l^oZ cho^gmnm4 mhm eƅZmkZn o^kl ^e l^n l^q^% b i^k Z
desenvolupar bé les seves funcions precisa d’una
constitució que es refereixi a ell.
Ghv#gġdtxhvwhv#suhplvvhv#hov#ihplqlvphv#kdq#edvwlw#xq#glvfxuv#fuÏwlf#
vreuh# hov# phfdqlvphv# svlfroÔjlfv# l# vrfldov# shov# txdov# od# ghvljxdowdw#
ghov# vh{hv# frqglflrqd# od# uhodflÕ# gh# ohv# grqhv# dpe# ho# vhx# sursl# frv/#
l# od# klvwÔuld# gh# ohv# grqhv/# ghv# ghov# vhxv# ruÏjhqv# hq# hov# dq|v# vhwdqwd#
gho#vhjoh#sdvvdw/#kdq#suÊv#od#vh{xdolwdw/#od#pdwhuqlwdw#r#ohv#suÂfwltxhv#
vdqlwÂulhv#l#hvwÊwltxhv#gh#fxud#l#prghodw#gho#frv#frp#remhfwhv#fhqwudov#
gġdqÂolvl# +IRXTXHW/# 4<;7=# :50;7,1# Wuhv# fdudfwhuÏvwltxhv# ĞoġdwhqflÕ#
do# uro# ghov# glvfxuvrv# hq# od# frqvwuxfflÕ# gh# ohv# lghqwlwdwv# vrfldov/# od#
frqvflÊqfld#gho#fduÂfwhu#fxowxudo#gh#ohv#uhsuhvhqwdflrqv#l#ohv#ylyÊqflhv#
gho#frv/#l#oġlqwhuÊv#shu#dvshfwhv#l#vxemhfwhv#wudglflrqdophqw#pdujlqdwv#
shu# od# klvwÔuldĞ# kdq# lqirupdw# ohv# txh# kdq# hvwdw# ohv# grv# sulqflsdov#
whqgÊqflhv# sruwdghv# d# whuph# hq# hov# hvwxglv# vreuh# od# klvwÔuld# gh# ohv#
grqhv# l# od# klvwÔuld# gh# od# flÊqfld1# Gġxqd# edqgd/# hov# wuhedoov# ylqfxodwv#
PIONERES MÈDIQUES 63
dpe#od#klvwÔuld#vrfldo/#prowhv#yhjdghv#lqľxÑwv#shu#oġdqwursrorjld#l#hov#
pÊwrghv#plfurklvwÔulfv/#hov#txdov#kdq#wlqjxw#shu#remhfwlx#ihu#ylvleohv#
hov#hvsdlv/#hov#vdehuv#l#srghuv#surslv#gh#ohv#grqhv#hq#ho#sdvvdw/#srvdqw#
gh#uhoohx#ohv#vhyhv#rfxsdflrqv#hvshfÏĽtxhv#d#ohv#vrflhwdwv#wudglflrqdov#
Ğpdwhuqlwdw/# sduw/# fuldqÉd/# odfwÂqfld111Ğ/# hov# frqhl{hphqwv# vreuh#
ho# frv# l# ohv# suÂfwltxhv# gh# fxudflÕ1# Gduuhudphqw# vġkd# vxshudw# hq# sduw#
od# lghqwlĽfdflÕ# glfrwÔplfd# hqwuh# grqhv# 2# fxowxud# srsxodu0vdehuv#
wudglflrqdov# l# krphv# 2# phglflqd# rĽfldo/# do# uhyhodu# ylqfohv# frpsoh{rv#
hqwuh#grqhv#vdqdgruhv/#hov#vhxv#sdflhqwv#Ğpdvfxolqv/#ihphqlqvĞ/#ohv#
dxwrulwdwv#flylov#r#uholjlrvhv/#phwjhv/#fluxujldqv#l#dowuhv#surihvvlrqdov#
hpsÏulfv/# wrw# ghprvwudqw# od# fdsdflwdw# dgdswdwlyd# gh# ohv# grqhv# d# ohv#
flufxpvwÂqflhv#fdqyldqwv#gh#ohv#srvvlelolwdwv#gġh{huflfl#gh#od#surihvvlÕ#
(FDEU«#)#RUWL]/#5334>#FDEU«/#5338>#RUWL]/#5339/#SRPDWD/#4<<7,1#
Mxqw#d#od#pdwhuqlwdw#l#ohv#suÂfwltxhv#vdqlwÂulhv#h{huflghv#shu#ohv#grqhv/#
xq# dowuh# remhfwh# sulylohjldw# gġdqÂolvl# pËv# surshu# d# ohv# rulhqwdflrqv#
eulqgdghv#shov#sodqwhmdphqwv#gh#od#klvwÔuld#fxowxudo/#kd#hvwdw#od#irupd#
hq# txÊ# od# glihuÊqfld# ghov# vh{hv# vġkd# uhsuhvhqwdw# hq# hov# glvfxuvrv#
pÊglfv/# dgrswdqw# hq# hoov# od# iruÉd# gh# ohv# hylgÊqflhv# flhqwÏĽtxhv#
(MDFTXDUW# )# WKRPDVVHW/# 4<;<># EHUULRW0VDOYDGRUH/# 4<<5=# 6:40
746,1#Dl{Ô#kd#hvwdw#ho#uhvxowdw#gh#txh#d#ohv#glvwlqwhv#Êsrtxhv#l#vrflhwdwv/#
sulphu#hov#whÔohjv#l#ghvsuËv#hov#flhqwÏĽfv#Ğgh#pdqhud#sduwlfxoduphqw#
lqľxhqw/# od# fodvvh# pÊglfdĞ# vġkd# lqwhuurjdw# sho# vljqlĽfdw# gh# od#
glihuÊqfld# l# od# ghvljxdowdw# ghov# vh{hv/# surmhfwdqw# vreuh# ohv# vhyhv#
suhjxqwhv#l#uhvsrvwhv/#vreuh#hov#sodqwhmdphqwv#l#uhvxowdwv#gh#ohv#vhyhv#
lqyhvwljdflrqv#l#suÂfwltxhv/#ohv#frqyhqflrqv/#h{shfwdwlyhv#l#suhmxglflv#
suÔslhv# gho# vhx# whpsv1# Prow# hvshfldophqw/# ghv# gho# vhjoh# {ylll/# od#
Phglflqd#kd#h{huflw#xq#sdshu#ghwhuplqdqw#sho#txh#id#d#od#frqvwuxfflÕ#
gh#qruphv#vrfldov#l#prghov#gh#frpsruwdphqw#l#vxemhfwlylwdw/#d#wudyËv#
gh#od#vhyd#lqľxÊqfld#fuhl{hqw#vreuh#od#vrflhwdw#l#gh#od#glyxojdflÕ#ghov#
vhxv#sulqflslv#plwmdqÉdqw#xqd#dpsold#olwhudwxud#gh#srsxodulw}dflÕ1#Hq#
dtxhvw# vhqwlw/# hv# id# reoljdw# uhphwuhġp# d# Irxfdxow# ĞFolie et déraison.
Ablmhkb^]^eZ_heb^¹eƅ»`^\eZllbjn^+4<94,># Naissance de la cliniques. Une
Zk\aÂheh`b^ ]n k^`Zk] fÂ]b\Ze +4<96,># Histoire de la sexualité +4<:90
4<;7,Ğ# udwlĽfdqw# od# vhyd# dĽupdflÕ# gh# txh# xq# ghov# sxqwv# qhxuÂojlfv#
ghov#txh#ydq#luudgldu#ohv#lpsrvlflrqv#qrupdolw}dgruhv#gh#ohv#vrflhwdwv#
frqwhpsruÂqlhv#suryhqlhq#ghov#glvfxuvrv#l#gh#ohv#suÂfwltxhv#pÊgltxhv1#
64 PIONERES MÈDIQUES
Vl#eË#ho#ĽoÔvri#iudqfÊv#reuÏ#ho#fdpÏ#gh#od#frqvlghudflÕ#gh#od#phglflqd#
Ğhov# vhxv# glvfxuvrv/# ohv# vhyhv# lqvwlwxflrqv/# ohv# vhyhv# suÂfwltxhv/# ohv#
vhyhv# uhfhswhv# l# uhfrpdqdflrqvĞ># fuhf# qhfhvvdul# dqdu# pËv# hqooÂ/#
sodqwhmdqw0ph#frp#dtxhvwv#glvfxuvrv#hv#ylqfxoduhq#qr#wdqw#vrov#dpe#
od#frqvwuxfflÕ#gġxqd#ghwhuplqdgd#vrflhwdw/#vlqÕ#wdpeË#hq#ho#sdshu#txh#
ohv#grqhv#uhodflrqdghv#dpe#od#phglflqd#l#od#fxud#kdylhq#gġh{huflu/#dpe#
hov#vhxv#oÏplwv#l#iurqwhuhv1#Shu#wrwhv#dtxhvwhv#udrqv#fdoguÂ#ihu#hvphqw#d#
od#ehqhĽfÊqfld/#od#Ľodqwursld#l#oġkljlhqlvph/#qr#qrpËv#frp#d#whrulhv/#
vlqÕ#wdpeË#frp#d#hohphqwv#gh#vxemhfwlydflÕ#l#gġlghqwlwdw#gh#ohv#qrvwuhv#
surwdjrqlvwhv1#
2. LES PRIMERES FILLES D’HIPÒCRATES
GġhqÉÂ# txh# ho# pÕq# Ëv# pÕq# ohv# grqhv# kdq# h{huflw# wdvtxhv# gh# fxud# l#
dwhqflÕ#dov#dowuhv/#hqwuh#ohv#txdov#ohv#lqkhuhqwv#d#od#fuldqÉd/#dolphqwdflÕ#
l#fxudflÕ#+PDUVDO/#5348=#6<089,1#Do#ooduj#ghov#vhjohv#kdq#sruwdw#d#whuph#
suÂfwltxhv#ylqfxodghv#dpe#od#fxlqd/#od#idupÂfld#l#ohv#whuÂslhv#fxudwlyhv#
frp# txhofrp# vxsrvdw# lqkhuhqw# do# vhx# vh{h# +FXDGUDGD/# 5349,1# ShuÔ#
qr#hp#ghwlqguË#hq#dtxhvwhv#frqvlghudflrqv/#vlqÕ#txh/#dtxÏ/#yxoo#lqflglu#
hq# oġh{huflfl# gh# od# phglflqd# uhfrqhjxgd/# qr# lqirupdo# r# grpÊvwlfd1#
Hqv# srghp# uhpxqwdu# do# vhjoh# l{/# d# OġHvfrod# PÊglfd# Vdohuqlwdqd/##
sulphu# fhqwuh# vhqvh# frqqh{lÕ# dpe# oġHvjoËvld/# frqvlghudw# shu# dojxqv#
hvwxglrvrv#frp#od#sulphud#xqlyhuvlwdw#hxurshd/#rq#h{hufÏ#od#phwjhvvd#
pËv#qrwdeoh#gh#oġhgdw#plwmdqd=#Wurwxod1#Od#vhyd#suhvÊqfld#d#oġHvfrod/#
vhjrqv# hov# txl# od# ghihqvhq/# yh# dydodgd# shu# od# frkhuÊqfld/# md# vljxl#
dpe# od# fxowxud# phglhydo# orqjredugd/# hq# txÊ# ohv# grqhv# frpsduwlhq#
dpe# hov# krphv# ohv# uhvsrqvdelolwdwv# sroÏwltxhv# l# uholjlrvhv/# l# vrylqw#
wdpeË#plolwduv>#md#vljxl#dpe#od#pdwhl{d#rujdqlw}dflÕ#gh#oġHvfrod/#txh#
qr# yhwdyd# oġdffËv# gh# ohv# grqhv# d# oġduw# gh# od# phglflqd# ql# d# hvghyhqlu#
Magistrae. UhiruÉd#dtxhvwd#gduuhud#dĽupdflÕ#ho#vdehu#txh#od#vdoxw#gh#ohv#
grqhv#d#oġdowd#hgdw#plwmdqd#hvwdyd#uhvhuydgd#h{foxvlydphqw#d#ohv#pdqv#
ihphqlqhv1#Shu#dowuhv#frphqwdgruv2hv/#hqwuh#ohv#txdov#od#svlfrdqdolvwd#
Slqd#Erjjl#Fdydoor#+4<<7,/#ho#ghedw#klvwrulrjuÂĽf#vreuh#oġh{lvwÊqfld#r#
qr#gh#Wurwxod/#dl{Ï#frp#od#vhyd#surjuhvvlyd#wudqvĽjxudflÕ#hq#oohjhqgd/#
vhq|dohq# od# surjuhvvlyd# ghvdsdulflÕ# gh# ohv# grqhv# d# od# klvwÔuld# gh# od#
phglflqd/#ghv#gġdohvkruhv#uhohjdghv#d#urov#pdujlqdov/#sruwdgruhv#gh#od#
fxowxud#srsxodu#gho#vdqhmdphqw1#
PIONERES MÈDIQUES 65
Qdvfxgd# yhuv# ho# 4383/# Wurwd/# Wurfwd/# Wurwwrod# r# Wurwxod/# shuwdq|ld#
d# od# idpÏold# qreoh# ghov# Uxjjlhur># hv# fdvÂ# dpe# Lkrdqqlv# Sodwhdulxv/#
phwjh/#dpe#txl#frooderuÂ#hq#od#Encyclopaedia regimen sanitatis (FD]«V#
PHQDFKH/#533:=#4:5,1#WlqjxË#grv#Ľoov/#Lkrdqqlv#l#Pdwwkdhxv/#dpegÕv#
ljxdophqw# phwjhv# gh# oġHvfrod/# d# Pdwwkdhxv# vġdwulexhl{# od# uhgdfflÕ#
gġxq#pdqxvfulw#oodwÏ#wlwxodw#Liber de Simplici medicina o Circa instant1. A
hood#vh#ol#lpsxwhq#gxhv#reuhv#suÔslhv>#od#sulphud/ Passiónibus mulierum
curandorum, wdpeË# frqhjxgd# frp# Trotula Maior; d# pËv# gh# vhu# xq#
lqwhuhvvdqw# wudfwdw# gh# fluxujld/# vreuhwrw# hq# ho# uhihuhqw# do# pdqhlj# gh#
ihulghv#gh#jxhuud/#hv#frqvlghud#xq#wudfwdw#gġrevwhwuÏfld#l#jlqhfrorjld1#
Frqvwd#gh#93#fdsÏwrov#l#hvwxgld#hq#hvshfldo#od#phqvwuxdflÕ/#frqfhsflÕ/#
hpeduÂv/# sduw/# frqwuro# gh# od# qdwdolwdw/# d# pËv# gh# glyhuvhv# pdodowlhv#
jlqhfroÔjltxhv/#dl{Ï#frp#ghov#vhxv#uhphlv1#Od#irupd#hq#txÊ#hv#frqvhuyd#
ho# wudfwdw# fruuhvsrq# do# vhjoh# [LL# shuÔ# vhpeod# kdyhu# hvwdw# frpsrvdw#
xqd# fhqwÜuld# dedqv1# Ohv# vhyhv# whrulhv# pÊgltxhv# vÕq# lqfuhÑeohphqw#
dydqÉdghv=#frqvlghud#txh#od#lqihuwlolwdw#srw#vhu#fdxvd#wdqw#gh#oġkrph#
frp#gh#od#grqd/#l#hv#prvwud#d#idyru#gh#txh#hv#vxeplqlvwulq#rsldflv#d#
ohv#grqhv#gxudqw#ho#sduw#shu#d#plwljdu#ho#groru/#suÂfwlfd#shuvhjxlgd#shu#
od# oohl# l# oġHvjoËvld1# Od# suryd# ihidhqw# gh# txh# od# lqľxÊqfld# srvwhulru# gh#
Wurwxod#irx#hqruph#hqv#od#prvwud#txh#hov#hvfulwv#gh#Orxlvh#Erxujhrlv#
+489604969,/# frpdgurqd# uhldo# gh# IudqÉd/# txl# wuhedoodyd# hq# oġhqwruq#
gġDpeurlvh# SduË/# hv# edvhq# hqfdud# hq# ho# Trotula Maior (GXQQ/# 5337=#
4;804;:,1# Od#vhjrqd#reud#Ëv#De ornatu mulierum o Trotula Minor/#hq#od#
txh# hv# sodqwhjhq# whphv# frvpÊwlfv/# shuÔ# wdpeË# dtxhoov# lpsolfdwv# hq#
od#fxud#gh#od#shoo#l#od#kljlhqh/#hvwdeolqw#uhfrpdqdflrqv#frp#oġh{huflfl#
iÏvlf# uhjxodu/# pdvvdwjhv# dpe# rolv# l# xqd# glhwd# htxloleudgd# l# vdoxgdeoh#
(JUHHQ/#5334,1#
PËv#wdug/#hq#sohqd#l#edl{d#hgdw#plwmdqd/#d#YdoÊqfld#kl#kd#uhihuÊqflhv#
a oZkbZl fnc^k^l que practicaban la medicina como sanadoras empíricas
gh hƮ\bZe^l h \nkZg]^kZl% r \hfh fÂ]b\Zl eb\^g\bZ]Zl% lb^g]h ÂlmZl
ÓembfZl _k^\n^gm^f^gm^ fnc^k^l fnlnefZgZl jn^ ikZ\mb\Z[Zg ]^gmkh ]^
la comunidad cristiana dominante (JDUF¯D# EDOOHVWHU/# PFYDXJK/#
UXELR#YHOD/#4<;<,>#l#wdpeË#grqhv#mxhyhv#txh#sudfwlfdyhq#od#phglflqd#do#
uhjqh#gġDudjÕ#+FDUGRQHU#SODQDV/#4<7<=#7740778,1#Dtxhvwhv#gdghv/#
'LVSRQLEOHD KWWS ZZZEOXNPDQXVFULSWV9LHZHUDVS["UHI KDUOH\BPVBBIU
>&RQVXOWDGD@
66 PIONERES MÈDIQUES
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espiritual, de lo presente, pesar de lo passado, temor,
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les vienen tantos generós de enfermedades, y tantes
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3. CARITAT CRISTIANA, FILANTROPIA I BENEFICÈNCIA
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68 PIONERES MÈDIQUES
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A les darreries del segle XVIII, alguns metges començaren a intervenir en parts, abans un àmbit exclusiu de les
dones. Fet que desencadenà una forta controvèrsia al Regne Unit i als EEUU. Aquest dibuix del 1793 parodia el
monstre, meitat home, meitat dona matrona. Disponible a: http://dohistory.org/man-midwife/index_alt.html
[Consultada 13.01.16].
PIONERES MÈDIQUES 69
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temps ab los ynventaris anteriors per lo governt, los
quals quedan refundits aqui.
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70 PIONERES MÈDIQUES
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día cada doce, cada quince o cada mes, sufre, y ese
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en su cabeza con que combatir a los que pretenden
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PIONERES MÈDIQUES 71
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