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Beginning with a historiographical examination of the common impression of thirteenth-century English parish clergy as largely ignorant, this paper calls for a reconsideration of the primary sources and argues that records of clerical illiteracy are better used to illustrate the processes by which reformers were actively raising the standards.
Renaissance Quarterly
The Papacy and the Rise of the Universities. Gaines Post. Ed. William J. Courtenay. Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 54. Leiden: Brill, 2017. xii + 264 pp. $1432019 •
Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique
Per omnia ecclesiastica officia promotus. A normative perspective on the career of bishops in the church province of Reims (888-1049)2018 •
When early medieval sources record the appointment of a new bishop, the authors occasionally provide extra information on the social, geographical, educational or ecclesiastical background of the appointee. These details were not randomly chosen, since they reflected ideas that emerged in the previous centuries and culminated in a disparate corpus of texts commonly referred to as 'canon law'. In this article, I shall take a closer look at the bishops in the church province of Rheims in the 'long' tenth century (between 888 and 1049). In particular, I will zoom in on one feature of the episcopal profile that frequently surfaces in narrative, diplomatic and epistolary sources: the pre-episcopal career. After a brief discussion of canonical prescriptions on the ecclesiastical career, I shall explore the functions the bishops exercised before their promotion to a see, in the secular clergy, in monastic milieus or at the royal court. Despite the traditional emphasis on a tenth-century 'church in the hands of the laity', this analysis demonstrates that canon law on the requirements for episcopal candidates was not necessarily disregarded. The sources representing the career of the studied bishops first and foremost paint a picture of continuity: deeply rooted in Late Antique, Merovingian and Carolingian developments, yet steadily transforming, pressed by local circumstances.
Models of Priestly Formation
Seminary Formation since the Council of Trent: A Historical Overview2019 •
Introduction and Background to the Establishment of the Seminary System On 27 June 1562, Sigismund Baumgartner, Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria's envoy (and a layman), was admitted to the Council of Trent. The submission he made on that day highlighted a number of concerns that arose out of an extensive visitation of clergy in Bavaria, carried out four years previously. The results were not encouraging, showing that the majority of clergy were ignorant and "infected with heresy" and that a mere three or four out of a hundred were not already married or living with concubines. Baumgartner made a number of recommendations on behalf of Duke Albrecht to the council for an improvement in the state of the church in the region. One of these concerned a reform of the clergy, the imposition of a stricter discipline on the conduct of their lives and, to counter their general ignorance, the establishment of schools for their training. In the words of John W. O'Malley, Baumgartner was the first to bring the idea of the establishment of "seminaries" to the council in an authoritative way. 1 Of course, concern for the proper education of clergy was not particularly new. For centuries, complaints about the deficit in both the intellectual and moral standards of the clergy were commonplace. The Anglo-Saxon missionary, Boniface, famously complained in one of his letters that he encountered one Bavarian priest around 746 whose Latin was so poor that he baptised "in nomine patria et filia et spiritus sancti." Charlemagne, in his of 789, placed great emphasis 2 Admonitio Generalis on clerical education; in the words of Giles Brown, he wished that the parish clergy, from whom so much is now expected, are educated in Christian doctrine, and possess not only decent copies of the key Christian texts-biblical, canonical, penitential and liturgical-but also the literacy to use them. 3
Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture
Review of Sara Slinn, The Education of the Anglican Clergy 1780-18392019 •
The Bishop Reformed: Studies in Episcopal Culture and Power in the Central Middle Ages (900-1215), ed. John Ott and Anna Trumbore (Aldershot, 2007)
"Bishops and Religious Law 900-1050"2007 •
Archaeological Journal, vol.80, 2008, pp.167-187
Archbishop Harcourt's Recruitment of Literate Clergymen: Part 1, Non-Graduate Clergy in the Diocese of York, 1800-18492008 •
2014 •
The series Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae traces the English cathedral clergy from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the later nineteenth century. Cathedral positions were often used either to reward individuals of outstanding merit or to support important servants of church and/or state. Accordingly, many of the individuals catalogued here were significant in the leadership and administration of church and state, were active members of the universities, were prominent in authorship and scholarly endeavour, and so forth. The Fasti enables users to trace networks of patronage, competition and collegiality among these most prominent members of the English church. It is also useful in interpreting historical documents. For example: In an archive, one might find an undated letter from the archdeacon of this place to the dean of that cathedral, obliquely referring to comments made by a certain bishop in the House of Lords. By looking up the individuals concerned, the range of dates when the individuals held these offices enables approximate dating of the letter and gives the document, perhaps otherwise uninterpretable, enough historical context that it can contribute to our knowledge. This volume follows the clergy of Hereford Cathedral from the Reformation to the later nineteenth century, and is based on over 50,000 pages of unpublished manuscript material.
2024 •
Editura Eminescu, București, 1973
Pierre Montet, Egiptul pe vremea dinastiei Ramses [1973]A mentorálás támogatása
A MENTORÁLÁS TÁMOGATÁSA A TANÍTSUNK MAGYARORSZÁGÉRT PROGRAMBAN2023 •
International Journal of the Sociology of Language
English and ‘personality development’: the hyper-individualization and de-politicization of social mobility in India2023 •
2003 •
Repository Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika (RUBSI)
Penggunaan Metode Waterfall Dalam Pengembangan Perangkat Lunak Kasir Event Multi UMKM2020 •
Dental Materials
Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates Dental Pulp Stem Cells’ responses to pulp injury by resinous monomers2015 •
Journal of Clinical and Medical Images
A 25-Year-Old Female with Extensive Large Bowel Tumour: An Unexpected Finding from South East Asia2024 •
Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Perikanan
Efisiensi Pemasaran Usaha Pengolahan Kepiting Rajungan DI Desa Tiga Kecamatan Tiworo Utara Kabupaten Muna Barat (Studi Kasus Mini Plant Ayu Jaya)2021 •
Advances in virology
Roles for endothelial cells in dengue virus infection2012 •
2016 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT)
Computer Aided System for Leukocytes Classification and Segmentation in Blood Smear Images2016 •