Robert Grove

... Motivation for yough participation in sport and physical activity: Relationships to culture, self-reported activity levels, and gender. Post a Comment. CONTRIBUTORS: Author: Weinberg, R. Author: Tenenbaum, G. Author: McKenzie, A. Author: Jackson, S. Author: Anshel, M. ...

To determine whether exposure to automated heart rate feedback can produce improvements in the ability to regulate heart rate during moderate intensity exercise and to evaluate the persistence of these improvements after feedback is removed. Twenty healthy adults performed 10 indoor exercise sessions on cycle ergometers over 5 weeks following a twice-weekly schedule. During these sessions (FB), participants received auditory feedback designed to maintain heart rate within a personalized, moderate-intensity training zone between 70 and 80% of estimated maximum heart rate. All feedback was delivered via a custom, mobile software application. Participants underwent an initial assessment (PREFB) to measure their ability to maintain exercise intensity defined by the training zone without use of feedback. After completing the feedback training, participants performed three additional assessments identical to PREFB at 1 week (POST1), 2 weeks (POST2), and 4 weeks (POST3) after their last feedback session. Time in Zone (TIZ), defined as the ratio of the time spent within the training zone divided by the overall time of exercise, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), instrumental attitudes, and affective attitudes were then evaluated to assess results using two-way, mixed-model ANOVA with session and gender as factors. Training with feedback significantly improved TIZ (p < .01) compared to PREFB. An absence of significant differences in TIZ between FB, POST1, POST2, and POST3 (p >= .35) indicated that these improvements were maintained after feedback was removed. No significant differences in RPE, p >= .40, or attitude measures, p >= .30, were observed. Auditory biofeedback is an effective mechanism for entraining heart rate regulation during moderate intensity exercise in healthy adults.

Based on ideas from subjective uncertainty reduction theory, we examined the extent to which individuals hold similar sport team preferences to their family and friends. We also assessed the extent to which perceived sport importance and personal need for structure are influential in the development of team identification. Australian high school students aged 15.5+/-1.0 years (mean+/-s) completed questionnaires containing the Personal Need for Structure Scale, the Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal scale, a Team Identification Scale, and items assessing perceptions of sport importance and team preferences. As expected, correlations indicated that preferences for sport teams were significantly related to the preferences of family and friends. Separate analyses of variance confirmed the remaining hypotheses. More specifically, individuals who perceived that sport was important identified with the team more than individuals who perceived sport to be less important. Also, individuals high in personal need for structure scored higher in cognitive/affective team identification than those low in this need. Individuals with differing needs for structure did not differ in their scores on other dimensions of team identification. The results support the notion that cognitive/emotional attachments to sport teams are influenced by perceptions of the importance of sport and by needs for subjective structure. It is possible that other psychological motives, such as the desire for self-esteem, facilitate the development of evaluative dimensions of team identification.

... In summary, the findings from the present study showed percep-tions of loss and threat to be strong positive ... The perception of slumps as a challenge to be overcome was also posi-tively related to stress ratings, while ... From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. ...

... Feast of strangers: Varieties of social experience in America. In HJ Gans, N. Glazer, JR Gusfield, & C. Jencks (Eds.), On the making of Americans: Essays in honor of David Riesman (pp. 251–269). ... Russell, D., Peplau, LA, & Cutrona, CE (1980). ... Wann, DL, & Hamlet, MA (1994). ...

Sport participants (n = 276) stated the most likely cause of rapid or slow recovery from injury and rated that causal factor along several dimensions. Examination of the open-ended responses suggested that four general types of attributions were utilized by the athletes: personal factors, injury-related factors, treatment-related factors, and situational factors. Analysis of dimensional ratings indicated: (a) causes of slow recovery were consistently perceived as less stable, controllable, global, and intentional than causes of rapid recovery; (b) causes of slow recovery were sometimes perceived as more internal than causes of rapid recovery; and (c) physical self-esteem interacted with gender to influence dimensional ratings of the attributions. These findings were discussed in relation to the motivational significance of causal interpretations during recovery and in relation to the model of stress and athletic injury presented by Andersen and Williams (1988).

A physically active lifestyle is within the grasp of most people, and the attainment of such a lifestyle can provide significant benefits at both an individual and societal level. In this chapter, we discuss some of these benefits, but at the same time, point out the potential psychological costs associated with excessive exercise. Awareness of the circumstances surrounding both types of outcomes is important for effective implementation of exercise interventions.

Purpose: Habitual action is an important aspect of health behaviour, but the relevance of various habit strength indicators continues to be debated. This study focused specifically on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and evaluated the construct validity of a framework emphasizing patterned action, stimulus-response bonding, automaticity, and negative consequences for nonperformance as indicators of habit strength for this form of exercise. Methods: Upper-level undergraduates (N = 124) provided demographic information and responded to questionnaire items assessing historical MVPA involvement, current MVPA involvement, and the four proposed habit strength dimensions. Factor analyses were used to examine the latent structure of the habit strength indicators, and the model's construct validity was evaluated via an examination of relationships with repetition history and current behaviour. Results: At a measurement level, findings indicated that the proposed four-compone...

The purpose of this study was to examine the contrasting perceptions of masters swimmers related to the first and fifth constituent years of a 5-year age category. Swimmers aged between 35 and 93 years (154 male, 184 female) were surveyed at the 2008 FINA World Masters Championships. Exploratory factor analysis indicated the existence of the following five factors considered important for preparation, attendance, and success at masters competitions: awareness of advantages, expectancy, motivation, training, and physiological capacity. One sample t-tests showed that masters swimmers are conscious of advantages that 5-year age categories afford to relatively-younger cohorts (i.e., those who are in the first year of any age category). They also perceive that, in the first compared to the fifth year of an age category, they have greater physiological capacity, engage in more training, have higher expectations to perform well, and are more motivated (all ps < .001). Findings point to ...

To overcome the weakness of the contextual interference (CI) effect within applied settings, Brady, 2008 recommended that the amount of interference be manipulated. This study investigated the effect of five practice schedules on the learning of three field hockey skills. Fifty-five pre-university students performed a total of 90 trials for each skill under blocked, mixed or random practice orders. Results showed a significant time effect with all five practice conditions leading to improvements in acquisition and learning of the skills. No significant differences were found between the groups. The findings of the present study did not support the CI effect and suggest that either blocked, mixed, or random practice schedules can be used effectively when structuring practice for beginners. Key pointsThe contextual interference effect did not surface when using sport skills.There appears to be no difference between blocked and random practice schedules in the learning of field hockey ...

This study examined the effect of motivational primes on participants (N = 171) during a cycling task. Relative to participants primed with a controlled motivational orientation, it was hypothesized that participants primed for autonomous motivation would report greater feelings of enjoyment, effort, and choice in relation to the cycling activity and report greater exercise intentions. Members of the autonomous prime group were expected to exercise for longer, at a greater percentage of their heart rate maximum, and report lower levels of perceived exertion than those in the controlled prime condition. It was found that, relative to participants in the controlled prime group, those who received the autonomous prime enjoyed the exercise more, exercised at a greater percentage of heart rate maximum, and reported a lower rating of perceived exertion. Furthermore, participants experiencing the controlled prime exercised for less time and had lower intentions to exercise than did other p...

To investigate whether 12 weeks of graded exercise with pacing would improve specific physiological, psychological and cognitive functions in people with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Randomised controlled trial. Human performance laboratory at the University of Western Australia. 61 patients aged between 16 and 74 years diagnosed with CFS. Either graded exercise with pacing (32 patients) or relaxation/flexibility therapy (29 patients) performed twice a day over 12 weeks. Changes in any of the physiological, psychological or cognitive variables assessed. Following the graded exercise intervention, scores were improved for resting systolic blood pressure (P = 0.018), work capacity (W.kg(-1)) (P = 0.019), net blood lactate production (P = 0.036), depression (P = 0.027) and performance on a modified Stroop Colour Word test (P = 0.029). Rating of perceived exertion scores, associated with an exercise test, was lower after graded exercise (P = 0.013). No such changes were observed in t...

To assess the effectiveness of a habit-based intervention delivered by e-mail or sms in improving fruit and vegetable consumption among young adults. An eight-week randomised controlled trial compared the effectiveness of three different types of message content (habit-based messages; food-group messages; general healthy eating messages) and two delivery methods (e-mail versus sms) on habit strength and consumption of fruits and vegetables in 71 undergraduate participants. A significant message content by time interaction indicated that the habit-based intervention improved fruit consumption over the eight-week period. Vegetable consumption significantly increased over the intervention period regardless of message content. Delivery method did not influence these results. Messages based on a habit framework can be utilised to improve fruit consumption in young adults. Furthermore, simply reminding young adults to be conscious of their food choices may be sufficient to improve their overall vegetable consumption.

Three studies were conducted to validate the Training Distress Scale (TDS), a 19-item measure of training-related distress and performance readiness. Study 1 was a randomized, controlled laboratory experiment in which a treatment group undertook daily interval training until a 25% decrement occurred in time-to-fatigue performance. Comparisons with a control group showed that TDS scores increased over time within the treatment group but not in the control group. Study 2 was a randomized, controlled field investigation in which performance capabilities and TDS responses were compared across a high-intensity interval training group and a control group that continued normal training. Running performance decreased significantly in the training group but not in the control group, and scores on the TDS mirrored those changes in performance capabilities. Study 3 examined the relationship between TDS scores obtained over a 2-week period before major swimming competitions and subsequent performance in those competitions. Significantly, better performance was observed for swimmers with low TDS scores compared with those with moderate or high TDS scores. These findings provide both laboratory and field evidence for the validity of the TDS as a measure of short-term training distress and performance readiness.

The moderating effect of exercise habit strength and specific habit processes within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was tested in children. Participants were primary school students (N = 380, mean age = 10.46 ± .52). The data were collected using self-report measures followed by one-mile run test performance. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that 34, 57, and 9% of students could be classified as low, moderate, and high in PA, respectively. Path analysis for the overall model revealed significant path loadings (p = < .05), except for the attitude-intention path. Moderating effects results revealed that strong habit strength extinguished the effects of intention on PA. Habit strength has the potential to minimize the deliberate processes associated with intention to exercise, thereby increasing the probability of intention-behavior translation. For specific habit processes, only negative affect appears to moderate the relationships between the TPB variables.

... The measure incorporates the social-cognitive theory of achievement motivation, self-efficacy, and ... Participants were explicitly asked to think about planned physical activity outside of their ... as moderate activity according to the Compendium of Physical Activities (Ainsworth et al ...