Nora Fagerholm
University of Turku, Department of geography and geology, Faculty Member
The Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive was ratified (2014/89/EU) along the Strategy of the European Union (EU) on the Blue Economy to contribute to the effective management of maritime activities and resources and incorporate the... more
The Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive was ratified (2014/89/EU) along the Strategy of the European Union (EU) on the Blue Economy to contribute to the effective management of maritime activities and resources and incorporate the principal elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) (2002/413/EC) into planning at the land-sea interface. There is a need to develop the ICZM approach throughout Europe to realise the potential for both socio-economic and environmental targets set by the EU and national legislations. In this study, we co-developed different approaches for land-sea interactions in four case areas in Estonia and Finland based on the defined characteristics and key interests derived from local or regional challenges by integrating spatial data on human activities and ecology. Furthermore, four ICZM drafts were co-evaluated by stakeholders and the public using online map-based assessment tools (public participatory GIS). The ICZM approaches of the Estonian c...
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Context River landscapes represent hotspots for biodiversity and ecosystem services used and embraced by human agents. Changes in river landscapes are subjectively perceived by people and can be assessed through the lenses of cultural... more
Context River landscapes represent hotspots for biodiversity and ecosystem services used and embraced by human agents. Changes in river landscapes are subjectively perceived by people and can be assessed through the lenses of cultural ecosystem services (CES) and sense of place (SOP). Objectives This study aims to assess people–place relationships in a river landscape by integrating SOP theory and the CES concept and critically reflecting on their interplay. Research objectives relate to meanings and attachments attributed by citizens to places and the influence of the physical environment and socioeconomic settings. Methods We employed a spatially meaningful place indicator in a public participation GIS survey, combining meanings elucidated through a free listing exercise and multiple-choice questions. Statistical analyses were employed to investigate relationships between meanings, place attachment, and environmental and social variables. Results The results showed that (1) place ...
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The scale, pace, and intensity of human activity on the planet demands radical departures from the status quo to remain within planetary boundaries and achieve sustainability. The steering arms of society including embedded financial,... more
The scale, pace, and intensity of human activity on the planet demands radical departures from the status quo to remain within planetary boundaries and achieve sustainability. The steering arms of society including embedded financial, legal, political, and governance systems must be radically realigned and recognize the connectivity among social, ecological, and technological domains of urban systems to deliver more just, equitable, sustainable, and resilient futures. We present five key principles requiring fundamental cognitive, behavioral, and cultural shifts including rethinking growth, rethinking efficiency, rethinking the state, rethinking the commons, and rethinking justice needed together to radically transform neighborhoods, cities, and regions.
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Rigorous sustainability science includes addressing pressing real-world problems, weaving multiple knowledge systems, and striving for transformative change. However, these key attributes of sustainability science often conflict with... more
Rigorous sustainability science includes addressing pressing real-world problems, weaving multiple knowledge systems, and striving for transformative change. However, these key attributes of sustainability science often conflict with university structures and established academic work practices, for instance with regard to frequent long-distance travel. Such contradictions between key principles of sustainability and everyday practices are experienced by many researchers not only at university level, but also in their individual behaviors. To help resolve this widespread divergence, we present ten principles to foster the sustainability of a research group working in sustainability science, based on our personal experiences and experiments as research group leaders. These principles comprise: (1) monitor the environmental footprint, (2) foster learning and innovation, (3) reduce the environmental footprint, (4) nurture campus sustainability, (5) embrace sustainability in private lif...
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Supplementary material 1 from: Burkhard B, Maes J, Potschin-Young M, Santos-Martín F, Geneletti D, Stoev P, Kopperoinen L, Adamescu C, Adem Esmail B, Arany I, Arnell A, Balzan M, Barton D, van Beukering P, Bicking S, Borges P, Borisova B, Braat L, M Brander L, Bratanova-Doncheva S, Broekx S, Brow...more
Supplementary material 2 from: Burkhard B, Maes J, Potschin-Young M, Santos-Martín F, Geneletti D, Stoev P, Kopperoinen L, Adamescu C, Adem Esmail B, Arany I, Arnell A, Balzan M, Barton D, van Beukering P, Bicking S, Borges P, Borisova B, Braat L, M Brander L, Bratanova-Doncheva S, Broekx S, Brow...more
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The European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 Coordination and Support Action ESMERALDA aimed at developing guidance and a flexible methodology for Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES) to support the EU member states in... more
The European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 Coordination and Support Action ESMERALDA aimed at developing guidance and a flexible methodology for Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES) to support the EU member states in the implementation of the EU Biodiversity Strategy’s Target 2 Action 5. ESMERALDA’s key tasks included network creation, stakeholder engagement, enhancing ecosystem services mapping and assessment methods across various spatial scales and value domains, work in case studies and support of EU member states in MAES implementation. Thus ESMERALDA aimed at integrating various project outcomes around four major strands: i) Networking, ii) Policy, iii) Research and iv) Application. The objective was to provide guidance for integrated ecosystem service mapping and assessment that can be used for sustainable decision-making in policy, business, society, practice and science at EU, national and regional levels. This article presents the overall ESMERALDA appr...
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO’s) Biosphere Reserves aim to be flagships of sustainable landscapes. Many of them are important locations for tourism and leisure activities. We explored the... more
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO’s) Biosphere Reserves aim to be flagships of sustainable landscapes. Many of them are important locations for tourism and leisure activities. We explored the perceptions of short-term visitors and summer residents on ecosystem services (ESs) tied to characteristic habitats of the Archipelago Sea Biosphere Reserve in Finland. During holiday season, we conducted structured on-field interviews with 74 Biosphere Reserve visitors. From these data, we gained information on the visitors’ appreciation of different ESs and the selected habitats. We also derived habitat-specific ES profiles. Excluding the reedbeds, most habitats were both highly valued and considered as important producers of the listed ESs. The derived ES profiles were partially overlapping and inclined towards appreciation of cultural services, and the importance of scenery was highlighted. Provisioning services were not particularly appreciated....
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Cultural ecosystem services, such as aesthetic and recreational enjoyment, as well as sense of place and local identity, play an outstanding role in the contribution of landscapes to human well-being. Online data shared on social... more
Cultural ecosystem services, such as aesthetic and recreational enjoyment, as well as sense of place and local identity, play an outstanding role in the contribution of landscapes to human well-being. Online data shared on social networks, particularly geo-tagged photos, are becoming an increasingly attractive source of information about cultural ecosystem services. Landscape photographs tell about the significance of human relationships with landscapes, human practices in landscapes and the landscape features that might possess value in terms of cultural ecosystem services. Despite all the recent advances in this emerging methodological approach, some challenges remain to be explored: (a) how to assess a broad suite of cultural ecosystem services, beyond aesthetic beauty of landscapes, (b) how to identify the landscape features that are relevant for providing cultural ecosystem services and determine trade-offs and synergies among cultural ecosystem services. To address these challenges, we have developed a methodological approach suitable for eliciting the importance of cultural ecosystem services and the landscape features underpinning their provision across five different sites in Europe (in Estonia, Greece, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland). We have performed a content analysis of 1.404 photos uploaded in Flickr and Panoramio platforms that can represent cultural ecosystem services. Four bundles of landscapes features and cultural ecosystem services showed the relation of recreation with mountain areas (terrestrial recreation) and with water bodies (aquatic recreation). Cultural heritage, social and spiritual values were particularly attached to landscapes with woodpastures and grasslands, as well as urban features and infrastructures, i.e. to more anthropogenic landscapes. A positive though weak relationship was found between landscape diversity and cultural ecosystem services diversity. Particularly wood-pastures and shrubs were more frequently portrayed in all study sites in comparison with their actual land cover. The results can be of interest both for methodological purposes in the face of an increasing trend in the use of geo-tagged photos in the ecosystem services research and for the elicitation and comparison of landscape values across European cultural landscapes.
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We develop a landscape stewardship classification which distinguishes between... more
We develop a landscape stewardship classification which distinguishes between farmers' understanding of landscape stewardship, their landscape values, and land management actions. Forty semi-structured interviews were conducted with small-holder (<5 acres), medium-holders (5-100 acres), and large-holders (>100 acres) in South-West Devon, UK. Thematic analysis revealed four types of stewardship understandings: (1) an environmental frame which emphasized the farmers' role in conserving or restoring wildlife; (2) a primary production frame which emphasized the farmers' role in taking care of primary production assets; (3) a holistic frame focusing on farmers' role as a conservationist, primary producer, and manager of a range of landscape values, and; (4) an instrumental frame focusing on the financial benefits associated with compliance with agri-environmental schemes. We compare the landscape values and land management actions that emerged across stewardship types, and discuss the global implications of the landscape stewardship classification for the engagement of farmers in landscape management.
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We review public participation GIS (PPGIS) and participatory GIS (PGIS) approaches for ecosystem services to identify current and best practice. PPGIS/PGIS are spatially explicit methods that have evolved over the past decade to identify... more
We review public participation GIS (PPGIS) and participatory GIS (PGIS) approaches for ecosystem services to identify current and best practice. PPGIS/PGIS are spatially explicit methods that have evolved over the past decade to identify a range of ecosystem services. Although PPGIS/PGIS methods demonstrate high potential for the identification of ecosystem services, especially cultural services, there has been no review to evaluate the methods to identify best practice. Through examination of peer-reviewed, empirical PPGIS/PGIS studies, we describe the types of ecosystem services mapped, the spatial mapping methods, the sampling approaches and range of participants, the types of spatial analyses performed, and the methodological trade-offs associated with each PPGIS/PGIS mapping approach. We found that multiple methods were implemented in nearly 30 case studies worldwide with the mapping of cultural and provisioning services being most common. There was little evidence that mapped ecosystem data was used for actual decision support in land use planning. Best practice has yet to coalesce in this field that has been dominated by methodological pluralism and case study research. We suggest greater use of experimental design and long-term case studies where the influence of mapped ecosystem services on land use decisions can be assessed.
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Research Interests: Remote Sensing, Conservation Biology, Multidisciplinary, Management Control, Land Use Change, and 20 moreForest Policy, Land Use Planning, Land Cover, Case Study, Forest Management, Tropical forest, Land Use, Shifting Cultivation, Forest dynamics, Landscape change, Tree Planting, Land cover change, Land Use Policy, Management Strategy, Land Use Pattern, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Forest Cover, Land Use and Land Cover Change, Temporal Change, and Driving force
Forest transitions cannot be separated from the overall changes in land uses and land cover patterns. On a local scale, these changes relate closely to values and preferences which people set on different land use strategies. We have... more
Forest transitions cannot be separated from the overall changes in land uses and land cover patterns. On a local scale, these changes relate closely to values and preferences which people set on different land use strategies. We have analysed the dynamics of forested land cover over the last 50 years in Zanzibar, Tanzania, in relation to farmers’ material and non-material place-based forest benefits. Our results show that forest change patterns are emerging from the adaptations of farmers’ traditional land use practices to prevailing physical site conditions and accessibility and availability of resources. External forces, such as government intervention in the form of planting and gazetting, have had a substantial influence on the increase in forest cover during the last couple of decades but also challenged farmers to adapt to changing land use regimes. Our study implies that forest management and land use planning efforts, such as community forest management processes implementing REDD+, would substantially benefit from a place-sensitive interpretation of forest transitions on a local scale. This would enhance genuine participation of the locals in producing place-based forest benefit maps and expressing their values and preferences in terms of land use planning.
Artikkeleista koostuvassa teoksessa ’Sansibar – maustesaari muutoksessa’ tuodaan monipuolisesti esiin itäisessä Afrikassa Intian valtameressä sijaitsevan Sansibarin luonnon- ja kulttuurimaantieteen näkökulmia. Tansanian kanssa... more
Artikkeleista koostuvassa teoksessa ’Sansibar – maustesaari
muutoksessa’ tuodaan monipuolisesti esiin itäisessä
Afrikassa Intian valtameressä sijaitsevan Sansibarin
luonnon- ja kulttuurimaantieteen näkökulmia.
Tansanian kanssa liittovaltion muodostavalla Sansibarilla
on kiehtova mausteneilikan ja orjakaupan leimaama
historia, jota nykypäivän kulttuuri, tavat sekä perinteet
heijastelevat.
Tänä päivänä kulttuurien välistä vuorovaikutusta kuvaa
erityisesti turismin kasvu; hiekkarannat palmuineen
houkuttelevat länsimaisia matkailijoita kokemaan trooppisten
saarten eksotiikkaa. Kirjoittajat käsittelevät teoksessa
Sansibarin historiaa ja poliittista kehitystä sekä
tulevaisuuden kestäviä kehityskulkuja mm. turismin,
metsämaiseman sekä kulttuurin osalta. Oman osansa
tarkastelusta saa Suomen Sansibarille kohdistama kehitysyhteistyö,
ja teoksessa tutustutaan myös kansalaisjärjestötoimintaan
Sansibarilla.
Teos on syntynyt Turun Maantieteellisen Seuran (TMS)
jäsenien ja Turun yliopiston maantieteen laitoksen tutkijoiden
omasta innostuksesta Sansibaria kohtaan. Se soveltuu
erityisesti lukioiden, kansalais- ja työväenopistojen
sekä korkeakouluopiskelijoiden käyttöön ja Sansibarista
informaatiota hakevien matkailijoiden luettavaksi.
muutoksessa’ tuodaan monipuolisesti esiin itäisessä
Afrikassa Intian valtameressä sijaitsevan Sansibarin
luonnon- ja kulttuurimaantieteen näkökulmia.
Tansanian kanssa liittovaltion muodostavalla Sansibarilla
on kiehtova mausteneilikan ja orjakaupan leimaama
historia, jota nykypäivän kulttuuri, tavat sekä perinteet
heijastelevat.
Tänä päivänä kulttuurien välistä vuorovaikutusta kuvaa
erityisesti turismin kasvu; hiekkarannat palmuineen
houkuttelevat länsimaisia matkailijoita kokemaan trooppisten
saarten eksotiikkaa. Kirjoittajat käsittelevät teoksessa
Sansibarin historiaa ja poliittista kehitystä sekä
tulevaisuuden kestäviä kehityskulkuja mm. turismin,
metsämaiseman sekä kulttuurin osalta. Oman osansa
tarkastelusta saa Suomen Sansibarille kohdistama kehitysyhteistyö,
ja teoksessa tutustutaan myös kansalaisjärjestötoimintaan
Sansibarilla.
Teos on syntynyt Turun Maantieteellisen Seuran (TMS)
jäsenien ja Turun yliopiston maantieteen laitoksen tutkijoiden
omasta innostuksesta Sansibaria kohtaan. Se soveltuu
erityisesti lukioiden, kansalais- ja työväenopistojen
sekä korkeakouluopiskelijoiden käyttöön ja Sansibarista
informaatiota hakevien matkailijoiden luettavaksi.