Ram C Dhakar

The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential of ethosomal formulations for transdermal
delivery of indinavir sulphate from ethosomes. Vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine mixed with
ethanol and indinavir sulphate were prepared by conventional mechanical stirrer method and
characterized by various parameters (vesicles shape and surface morphology, size and size
distribution, entrapment efficiency, elasticity, turbidity and in vitro drug release). The effect of
different formulation variable on skin permeation of indinavir sulphate was studied via synthetic
semipermeable membrane or skin of new born mice by using diffusion cell. The selected system
were incorporated into carbopol 934P gel and evaluated for both drug permeation and mice skin
deposition. The optimized ethosomal formulation showed transdermal flux of 25.01±0.34 μg/cm2
/h
across rat skin as compared to 2.98±0.21μg/cm2
/h for plane drug solution, 4.28±0.54 μg/cm2
/h for
hydroethanolic solution and 9.7±0/21 μg/cm2
/h for classical liposomes. The obtained flux was nearly
7.5 and 12.04 times higher than conventional liposomal formulation bearing indinavir sulphate and
plain drug solution. These results suggest that ethosomes are potential vehicles for improved
transdermal delivery of indinavir sulphate.

Transmucosal nasal delivery is a promising drug delivery option where common drug
administrations, such as intravenous, intramuscular, or oral are inapplicable. Recently, it has been
shown that many drugs have better bioavailability by nasal route than the oral route. This has been
attributed to rich vasculature and a highly permeable structure of the nasal mucosa coupled with
avoidance of hepatic first-pass elimination, gut wall metabolism and/or destruction in the
gastrointestinal tract. The physiology of the nose presents obstacles, but offers a promising route for
non-invasive systemic delivery of numerous therapies and debatably drug delivery route to the brain.
Intranasal microemulsions, gels and microspheres have gained increased interest in recent years as a
delivery system for protein and peptides through the nasal route. Thus this review focuses on nasal
drug delivery, various aspects of nasal anatomy and physiology, nasal drug absorption mechanisms,
various nasal drug delivery systems, and their applications in drug delivery.

Transmucosal nasal delivery is a promising drug delivery
option where common drug administrations (e.g., intravenous,
intramuscular, or oral) are inapplicable. Recently, it has been
shown that many drugs have better bioavailability by nasal
route than by oral route. This has been attributed to rich
vasculature and a highly permeable structure of the nasal
mucosa coupled with avoidance of hepatic first-pass
elimination, gut wall metabolism and/or destruction in the
gastrointestinal tract. The physiology of the nose presents
obstacles, but offers a promising route for non-invasive
systemic delivery of numerous therapies and debatably drug
delivery route to the brain. To overcoming problems in nasal
drug delivery requires deep understanding of the various
factors affecting nasal delivery. Thus present review focuses on
various aspects of nasal drug delivery with special emphasis to
factors affecting nasal drug administration.

This document is aimed to describing the potential benefits of the Moringa tree as a nutrient. Moringa tree
can be utilized in treating the malnutrition in a local and cost-effective manner. Malnutrition causes a great
deal of human suffering and is associated with more than half of all deaths of children worldwide. Malnutrition
severely affects the socio-economic development of a nation because a work force that is stunted both
mentally and physically may have a reduced work capacity. Thus nutrition plays an important role in the
reproduction of poverty from one generation to the next. Not only is the Moringa oleifera tree extraordinary in
that all parts of the tree are edible, but the most amazing aspect of the tree is its exceptionally high nutritional
value. The leaves of the Moringa tree are an excellent source of vitamin A, vitamin B vitamin C and other
minerals. The leaves are also an outstanding source of calcium, protein, potassium and iron. The content of
amino acids such as methionine and cystine is also high. Carbohydrates, fats and phosphorous content are
low making this one of the finest plant foods to be found. Present review focuses on the potential benefits of
Moringa oleifera in treatment of malnutrition.

The aim of this study was to develop a controlled release system targeting antibiotic delivery to the stomach. The
hydrogels were synthesized by using chitosan, poly (acrylic acid) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) polymers crosslinked
with glutaraldehyde and N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide. Interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) hydrogels were prepared
by varying the concentration of crosslinking agent (glutaraldehyde). The amount of chitosan, poly (acrylic acid), poly
(vinyl pyrrolidone) and N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide were kept constant in all formulations. The effect of glutaraldehyde
concentration on the swelling and release characteristics were evaluated. Modalities used to assess the most optimal hydrogel
formulation included high liquid chromatography, FTIR analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, swelling studies, in vitro
drug release study, mucoadhesive study and scanning electron microscopy. The result showed that IPN hydrogels were
greater in swelling, more mucoadhesive and released more drug at lower pH values. Thus, it is believed that the antibiotic
concentration in the stomach might be sustained through this formulation.