Filip Novosel

This article focuses on some questions concerning the complex phenomenon of the perpetuation of early modern military activities through a case study of the presence of the capi da guerra, foreign military commanders in the Venetian service during the War of Crete situated in its Province of Dalmatia and Albania. The fact alone that more than half of the capi da guerra engaged in the War of Crete were actually veterans from the Thirty Years’ War, many of them situated in Dalmatia, shows the significance of their impact on the Venetian army. These military entrepreneurs, the main actors in the exchange of military knowledge, combined with the growing internationalization of European armies of the time, both reflect and produce the dynamic exchange and adaptations of military innovations that affected the whole continent, including such borderland areas as the coast of the eastern Adriatic.
Keywords: Republic of Venice, eastern Adriatic, seventeenth century, War of Crete, Thirty Years’ War, military history, capi da Guerra

В правление Петра I Российская империя и Венецианская республика поддерживали связи в различных сферах деятельности. В первую очередь они строили отношения на взаимодействии в морском деле, причем подданные Серениссимы сыграли большую роль в создании современного русского флота, передавая свои знания и опыт. Из этих венецианских подданных особо проявили себя выходцы с восточного побережья Адриатики, среди которых особенно выделялся моряк Матия Змаевич (1680–1735), представитель влиятельной семьи мореходов из Пераста в Которском заливе. Матия находился на службе в России в эпоху Петра Великого и его преемников и достиг чина адмирала, заложив фундамент для последующего строительства русского черноморского флота. Статья вводит в научный оборот новые архивные сведения об этой интересной и неординарной личности. Речь идет о документах, хранящихся в фонде «Семейство Караман», находящемся в Государственном архиве в Задаре. Члены семьи Караман были связаны с Змаевичем, причем особенно крепкие отношения Матия и его брат Вицко Змаевич поддерживали с Матеем Караманом, который сам какое-то время проживал в России и оставил о том периоде жизни ценные письменные свидетельства. Анализ историографии по данной теме и материалов из вышеупомянутого фонда в данной статье имеет целью побудить историков к дальнейшим исследованиям жизни и трудов адмирала Матии Змаевича.

During the reign of Peter I, the Republic of Venice and the Russian Empire cooperated in various fields. Primarily, however, they fortified their maritime relations, with subjects of Serenissima playing a major role in the creation of the modern Russian navy, passing on their knowledge and experience. Of these Venetian subjects, those from the eastern Adriatic coast were the most prominent, among whom was Matija Zmajevic (1680–1735), a representative of an influential seafaring family from Perast in the Bay of Kotor. Matija served in Russia during the reign of Peter the Great and his successors, reaching the rank of admiral and laying the foundation for the subsequent establishment of the Russian Black Sea fleet. The article introduces new archival information about his interesting and controversial personality, based on documents from the Karaman family's collection in the State Archives in Zadar. Members of the Karaman family were related to Zmajević, with especially close relations between Matija and his brother Vicko Zmajević with Matej Karaman, who himself lived in Russia for some time and left valuable written testimony about that period. The review of the works on this topic and analysis of materials from the aforementioned collection aims at encouraging historians to conduct further research into the life and works of Admiral Matija Zmajević.

Resembling the early modern Mediterranean, Eastern Adriatic urban space was also a meeting point for an array of foreigners from all over Europe. Zadar, as the capital of Venetian province of Dalmatia, most thoroughly experienced this phenomenon. Among other diversities on its streets, language was surely one of the most noticeable presenting both city’s richness and a potential barrier for people. On the example of the work of one seventeenth century Zaratin notary, this paper presents the importance of a notarial office for communication in such multilingual and multicultural environment.

This paper results from continuous research on the participation of Croats and Croatian troops in Venetian ground forces during the Early Modern Period and is based on an analysis of sources stored in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia (Inquisitori sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli), which includes lists of officers, non commissioned officers, and ordinary soldiers in infantry units (Fanti oltramarini) and the cavalry (Cavalleria Croati) during the 18th century. The introductory part offers a brief overview of troops from Vodice and Prvić during the Venetian-Ottoman wars in the Early Modern Period. The research focuses on soldiers from Vodice and the island of Prvić in the infantry, primarily at the end of the century, when the Venetian Republic mobilized significant military forces for the last time in its history to deploy them along its Veneto strongholds. The total number of these soldiers was 16 (11 from Vodice and 5 from Prvić). All of them were ordinary soldiers who did not hold even lower ranks, and an analysis of their record in a Venetian source shows that, at the end of the Venetian Republic’s existence, members of the local cernide joined the infantry units, which is why soldiers from Vodice and Prvić are mostly mentioned at the end of the century. Judging by the available source sample, the average age of these soldiers was 20, and according to the descriptions included in the lists, they were of a middle stature and brown-haired. They were mostly enlisted in Venice (the military base on Lido) and other towns in Veneto, and only a small number in Dalmatia (Zadar). Their unit commanders were distinguished colonels from Dalmatian, Boka, and Montenegrin families – prominent participants in the 18th-century military history of Venice and the Eastern Adriatic. We also consider this research as valuable for the study of local onomastics, i.e. for the research on family names in Vodice and Prvić during the 18th century, some of which have survived to this day. An appendix brings a complete list of names of soldiers from Vodice and Prvić in the Venetian unit of Fanti oltramarini who have been identified so far.

Centuries-long connections between the two Adriatic coasts have resulted in vivid exchange of experiences, with cultural activity being one of their essential components. The aim of this paper is to use the specific aspect of culture consumption to see how cultural life in the city of Zadar, as the centre of the Venetian Province of Dalmatia and Albania, functioned in the mid-17th century, during the long Candian War (1645-1669), which proved exhausting for both warring parties – the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire. Based on the reading habits of a prominent resident of Zadar, the wealthy nobleman and scholar Šimun Ljubavac (1608-1663), the paper discusses the intellectual preoccupations of the social elites in the Eastern Adriatic. As a lawyer, historian, and typical polymath of his time, Ljubavac owned a rich private library with some four hundred titles from various fields of sciences and arts, from ancient to modern authors. An inventory of his library was put together after his death and is today preserved in the State Archive in Zadar. Although such inventories are rare, which hinders a detailed comparative analysis, Ljubavac can be taken as a paradigmatic case to make conclusions about the extent to which Dalmatian scholars were able to follow the main trends in sciences and arts, which may help define the general role of the Eastern Adriatic
among the cultural centres and peripheries of the Mediterranean and Europe during the given period.

Ovaj je rad nastavak višegodišnjega sustavnog proučavanja udjela Hrvata u mletačkim kopnenim postrojbama u ranom novom vijeku. Zasniva se na raščlambi gradiva pohranjenog u Archivio di Stato di Venezia (fond Inquisitori sopra l'amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli), u sklopu kojega su sadržani popisi časnika, dočasnika i običnih vojnika u jedinicama pješaštva (Fanti oltramarini) i konjaništva (Cavalleria Croati, Croati a cavallo) u 18. stoljeću. U fokusu su istraživanja vojnici zavičajem iz Promine, a na osnovi raspoloživih podataka razrađuju se vremenski okvir i intenzitet njihova prisustva u pješaštvu i konjaništvu, kao i osobne značajke pojedinih vojnika. Predmet istraživačkog interesa su i zapovjednici satnija i pukovnija u kojima se bilježe ovdje razmatrani vojnici, kao i konkretna mjesta njihova djelovanja (popisivanja). Na kraju teksta se u formi priloga donosi cjelovit poimenični pregled svih do sada istraženih vojnika iz Promine u mletačkoj profesionalnoj vojsci u navedenom razdoblju.

Simon Lovatello worked as a public notary in Zadar between 1656 and 1671. Although his relatively long lasting career, probably due to the only parcialy saved material, resulted in the collection of a rather modest size of altogether 147 documents, if one takes into account their variety Lovatello's work completely corresponds with those of his colleagues with much better preserved legacy. Concretely, his collection kept in one box stored in the State Archives in Zadar (signature: HR-DAZD-31) brings instruments which refer to various agreements, purchase agreements, leases, procurations, dowries and donations, together with other sorts of documents such as inventories, judicial processes and testaments. Authors of this paper will focus exactly on the last mentioned group of documents – the testaments. Lovatello’s collection keeps 15 testaments composed throughout his working period, presented here in integral transcript. To the aforementioned transcript an introductory text is added for the purposes of elucidating the context of the time and explanation of the specificities of the presented sources; namely, together with a presentation of the early modern notarial institution and a short biography of Simon Lovatello, the analysis of structural and technical characteristics as well as of the content itself is given here. Although the modest number of presented sources at the first sight might seem as a limitation for any further research, these testaments definitely deserve the attention given here. In other words, bringing last wills of 15 individuals, locals and foreigners alike who belonged to different social and professional groups, these documents also tell many information regarding the whole array of people in some way connected with the testators revealing thus diverse aspects of life in seventeenth century Zadar.
Key words: archival sources, the Republic of Venice, seventeenth century, public notaries of Zadar, testaments, Simon Lovatello

Notarial documents have long been recognised as suitable archival material among historians and are widely used in research on various topics. In this sense, however, their authors themselves have been largely neglected in foreign and especially in Croatian historiography. With a brief overview of the research of the early modern age done in domestic historiography, this paper focuses on the activities of notaries as a separate professional group in the city of Zadar in the mid-17th century and the final product of their work - notarial documents. First, by analysing the specifics of the service of Zadar notaries, from acquiring their qualifications, duration and scope of their work and the circle of people who needed notary services as clients, the article reconstructs certain aspects of early modern, primarily urban, society. Then, by focusing on the creation process and the format, content and meaning of notarial records, we point out the importance of these documents. Parallel with that, we indicate the importance of this service for the functioning of a whole urban community. At the same time, through the work of notaries, we take a hard look at their position in the social environment in which they operated in order to assess the credibility of their documents for historical research. Finally, by reconstructing this professional group's work in the societal context and notary practice in the entire Venetian Republic and presenting typical documents produced in Zadar during the Venetian administration, we wanted to contribute to a better understanding of this valuable type of archival material.  We also attempted to encourage and facilitate possible future research and the work on publishing this type of archival material.

During the early modern period, and particularly in the period of Veneto-Ottoman wars in the seventeenth and the eighteenth century, the backbone of the Venetian overseas army forces made units called Fanti oltramarini and Croati a cavallo, recruited primarily from the Venetian acquisitions from Istria to Albania and Greece. In this article, the central research topic is related to the proportion of the denizens of Drniš in the army units mentioned above during the eighteenth century. The article is based on the analysis of the sources kept in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia (archival series: Inquisitori sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli), which keeps full lists of military complement of such units according to their regiments and companies for the period under research. The analysis of the documents shows that the denizens of Drniš made a particular group of soldiers among the numerous groups defined by their homeland origin within the units of Venetian infantry and cavalry. They were continuosly present during the whole eighteenth century, particularly noted in the ranks of elite Croatian cavalry. Chronological frame of their activity and mentioning in
the sources, age structure, physical characteristics, family belonging and role of particular families in military service, as well as duration of military service, have been discussed in details. The analysis shows that the denizens of Drniš served in units commanded by prominent military commanders who were by their origin mostly from Dalmatia and Boka Kotorska, and it is evident that such units (companies and their regiments as a whole) were extremely mobile and deployed all over Venetian terrestrial and overseas acquisitions. At the end of the article it is concluded that the problematics of the proportion of the Croats in Venetian military units, in this particular case of those soldiers who were by their origin from Drniš, because of rich sources, still leaves a lot of space for future research and scholarly analysis. As an appendix to the article is given full list of all hitherto identified soldiers from Drniš in infantry and cavalry units of Venetian Republic in the eighteenth century.

During almost 400 years of Venetian governance in Dalmatia, the city of Zadar was a cultural, administrative, economic and military capital of the province. Therefore, apart from the residents and people from the city district, the city attracted all kinds of people of various professions from all over Europe. Among others, one significant professional group was omnipresent in the city, especially in times of war – the military. Although it was never directly besieged by the Ottoman army, mostly thanks to its modern fortifications, the city was constantly endangered by military operations in the hinterland in the period leading up to the War of Crete. Thus, the presence of soldiers on the streets of Zadar was a part of its daily life, and since the Republic of Venice recruited troops not only from its possessions, but also from many diverse European lands, ethnic and cultural differences were highly visible. This variety can be clearly seen in public notarial acts, among other sources, where soldiers acted as constant participants in all kinds of businesses. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to show, primarily through the analysis of the aforementioned sources, which ethnic military groups or individuals were present in Zadar and to what extent, what the soldiers' modes of interaction with civilian residents were, together with the level of their acceptance in local circles, and in which economic and social ranks they were present in the city. The mapping of soldiers within the material consisting of almost 2500 documents produced by the Zaratine notaries active in the period of interest has shed some new light on the complex picture of ethnic, social and cultural groups which formed a city situated on one of the European early modern borderlands, to a large extent influenced by military affairs and frequent warfare.
Keywords: urban history, military history, early modern period, The Republic of Venice, Dalmatia, Zadar, The War of Crete

the integration of the town of Sinj into the Venetian heritage across the Adriatic Sea. As the State Archives of Venice (Archivio di Stato di Venezia) contains valuable archival fonds dealing with the history of the Eastern Adriatic from the 15th to the 18thcentury the research of its authentic materials is required for the study of developmental stages of Sinj and the Cetinska krajina after the Ottoman’s rule. The researches of the past several years have resulted in finding several complete series or individual documents referring to the history of the region of Sinj at the end of 18th century. The fond Inquisitori sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli contains documents of the State Court which regulated military service and recruitment of people primarily on the Eastern Adriatic Sea coast among whom people from Sinj and the Cetinska krajina had a significant role. Furtherly, for the study of the military operations in that region during the Second Morean War (1714-18) the important fonds are Senato Mar and Senato Rettori and valuable complete collections Capi del Consiglio dei Dieci relating to the aftermath of the war. The contents of the fonds Lettere Rettoriai Capi i Camerlengo del Consiglio dei Dieci reveal particularities of social, administrative and economic life of the region of Sinj at the end of 18th century. A brief overview of the aforementioned archival fonds with the special focus on the fond Senato, Dispacci: Provveditori da Terra e da Mar e alter cariche is presented in this article. The fond contains letters and reports of the Venetian officials in overseas dominions which were being sent to the central state administration. The most important reports for the history of Sinj are those being sent during war time 1714-18. The most of the archival material dated August, 1715 refers to time before, during and after the siege of Sinj. The letters that were sent by Angelo Emo, a general Providur for Dalmatia, from the battlefield of Sinj (Campo di Sign) present a significant documentation about the battle of Sinj and related circumstances and events throughout the last Ottoman-Venetian War. The aforementioned archival materials clarify and document key events in the defense of strategically important Dalmatian towns at the beginning of the 18th century.

The early modern military history already has a long tradition in European historiography. Since Croatian lands in the aforementioned period were a part of the universal European borderland entitled „Antemurale Christianitatis“, many topics in contemporary Croatian historiography are concerned with the research on military issues as well. However, for a long time the focus of Croatian (and Yugoslav) historians was on the history of warfare, and some other topics not directly concerned with battles or simply chronology of wars became a matter of reaserch only recently.
The aim of this paper was exactly to analyse one of the problems not dealt so far
extensively in Croatian military history. More concretely, the members of Venetian army in Zadar during the war of Crete (1645–1669) were taken as a case study for a research of a soldiers’ daily life in an urban settlement, on the basis of the notarial acts of Zaratine notaries of that time as the mayor archival source. In this 25 years long period these notaries have produced almost 2500 documents af all kind of contracts concerning everyday business divided into following categories by the notaries themselves: Istrumenti (agreements of all kinds, buying and selling contracts, rents, dowrys, donations), Proccure (procurements), Carte varie (sketches of documents), Estimi (estimations), Processi et Sentenze arbitrali (juridical documents and lawsuits), Inventarii (inventories) and Testamenti (testaments).
Finally, the paper has shown that the presence of soldiers of all ranks and geographical origin was continous in all kinds of cases in Zadar. As a result of the analysis, the conclusion was made that this professional group was clearly one of quite important human factors in the overall appearance of the urban society, engaged in all kind of daily enterprise not directly conected to military affairs. Yet, it must be pointed out that there was no any trace of organized militarization of the urban civil society itself. Rather, from the given material it is clearly visible how members of the military and civilian population interacted extensively, living in mostly peaceful cohabitation with only ocasional frictions common for the society in general.

Topic of this article is investigation of the activities of military chaplains from the Eastern Adriatic coast in the Venetian terrestrial forces (Fanti oltramarini and Cavalleria Croati or Croati a cavallo) in the eighteenth century. The analysis is based on the primary archival sources (Inquisitory sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli) preserved in the Venetian state Archives. According to the investigation it seems that majority of the analyzed chaplains served in chivalry, and that most of them were recorded in the period between 1720 and 1760 and during the last two decades of the eighteenth century. The analyzed chaplains mostly were members of the Franciscan order or secular priests, and they served in companies under command of the officers from Dalmatia and Boka kotorska. Moreover, this analysis has determined their mobility within their companies from the Venetian terrafermo, along the Eastern Adriatic coast (including Istria, Dalmatia and Boka) up to the Venetian emporia in Greece. Authors of the article elaborate in particular two famous chaplains – Ivan Campsi who was Albanian priest and canon of Zadar, and Fra Filip Grabovac who died tragically. In the appendix of the article one can find a complete list of all investigated military chaplains, according to the registers of companies kept within archival fond Inquisitori sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli.

In the period of the constant religious struggles in Western European history of the 16 th and 17 th centuries, various men of letters who dealt with emerging religious questions played a role on the cultural and political scene of the time. Unlike the more common intolerant standpoints characteristic of wider public, a concept called irenicism, which was connected with the idea of Church unity achieved via reason in a peaceful way, was rather accepted among scholars of all kinds. This paper brings to light one of the cases connected to the irenicistic concept initiated by the archbishop of Split, Marcus Antonius de Dominis, who was accused of heresy by the Inquisition. This particular initiative dates from the period of the archbishop's stay in exile in England where he was very active in discussing ecclesiological matters. Namely, this Dominis' activity resulted with a single letter to Cyril Loukaris, the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the response. Although quite brief and not yielding any results, the analysis of his correspondence brings some interesting notions about the intellectual efforts of these two protagonists of the irenicistic movement and contributes to the better understanding of the exchange of religious ideas among European men of letters in the early 17 th century in general.

Being the one of the three parts of the medieval society, peasantry has become rather important topic in historiographical researches in the last couple of decades. However, Croatian historiography mostly lacks that kind of investigations, thus historians still has both a lot of space and material to deal with, when it comes to researches of the peasantry in Croatian context. Main subject of this article is the peasant of the Dalmatian coast in the late middle ages. Besides numerous Western European and American literature about this topic, as the main source for this research the author used Croatian Renaissance literature, most of all pastorales and comedies, those of Marin Držić in the first place, but the works of Petar Zoranić, Martin Benetović and some others as well.
After a theoretical review of Croatian and Western historiographical achievements on the subject of medieval peasant, the main part of the article is focused on the Dalmatian late medieval peasant from the characteristic view of Croatian 15th and 16th century intellectuals. Therefore, this view is divided into two parts. Idealistic picture is described in the first part, whilst the other part talks about peasant's everyday life, form his labour, interaction with a city, gender relationships, to his diet and, at the end, the influence of the Ottoman invasion to his life. The last part of this article is dedicated to the comparison of the Croatian and Western medieval peasant where are emphasised both some general similarities and differences between the picture of peasant shown here and the picture described in the other works of contemporary historians.

The First World War and Croatian role in it is rather neglected theme in Croatian historiography, especially from the military-historiographic perspective. In the context of general European First World War scene, this article, based primarily on a secondary literature, but on some sources as well (disposition compendium of the Austro-Hungarian military formations in 1918), represents Croatian military formations as a part of Austro-Hungarian army, one of the most complicated European military organisations at the dawn and during the First World War. Primarily, it speaks about the structure of Croatian-Slavonian formations, their specificities, and the role on the battlefields where Austro-Hungarian forces fought during the period 1914- -1918. As an example of Austro-Hungarian military organisation in Croatia and Slavonia, special attention is given to the military organisation in Slavonia and military formations stationed on its territory. In the final part od the article, the emphasis is set on the field marshal Svetozar Borojeviæ, and some other Croatian prominent officers who had very important role in fightings during the War, as well.
Although the article is based on the military historiographical aspects of the period 1914-1918., general importance of the First World War for Croatian history is not ignored. Therefore, in some smaller extent and among other things, political history is also mentioned, such as events immediate to the war started and numerous political turn overs during the war that led to the decay of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the establishment of new states in Southeastern Europe in which Croatia was involved.