Miroslava Bozoganova

Purpose: Cognitive impairment is a commonly reported side or late effect of cancer treatment deteriorating patients’ quality of life. As such, it is essential to look at patients’ self-evaluation in addition to objective assessments. The goals of the current study were to (1) examine the sociodemographic, clinical and psychological factors related to subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) perception; (2) analyze the complex mutual interconnections between SCIs; and (3) address patients’ perspectives on SCI and supportive care.Method: A heterogeneous sample of oncological patients (N = 566; 68.6% female; M = 54, SD = 14.2, the most prevalent being breast cancer - 31.1%) was recruited. Eighteen items covering the senses, attention, memory, spatial functions, decision-making and speech were administered. The response scale was constructed to reflect the chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) theories. A network of subjectively perceived changes ...

Objective: Cancer survivors’ satisfaction with life should be seen through the psychological factors related to a person’s capabilities to face and handle the situation. This study aimed to (1) examine the relationships of satisfaction with life, posttraumatic growth, resilience and coping strategies in a global network model, (2) find the bridge indicators between satisfaction with life and the other constructs, and (3) test for the invariance of the network structures across several moderating variables.Methods: In a heterogeneous sample of 696 cancer survivors (69% female; mean age = 53.1 ± 15.44 years; median time from being diagnosed = 4 years; breast cancer was the most frequent type of cancer) their satisfaction with life, resilience, coping strategies and posttraumatic growth was measured. In order to account for their complexity, the relationships between the constructs were explored using a network analysis approach. Results: The network analysis shows that satisfaction wi...

While people have an influence on current political decisions, and as ordinary citizens represent the basis for political participation, depicting such political engagement in an empirical/practical way creates a concerning amount of methodological questions. Data obtained via the European Social Survey Round 1–7 offers the opportunity to outline and broaden the picture in terms of the personal (demographic and psychological) features of individuals who participate in politics to a greater or lesser degree. Participants from the seven rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS) were divided into three groups: higher, medium, and lower political participation (α = 0.642). A Scale of Political Participation was created based on ‘yes’ answers. It was found that those individuals who were female or had a lower level of education participated less, while older people were more politically participative than younger people. The psychological profile of these groups differs in terms of pref...

Background: Social networks, in particular Facebook, are part of the lives of almost every individual, and in addition to searching for people, making friends or communicating, they also enable self-presentation (photos, statuses, videos). Part of this, especially among young people, may be the presentation of risky forms of behavior (e.g. alcohol consumption) that may have direct (attitudes) or indirect (normative beliefs) effects on behavior. It has been found that contributions presenting alcohol use reinforce subsequent risk consumption in individuals who have seen such contributions. This is explained by the social pressure to conform to a certain type of behavior which is most often represented by friends who self-present and self-reveal on Facebook what they prefer (such as alcohol consumption and parties). Such a link between Facebook and alcohol is therefore elaborated in theory and quality. However, there is no known methodology from the literature to address the link. Objective: The aim was to prepare a methodology measuring the interconnection of Facebook and alcohol for the purposes of further investigation of the issue in the context of significant socio-psychological factors. Methods: A questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables (gender, age, university, year of study) and 38 items related to Facebook and alcohol linkage; which were: a) taken from conducted research (Alhabash et al., 2016); b) derived from the outlined topics (Huang et al., 2014; Westgate et al., 2014; Rodrique et al., 2016; Hutton et al., 2016; Barnes et al., 2016), which were qualitatively elaborated on through discussion in focus groups; c) supplemented by items that logically lacked and complemented the examined context (concerning the individual themselves and their contribution to Facebook, the general contribution of friends, the descriptive norms, and the truthfulness of the presented contributions on Facebook). The respondents' task was to mark on the five-point Likert scale the extent to which they agree or disagree with a given statement (1-strongly disagree; 5-strongly agree). Research sample: The research sample consisted of 160 college students from Pavol Jozef Šafárik University (66.3%; n = 106) and Prešov University (33.8%; n = 54) (86.9% of women; M = 21.20; SD = 1.44). The respondents came mainly from the second and third year of study. The selection of the research sample was made on an occasional basis. The basic criterion for data collection was the willingness of both teachers and university students to participate in research. The response rate was 60%. Data collection was carried out at the beginning of 2016. Data analysis: Factor analysis (principal axis factoring) was used to reduce the number of items and reveal the factor structure of our methodology. Individual items were used for statistical analysis. Within the factor analysis, we followed the individual criteria for assigning items to the extracted factors: a) the correlation matrix's own numbers greater than 1; (b) factor charge of items with a minimum value of 0,5; (c) discarding items which have at least two saturation values ≥ 0.3; (d) discarding items that were conceptually unacceptable; e) The minimum number of items in the factor had to be 3. Results: Overall, factor analysis was performed three times due to the gradual exclusion of items due to failure to meet the criteria for inclusion in the factor. In the first step of the factor analysis, 11 factors were revealed, the scree plot revealed a fourth factor break. However, 19 items were excluded based on non-compliance. In a second step, the principal axis factoring analysis with oblimin rotation was repeated to eliminate the excluded items and pointed to the existence of 6 factors. The scree plot revealed a break after the second factor. An additional 10 items were excluded based on non-compliance. In the third step, the principal axis factoring with oblimin rotation was repeated without excluding items and revealed the existence of 3 factors explaining 31.26%; 11.03% and 5.71% variance. The Scree plot pointed to the second-factor break. 4 items were excluded based on non-compliance (two items had eigenvalue less than 0.5; one factor contained only 1 item, one item logically explained a better second factor, but its factor charge for the second factor was low). Other items have defined and explained adequately extracted factors. The result was 2 factors. The first factor was named as the attractiveness of the alcohol related post (motivation to use alcohol after seeing a Facebook post with alcohol) and consisted of 3 items. The alpha coefficient was 0.87. The second factor was named the incidence of alcohol related Facebook posts of friends and consists of 3 items. The alpha coefficient is 0.74. Limits: cross-sectional data collection design, occasional sampling limited by teachers' willingness to participate in data collection; the prevailing number of women…

Vnímanie bezpečia predstavuje komplexný fenomén, ktorý podmieňuje celý rad faktorov, ako napr. osobná skúsenosť s kriminalitou, miera kriminality, sledovanie médií, ako aj dôvera k polícii a súdom. Okrem uvedených sa na vnímaní bezpečia podieľajú aj faktory prostredia – sociálna stabilita, sociálna deviácia, ako aj psychologické charakteristiky – kognitívne a emocionálne reprezentácie rizika, miera anxiety, vulnerabilita a iné (Jackson, 2008). Paradoxne sa problematika bezpečia stáva aktuálnou až v čase jej nedostatku. Absencia bezpečia môže viesť k psychologickým dôsledkom, ako sú nespokojnosť, strata dôvery, znížená kvalita života, ako aj k sociálnym dôsledkom – znížená solidarita, kohézia, obmedzenie sociálnych aktivít (Amerio, Roccato, 2005). Informácie o rozličných bezpečnostných incidentoch cirkulujú v spoločnosti v podobe mentálnych reprezentácií a ovplyvňujú každodenné správanie sa jednotlivcov (napr. vyhý-banie sa niektorým produktom, obmedzenie outdoorových aktivít vo veče...

Gender differences in the perception of safety. This paper focuses on the perceived safety and gender differences in different countries. We analyzed data from 5th round of the European Social Survey. The sample consists of 52 437 respondents from 27 participating countries. The results indicate that in all countries, women have lower rates of perceived safety than men. Individual countries differ in size differences in the perceived safety of men and women.

Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPG) are currently experiencing a strong wave of interest and attention. In our study, we focused on a MMORPG World of Warcraft. Our sample was 270 respondents, from which 82% were men and 18% were women; moreover 135 from our sample were players and 135 were non-players. For each player we assigned an equivalent non-player. Our goal was to recognize if there are differences between the players and the non-players from the point of performance motivation and her chosen aspects. We used the Performance Motivation Questionnaire (D-M-V). We found that the players in their performance motivation get the lower score than the non-players.

Hate speech should be tackled and prosecuted based on how it is operationalized. However, the existing theoretical definitions of hate speech are not sufficiently fleshed out or easily operable. To overcome this inadequacy, and with the help of interdisciplinary experts, we propose an empirical definition of hate speech by providing a list of 10 hate speech indicators and the rationale behind them (the indicators refer to specific, observable, and measurable characteristics that offer a practical definition of hate speech). A preliminary exploratory examination of the structure of hate speech, with the focus on comments related to migrants (one of the most reported grounds of hate speech), revealed that two indicators in particular, denial of human rights and promoting violent behavior, occupy a central role in the network of indicators. Furthermore, we discuss the practical implications of the proposed hate speech indicators—especially (semi-)automatic detection using the latest na...

Abstrakt: Téma vnímaného bezpečia sa dostáva v súčasnosti do centra pozornosti psychologickej verejnosti. Cieľom príspevku je zistiť rozdiely vo vnímanom bezpečí z hľadiska rôznych atribútov práce ako napríklad zamestnanosť/nezamestnanosť, typ zamestnania a pod. Na účely príspevku sme využili dáta 5.kola Európskej sociálnej sondy (ESS), konkrétne položky zo základného modulu a rotujúceho modulu – Práca, rodina a subjektívna pohoda. Výsledky poukazujú na existenciu týchto rozdielov a našou prioritou je priblížiť pozíciu Slovenska a Českej republiky, pričom sa javí, že obyvatelia Slovenska majú z hľadiska rôznych atribútov práce nižšiu mieru vnímaného bezpečia. Ukázalo sa, že aj subjektívny názor na príjem domácnosti (napr. „zvládame to so súčasným príjmom“; „máme to ťažké so súčasným príjmom“ ...) súvisí s posudzovaním vnímaného bezpečia respondentmi. Príspevok vnímame ako odrazový mostík pre hlbšiu analýzu tejto zatiaľ málo rozpracovanej problematiky. Abstract: Topic of perceived sa...

The topic of perceived safety is in the focus of science mainly after 11th September 2001. Security is an expression of objective state and subjective belief about the state of the individual conditions that ensures the protection of its integrity from the negative consequences that are undesirable from the point of view of the entity. Aim of the paper was to examine the relationships between selected sociodemographic characteristics and perceived levels of safety, risk behavior and irrational beliefs. Another objective was to determine how members of the Police Force of the Slovak Republic differ according to their rank in the scale of perceived safety, risk behavior and irrational beliefs in specific risky profession, particularly among 74 groups of police officers. To measure the perceived safety we used selected items from the questionnaire of 6. round of the European Social Survey. Risky behavior was measured by Dospert scale and irrational beliefs were measured by the method I...

The aim of this paper is to analyze the opinions of the Slovak population on immigrants based on data available through Eurobarometer 88.2 (2017). We deal with the opinions on legal immigrants as part of our research. According to Eurobarometer 88.2 (2017), immigrants are people born outside of the European Union, who left their home country and currently legally reside in Slovakia. We are not concerned with EU citizens, immigrant children who have Slovak citizenship or about immigrants staying illegally. Official statistics show that most immigrants from outside the EU who are in Slovakia legally come from Ukraine, Russia, the United States of America, Vietnam and Serbia. Slovakia is not one of the traditional final destinations for immigrants. It is a culturally homogeneous country, which was not affected by the dramatic increase of migration during the twentieth century. Until recently, Slovakia was almost exclusively a country of emigrants, in other words, a country whose residents used to emigrate abroad for various reasons (IOM, 2019). According to the results of research on public attitudes towards migration (2019) of the International Organization for Migration, the Slovak population has relatively little personal experience and knowledge of immigrants. It typically forms its opinions based on media reports. The people in Slovakia are afraid that Slovakia has a high number of immigrants, who take jobs, spread diseases, and are an economic burden for the budget (Vašečka, 2009). The research set consisted of 1,080 respondents (Eurobarometer 88.2, 2017) from the Slovak Republic-43.1% men and 56.9% women, aged 15-93 (M=49.45, SD=16.83). 38.3% of the respondents stated that they live in a rural area/village; 45.1% small/medium town, and 15.8% in a large town/city. Data collection took place in October 2017 in face-to-face interviews as part of Eurobarometer 88.2 (2017) in the form of a multi-level probabilistic selection. We have used items from Eurobarometer 88.2 (2017) to measure the opinions. The opinions of the immigrants were measured using seven items, where 1 equals strongly agree, and 4 equals strongly disagree (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.861); we have reversed the polarity of the items for easier data interpretation-higher score = stronger approval with the statements. The items were subjected to principal axis factoring to assess the dimensionality of the data. A rotated factor matrix is shown in Table 1. We have named the first factor "Immigrants as help" and the second factor "Immigrants as a burden". We have found that the Slovak respondents, most of all the countries of Central Europe (Germany-West, Germany-East, Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia) agree with the negative statements about immigrants and at the lowest rate (apart from Hungary) agree with the positive statements about immigrants. Furthermore, citizens of West Slovakia have more negative opinions on immigrants than citizens of Central and Eastern Slovakia. 54.5% of the respondents think that immigration is more of a problem. Only 6.9% of the Slovak respondents think of immigration as an opportunity. 50.74% of the respondents think immigrants have a more than 16% share of the population of Slovakia, whereby according to the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (2019), immigrants represent 2.2% of the Slovak population. 21.9% of the respondents feel they are very well and quite well informed about immigration-related matters. Up to 75.7% of the respondents feel they are not very well or not at all informed about this issue. We have found that, in their opinion, the Slovak respondents come less often or never in contact with immigrants, while it in people's neighborhoods where the respondents interact with immigrants daily (6.1%), at least once a week (15.2%), and at least once a month (15.9%). The Slovak respondents in almost 80% of the cases do not have immigrants as friends or family members. In contrast to Hungary, Slovakia has not in recent times had a negative experience with immigrants (for example, immigrants congregating at the Budapest Keleti Train Station in 2015). Despite this, the opinions on immigrants of the populations of these two states are similar. In terms of the regions of Slovakia, the Bratislava Region and West Slovakia have more negative opinions towards immigrants than Central and Eastern Slovakia. Future research should focus on examining the reasons for these differences in the territory of Slovakia. Lack of relevant information and the feeling that the respondents do not understand the topic of migration can cause fear of the unknown and the related negative opinions. Negative opinions towards immigrants in Slovakia can be explained using the contact theory; direct contact between groups improves relations because it makes difficult for a group to accept typical negative stereotypes (Pettigrew, Tropp, Wagner, & Christ, 2011; Himmelroos & Leino, 2016).
While the cross-sectional character of the available data limits the research, the contribution of this paper is as a representative sample of the opinions of Slovaks which is reflective of the mood in the country on what is always a topical subject. The paper offers space for reflections and research topics within the Slovak Republic (for example, what causes the differences in opinions between West and Eastern Slovakia).

While people have an influence on current political decisions, and as ordinary citizens represent the basis for political participation, depicting such political engagement in an empirical/practical way creates a concerning amount of methodological questions. Data obtained via the European Social Survey Round 1-7 offers the opportunity to outline and broaden the picture in terms of the personal (demographic and psychological) features of individuals who participate in politics to a greater or lesser degree. Participants from the seven rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS) were divided into three groups: higher, medium, and lower political participation (α = 0.642). A Scale of Political Participation was created based on 'yes' answers. It was found that those individuals who were female or had a lower level of education participated less, while older people were more politically participative than younger people. The psychological profile of these groups differs in terms of preferred values: attitudes, satisfaction, trust in people, and institutions.

Background: Social networks, in particular Facebook, are part of the lives of almost every individual, and in addition to searching for people, making friends or communicating, they also enable self-presentation (photos, statuses, videos). Part of this, especially among young people, may be the presentation of risky forms of behavior (e.g. alcohol consumption) that may have direct (attitudes) or indirect (normative beliefs) effects on behavior. It has been found that contributions presenting alcohol use reinforce subsequent risk consumption in individuals who have seen such contributions. This is explained by the social pressure to conform to a certain type of behavior which is most often represented by friends who self-present and self-reveal on Facebook what they prefer (such as alcohol consumption and parties). Such a link between Facebook and alcohol is therefore elaborated in theory and quality. However, there is no known methodology from the literature to address the link. Objective: The aim was to prepare a methodology measuring the interconnection of Facebook and alcohol for the purposes of further investigation of the issue in the context of significant socio-psychological factors. Methods: A questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables (gender, age, university, year of study) and 38 items related to Facebook and alcohol linkage; which were: a) taken from conducted research (Alhabash et al., 2016); b) derived from the outlined topics (Huang et al., 2014; Westgate et al., 2014; Rodrique et al., 2016; Hutton et al., 2016; Barnes et al., 2016), which were qualitatively elaborated on through discussion in focus groups; c) supplemented by items that logically lacked and complemented the examined context (concerning the individual themselves and their contribution to Facebook, the general contribution of friends, the descriptive norms, and the truthfulness of the presented contributions on Facebook). The respondents' task was to mark on the five-point Likert scale the extent to which they agree or disagree with a given statement (1-strongly disagree; 5-strongly agree). Research sample: The research sample consisted of 160 college students from Pavol Jozef Šafárik University (66.3%; n = 106) and Prešov University (33.8%; n = 54) (86.9% of women; M = 21.20; SD = 1.44). The respondents came mainly from the second and third year of study. The selection of the research sample was made on an occasional basis. The basic criterion for data collection was the willingness of both teachers and university students to participate in research. The response rate was 60%. Data collection was carried out at the beginning of 2016. Data analysis: Factor analysis (principal axis factoring) was used to reduce the number of items and reveal the factor structure of our methodology. Individual items were used for statistical analysis. Within the factor analysis, we followed the individual criteria for assigning items to the extracted factors: a) the correlation matrix's own numbers greater than 1; (b) factor charge of items with a minimum value of 0,5; (c) discarding items which have at least two saturation values ≥ 0.3; (d) discarding items that were conceptually unacceptable; e) The minimum number of items in the factor had to be 3. Results: Overall, factor analysis was performed three times due to the gradual exclusion of items due to failure to meet the criteria for inclusion in the factor. In the first step of the factor analysis, 11 factors were revealed, the scree plot revealed a fourth factor break. However, 19 items were excluded based on non-compliance. In a second step, the principal axis factoring analysis with oblimin rotation was repeated to eliminate the excluded items and pointed to the existence of 6 factors. The scree plot revealed a break after the second factor. An additional 10 items were excluded based on non-compliance. In the third step, the principal axis factoring with oblimin rotation was repeated without excluding items and revealed the existence of 3 factors explaining 31.26%; 11.03% and 5.71% variance. The Scree plot pointed to the second-factor break. 4 items were excluded based on non-compliance (two items had eigenvalue less than 0.5; one factor contained only 1 item, one item logically explained a better second factor, but its factor charge for the second factor was low). Other items have defined and explained adequately extracted factors. The result was 2 factors. The first factor was named as the attractiveness of the alcohol related post (motivation to use alcohol after seeing a Facebook post with alcohol) and consisted of 3 items. The alpha coefficient was 0.87. The second factor was named the incidence of alcohol related Facebook posts of friends and consists of 3 items. The alpha coefficient is 0.74.
Limits: cross-sectional data collection design, occasional sampling limited by teachers' willingness to participate in data collection; the prevailing number of women in the research sample.
Conclusion: The result of the statistical analysis is the methodology of "Aspects of Presenting Alcohol Related Posts on Facebook", consisting of 6 items that represent 2 factors. We recommend re-validating the developed methodology and its subsequent use in the context in relation to other socio-psychological factors.

Background: Turnover has a significant negative impact on an organization. This phenomenon can have an impact within an organization; when employees leave there may be a reduction in the productivity of employees who remain because of reduced employee morale. Turnover can affect the organization's overall performance and results (Abbasi, & Hollman, 2008; Tnay, Othman, Siong, & Lim, 2013). The Slovak Republic is one of the countries where the manufacturing industry has expanded, with large manufacturing companies such as Volkswagen Slovakia, a.s., Kia Motors Slovakia, a.s., PCA Slovakia s.r.o., Samsung Electronics Slovakia s.r.o., Schaeffler Skalica s.r.o., and U.S. Steel Košice. Therefore research about turnover and turnover intentions in this area is more than necessary. Turnover is generally described as a voluntary act of leaving a current job, or organization (Milovanovic, 2017). In our study we will deal with personality traits in relation to the turnover intentions of qualified employees in the manufacturing industry. In his meta-analytic study, Zimmerman (2008) notes that in the past, researchers have focused in the context of reducing turnover intentions, on the working environment and its changes, and on how to increase the level of job satisfaction, which is an effective turnover predictor (Griffeth, Hom, & Gaertner, 2000; Zimmerman, 2008), while neglecting the personality aspect. Staw, Bell and Clausen (1986; in Zimmerman, 2008) further underline this gap, pointing out that previous research has focused mainly on situational factors, the characteristics of work as the primary determinant of job satisfaction, with little regard for the dispositional causes of working attitudes. Maertz and his colleagues (Maertz, & Campion, 2004; Maertz, & Griffeth, 2004) stated that conscientiousness is likely to influence the moral and ethical motivation forces that influence the turnover intentions of individuals. Employees with a higher level of extraversion are more likely to search for social relationships, and thus tend to have more contacts with others within the organization. As a result, extroverts can socialize faster in an organization and adapt to organizational culture (McCrae, & Costa, 1997), and socially integrate and thus have a lower probability of fluctuating tendencies (Maertz, & Campion, 2004, Zimmerman, 2008). Cote (2005) theorizes that those employees who are experiencing negative emotions (such as sadness and anger) are less likely to receive social support from their colleagues, but instead will experience an interpersonal conflict that will increase their level of stress and thus increase the likelihood of turnover. According to the literature, there are several reasons why some staff members are expected to be less likely to fluctuate. The first reason is adaptability and compliance (Maertz, & Griffeth, 2004). The second reason is interpersonal aspects (Zimmerman, 2008) and thirdly, their willingness to obey the rules and aspects of dependency cause employees to perceive a strong commitment to remain in the organization (Maertz, & Griffeth, 2004). Employees with a higher level of openness to experience are more likely to leave the organization to explore other options, no matter how they feel about their work (Zimmerman, 2008). The relationship between aspiration level and turnover tendencies has been explored very little. Bigliardi, Petroni, and Dormio (2005) found that design engineers reported a lower level of turnover intentions when there were adequate opportunities within the organization to satisfy work aspirations. Factors such as the position of an "experienced" employee in the organization, loss of personal relationships, loss of income, health insurance or costs can all influence the decision to leave the job accepting the choices of uncertainty and risk. Vardmann with colleagues found that the relationship between turnover intentions and turnover is stronger in those with lower risk perceptions than those with a higher level of risk taking (Vardaman, Allen, Renn, & Moffitt, 2008).

Objective: The aim of the paper is to find out what the relationships are between the personality traits and the turnover intentions of qualified employees in the manufacturing industry.

Method: The participants in the research were respondents who were offered a job by our employment headhunting company. These respondents were not looking for jobs at the time of research, but were already employed. They were contacted via the LinkedIn service (on-line anonymous data collection), and offered a specific job position at a place of work in the Slovak Republic. The research sample consists of 229 respondents, of which 63.3% (145) were men and 36.7% (84) were women, aged between 21 and 60 (M = 35.39, SD = 9.50). The respondents were qualified employees in the sense of having the requisite special education, experience or qualifications for the jobs offered to them. The employees work in the manufacturing companies which are focused on plastics, automotive parts, and are subcontractors for automotive companies. 53.3% (122) of the respondents at the time of data collection were in a position without management duties, while 46.7% (107) were in a management position. The average length of work experience (overall, not just in their current work) ranged from 6 months to 42 years (M = 13.59, SD = 10.44). In their current jobs our respondents length of employment ranged from newly employed to 30 years (M = 6.83; SD = 6.37). The research tools used in the research was the Scale of Turnover Intentions (Colarelli, Dean, & Konstans, 1987, Kuvaasa, 2006, Chen, Ployhart, Thomas, Anderson, & Bliese, 2011), NEO-FFI (Ruisel, & Halama, 2007) and subscales from GET2 questionnaire (Caird, 2006).

Results: Using Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression, we found that within the personality traits there is a positive significant relationship between neuroticism and turnover intentions (r = ,277; p < ,01) ; the higher the level of neuroticism the employee has, the higher the level of turnover intentions. We also found a weak positive relationship between the willingness to risk (r =, 338; p < ,01) and the aspiration level (r = ,206; p < ,01) and the turnover intentions level; the higher the level of willingness to risk and aspiration level, the higher the level of turnover intentions. The personality traits of qualified employees in the manufacturing industry explain approximately one-fifth of turnover intentions variation. We found that neuroticism (β = ,367; p < ,01) and willingness to risk (β = ,309; p < ,01) were significant predictors of turnover intentions among workers. Other personality variables (extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience, agreeableness, and aspiration level) did not contribute significantly to explaining the turnover intentions variance.

Conclusion: Neuroticism, level of aspiration and willingness to risk are related to the turnover intentions of qualified employees in the manufacturing industry. Neuroticism and willingness to risk are significant predictors of turnover intentions and, together with other personality traits, explain one-fifth of turnover intentions variation. Cross-sectional data collection can be considered as one of the study’s limitations. Due to the nature of the variable (turnover intentions) it would be better to observe this construct for longer periods of time and also observe those employees who have actually experienced turnover. Due to the number of employees in the manufacturing industry within the Slovak Republic, we can not consider our sample as representative. In future research, it would be interesting to observe the turnover intentions of qualified employees in the manufacturing industry within the job positions, since they differ in the nature of the work. The results of such research could be considered more valid. The main benefit of our research is the examination of the turnover intentions of a specific sample - qualified employees in the manufacturing industry - which is very current due to the boom in the manufacturing industry in the Slovak Republic, as staff turnover has far-reaching consequences for the economy and performance of an organization.

Perceived safety is a multidimensional construct that encompasses emotional, cognitive and behavioural dimension. Part of the perceived safety is a cognitive evaluation of safety, fear of crime and preventive behaviour. The aim of this study is to make a detailed analysis of the perceived safety with respect to gender itself and gender roles of respondents (masculinity, femininity, androgyny, undifferentiated). Until now the theme of gender roles in the research of perceived safety has appeared more in theoretical spheres. The first research sample consisted of 316 respondents from the population of the Slovak Republic (63,6% women and 36,4% men). The average age of respondents in the sample is M = 35.38 (SD = 15,84) years (15-83 years). The second research sample consisted of 1847 respondents (59,5% women and 40,5% men) from the Slovak Republic's population aged from 15 to 91 years (M = 49,28, SD = 16,53). In order to determine the distribution of respondents in terms of gender roles a questionnaire PAQ-Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmereich, &Stapp, 1974) was used. We found that women showed a lower level of perceived safety in all its dimensions. The results indicate a significant impact of masculinity and feminity on the level of individual's perceived safety.

The present study examined the impact of chosen workplace characteristics and of subjectively perceived work characteristics of employee on perceived job insecurity in Slovakia.
The analysis focused on employed people with unlimited or limited contracts, within the age range of 25–60. The final sample consisted of 976 respondents; men (37,7 %) and women
(61,3 %). A linear regression model explained 12,3 % of the variance of job insecurity. The
results suggested that good career opportunities, subjectively perceived replaceability, subjectively perceived employability and the number of years on the current job significantly predicted the amount of perceived job insecurity.

The topic of perceived safety is in the focus of science mainly after 11th September 2001. Security is an expression of objective state and subjective belief about the state of the individual conditions that ensures the protection of its integrity from the negative consequences that are undesirable from the point of view of the entity. Aim of the paper was to examine the relationships between selected sociodemographic characteristics and perceived levels of safety, risk behavior and irrational beliefs. Another objective was to determine how members of the Police Force of the Slovak Republic differ according to their rank in the scale of perceived safety, risk behavior and irrational beliefs in specific risky profession, particularly among 74 groups of police officers. To measure the perceived safety we used selected items from the questionnaire of 6. round of the European Social Survey. Risky behavior was measured by Dospert scale and irrational beliefs were measured by the method IPA. Objectives and results are related to the role of the Police Force in Slovak Republic, which is primarily to protect the safety and order in society, the rights and freedoms of citizans and take preventive action against crime and other illegal activities. Member of Police Force is exposed to possible loss of perceived safety. Based on the analysis of data in research has demonstrated a positive relationship of perceived safety with irrational beliefs and the likelihood of risky behavior, as well as differences in the perception of safety on the basis of the rank of police officers.

This paper focuses on the perceived safety and gender differences in different countries. We analyzed data from 5th round of the European Social Survey. The sample consists of 52 437 respondents from 27 participating countries. The results indicate that in all countries, women have lower rates of perceived safety than men. Individual countries differ in size differences in the perceived safety of men and women.

Vnímanie bezpečia predstavuje komplexný fenomén, ktorý podmieňuje celý rad faktorov, ako napr. osobná skúsenosť s kriminalitou, miera kriminality, sledovanie médií, ako aj dôvera k polícii a súdom. Okrem uvedených sa na vnímaní bezpečia podieľajú aj faktory prostredia – sociálna stabilita, sociálna deviácia, ako aj psychologické charakteristiky – kognitívne a emocionálne reprezentácie rizika, miera anxiety, vulnerabilita a iné (Jackson, 2008). Paradoxne sa problematika bezpečia stáva aktuálnou až v čase jej nedostatku. Absencia bezpečia môže viesť k psychologickým dôsledkom, ako sú nespokojnosť, strata dôvery, znížená kvalita života, ako aj k sociálnym dôsledkom – znížená solidarita, kohézia, obmedzenie sociálnych aktivít (Amerio, Roccato, 2005). Informácie o rozličných bezpečnostných incidentoch cirkulujú v spoločnosti v podobe mentálnych reprezentácií a ovplyvňujú každodenné správanie sa jednotlivcov (napr. vyhý-banie sa niektorým produktom, obmedzenie outdoorových aktivít vo večerných hodinách, zvýšenie ochrany majetku a pod.) a nemusia byť vždy opodstatnené. Z uvedeného je zrejmé, že pre vnímanie bezpečia nie je rozhodujúci konkrétny bezpečnostný incident, ale celý komplex zdieľaných reprezentácií reality. Aj napriek tomu, že problematika vnímania bezpečia bola donedávna predmetom skúmania sociológie, čoraz väčšia pozornosť sa venuje psychologickej analýze vnímania bezpečia (Bannister, Ditton, Gilchrist, 2000). Súvisí to s presunom záujmu výskumníkov od skúmania atribútov prostredia na sociálne a psychologické charakteristiky jednotlivcov a spoločenstiev v konkrétnom životnom priestore. Ide o integráciu paralelných konštruktov sociológie – sociálnej stability, sociálnej deviácie, kriminality a psychológie – kognitívnych a emocionálnych reprezentácií rizika, miery anxiety, vulnerability a pod. (Jackson, 2008). Uvedené základné konštrukty však nemožno študovať a interpretovať izolovane. Štúdium vnímania bezpečia navyše zahŕňa skúmanie generovaných reprezentácií, často konštruovanými médiami a jednotlivcami, o príčinách, súvislostiach a dôsledkoch bezpečnostných incidentov. Shiloh et al. (2007) rozlišujú kognitívne a emocionálne reprezentácie bezpečia. V rámci kognitívnych reprezentácii uvádzajú 4 nasledujúce faktory: cenu (vnímané dôsledky bezpečnostných incidentov), vulnerabilitu (pravdepodobnosť výskytu incidentov), kontrolu (sebaúčinnosť vo vzťahu k incidentu), dôveru v autority (hodnotenie účinnosti bezpečnostných zložiek zabrániť incidentom). Z kognitívnych charakteristík sa pri hodnotení a vnímaní bezpečia ako skresľujúci faktor uplatňujú viaceré heuristiky, z nich najmä heuristika dostupnosti (Tversky, Kahneman, 1973). Respondenti výskumov vnímania bezpečia podceňujú pomerne komplikované otázky (napr. o pravdepodobnosti, že sa stanú obeťou trestného činu) a nahrádzajú ich pomerne jednoduchými predstavami z pamäti (obraz seba ako obete).

Topic of perceived safety is now in focus of psychological public. The aim of this paper is to identify the differences in the perception of safety in terms of various job attributes such as employment / unemployment, type of employment and so on. For the purpose of the paper we used data of the European Social Survey - round 5, specifically items from the core module and the rotating module - Work, Family and Subjective Well-being. The results show that these differences exist, and our priority is to bring up the position of the Slovak and Czech Republic. It appears that the inhabitants of Slovakia show, in terms of different work attributes, lower rate of perceived safety. It turned out that a subjective opinion about household income (e.g. we handle it with current income/we have difficulties with the current income etc.) is related to the assessments of respondents perceived safety. We consider this paper as springboard for a deeper analysis of this poorly developed topic.

Perceived safety is a multidimensional construct that encompasses emotional, cognitive and behavioral dimension. Part of the perceived safety is a cognitive evaluation of safety, fear of crime and preventive behavior. The present book consists of two parts. The first part consists of three consecutive studies. The aim of the first study is to examine the relationship between perceived safety (emotional dimension) and preventive behavior (behavioral dimension), age and gender. The aim of the second study is to examine the relationship between perceived safety (cognitive dimension), preventive behavior (behavioral dimension), the perceived disorder in the neighborhood, gender and age. The aim of the third study is to make a detailed analysis of the perceived safety with respect to gender, gender roles of respondents (masculinity, femininity, androgyny undifferentiated), age and perceived disorder in the neighbourhood, and further describe relationships between variables. The aim of the second part of this book is to verify the explanatory power of social - psychological model of Van der Wurff et al. (1989) for respondents of Slovak Republic, to compare the explanatory power of the socio-demographic model (the combination of variables Van der Wurff et al. (1989) and Farrall et al. (2000)) and a modified model. Modified socio-demographic model explaining the level of perceived safety is enriched by variables concerning the residence of respondents and perceived disorder in the neighborhood. We created a holistic model explaining the level of perceived safety, which consists of variables from socio - psychological model as well as socio-demographic model. We worked with two samples. The first research sample consisted of 1,847 respondents (59.5% women and 40.5% men) from the Slovak Republic's population aged 15 to 91 years (M = 49.28, SD = 16.53). The second research sample consisted of 316 respondents from the population of the Slovak Republic. The sample consisted of 63.6% women and 36.4% men. The average age of respondents in the second sample is M = 35.38 (SD = 15.84) years (15-83 years). Using the method of structural equation modeling, we found that the combination of variables gender, age and preventive behaviors explained 20.9% of variance emotional dimension of perceived safety (fear of crime). We have further found that the combination of variables, gender, age, preventive behavior and perceived disorder in neighborhood explain 34.4% of the cognitive dimension of the perceived safety and 25.8% of the variance of preventive behavior. Gender roles (masculinity, feminity) affect the level of perceived safety of individuals. In the second part, we found that the socio - psychological model Van der Wurff et al. (1989) explains a certain level of perceived safety of subjects (R2= ,219), but it is not such strong explanatory device as modified socio-demographic model (R2=,304). Socio - psychological model is gender-sensitive and explained higher levels of variance of perceived safety in women (17.6%) than men (13.2%). Finally, we have created a holistic model explaining 32.9% of the perceived safety. This book provides a comprehensive and integrative view of the construct of perceived safety and it is governed by the principles of simplicity - an explanation of the greatest variance in the perceived safety with just few constructs.