Objective: This paper was aimed to study the effect of chitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinker, and diterpene lactone fraction of sambiloto (FDTL) from Andrographis paniculata Nees which contained 75.9% andrographolide on... more
Objective: This paper was aimed to study the effect of chitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinker, and diterpene lactone fraction of sambiloto (FDTL) from Andrographis paniculata Nees which contained 75.9% andrographolide on the characteristics of the FDTL-chitosan particulate system. Those characteristics were the physicochemical interaction, physical state, morphology, and drug entrapment efficiency. The in vitro drug release of the selected FDTL-chitosan particulate system was also evaluated. Methods: The particulate system of FDTL-chitosan was prepared by ionic gelation–spray drying method with the various amounts of TPP, chitosan, and FDTL. The physical characteristics were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential thermal analyzer (DTA), and X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope. In vitro drug release was performed in 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate media at 37°C. Results: The results of FTIR and DTA analysis were in accordance with the results of morphology evaluation which indicated that chitosan-TPP ratio 10:8 could produce chitosan particles with a spherical and smooth surface. FDTL has been trapped in chitosan particulate systems, and the crystallinity of FDTL changed. Particulate systems with FDTL-chitosan-TPP ratio-4:10:8 showed better characteristics compared to others with entrapment efficiency of 33.82%. The dissolution efficiency at 360 minutes (ED 360) of particulate systems FDTL-chitosan was higher up to 1.5 times compared to FDTL. Conclusion: The difference in the ratio of chitosan and TPP affected the morphology of chitosan particles since the amount of drug loaded, and the amount of chitosan affected the drug entrapment. The ED 360 of FDTL of FDTL-chitosan-TPP increased up to 1.5 times compared to the FDTL.
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Objective: The present study aims to prepare and characterize cocrystals of artesunate (AR) -nicotinamide (NI) in order to improve bioavailability and efficacy of artesunate as an antimalarial drug. Methods: Cocrystals were prepared using... more
Objective: The present study aims to prepare and characterize cocrystals of artesunate (AR) -nicotinamide (NI) in order to improve bioavailability and efficacy of artesunate as an antimalarial drug. Methods: Cocrystals were prepared using solvent evaporation and slurry methods. Physicochemical characterizations were performed using Hot Stage Microscope (HSM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal analysis DTA, Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results: The study revealed that re-crystallization of AR, NI and a physical mixture of both compounds showed distinctive shapes as shown by HSM microscope. AR has a needle shape, whereas NI showed mosaic spherulite crystal. Furthermore, as the two compounds experienced a contact one another, new crystals i.e. fiber-like shape were observed, indicating formation of a cocrystal of AR-NI was successfully achieved. Two different molar ratios of AR-NI from the phase diagram (i.e. 50:50 and 60:40 %) showed a decr...
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate crystallinity and compatibility transformation of two binary mixtures of analgesic substance with excipient due to mixing and compression. Methods: Analgesic substances used in this... more
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate crystallinity and compatibility transformation of two binary mixtures of analgesic substance with excipient due to mixing and compression. Methods: Analgesic substances used in this study were mefenamic acid (MA) and acetaminophen (AC). Each substance was mixed with microcrystalline selolusa as excipient with drug-excipient ratio of 70:30, 80:20 and 90:10 %w/w then compressed with pressure of 29.4 kN. Characterization was done by Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), thermal analysis (DTA), FTIR spectrometer and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Mechanical properties was also evaluated by calculating its tensile strength Results: Evaluation of crystallites size of MA and MA-MCC mixture showed that the value of MA crystallite size is relatively fixed in all the peaks observed. Crystallite size of the AC and AC-MCC mixture also showed similar results with MA. From the elastic modulus curve, it was recognized that the tensile strength...
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Abstrak Diketahul bahwa daun sirih dari tanaman Piper betle Linn. telah lama digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional untuk misalnya sebagai obat kumur dan pengobatan luka. Penggunaan sediaan gel antiseptik untuk tangan meningkat karena... more
Abstrak Diketahul bahwa daun sirih dari tanaman Piper betle Linn. telah lama digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional untuk misalnya sebagai obat kumur dan pengobatan luka. Penggunaan sediaan gel antiseptik untuk tangan meningkat karena terjadinya penyakit-penyakit ...
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Microparticles of theophylline using chitosan as polymer and tripolyphosphate as crosslinker were prepared by ionic gelation (IG) methods. In this study, microparticles were prepared by two different of IG methods : orifice ionic gelation... more
Microparticles of theophylline using chitosan as polymer and tripolyphosphate as crosslinker were prepared by ionic gelation (IG) methods. In this study, microparticles were prepared by two different of IG methods : orifice ionic gelation (OIG) and emulsification ionic gelation (EIG) with different crosslinking time. The obtained microparticles were evaluated for its particles size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release in CO2 free water. The particle size of microparticles were in the range of 987 - 1687 jm. Microparticles prepared by OIG had larger size than microparticles prepared by EIG and the size grew larger as crosslinking time longer. Both methods with different crosslinking time resulted similar and relatively high entrapment efficiency (± 60%). The release profile indicated that microparticles prepared by OIG had more retarded release compare to EIG S particles.. This result will be further studied to decrease the size in nanoparticles range by developing the preparation methods. Keywords : microparticle, theophylline, chitosan, ionic gelation
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The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ketoprofen amount on drug content and drug release profile of kitosan microparticles of ketoprofen. Microparticles was prepared by orifice-ionic gelation method with... more
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ketoprofen amount on drug content and drug release profile of kitosan microparticles of ketoprofen. Microparticles was prepared by orifice-ionic gelation method with ketoprofen-chitosan ratio of 2:10; 3:10; and 4:10. Ketoprofen was dispersed in chitosan solution then the dispersion was dropped into tripolyphosphate solution.
The obtained microparticles had have irregular shape after drying. The particle size of microparticles was larger by increasing initial drug amount. Efficiency encapsulation also increased as initial drug amount increased . In vitro- drug release from microparticles in phosphate buffer media pH 6,8 was slower than ketoprofen itself. Microparticles with the highest intial drug amount had the fastest release.
Keywords : ketoprofen, microparticles, kitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate, orifice-ionic gelation.
The obtained microparticles had have irregular shape after drying. The particle size of microparticles was larger by increasing initial drug amount. Efficiency encapsulation also increased as initial drug amount increased . In vitro- drug release from microparticles in phosphate buffer media pH 6,8 was slower than ketoprofen itself. Microparticles with the highest intial drug amount had the fastest release.
Keywords : ketoprofen, microparticles, kitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate, orifice-ionic gelation.
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Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide has many advantages as carrier for drug delivery system such as biocompatible, biodegradable and non toxic. Diterpen lacton fraction of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) has antimalarial activity but... more
Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide has many advantages as carrier for drug delivery system such as biocompatible, biodegradable and non toxic. Diterpen lacton fraction of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) has antimalarial activity but it has low solubility in water. Entrapped diterpen lacton into chitosan matrix could improve the bioavailability of the active substance.
The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of process parameter of chitosan carrier preparation : stirring rate (500 rpm and 1000 rpm) during ionic gelation and nozzle diameter (0.5 mm and 1.0 mm) of spray dryer on physical characteristics of diterpene lactone fraction-chitosan particles. Evaluation of morphology, thermal analysis and drug entrapment were conducted.
The result showed that particles had spherical shape with wide range size from 400 nm to 4000 nm. Highest drug entrapment efficiency was obtained from particles prepared with 500 rpm stirring rate and 0.5 mm nozzle diameter. From statistical analysis of one way Anova with α 0.05, it was known that drug entrapment efficiency of particles prepared with different stirring rate was significantly difference.
The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of process parameter of chitosan carrier preparation : stirring rate (500 rpm and 1000 rpm) during ionic gelation and nozzle diameter (0.5 mm and 1.0 mm) of spray dryer on physical characteristics of diterpene lactone fraction-chitosan particles. Evaluation of morphology, thermal analysis and drug entrapment were conducted.
The result showed that particles had spherical shape with wide range size from 400 nm to 4000 nm. Highest drug entrapment efficiency was obtained from particles prepared with 500 rpm stirring rate and 0.5 mm nozzle diameter. From statistical analysis of one way Anova with α 0.05, it was known that drug entrapment efficiency of particles prepared with different stirring rate was significantly difference.
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The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of two operating parameters (inlet temperature and pump speed) of laboratory spray dryer to optimize the production of ketoprofen-carboxymethyl chitosan (CM chitosan) microparticles... more
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of two operating parameters (inlet temperature and pump speed) of laboratory spray dryer to optimize the production of ketoprofen-carboxymethyl chitosan (CM chitosan) microparticles and the effect of carboxymethyl chitosan concentration on microparticles characteristics. Microparticles were prepared by ionic gelation with CaCl2, then dried by spray drying with various inlet temperature and pump speed.
Inlet temperature at 100○C and pump speed at 9,0 ml/minute was known to be the optimum condition since the drying process was relatively faster and it could produce the most yield. The obtained CM chitosan microparticles have irregular and hollow shape with the size of 1,1 - 2,1 µm. The result showed that as the carboxymethyl chitosan concentration increased, mean particle size of microparticles and entrapment efficiency of the drugs increased. In simulated intestinal fluid media pH 6,8, the release rate of ketoprofen from microparticles was delayed up to 0,43 times slower than ketoprofen powder.
Keywords: Microparticles, spray drying, ketoprofen, carboxymethyl chitosan
Inlet temperature at 100○C and pump speed at 9,0 ml/minute was known to be the optimum condition since the drying process was relatively faster and it could produce the most yield. The obtained CM chitosan microparticles have irregular and hollow shape with the size of 1,1 - 2,1 µm. The result showed that as the carboxymethyl chitosan concentration increased, mean particle size of microparticles and entrapment efficiency of the drugs increased. In simulated intestinal fluid media pH 6,8, the release rate of ketoprofen from microparticles was delayed up to 0,43 times slower than ketoprofen powder.
Keywords: Microparticles, spray drying, ketoprofen, carboxymethyl chitosan