Rany P Hadi

This paper analyzed the development of West Papua secession movement from guerrilla struggle to nonviolent struggle through the use of information technology. Since 2000s until 2016, West Papua movement mostly dominated by online campaign as an attempt to struggle for independence. Using theory and concept about nonviolent struggle and netwar the author found that information technology which is internet, utilized by West Papua movement as strategy to campaign and spread West Papua struggle for independent against Indonesian government in international level. By the use of online media and social network, West Papua movement influence international society to give support and sympathy to their struggle. This online strategy then creates cyberspace as a battle field of opinion between West Papua movement and Indonesian government. Keywords: West Papua resistance, Non-violent struggle, Netwar, Online campaign, Information warfare

UNIFIL is the recent peacekeeping operations that become one of the main peacekeeping missions conducted by Indonesia. Garuda contingents serving in UNIFIL might be considered as the longest and the largest peacekeeping service that was ever performed by Indonesia military forces. Indonesia Government started to deploy its peacekeeping personnel to UNIFIL in September 2006 under the command of Garuda Contingents XIIA, as a response to UN's request for military personnel and equipment, to help secure the ceasefire and provide humanitarian supplies. Since then, Indonesia keeps improving the consignment of Indonesian peacekeepers in UNIFIL. In 2015, the number of Indonesian contingents in UNIFIL has reached 1,290 troops which are the largest personnel group in Lebanon. Until today, Indonesia contingents have been serving in Lebanon for about 10 years long. Every year, the government always tried to evolve its contribution by adding more personnel and equipments in UNIFIL. And under the recent President of Joko Widodo, Indonesian government has an ambition to improve Indonesia role in maintaining international peace and security through Roadmap Vision of 4,000 Peacekeepers 2015-2019. This Roadmap visions has proved Indonesian vigor commitment to actively participate in world peace mission and as its national interest to reach the top-ten of UN contributors of peacekeeping operations.

The uprising began to erupt in Syria in March 2011, after the shoot dead of pro-democracy protestors in the southern city of Deraa, who demanded a release of some teenagers that was arrested by government after they painted revolutionary slogan on a school wall. Since then, there are unrest arms conflicts that caused thousands killing and massive refugees. According to BBC, in 2015 there were 250,000 people had been killed and more than 4.5 million others were fled the country. The conflict in Syria has reported to be the large humanitarian crisis in global century. In response to this tragedy, international community demands the UN to perform the responsibility to protect (R2P) to protect human rights in Syria. In this paper, it will be elaborated why the doctrine of R2P should be implemented in Syria.

The changing scope of international security has put the issue of human health into global concern. Economic and political cost caused by deliberate epidemics and infectious disease worsen by rapid spread of the endemic have created different threats to national security. During the last year, the world has been upheaval by Zika virus which spread from Brazil to some countries in Latin America. The World Health Organization (WHO) then determined Zika virus as a global health emergency. All of the countries, including Indonesia and the UN are demanded to take an emergency respond regarding this issue. This paper aims to address first, the conceptual framework in which health, especially Zika virus, has become a global security concern. And Second, how Indonesia as a part of global community has to respond to this threat.

Abstrak Globalisasi yang yang terjadi pasca Perang Dunia II, membawa perubahan besar dalam perkembangan teknologi dan informasi yang ditandai dengan munculnya internet. Keberadaan internet kemudian memberikan tatangan sendiri dalam studi strategi dimana para strategis dituntut untuk berkompetisi dalam dunia yang semakin universal atau biasa disebut dengan apocalyptic vision of globalization. Menurut pandangan ini globalisasi menyebabkan dunia menjadi terintegrasi dan sama rata. Meski demikian, ada pertentangan yang dikemukakan oleh Ghemawat yang berpendapat bahwa dunia sekarang tidaklah berada pada kondisi yang benar-benar terglobalisasi melainkan semi-globalisasi. Perbedaan masih menjadi hal yang diperhitungkan dalam strategi pasar. Hal ini juga berlaku dalam industri pendidikan, khususnya pendidikan tinggi. Dengan munculnya beberapa jaringan pendidikan online, seperti Khan academy, commercial features of lecture series, dan beberapa situs pendidikan online lainnya, menyebabkan banyak universitas-universitas di dunia yang kini mulai memanfaatkan kemajuan teknologi dan informasi sebagai media untuk meningkatkan kualitas lembaga pendidikan, baik sebagai upaya untuk berkompetisi dengan sesama lembaga pendidikan (universitas), maupun dengan jaringan pendidikan online yang semakin berkembang. Salah satu bentuk upaya strategi peningkatan mutu industri pendidikan adalah dengan adanya virtual university atau unversitas online yang kini menjadi salah satu tren pendidikan global. Akan tetapi, tantangan yang muncul kemudian adalah apakah seluruh universitas harus menerapkan strategi yang sama, atau justru menciptakan standarisasi pendidikan yang berbeda dalam persaingannya di bisnis internasional. Dalam tulisan ini penulis akan melihat bagaimana tantangan tersebut dihadapi oleh bisnis pendidikan tinggi di Indonesia dan apa kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah Indonesia.

Abstrak Budaya konsumerisme sering kali dilihat sebagai bentuk dari perkembangan ekonomi kapitalis yang muncul pasca Perang Dunia II. Revolusi industri meningkatkan jumlah produksi yang kemudian berpengaruh terhadap tingkat konsumsi masyarakat. Masyarakat, khususnya di negara-negara industri, kini tidak lagi mengkonsumsi barang atau jasa berdasarkan apa yang mereka butuhkan, tetapi lebih kepada apa yang mereka inginkan atau biasa disebut dengan hedonistic consumerism. Tingkat konsumerisme yang tinggi inilah yang kemudian mendorong sistem ekonomi yang berlangsung saat ini. Salah satu bukti dari konsumerisme adalah keinginan konsumsi mobil. Mobil kini menjadi salah satu kebutuhan yang harus dimiliki oleh seseorang. Kemudahan masyarakat untuk memperoleh mobil dengan harga yang murah,yang menjadi akibat dari sistem ekonomi kapitalis, serta munculnya stigma masyarakat atas status sosial yang meningkat dengan memiliki mobil menjadi faktor pendorong tingginya tingkat konsumerisme atas mobil. Pada tulisan ini akan dijelaskan lebih lanjut bagaimana kemudian ekonomi kapitalis mendorong tingkat konsumerisme masyarakat yang ditunjukkan dengan tingkat konsumsi pada mobil di era global.

Abstrak: Dalam bukunya yang berjudul On War, Carl von Clausewitz menjabarkan mengenai strategi=strategi perang modern yang terinspirasi berdasarkan peperangan pada jaman Napolean. Menurut Clausewitz perang merupakan kepanjangan dari politik, dimana tujuan dari perang tersebut adalah untuk meraih kepentingan atau tujuan politik dari aktor yang melakukan perang. Menurut Clausewitz pula, keputusan untuk berperang sangat bergantung pada kesinambungan tiga komponen dalam perang ,atau yang biasa disebut dengan the Trinity of War, yaitu pemerintah, militer/jendral, dan rakyat. Ketiga komponen inilah yang menentukan berhasil atau tidaknya strategi perang. Dalam perang Vietnam yang terjadi antara Komunisme Vietnam Utara dan Vietnam Selatan-Amerika Serikat, trinitas perang milik Clausewitz menjadi bukti pentingnya kesinambungan antara ketiga komponan tersebut yang ditunjukkan dengan kekalahan Amerika Serikat. Akan tetapi kondisi ini kemudian memunculkan perdebatan jika dilihat dari makna perang sebagai media untuk mencapai tujuan politik. Beberapa argument berpendapat, bahwa meski kalah dalam medan perang, Amerika Serikat tidak sepenuhnya " kalah " karena tujuan politik dari peperangan itu telah tercapai. Dalam tulisan ini akan penulis kaji lebih dalam bagaimana teori strategi perang Clausewitz memaknai kekalahan Amerika Serikat dalam perang Viertnam.

International security has been facing a new threat of the modern world peace. During the Wesphalian era of Roman Empire, international threats come from the aggressive intervention of powerful state that eager to conquer another states. As the result, the common wars that happen in that age were mostly inter-state wars. Therefore, Westphalian Treaty was made to defend state’s sovereignty and prevent external intervention in the internal affair of a state. But the changing of international dynamics has created a challenge into international security. Civil war, arms conflict, humanitarian violation, poverty, and clash of civilization have become the main issues in international politics. War was no longer occurred between states, but inside the state. Threats have come from the weak or failed states that were unable to sustain their national stability. State’s national security has been changing in fighting against rebels, terrorist, and organized criminal. This new dynamics has rise the question about the validity of Westphalian system in maintaining world peace. Hence, in this paper I would like to analyze the relevant of Wesphalian system towards international security using the case conflict of Syria.

The 1972 United Nations Conference in Human Environment in the Stockholm and 1992 Earth Summit in Rio had marked the global responsibility and concern on environmental protection. People became more aware to the environmental issues such as climate change, ozone depletion, forest degradation, resource scarcity, and pollution. Environment then started to be included in national security of a country. Moreover, environment is no longer seen as a state’s business but as a global problem. In which means that an environmental issues will give both direct and indirect impact to more than one country or state, but to several or worst to the entire world. One of the example to prove environment as an international security business can be seen in the case of haze pollution in Indonesia. How can an environmental problem of a country might caused some effect and problem in the region and also involved a global concern from international society. This paper, thus will explain first about what is environmental security, how it is become an international concern, and how it is proved from the case of haze pollution in Indonesia.

Free trade is a kind of economic concept which is in its application theory it banish all tariff and trade barriers in products trade activity. Free trade made the export and import activity becomes more freer and more easier.
Indonesia becomes one of the states which applied the system of free trade in order to make Indonesia an open economic state. The consequence that should take by Indonesia to be an open economy is by implemented the liberalization of market or free trade.
And then, the impact of this free trade’s implementation is that it would be a lot of external products that were sold in domestic market. Moreover, Indonesian local producers have to increase their ability to compete with other countries’ producers. The import and export products also become easily to be traded across countries.
But, another impact has occurred by the emergence of free trade. The influence of free trade not only gives some effects to economic, but also to other aspects included defence and security. The problem is that some people might not realize about this issue.
The reason is because most of Indonesian people usually thought that everything that has relation with security and defence must be identically with military. In fact, the term of security and defence has been developed not merely about military but non-military.  In the past, the security problem was just about war or military force. But during the era of globalization, the economic interest has been colouring the emergence of security problem of state, including Indonesia.
The complexity of security problems mostly occurred by the emergence of global issue such as Human Rights, democracy, environment, good governance and terrorism. And they become more rapidly by technology and financial support.
The continuation of free trade has opened the opportunity for some people to do illegal trade that might cause a big global crime. Another threat is the possibility of different argument about the state’s borders in free trade zone. Although, the influence of free trade not only caused a negative impact in security aspect. The interdependency that is occurred between states could give a positive impact to security by reducing the possibility of conflict or war among them.
By all of those possibilities, there will be no doubt for Indonesian government to be more consider with the effect of free trade in their policy-making process. Not only in economic policies but also in other policies that might be influent by the implementation of free trade. Indeed, economic, politic, and security, are definitely related to each others. And by considering all of the implication of free trade, the government hopefully will be able to decide the most effective security policy to prevent all of the activity that could threat the security of his people and his country.

One of the examples of governance practice is cooperative.
In Malang City, there is a cooperative named ‘Koperasi TKI Purna Citra Bumi Mandiri’ that is established by the former migrant worker, Winarti. She dedicates this cooperative for the former migrant workers in Malang who have been dismissed from their job because of global economic crisis.
As we know, the global economic and social crisis that happened not only in Indonesia, but also in the world, have been gave a bad impact to the migrant workers life. Some of them have to be laid-off from their job. Tragically, when they returned to Indonesia, they could find job to fulfill their life.
The TKI Purna Citra Bumi Mandiri cooperative works together with ILO (international Labour Organization) in East java, to stimulate the former migrant business skills. They train the other former migrant how to improve their own business skills and create job so they can be able to build their better life.

Video games merupakan salah satu sarana entertainment yang menghibur bagi semua kalangan, terutama remaja dan anak-anak, tak terkecuali di AmerikaSerikat. Hampir selama tiga decade terkhir, industri video games telah merubah dari awalnya menawarkan games yang hanya dapat dilakukan oleh orang banyak, menjadi games juga dapat dilakukan dimanan-mana baik secara console, melalui PDAs, komputer, maupun mobile phone. Kemudahan dan kecanggihan dalam permainan video games ini meningkatkan jumalah pemain video game di Amerika Serikat. Pada tahun 2008 saja, tercatat sekitar 97% dari remaja, dan 53% remaja diatas 18 tahun, serta 21% orang dewasa di Amerika Serikat memainkan video games hampir setiap hari. Akan tetapi permasalahan yang muncul kemudian adalah jika video games yang sering dimainkan tersebut merupakan game yang mengandung unsure violence atau kekerasan. Terdapat beberapa peristiwa pembunuhan atau mass shooting di Amerika Serikat yang melibatkan video game dalam melatarbelakangi kasusnya seperti kasus penembakan di Sandy Hook dan pembunuhan satu keluarga di New Mexico. Dampak negative dari globalisasi video game serta kemudahan akses terhadap senjata di Amerika Serikat merupakan penyebab dari munculnya tindak kriminal tersebut. Oleh karenanya, video game tidak hanya menjadi pemasukan ekonomi pemerintah AS, tetapi juga menjadi boomerang terhadap tingkat kriminalitas di Amerika Serikat.