- Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
Gerrit Knaap
University of Maryland, Urban Studies and Planning, Faculty Member
Problem: The practice of scenario planning is often too focused on developing a single preferred scenario and fails to adequately consider multiple uncertain futures. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development recently awarded... more
Problem: The practice of scenario planning is often too focused on developing a single preferred scenario and fails to adequately consider multiple uncertain futures. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development recently awarded grants for scenario ...
Research Interests: Economics, Philosophy of Agency, Scenario planning, Urban And Regional Planning, Strategic Decision Making, and 11 moreModel development, Land Policy, Model Uncertainty, Scenario Analysis, Model System, Housing and urban development, Large Scale, Futures Contract, Environmental Protection Agency, Metropolitan Area, and The American
ABSTRACT This article presents an empirical analysis of the effects of inclusionary zoning policies on housing prices and starts in California during the period from 1988 through 2005. The analysis compares cities with and without such... more
ABSTRACT This article presents an empirical analysis of the effects of inclusionary zoning policies on housing prices and starts in California during the period from 1988 through 2005. The analysis compares cities with and without such policies and isolates the effects of inclusionary zoning programs by carefully controlling for spatial and temporal conditions, such as the neighborhood or school district within which the house is located and changing market conditions over time. The analysis found that inclusionary zoning policies had measurable effects on housing markets in jurisdictions that adopt them; specifically, the price of single-family houses increases and the size of single-family houses decreases. The analysis also found that, although the cities with such programs did not experience a significant reduction in the rate of single-family housing starts, they did experience a marginally significant increase in multifamily housing starts. The magnitude of this shift varied with the stringency of the inclusionary requirements. Finally, the analysis found that the size of market-rate houses in cities that adopted inclusionary zoning increased more slowly than in cities without such programs. The results are fully consistent with economic theory and demonstrate that inclusionary zoning policies do not come without costs.
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Concern among state legislators about rural development and rural land use is not new. In many states, agriculture remains an important feature of the economic, cultural, and political landscape. As rural incomes, populations, and... more
Concern among state legislators about rural development and rural land use is not new. In many states, agriculture remains an important feature of the economic, cultural, and political landscape. As rural incomes, populations, and prosperity have declined, states have adopted a variety of policies in response. Rural land and development policies in most states, however, are often more symbolic than influential, poorly integrated, and grossly misguided (Audirac, 1997). For rural areas, very few states mandate or facilitate rural comprehensive planning, often due to opposition from rural legislators. Farmlands (cropland and grazing land) constitute the largest share of land use by acreage in the country and have an even higher share in the rural areas (USDA, 2000). Although a relatively smaller and decreasing part of the overall economy, farmland uses employ 21 percent of the nation's workforce (including processing, wholesale and retail trade of farming goods) and about 7 percent...
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This paper aims to find whether all transit-oriented development (TOD) can reduce travel distance and vehicle travels while increasing transit ridership, and which has a greater impact on transportation focus on housing policy or job... more
This paper aims to find whether all transit-oriented development (TOD) can reduce travel distance and vehicle travels while increasing transit ridership, and which has a greater impact on transportation focus on housing policy or job location. The authors compare the impact of different TOD scenarios and measure the elasticity of travel demand as a result of the household or (and) employment growth reallocating into transit areas. The authors obtain the results using a validated transportation demand model (MSTM) for Maryland and future growth in 2030. The results suggest that TOD is effective in increasing transit mode share and decreasing vehicle miles traveled; but only some can shorten trip distance. The authors find (1) relocating employment can increase transit mode share more than relocating households and (2) relocating employment increases total average trip length, while relocating households alone tends to decrease trip length.
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www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R’s research information service, include listservs, special interest reports, bimonthly... more
www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R’s research information service, include listservs, special interest reports, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources), access to public use databases, and a hotline (800-245-2691) for help accessing the information you need. Expanding Housing
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This article addresses an issue of continuing interest to social scientists: the spatial distribution of physician services. Although there have been many studies of physician distribution across urban areas and states, there have been... more
This article addresses an issue of continuing interest to social scientists: the spatial distribution of physician services. Although there have been many studies of physician distribution across urban areas and states, there have been few studies, none recent, of physician distribution within urban areas. The paper begins with a review of studies that examine the determinants of intraurban physician location. Following the review the paper offers new estimates of the determinants of intraurban physician location using a maximum-likelihood procedure based on the Poisson distribution. Contrary to previous studies, the results imply that market forces do play a significant role in the spatial distribution of physicians.
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The objective of the COMPASS project was to provide an authoritative comparative report on changes in territorial governance and spatial planning systems in Europe from 2000 to 2016. This Final Report presents the main findings,... more
The objective of the COMPASS project was to provide an authoritative comparative report on changes in territorial governance and spatial planning systems in Europe from 2000 to 2016. This Final Report presents the main findings, conclusions and policy recommendations. The COMPASS project compares territorial governance and spatial planning in 32 European countries (the 28 EU member states plus four ESPON partner countries). COMPASS differs from previous studies in that the accent is not on a snapshot comparison of national systems, but on identifying trends in reforms from 2000 to 2016. It also seeks to give reasons for these changes with particular reference to EU directives and policies, and to identify good practices for the cross-fertilisation of spatial development policies with EU Cohesion Policy. The research is based on expert knowledge with reference wherever possible to authoritative sources. Experts with in-depth experience of each national system were appointed to contri...
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The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars, and local government agencies. However, after decades of discussion, there is still no consensus on the definition of sustainable... more
The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars, and local government agencies. However, after decades of discussion, there is still no consensus on the definition of sustainable neighborhoods (Sawicki and Flynn, 1996; Dluhy and Swartz 2006; Song and Knaap,2007; Galster 2010). To gain new information on this issue, this paper develops a quantitative method for classifying neighborhood types. It starts by measuring a set of more than 100 neighborhood sustainable indicators. The initial set of indicators includes education, housing, neighborhood quality and social capital, neighborhood environment and health, employment and transportation. Data are gathered from various sources, including the National Center for Smart Growth (NCSG) data inventory, U.S. Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), many government agencies and private vendors. GIS mapping is used to visualize and identify variations in...
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The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars, and local government agencies. However, after decades of discussion, there is still no consensus on the definition of sustainable... more
The “Sustainable neighborhoods” has become widely proposed objective of urban planners, scholars, and local government agencies. However, after decades of discussion, there is still no consensus on the definition of sustainable neighborhoods (Sawicki and Flynn, 1996; Dluhy and Swartz 2006; Song and Knaap,2007; Galster 2010). To gain new information on this issue, this paper develops a quantitative method for classifying neighborhood types. It starts by measuring a set of more than 100 neighborhood sustainable indicators. The initial set of indicators includes education, housing, neighborhood quality and social capital, neighborhood environment and health, employment and transportation. Data are gathered from various sources, including the National Center for Smart Growth (NCSG) data inventory, U.S. Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), many government agencies and private vendors. GIS mapping is used to visualize and identify variations in...
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By most measures, Illinois is a large but slow-growing state. Its land area includes 35.6 million acres and its 1999 population is estimated at 12.1 million people. Between 1980 and 1999, the population of Illinois grew by 701,000, or 5.8... more
By most measures, Illinois is a large but slow-growing state. Its land area includes 35.6 million acres and its 1999 population is estimated at 12.1 million people. Between 1980 and 1999, the population of Illinois grew by 701,000, or 5.8 percent.1 But statewide population and population density figures mask a significant spatial reconfiguration of the Illinois landscape. Between 1980 and 1999, the population of 12 Illinois counties grew by more than 20 percent while the population of 61 counties declined. The population of McHenry, Illinois ’ fastest growing county, grew 67 percent; the population of Alexander, the slowest growing county, declined 19 percent. Between 1960 and 1990, the Chicago metropolitan area, the state’s largest, grew 14 percent in population while its land area grew 66 percent; Champaign-Urbana, one of the state’s smallest metropolitan areas, grew 48 percent in population while its land area grew 159 percent (APA 1998). According to the Natural Resources Conser...
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In this paper we review and discuss multiple approaches of measuring urban sprawl. Our intent is not to propose new measures or methods but to present in a single paper an overview of approaches to measuring sprawl taken by scholars... more
In this paper we review and discuss multiple approaches of measuring urban sprawl. Our intent is not to propose new measures or methods but to present in a single paper an overview of approaches to measuring sprawl taken by scholars trained in a variety of disciplines. Our intent instead is to describe general approaches and to provide references to key sources for further examination. Based on our review, we draw two conclusions. First, over the last two decades we have made substantial progress in our ability to measure and analyze spatial patterns that constitute the problem known as urban sprawl. Second, because of the disciplinary boundaries in which this progress has been made, we understand parts of the problem better than we understand the problem as a whole.
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... Nikhil Kaza†, Gerrit Knaap†,, Douglas Meade†,†, ... Tool) model is unique among large-scale models of the US economy in that it is based on an input-output core, and builds up macroeconomic forecasts from the bottom up (see eg Meade,... more
... Nikhil Kaza†, Gerrit Knaap†,, Douglas Meade†,†, ... Tool) model is unique among large-scale models of the US economy in that it is based on an input-output core, and builds up macroeconomic forecasts from the bottom up (see eg Meade, 2001; McCarthy 1991) Investments ...
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Transit oriented development (TOD) is a widely accepted policy objective of many jurisdictions in the United States. There is both anecdotal and empirical evidence to suggest that the vitality of TODs and the transit boardings from any... more
Transit oriented development (TOD) is a widely accepted policy objective of many jurisdictions in the United States. There is both anecdotal and empirical evidence to suggest that the vitality of TODs and the transit boardings from any TOD depends significantly on the extent of retail development in the transit station area. We focus in this paper, on the determinants of retail location in two counties, Montgomery County and Prince George's County, Maryland, with a particular focus on the influence of proximity to rail transit stations. We used data from two counties in the Washington DC suburbs to construct measures of transit and retail accessibility and constructed an econometric model to estimate the relationship between urban contextual factors and retail firm locations. The results from our analysis provide empirical support for the notion that retail firms are attracted to locations with high levels of transit accessibility. By extension, these findings suggest that investments in transit—particularly fixed rail transit—may be an effective method for stimulating retail development in metropolitan areas.
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This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effects of high-density zoning on multifamily housing construction from 1990 to 2000 in the suburbs of six US metropolitan areas. Zoning constraints are measured as the total number of... more
This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effects of high-density zoning on multifamily housing construction from 1990 to 2000 in the suburbs of six US metropolitan areas. Zoning constraints are measured as the total number of high-density units allowed by right in each suburban jurisdiction obtained from local zoning ordinances and geographical information data. Using two-stage least squares, the analysis provides two important results: zoning as practised by suburban governments in the six metropolitan areas limits the construction of multifamily housing below market determined levels; and, multifamily zoning constraints are not exogenous but vary systematically with distance from the central city and with the racial composition of the community in 1960.
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Although state and local growth management programs vary widely, nearly all such programs include one common feature: they require local governments to plan. While there has been extensive research on the effects of growth management in... more
Although state and local growth management programs vary widely, nearly all such programs include one common feature: they require local governments to plan. While there has been extensive research on the effects of growth management in general and on specific policy instruments to manage urban growth there has been little research on the effects of planning. In this paper we present a game-theoretic model of urban development in which a rational local government plans. The model illustrates how planning can serve to guide local government decision making, how land market participants might respond to local government plans, and how planning in a dynamic context can increase social welfare. By considering local government as a player who plans rather than as an external disturbance that might regulate, we can discover insights and frame hypotheses about the efficacy of planning that are not possible in other urban economic models.
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There is widespread agreement that metropolitan growth should be channeled into compact, walkable developments. New growth should include diverse housing types and mixed land uses and support pedestrian access and public transit. This... more
There is widespread agreement that metropolitan growth should be channeled into compact, walkable developments. New growth should include diverse housing types and mixed land uses and support pedestrian access and public transit. This article investigates how local government regulation has responded to this trend. Local development regulation is empirically examined by analyzing how much “smart growth” policies are implemented at the local level and investigating how much regulatory cultures prevent compact, pedestrian-oriented development. A typology of the kinds of local regulation used to promote smart growth is first established. Interregulatory consistency is also investigated—to what degree are cities and counties adopting frameworks consistent with smart growth? The types of developments implemented by local zoning regulations are then quantified. Results from a large-scale sample show that local jurisdictions in Illinois employ relatively low levels of smart growth-related ...
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... Contents Fotewotd/RAVINDER K. JAIN xi Acknowledgments xiii INTRODUCTION: Envitonmental Ptogtam Evaluation: Ftaming the Subject, Identifying Issues ... of Chemical Indexes in Envitonmental Ptogtam Evaluation/ROGER A. MINEAR AND MARK A.... more
... Contents Fotewotd/RAVINDER K. JAIN xi Acknowledgments xiii INTRODUCTION: Envitonmental Ptogtam Evaluation: Ftaming the Subject, Identifying Issues ... of Chemical Indexes in Envitonmental Ptogtam Evaluation/ROGER A. MINEAR AND MARK A. NANNY 129 Evolution of ...
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During the economic boom of the 1990s, developers and builders urbanized unprecedented amounts of rural land throughout the United States. They also redeveloped downtowns in cities that had been all but written off as dead only a decade... more
During the economic boom of the 1990s, developers and builders urbanized unprecedented amounts of rural land throughout the United States. They also redeveloped downtowns in cities that had been all but written off as dead only a decade earlier. Land use planners, ...
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Using MD Property View database on 15 counties in Maryland in the U.S., this study attempts to explore the estimation process on the housing development capacity under the Maryland’s urban growth management policy known as the Smart... more
Using MD Property View database on 15 counties in Maryland in the U.S., this study attempts to explore the estimation process on the housing development capacity under the Maryland’s urban growth management policy known as the Smart Growth Initiatives. This study also seeks to draw the implications of the estimated development capacity by individual counties on successful implementation of the urban growth management policy. The finding shows that this region has land for residential use enough to accommodate growth for the next 30 years. However, contrary to the goal of the Smart Growth Initiatives, a majority of development capacity is located not only outside the Priority Funding Area designated by the Smart Growth Initiatives but also at counties that are located far away from the major metropolitan area. In addressing this problem, the state does not need to either abolish or immediately expand the Priority Funding Area. Rather, the state requires local governments to include h...
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Identification of a key indicators capturing essential patterns in a region can be a cost-effective solution for neighborhood classification and targeted policy making. Yet, such a “core” set of indicators can vary from region to region.... more
Identification of a key indicators capturing essential patterns in a region can be a cost-effective solution for neighborhood classification and targeted policy making. Yet, such a “core” set of indicators can vary from region to region. Here, we define set of indicators measuring education, housing, accessibility, and employment which can be used to classify neighborhoods. We test these indicators in two study regions: the Baltimore Metropolitan Area and the Greater Dublin Region. We apply factor analysis to distill indicators to smaller sets that capture differences in neighborhood types in terms of social, economic, and environmental dimensions. We use factors loadings in cluster analyzes to identify unique neighborhood types spatially. Comparison of the core set of indicators and clustering patterns for case study regions sheds new lights on the important factors for both regions. The proposed approach will help compare variations in neighborhood types between and within differe...
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Introduction: Why Explore Smart Growth from a Trans-Atlantic Perspective? Part I: Urban Containment Part II: Mixed Use Part III: Affordable Housing Part IV: Transit-Oriented Development Part V: Healthy Urban Design Part VI: Smart Growth... more
Introduction: Why Explore Smart Growth from a Trans-Atlantic Perspective? Part I: Urban Containment Part II: Mixed Use Part III: Affordable Housing Part IV: Transit-Oriented Development Part V: Healthy Urban Design Part VI: Smart Growth Implementation Conclusion: A Retrospective and a Call for More Trans-Atlantic Research.
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The Job Creation Tax Credit program is one of the five Smart Growth programs initiated by the state of Maryland in 1997. Like other tax credit programs, it is a personbased program intended to create jobs; it is also, however, a... more
The Job Creation Tax Credit program is one of the five Smart Growth programs initiated by the state of Maryland in 1997. Like other tax credit programs, it is a personbased program intended to create jobs; it is also, however, a place-based program in that eligibility is limited to jobs created in Priority Funding Areas (PFAs). This article examines whether the program has furthered the goals of concentrating job growth with PFAs. The empirical analysis uses a fixed-effects random growth model and examines employment in five economic sectors from 1994 to 1998 at the zip code level. The results show that job growth in transportation, communication, and utilities and services industries has concentrated in PFAs, whereas growth in the primary sector, manufacturing, and finance, insurance, and real estate has been unaffected by the program.
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To inform metropolitan land use planning, this article reviews studies that examine the determinants of residential property values. The review suggests that property values provide a sensitive index of the effects of planning and the... more
To inform metropolitan land use planning, this article reviews studies that examine the determinants of residential property values. The review suggests that property values provide a sensitive index of the effects of planning and the problems planning is designed to address. Furthermore, it reveals that planning can contribute to problems of housing affordability. However, this does not represent prima facie evidence that planning has failed; nor should the potential of such effects preclude the adoption of metropolitan plans. Instead, the evidence suggests that metropolitan planning can contribute to the solution of housing affordability problems as well as to their cause.
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... To address these problems, the students referenced the smart growth principles espoused bySmart Growth America and the smart growth policies adopted by the state of Maryland. Based on these, the students of-fered the advisory group... more
... To address these problems, the students referenced the smart growth principles espoused bySmart Growth America and the smart growth policies adopted by the state of Maryland. Based on these, the students of-fered the advisory group three scenariosA Great Place to Live ...
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Across the United States, communities are increasingly interested in the spatial structure of opportunity. Recently, several federal programs have promulgated opportunity mapping as a tool to help increase disadvantaged communities’... more
Across the United States, communities are increasingly interested in the spatial structure of opportunity. Recently, several federal programs have promulgated opportunity mapping as a tool to help increase disadvantaged communities’ access to neighborhood opportunity. The increasing institutionalization of opportunity mapping raises questions about how opportunity is defined and by whom. This paper analyzes data from community engagement events held for a regional planning process throughout the Baltimore metropolitan area. During these events, over 100 residents were asked what it means to live in neighborhoods that provide opportunity. The results showed similarities as well as remarkable differences in residents’ definitions of opportunity across race, income, and geography. Racial and ethnic minorities, low–income groups, and those living in distressed neighborhoods were more likely to identify job accessibility, employment, and job training as key components of and pathways to ...
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Abstract State attempts to influence land use and development patterns have waxed and waned over the years and vary extensively from state to state. Among the approaches, states have taken toward these ends are the construction, adoption,... more
Abstract State attempts to influence land use and development patterns have waxed and waned over the years and vary extensively from state to state. Among the approaches, states have taken toward these ends are the construction, adoption, and implementation of state ...
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ABSTRACT Background: Evidence suggests that built environment features are associated with physical activity. Much of the previous work has examined discrete features of the environment, however, rather than combining features that may... more
ABSTRACT Background: Evidence suggests that built environment features are associated with physical activity. Much of the previous work has examined discrete features of the environment, however, rather than combining features that may co-exist to form clusters. Objectives: To evaluate the association between physical activity and neighborhoods clustered by land use features. Because the literature is just emerging on these associations in youth, physical activity of adolescents was evaluated. Methods: 23 land use variables (e.g., land use mix, population density, % residential areas within walking distance to a transit route) were collected using GIS methods. Factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to combine the variables to classify neighborhood tracts of Baltimore, MD into land use clusters. Students recruited from 2 all-city high schools (213 girls; 164 boys) wore Actigraph accelerometers for 7 consecutive days and also completed a survey to assess the context in which physical activity occurred (i.e., type, location, with whom). Daily minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, adjusted for intensity (METs) occurring outside of school were determined. Home addresses were geocoded and assigned to a land-use cluster. Results: Cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct clusters: Arterial Development, Central Neighborhood, Suburban Residential, and Central Business District. Results will show associations between daily MET-weighted minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity and land use cluster. The most common types and locations of physical activity also will be presented. Data will be presented overall and stratified by sex. Conclusions: The association between physical activity and land use clusters is complex.
The late 1960s and early 1970s brought in-creasing public concern over environmental issues such as rising population growth, re-source depletion, and the overall quality of life. The State of Oregon, nationally recog-nized as a leader in... more
The late 1960s and early 1970s brought in-creasing public concern over environmental issues such as rising population growth, re-source depletion, and the overall quality of life. The State of Oregon, nationally recog-nized as a leader in environmental legislation, expressed its ...
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ABSTRACT In this article, we argue that insights can be gained by analyzing the use of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) for urban growth management as an inventory problem. The analysis provides three useful insights. First, it shows that... more
ABSTRACT In this article, we argue that insights can be gained by analyzing the use of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) for urban growth management as an inventory problem. The analysis provides three useful insights. First, it shows that where UGBs are employed, too much emphasis is placed on whether UGBs contain sufficient land to accommodate 20 years of growth and too little is placed on how frequently, how much, or under what circumstances UGBs should be expanded. Second, it shows that where market factors are used, they have been used inappropriately to increase the size of UGBs immediately after expansion, when they should be used to influence the size of UGBs immediately before expansion. Third, it shows that UGBs are likely to work better if expansions occur not after an arbitrary period of rime, bur when the supply-or the price-of land reaches some critical threshold. We conclude by asserting that the use of UGBs should not be governed by arbitrary rules of thumb, because such rules do not stand up to critical examination, they preclude adaptation to local situations, and they prevent experimentation.
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A faltering national economy and declining leadership by the federal government in the 1980s fostered a flurry of economic development activity at the local level—in both urban and rural areas. This activity stimulated extensive research... more
A faltering national economy and declining leadership by the federal government in the 1980s fostered a flurry of economic development activity at the local level—in both urban and rural areas. This activity stimulated extensive research on the process of economic development in urban areas. Much less has been written, however, about the same in rural areas. In this paper we
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... Gerrit Knaap, Amy Gardner, Ralph Bennett, Madlen Simon, and Cari Varner ... Gottfried's idea for a US green building rating system drew upon the BREEAM rating system previously established in the UK and the BEBAC system... more
... Gerrit Knaap, Amy Gardner, Ralph Bennett, Madlen Simon, and Cari Varner ... Gottfried's idea for a US green building rating system drew upon the BREEAM rating system previously established in the UK and the BEBAC system established in British Columbia, Canada. ...
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Page 1. Government Policy and Urban Sprawl Gerrit Knaap, Emily Talen, Robert Olshansky, and Clyde Forrest Department ... in a net fiscal gain to the annexing municipality (Fleischmann 1986, Landis and Galloway 1986, Edwards 1999). ...
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... More detailed descriptions of the methods and data are provided below ... Since the analysis in this paper focuses on the spatial pattern of the new housing development at a regional scale ... If the physical condition of land is not... more
... More detailed descriptions of the methods and data are provided below ... Since the analysis in this paper focuses on the spatial pattern of the new housing development at a regional scale ... If the physical condition of land is not suitable for development, it would be very costly, if not ...
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This paper explores the viability of using proportional hazard models to study spatial point patterns generated by urbanisation. The analysis demonstrates that the... more
This paper explores the viability of using proportional hazard models to study spatial point patterns generated by urbanisation. The analysis demonstrates that the 'spatial hazard' framework is not only viable for studying urban form, but is extremely promising: the models do an excellent job of characterizing very different patterns of development, and they lend themselves directly to the kind of
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Problem: In 1997, Maryland burst into the national spotlight with a package of legislation collectively referred to as smart growth. At its core, the innovative Maryland approach relied on directing state investments in urban... more
Problem: In 1997, Maryland burst into the national spotlight with a package of legislation collectively referred to as smart growth. At its core, the innovative Maryland approach relied on directing state investments in urban infrastructure to Priority Funding Areas while ...
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Поиск в библиотеке, Расширенный поиск. ...
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ABSTRACT In this article, we argue that insights can be gained by analyzing the use of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) for urban growth management as an inventory problem. The analysis provides three useful insights. First, it shows that... more
ABSTRACT In this article, we argue that insights can be gained by analyzing the use of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) for urban growth management as an inventory problem. The analysis provides three useful insights. First, it shows that where UGBs are employed, too much emphasis is placed on whether UGBs contain sufficient land to accommodate 20 years of growth and too little is placed on how frequently, how much, or under what circumstances UGBs should be expanded. Second, it shows that where market factors are used, they have been used inappropriately to increase the size of UGBs immediately after expansion, when they should be used to influence the size of UGBs immediately before expansion. Third, it shows that UGBs are likely to work better if expansions occur not after an arbitrary period of rime, bur when the supply-or the price-of land reaches some critical threshold. We conclude by asserting that the use of UGBs should not be governed by arbitrary rules of thumb, because such rules do not stand up to critical examination, they preclude adaptation to local situations, and they prevent experimentation.
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... Investment in new housing and housing rehabilitation has been another long-standing neighborhood revitalization strategy used by governments and nonprofit organizations. ... These descriptive statistics characterize a housing stock... more
... Investment in new housing and housing rehabilitation has been another long-standing neighborhood revitalization strategy used by governments and nonprofit organizations. ... These descriptive statistics characterize a housing stock typical of an old central city in the ...
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In this paper a problem is addressed that arises when the boundaries of local governments change: how to distribute the assets of the reconfigured local government. Many state statutes apportion assets according to relative property... more
In this paper a problem is addressed that arises when the boundaries of local governments change: how to distribute the assets of the reconfigured local government. Many state statutes apportion assets according to relative property value. Such statutes, however, raise important economic and legal issues in local public finance. Specifically, fundamental issues arise concerning what assets should be apportioned, how assets should be valued, and whether division formulas prescribed by state statutes achieve their stated objective of dividing according to past contribution. In this paper these issues are addressed by means of simple present-value formulas, and it is demonstrated that most state statutes only rarely achieve their stated goals. The paper concludes with suggestions for a more equitable division process.
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Under the terms of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada, remedial action plans (RAPs) must be prepared for 42 areas of concern along the shores of the Great Lakes. A plan for the environmental... more
Under the terms of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada, remedial action plans (RAPs) must be prepared for 42 areas of concern along the shores of the Great Lakes. A plan for the environmental rehabilitation of the Upper Fox River and Lower Green Bay of Lake Michigan was one of the first such plans
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... Alejandra Castrodad-Rodriguez, Ralph Van Doorn Felix Weinhardt and especially Ben Dachis provided excellent research assistance. ... (2007) and Saiz (2008) on the merits of ... 6 Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and the Federal Loan Banks... more
... Alejandra Castrodad-Rodriguez, Ralph Van Doorn Felix Weinhardt and especially Ben Dachis provided excellent research assistance. ... (2007) and Saiz (2008) on the merits of ... 6 Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and the Federal Loan Banks together amount for about 11 million dollars. ...
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... values. Since the pioneering work of Adams et al. (1968 ... region. Kamara (1984) offers circumstantial evidence to support our claim.' Second, our results may provide a fiscal rationale for centralized regional sewer planning.... more
... values. Since the pioneering work of Adams et al. (1968 ... region. Kamara (1984) offers circumstantial evidence to support our claim.' Second, our results may provide a fiscal rationale for centralized regional sewer planning. While ...
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In this paper we introduce a general model of property tax increment financed redevelopment. The model illustrates how expenditures on public infrastructure and housing induce private capital investment and growth in property values. It... more
In this paper we introduce a general model of property tax increment financed redevelopment. The model illustrates how expenditures on public infrastructure and housing induce private capital investment and growth in property values. It can be used to frame the problem of how best to manage a tax increment financing (or TIF) fund to realize redevelopment objectives. The solution to this problem suggests when the use of TIF is appropriate. We present estimates of the model‘s parameters for a TIF district in Urbana, Illinois, a solution to the fund management problem, and an evaluation of TIF‘s suitability in this case.