Federal Government

The challenges of implementing federal system of governance in Somalia in Somalia As a result of new federal system in Somalia, there are important questions to ask, these include: how can a penniless country like Somalia, which has been undergoing a seemingly endless civil war in the past two decades, and whose governmental institutions have all been destroyed, afford to run such a bloated and huge administrative structure? How can the state make up the planned federal government of Somalia be successful? How will resources be shared equally among the federal states since this has been a problem in the unitary system of governance? The following pages will focus on main questions asked about existing challenges in the implementation of the federal system in Somalia, in particular, the south central zones. Federal system of government is difficult to manage properly, because to become a real federal nation, requires the central federal administration and state governments each having its own three branches of government, namely; the executive, the parliamentary and the judiciary often additional units in the form of regions, provinces and districts. 23 In the case of Somalia's new federal system, the country is planned to be composed of: (a) The federal government; (b) State governments which are two or more regions may federate as mentioned in the new constitution, 2012. (c) Regional administrations; and (d) District administrations. In this regard, each state will have its own governor or president, its own parliament and its own courts (first level, appeal, and supreme courts). Besides, the constituent states will face and manage separately their own internal affairs i.e., internal security, education, health, agriculture/animal husbandry, water resources, etc.; and they will basically share, among themselves, foreign relations and defense arrangements only. Key

Currently, background, qualification and training of German top politicians are widely discussed by scholars and media. This paper provides new insights to this discussion by analysing significant differences between the chancellors, vice chancellors as well as ministers of the inner residual cabinets of the German federal governments between 1949 and 2009 with respect to their socio-demographic backgrounds and educational, economic and political human capital. Applications of different statistical methods reveal that the ministers of the inner cabinet habe the most advantageous social background and the best education. Vice chancellors score highest with regard to their economic human capital, measured here by board seats before their current offices. The average tenure in the federal government as well as the expertise in the actual headed department is highest for chancellors. -- Aktuell werden die Herkunft, Qualifikation und Bildung deutscher Spitzenpolitiker rege von Wissenscha...

Objective. This study examines the effects of union density and government-sector employment on earnings inequality in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States.Methods. Data on 167 MSAs from the 2000 Census are analyzed using standard regression techniques. Four measures of Atkinson's index (e=0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0) are used as the measure of earnings inequality for full-time, year-round workers.Results. MSAs with greater union density and greater government-sector employment have lower earnings inequality. The progressive effect of union density is strongest for earners in the middle of the distribution and less beneficial for workers at the bottom of the distribution. Government employment is generally associated with lower levels of earnings inequality, but state and federal government employment have the strongest effects.Conclusion. Even in the late 1990s, unions and government-sector employment remain effective at reducing earnings inequality.

Responding to the so-called “ENCOL effect”, the Brazilian federal government created in 2004 (through the Law # 10,931) the Real Estate Equity Trusts (“Patrimonio de Afetacao”) and the Special Taxation Regime (STR) based on presumed income. The equity segregation under such trusts, at the developer’s option, aims at providing security to the purchase of real estate units under construction. It does so by demanding greater transparency in the information provided to the purchasers of such units as well as by requiring developers to maintain a complete and individual set of financial accounting information on each project and to deliver statements signed by accredited professionals on the work’s progress and the correspondence between the agreed terms and the earmarked resources. The STR is a way of encouraging developers to adhere to the segregation of their projects by establishing a single 7% rate on the business’ invoicing, which includes several taxes. This paper analyzes whether...

Narrative tells of a new law to address discrimination in the federal workplace known as the Elijah E. Cummings Federal Employee Antidiscrimination Act.  The EEO reforms,  presented and suggested by the Coalition For Change, Inc. (C4C), was introduced in the House of Representatives by the late Rep. Cummings and became law on January 1, 2021.

... This in turn means inad-equate numbers of role models for younger women in the process ofbecoming computer scientists. ... This “hacker elite” system, along with the relatively new academic structure of com-puter science which may seem cha-otic and confusing to students, re ...

In 2003, the Federal government provided funds to 69 state agencies to implement reentry programs for adult and juvenile prisoners. The Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) programs partner correctional or juvenile justice agencies with other government, community, and faith-based organizations to provide a range of services to participating individuals. A fully implemented SVORI program incorporates assessment, services, and programming for offenders while incarcerated, under supervision in the community, and once released from supervision. The individual SVORI programs share the common goals of improving employment, education, health, housing, and criminal justice outcomes. Each program, however, is unique in the approach taken and array of services implemented to address these common goals. Measuring the implementation of multi-faceted programs is a challenge for researchers and one that the SVORI multi-site evaluation is confronting. In this paper, we describe...

…It was first proposed in May 2019 by Chairman Eric Schmidt, head of National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI), a subcommittee of the Department of Defense, to adopt China’s model in the use of AI for mass surveillance and data collection. The vision of this project is meant to ‘strengthen the US economy by implementing AI as a means to compete against China.’ The main issue with this proposal is that it would require the U.S. to adopt a Communist model of draconian measures in order to install new infrastructure. We have seen this occur in the last three months here in the United States. but under different circumstances— COVID-19….

This study analyzes the implementation of Knowledge Management (KM) in the planning and administration departments of 45 Brazilian Federal Institutions of Higher Education. The report analyzes the current situation of knowledge management practices in these departments; compares the results with KM initiatives in federal government agencies; assess the level of effective formalization of KM; proposes recommendations and guidelines leadership should follow in order to implement effectively KM; and present a KM Operation Model designed for the planning and administration departments of these higher education organizations. The research shows incipient results in all three categories of KM initiatives among these departments. Moreover, the Institutions of Higher Education results are worse than those of federal government agencies in most of KM initiatives as shown in earlier paper published by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea). KM is not a strategic priority for most ...

The Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention was established in 1974 as an independent organization in the executive branch of the Federal Government. The primary function of the Council is to make recommendations to the President and the Congress on coordination of overall policy and development of objectives and priorities for all Federal juvenile delinquency programs and activities. Members of the Coordinating Council are listed above. The nine practitioner members in the field of juvenile justice are appointed, without regard to political affiliation, by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Majority Leader of the Senate, and the President of the United States.

Understanding student perceptions of future employment opportunities is important to educators and recruiters. Knowledge of the student perceptions can be used to guide instruction, advice, and recruiting tactics. Prior research has identified that governmental accounting ...

The Office of Research Integrity found in 2011 that Vipul Bhrigu, a postdoctoral researcher who sabotaged a colleague’s research materials, was guilty of misconduct. However, I argue that this judgment is ill-considered and sets a problematic precedent for future cases. I first discuss the current federal definition of research misconduct and representative cases of research misconduct. Then, because this case recalls a debate from the 1990s over what the definition of “research misconduct” ought to be, I briefly recapitulate that history and reconsider the Bhrigu case in light of that history and in comparison to other cases involving tampering. Finally, I consider what the aim of a definition of research misconduct ought to be, and argue that the precedent set by the reasoning in this case is problematic.

The marketing of agricultural commodities and food products has assumed an international dimension over the past two decades. Increased funding of export development programs by the federal government and commodity organizations suggest the need for improved understanding of U.S. export development programs and of the issues associated with export market development and maintenance. The lesson to be learned from the citrus industry experience is that unless the commodity or food product being promoted can be differentiated from other competitive products, or unless the product is priced lower than competitive products, or unless the product is priced lower than competitive products, the long-run effectiveness of export promotion programs will be limited.

This paper looks at the dilemmas posed by ‘expertise’ in high-technology regulation by examining the US Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) ‘type-certification’ process, through which they evaluate new designs of civil aircraft. It observes that the FAA delegate a large amount of this work to the manufacturers themselves, and discusses why they do this by invoking arguments from the sociology of science and technology. It suggests that – contrary to popular portrayal – regulators of high technologies face an inevitable epistemic barrier when making technological assessments, which forces them to delegate technical questions to people with more tacit knowledge, and hence to ‘regulate’ at a distance by evaluating ‘trust’ rather than ‘technology’. It then unravels some of the implications of this and its relation to our theories of regulation and ‘regulatory capture’.