Jukka Mäkisalo

The present study addresses two major aspects of compound processing, namely the issues of access code and structural effects (headedness), with an extensively studied deep dyslexic patient, HH, who has previously been shown to suffer from morphological impairment. In oral reading of compounds, HH preserves their morphological structure and, at the same time, shows additional processing load in increased errors compared to monomorphemic and derived words. Our data suggest that semantically transparent Finnish compounds are decomposed into their constituents at the level of lexical access. Furthermore, there is a processing asymmetry between the constituents, since several qualitative features of HH's reading performance suggest that it is the first constituent which primarily serves as the initial access code.

Artikkelin aiheena on tapaustutkimus, jossa sosiolingvististä reaaliaikamenetelmää sovelletaan vuonna 1900 syntyneen rajakarjalaistaustaisen naisen puhekieleen. Seuruun kohde syntyi eteläkarjalan puhuma-alueella Venäjän Porajärvellä, mistä hän muutti 17-vuotiaana Raja-Karjalan puolelle Ilomantsin Liusvaaraan. Toisen maailmansodan jälkeen hän asui nykyisessä Ilomantsissa savolaismurteiden alueella. Aineistona on noin seitsemän tuntia arkistoituja haastatteluja 18 vuoden ajalta (1960–1978), jolloin haastateltava oli jo eläkeikäinen. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan 13:n äänne- ja muoto-opillisen piirteen edustusta kvantitatiivisen  variaationanalyysin keinoin. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten karjalaisina piirteet ovat säilyneet, onko edustuksessa havaittavissa ajallisia taitekohtia ja mistä mahdollinen vaihtelu voisi selittyä. Kaikissa tutkittavissa piirteissä on vaihtelua karjalaisten ja suomalaisten varianttien kesken koko tarkastelujakson ajan. Tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja syntyy erityisesti vuoden 1964 näytteen suomalaistumisesta sekä vuosina 1975–1978 karjalaisuuden vahvistumisesta. Vuoden 1964 suomalaistuminen koskee varsinkin fonologisia piirteitä, joihin puhujan kontrollin voi olettaa kohdistuvan herkemmin kuin sijamuotoihin tai verbintaivutukseen. A real-time study of a Border Karelian idiolect The article focuses on a case study in which the sociolinguistic real-time method is applied to the spoken language of a female informant, born in Border Karelia in 1900. She was born in Porajärvi, Russia, which belonged to the South Karelian speaking area. When she was seventeen, she moved to the village of Liusvaara in Ilomantsi, Border Karelia. After the Second World War, she settled in present-day Ilomantsi, which is situated in the Finnish Savo dialect region. The material in this study consists of ca. seven hours of interviews, archived between 1960 and 1978, when the informant was already of retirement age. In this study, the variation of thirteen phonological and morphological features is quantitatively analysed. The aim of the study is to explore how these features have retained aspects of the Karelian language, whether there are temporal turning points in the representation of these features, and how such potential change can be explained. During the whole period of eighteen years, there is variation between Karelian and Finnish with regard to all of the features involved. In 1964, the significant differences concerned the change towards Finnish but later on, successive samples show changes towards Karelian. The change towards Finnish in 1964 notably involved phonological features which are presumably controlled by the speaker more easily than cases or conjugations. Temporal variation may be explained by the speaker’s phases of life: particularly in the 1960s, contact with speakers of the Savo dialect increased. As she aged, the informant returned more markedly to her native Karelian dialect. The study supports previous sociolinguistic findings regarding the propensity for idiolectal change throughout a person’s lifespan, and suggests that in old age speakers often return to the dialect of their youth.

Artikkelin aiheena on tapaustutkimus, jossa sosiolingvististä reaaliaikamenetelmää sovelletaan vuonna 1900 syntyneen rajakarjalaistaustaisen naisen puhekieleen. Seuruun kohde syntyi eteläkarjalan puhuma-alueella Venäjän Porajärvellä, mistä hän muutti 17-vuotiaana Raja-Karjalan puolelle Ilomantsin Liusvaaraan. Toisen maailmansodan jälkeen hän asui nykyisessä Ilomantsissa savolaismurteiden alueella. Aineistona on noin seitsemän tuntia arkistoituja haastatteluja 18 vuoden ajalta (1960–1978), jolloin haastateltava oli jo eläkeikäinen. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan 13:n äänne- ja muoto-opillisen piirteen edustusta kvantitatiivisen  variaationanalyysin keinoin. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten karjalaisina piirteet ovat säilyneet, onko edustuksessa havaittavissa ajallisia taitekohtia ja mistä mahdollinen vaihtelu voisi selittyä. Kaikissa tutkittavissa piirteissä on vaihtelua karjalaisten ja suomalaisten varianttien kesken koko tarkastelujakson ajan. Tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja syntyy e...

L'A. s'interroge sur la rationalite des trois questions posees par Andrew Chesterman et Rosemary Arrojo concernant les etudes de traduction dans leur article Shared ground in translation studies. Ces trois questions etaient : Tout d'abord, qu'est-ce que la traduction, puis en quoi le processus de traduction est-il different d'un autre mode de production de textes et enfin quelles sont les consequences de la traduction. L'A. soutient que le domaine des etudes de traduction se situe au carrefour de multiples autres disciplines et ne doit pas specifiquement partager des bases communes.

The aim of this article is to address some of the problems related to the notion of ‘professionalism’ in translation studies. Different definitions of professionalism and expertise are discussed on the basis of translation process research, expertise research and the sociology of translation. Translation quality is also touched upon, as it relates to both professionalism and expertise. We argue that both translation research and translator education need to deal with the developments on the translation market in order to better describe and explain the reality of translating, to change the reality if necessary, and to equip translation students with the skills and knowledge that are essential to cope with the realities.

Traditionnellement - i.e. selon la perspective structurale - la composition lexicale est consideree comme un sous-domaine de la morphologie. Avec l'emergence de nouvelles theories, telles que les theories generatives, la composition est rattachee au domaine de la syntaxe. L'objectif de cet article est d'etudier les problemes theoriques lies a la composition lexicale. L'A. examine la composition prioritairement par rapport a ses proprietes lexicales, morphologiques et syntaxiques.

Instead of taking a stand on the individual theses presented by Andrew Chesterman (AC) and Rosemary Arrojo (RA), we will focus on the rationale of the three questions that they have chosen as sub-headings for their paper. The questions are: (1) What is Translation? (2) Why is This (Kind of) Translation Like This? and (3) What Consequences Do Translations Have? We feel that translation scholars answer these questions implicitly, if not explicitly, through the kind of research they advocate or do themselves. Thus there is a good justification to discuss them openly every now and then, and we appreciate the initiative taken by Chesterman and Arrojo (2000). AC and RA have answered these questions in such a way, however, that makes us wonder how far the common ground extends and whether it has a centre of any kind. In what follows we will look at the three questions to see how they might bear on a shared ground as we see it.

The present study addresses two major aspects of compound processing, namely the issues of access code and structural effects (headedness), with an extensively studied deep dyslexic patient, HH, who has previously been shown to suffer from morphological impairment. In oral reading of compounds, HH preserves their morphological structure and, at the same time, shows additional processing load in increased errors compared to monomorphemic and derived words. Our data suggest that semantically transparent Finnish compounds are decomposed into their constituents at the level of lexical access. Furthermore, there is a processing asymmetry between the constituents, since several qualitative features of HH's reading performance suggest that it is the first constituent which primarily serves as the initial access code.

This research focuses on the type and proportion of the revisions made by translators during target text production. Eighteen professional translators used the keyboard logging software Translog while carrying out a translation task on a computer. As Translog registers and displays all keyboard activity in relation to time, all the revisions in the log files can also be identified and counted. The revisions were categorised as revisions of typing errors, revisions of literal translation and other revisions. Typing error revisions account for 51.5%, literal translation revisions for 20.5% and other revisions for 28.0%. If typing error revisions are ignored, literal translation revisions account for 42.3%. Revisions of literal translation were observed at all linguistic levels and in all translators’ log files, irrespective of the quality of their final translations. These results suggest that literal translation constitutes an integral element of the translation process and can perha...

This study explores how the process of translating relates to other types of writing processes by comparing pause lengths preceding syntactic units (words, phrases and clauses) in two types of writing task, a monolingual text production and a translation. It also discusses the grounds for interpreting pause length as a reflection of the cognitive demands of the writing process. The data was collected from 18 professional translators using the Translog keystroke logging software (Jakobsen/Schou 1999). Each subject wrote two texts: an expository text in Finnish and a translation from English into Finnish (Immonen 2006: 316-319). Firstly, phrase boundary pauses were categorised according to type, function and length of phrase. All three features correlate with pause length. On average, predicate phrases are preceded by short pauses, adpositional phrases by long pauses, and pauses preceding noun phrases grow with the length of the phrase. These fi ndings suggest that the processing of the...