BOOKS by Rafael Garrido-Pena
Studia Archaeologica 103. Universidad de Valladolid, 2022
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www.nature.com/scientificreports, Feb 7, 2020
Violence seems deeply rooted in human nature and an endemic potential for such is today frequentl... more Violence seems deeply rooted in human nature and an endemic potential for such is today frequently associated with differing ethnic, religious or socio-economic backgrounds. Ethnic nepotism is believed to be one of the main causes of inter-group violence in multi-ethnic societies. At the site of Els Trocs in the Spanish Pyrenees, rivalling groups of either migrating early farmers or farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers collided violently around 5300 BCE. This clash apparently resulted in a massacre of the Els Trocs farmers. The overkill reaction was possibly triggered by xenophobia or massive disputes over resources or privileges. In the present, violence and xenophobia are controlled and sanctioned through social codes of conduct and institutions. So that, rather than representing an insurmountable evolutionary inheritance, violence and ethnic nepotism can be overcome and a sustainable future achieved through mutual respect, tolerance and openness to multi-ethnic societies.
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This monograph shows the results of the investigation of the nine Bell Beaker graves uncovered in... more This monograph shows the results of the investigation of the nine Bell Beaker graves uncovered in the site of Humanejos (Parla, Madrid, Spain). They are 5 single tombs, two double and one multiple (5 individuals). 13 of them are adults (6 males and 3 females) and 3 non-adults. Those graves contained a very important amount of grave goods: 56 complete ceramic vessels (31 decorated in both Maritime and Late Beaker Ciempozuelos styles), 34 metallic objects (18 gold plaquettes and 16 copper elements: 7 Palmela points, 4 tanged daggers, 3 awls, one flat axe and one atlantic halberd), 4 stone wrist-guards, 8 ivory V-perforated buttons and 62 ivory necklace beads.
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BOOK CHAPTERS by Rafael Garrido-Pena
Juan A. López Padilla, Roberto Risch, János Dani (eds). Dinastías. Los primeros reinos de la Europa prehistórica, 2024
This chapter deals with the social and ideological context of the Bell Beaker tombs of Humanejos ... more This chapter deals with the social and ideological context of the Bell Beaker tombs of Humanejos and it is especially focused on grave number 1. During this period in this cemetery these graves display clear signs of social hierarchisation, moreover if we compare them with other contemporaneous lacking any grave goods and also showing more pathological traits in the skeletons. We even have two examples of infantile Beaker tombs, perhaps as an indication that those elites were trying to perpetuate their power through the next generation. Nevertheless, the rest of the archaeological record (especially the settlements) does not suggest that the degree of social hierarchisation or structural complexity was so important. It is more likely then that those leaderships were ephimeral and this process of conflict and increasing social emulation and fighting for power developed during the entire Bell Beaker period in the interior of Iberia.
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Beyond Use-Wear Traces: Going from tools to people by means of archaeological wear and residue analyses, 2021
This paper presents a use-wear analysis of the lithic and metallic grave goods deposited in the p... more This paper presents a use-wear analysis of the lithic and metallic grave goods deposited in the pre-Beaker Chalcolithic burials of the Humanejos site.
It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, in Parla, Madrid. It is currently one of the most important sites for the investigation of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age societies of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula between the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. This is so because of its large extension of around 20 hectares, the number of structures located within it (more than 2500 belonging to the Chalcolithic), in particular 106 burials, and the large number of grave goods recovered. This study is only a small part of a bigger project, focused on the functional analysis of the lithic and metallic objects discovered in the tombs belonging to the pre-Beaker Chalcolithic phase of the site. We have studied a total number of 12 tombs, in which 26 metallic and 18 lithic objects were found. Traces indicating their use prior to their deposition as offerings were detected. Regarding the association of individuals of a certain age or sex with specific grave goods, no significant differences were identified.
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Andrés Carretero & Concha Papí (coords): ACTUALIDAD DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ARQUEOLÓGICA EN ESPAÑA II (2019-2020) CONFERENCIAS IMPARTIDAS EN EL MUSEO ARQUEOLÓGICO NACIONAL, 2020
Humanejos es un extenso yacimiento prehistórico con más de 1700 estructuras arqueológicas, en su ... more Humanejos es un extenso yacimiento prehistórico con más de 1700 estructuras arqueológicas, en su mayoría domésticas, pero también funerarias, situado en el municipio de Parla, al sur de Madrid. Más de 100 tumbas excavadas en él han ofrecido una información muy valiosa sobre la transformación de las sociedades que habitaron el interior de la península ibérica desde fines del IV a fines del II milenio cal AC. Se analizan los cambios producidos en los rituales funerarios durante este periodo, no solo mediante el estudio de los ajuares funerarios, sino también de los restos humanos recuperados en las tumbas. Todo ello nos permite ofrecer nuevos datos sobre los procesos de jerarquización y los cambios en la organización social y el mundo simbólico, a lo largo de 2000 años de ocupación de este asentamiento y cementerio. Partiendo de incipientes diferencias detectadas en la fase precampaniforme, que ha ofrecido una inusual riqueza de ajuares, sobre todo cerámicos y metálicos, estas alcanzan su cenit durante el Campaniforme. A este último periodo pertenece una necrópolis de 9 tumbas, con uno de los conjuntos más ricos y espectaculares de ofrendas funerarias documentados en Europa. La trayectoria de creciente jerarquización social parece truncarse a comienzos del II milenio cal AC, cuando tanto el hábitat como la necrópolis concentran sus hallazgos espacialmente.
Humanejos is an extensive prehistoric site with more than 1700 archaeological structures, mainly domestic but also funerary in the town of Parla, south of Madrid (Spain). In fact, more than 100 burials offered significant information about the transformation of the societies living in the interior of Iberia from the late IVth millennium cal BC to the late IInd.
Those changes in the burial rituals during that period are analysed, not only through the study of the grave goods but also of the human remains discovered with them. They both give significant data about the processes of social hierarchisation and the transformations in the social organization and the symbolic world through 2000 years of occupation of this habitat and cemetery. After the first testimonies of initial differences documented in the pre-Beaker phase, where unusually rich grave goods were discovered (mainly pottery and copper tools), the zenith is reached during the Bell Beaker period. To this phase belong nine tombs who offered one of the richest and most spectacular assemblages of grave goods documented in Europe. This trajectory towards social ranking seems to abruptly end at the beginning of the IInd millennium cal BC, when both the settlement and the tombs appear spatially concentrated in the site.
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Alex M. Gibson (Editor): Bell Beaker Settlement of Europe: The Bell Beaker Phenomenon from a Domestic PerspectivePublisher: Oxbow Books. Oxford & Philadelphia. The Prehistoric Society., 2019
This chapter is an updated synthesis of the domestic contexts where Bell Beaker materials have be... more This chapter is an updated synthesis of the domestic contexts where Bell Beaker materials have been discovered in the interior of Iberia during the second half of the IIIrd millennium cal BC. It includes not only the archaeological evidences (types of huts, pits, enclosures and other structures but also specific types of Beaker pottery), from the classic finds to the most recent discoveries, but also a reflection of the meaning of Beaker materials in settlements, in the context of eventual and special ceremonial activities also celebrated in this sort of domestic environments.
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G. Delibes y E. Guerra (eds): ¡Un brindis por el príncipe! El vaso Campaniforme en el interior de la Península Ibérica (2500-2000 a. C) VOLUMEN II. Museo Arqueológico Regional de Madrid. Alcalá de Henares: 207-220., 2019
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Resumen El megalitismo en la Cuenca del Duero muestra una amplia diversidad de manifestaciones, t... more Resumen El megalitismo en la Cuenca del Duero muestra una amplia diversidad de manifestaciones, tanto los más ortodoxos tipos de monumentos (dólmenes simples y de corredor) como otras carentes de estructuras ortostáticas (túmulos simples, tumbas calero, etc.). En este trabajo presentamos dos recientes hallazgos per-tenecientes a estos últimos tipos funerarios, que hemos excavado en la provincia de Burgos y la de Soria. En ellos se documentan diferentes procesos de clausura que suponen el desmantelamiento de estas sepulturas colectivas, y la transformación ulterior de los espacios funerarios, tras complejas ceremonias y reformas ar-quitectónicas en algún caso, hasta dar lugar a un monumento cerrado que actúa como lugar de veneración de la memoria de los antepasados allí depositados, dentro del Paisaje ritual que se articula en torno a ellos. Abstract The Megalithism in the Duero Basin shows a wide range of different monuments, both the more orthodox types (simple dolmens and passage graves) and others lacking the orthostatic structures (simple mounds, " lime-kiln " tombs). In this article two recent discoveries are presented that were found and excavated in the Burgos and Soria provinces. Different closure rituals were documented in them involving the dismantling of previous collective graves and the subsequent transformation of those burial spaces, through complex ceremonies and even architectonic reforms, into veneration places to the memory of the ancestors deposited there, within the ritual landscape organized around them.
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A summary of the work carried out in the cave of Els Trocs during the campaigns of 2009 and 2010,... more A summary of the work carried out in the cave of Els Trocs during the campaigns of 2009 and 2010, where a settlement in a cave next to the Axial Pyrenees, with a series of occupations including those corresponding to the ancient Neolithic, with floors of ceramics and stones has been documented, along with large homes and remains human bone and fauna showing the early colonization of the Pyrenees in a moment Highlands very early the process of neolithisation of the peninsular Northeast.
Se presenta un resumen de los trabajos realizados en la cueva de Els Trocs durante las campañas de 2009 y 2010, en donde se ha documentado un asentamiento en cueva junto al Pirineo Axial, con una serie de ocupaciones entre las que destacan las correspondientes al Neolítico Antiguo, con pavimentos de cerámicas y piedras, junto a grandes hogares y restos óseos humanos y de fauna que demuestra la pronta colonización de las tierras altas pirenaicas en un momento muy temprano del proceso de neolitización del noreste peninsular.
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BOOKS by Rafael Garrido-Pena
BOOK CHAPTERS by Rafael Garrido-Pena
It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, in Parla, Madrid. It is currently one of the most important sites for the investigation of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age societies of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula between the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. This is so because of its large extension of around 20 hectares, the number of structures located within it (more than 2500 belonging to the Chalcolithic), in particular 106 burials, and the large number of grave goods recovered. This study is only a small part of a bigger project, focused on the functional analysis of the lithic and metallic objects discovered in the tombs belonging to the pre-Beaker Chalcolithic phase of the site. We have studied a total number of 12 tombs, in which 26 metallic and 18 lithic objects were found. Traces indicating their use prior to their deposition as offerings were detected. Regarding the association of individuals of a certain age or sex with specific grave goods, no significant differences were identified.
Humanejos is an extensive prehistoric site with more than 1700 archaeological structures, mainly domestic but also funerary in the town of Parla, south of Madrid (Spain). In fact, more than 100 burials offered significant information about the transformation of the societies living in the interior of Iberia from the late IVth millennium cal BC to the late IInd.
Those changes in the burial rituals during that period are analysed, not only through the study of the grave goods but also of the human remains discovered with them. They both give significant data about the processes of social hierarchisation and the transformations in the social organization and the symbolic world through 2000 years of occupation of this habitat and cemetery. After the first testimonies of initial differences documented in the pre-Beaker phase, where unusually rich grave goods were discovered (mainly pottery and copper tools), the zenith is reached during the Bell Beaker period. To this phase belong nine tombs who offered one of the richest and most spectacular assemblages of grave goods documented in Europe. This trajectory towards social ranking seems to abruptly end at the beginning of the IInd millennium cal BC, when both the settlement and the tombs appear spatially concentrated in the site.
Se presenta un resumen de los trabajos realizados en la cueva de Els Trocs durante las campañas de 2009 y 2010, en donde se ha documentado un asentamiento en cueva junto al Pirineo Axial, con una serie de ocupaciones entre las que destacan las correspondientes al Neolítico Antiguo, con pavimentos de cerámicas y piedras, junto a grandes hogares y restos óseos humanos y de fauna que demuestra la pronta colonización de las tierras altas pirenaicas en un momento muy temprano del proceso de neolitización del noreste peninsular.
It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, in Parla, Madrid. It is currently one of the most important sites for the investigation of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age societies of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula between the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. This is so because of its large extension of around 20 hectares, the number of structures located within it (more than 2500 belonging to the Chalcolithic), in particular 106 burials, and the large number of grave goods recovered. This study is only a small part of a bigger project, focused on the functional analysis of the lithic and metallic objects discovered in the tombs belonging to the pre-Beaker Chalcolithic phase of the site. We have studied a total number of 12 tombs, in which 26 metallic and 18 lithic objects were found. Traces indicating their use prior to their deposition as offerings were detected. Regarding the association of individuals of a certain age or sex with specific grave goods, no significant differences were identified.
Humanejos is an extensive prehistoric site with more than 1700 archaeological structures, mainly domestic but also funerary in the town of Parla, south of Madrid (Spain). In fact, more than 100 burials offered significant information about the transformation of the societies living in the interior of Iberia from the late IVth millennium cal BC to the late IInd.
Those changes in the burial rituals during that period are analysed, not only through the study of the grave goods but also of the human remains discovered with them. They both give significant data about the processes of social hierarchisation and the transformations in the social organization and the symbolic world through 2000 years of occupation of this habitat and cemetery. After the first testimonies of initial differences documented in the pre-Beaker phase, where unusually rich grave goods were discovered (mainly pottery and copper tools), the zenith is reached during the Bell Beaker period. To this phase belong nine tombs who offered one of the richest and most spectacular assemblages of grave goods documented in Europe. This trajectory towards social ranking seems to abruptly end at the beginning of the IInd millennium cal BC, when both the settlement and the tombs appear spatially concentrated in the site.
Se presenta un resumen de los trabajos realizados en la cueva de Els Trocs durante las campañas de 2009 y 2010, en donde se ha documentado un asentamiento en cueva junto al Pirineo Axial, con una serie de ocupaciones entre las que destacan las correspondientes al Neolítico Antiguo, con pavimentos de cerámicas y piedras, junto a grandes hogares y restos óseos humanos y de fauna que demuestra la pronta colonización de las tierras altas pirenaicas en un momento muy temprano del proceso de neolitización del noreste peninsular.
- the existence of a precocious Neolithic in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula, and especially in the Ambrona Valley (Soria), much earlier than it was thought so far. The open air settlements of La Revilla del Campo and La Lámpara (Ambrona, Soria), are open air extensive habitation areas that were frequented during more than a millennium judging by the radiocarbon dates obtained in different structures of them, both domestic and funerary. The domestic structures are mainly rock-cut pits, since no huts have survived modern ploughing, filled up with “domestic waste” (pottery sherds, flint pieces, ashes, charcoal, faunal remains). Inside one of those pits in La Lámpara a single inhumation of a senile woman, accompanied by a decorated pot and a flint tool, was found. The whole pit was full of the remains of a funeral feast (complete or almost complete pots broken, many faunal remains, charcoal and ashes, etc.). In the La Revilla del Campo settlement, together with those pits a very special feature was found: a double enclosure delimited by postholes and very small ditches, possibly with a ritual or ceremonial function (a place to gather and celebrate ?). In fact near this enclosed area two big pits (structures 12 and 14) were found with huge concentrations of decorated pottery (with big sherds) and faunal remains ;- the oldest radiocarbon estimations available both on charcoal (6 000-5 700 cal. BC) and short-lived samples (5 800-5 300 cal. BC) are similar to those indicating the first introduction of Neolithic in the peripheral areas of Iberia, such as the Levant. The 14C record of these two sites of Ambrona is, in fact, spectacular, because nearly 50 estimations are available, which permits to trace in detail the chronology of the occupation of the different areas and structures of those habitation sites. It is of particular interest for the research the strong difference existing between the dates made on charcoal samples from that on bone or cereals (short-lived), strongly suggesting that charcoal, because of the “old wood effect”, give an artificially older chronology to archaeological contexts ;- the presence of this first Neolithic populations in the interior of Iberia in such an early date could perhaps be explained by the movement of small groups from neighbour areas, bringing with them the complete package of elements that are characteristic of Neolithic way of life (mainly the agriculture and livestock raising). The features of the new sites together with the absence of archaeological proofs of a previous Mesolithic occupation in the area of Ambrona Valley, and in others of the surroundings, allow us to discard the idea of a possible autochthonous evolution ;- in the Ambrona Valley a precocious dominion of the agriculture techniques and the selection of the adequate species for the particular edaphological and climatic conditions of that area of the interior highlands of Iberia (extremely cold winters, bad soils, etc.). An example of that is the use of einkorn (Triticum monococcum) that is resistant to adverse climatic conditions. This indicates that those farming populations had an important experience behind, and an extensive knowledge of the limits and possibilities of agriculture.
To sum up all the available data presented here (early radiocarbon dates and contexts without cardial pottery) indicate that the neolithisation of the Iberian Peninsula was a much earlier and complex process than the “cardial paradigm” supposed. This opens new lines of research in which a complex combination of both population movements and the exchanges through the social networks would have had a major role in the introduction and extension of the Neolithic in Iberia."
and rich grave goods in the Bell Beaker double tomb 1 of Humanejos (Parla, Madrid) demonstrates that this type of weapon was part of the Beaker panoply.
It is the first example of an Atlantic halberd in a Beaker burial context in Iberia and only the second one in Europe. The remaining halberds come from old and isolated finds in Early Bronze Age deposits that were usually interpreted as post-Beaker votive deposits. In this paper the Humanejos halberd and its archaeological context (human remains, burial structure, radiocarbon dates) are carefully examined. The study includes the technical analysis of the halberd (metal composition, lead isotopes, use-wear traces), together with the other metallic weapons and tools recovered with it (Palmela points, tanged dagger, awl) as well as the rest of the offerings (Beaker pottery, ivory and bone adornments). All these data suggest that this exceptionally rich grave could have held a woman and a man of the social elite, with the power to concentrate important amounts of precious raw materials (copper, gold, ivory, cinnabar) in few hands, especially when compared to other contemporary graves in the same site and region.
Abstract: This paper deals with the premiere of the German movie Ötzi, the Iceman (2017) directed by Felix Randau and with the actor Jürgen Vogen in the role of Ötzi, which took place in January 18th at the conference hall of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid. The archaeological fidelity of the film is discussed by comparison with the actual archaeological finds and also the importance of the discovery and the last analyses being published about it. A reflection is made on the role of the cinema in the diffusion of the prehistoric past, the weakness and commonplaces and the potential of movies to spread the scientific discoveries of the most recent research to a wider audience not restricted to the narrow circle of specialists.
prehistoric periods. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the peninsula formed a periglacial refugium [1] for hunter-gatherers (HGs) and thus served as a potential source for the re-peopling of northern latitudes [2]. The post-LGM genetic signature was previously described as a cline from Western HG (WHG) to Eastern HG (EHG), further shaped by later Holocene expansions from the Near East and the North Pontic steppes [3–9]. Western and central Europe were dominated by ancestry associated with the 14,000-year-old individual from Villabruna, Italy, which had largely replaced earlier genetic ancestry, represented by 19,000–15,000-year-old individuals associated with the Magdalenian culture [2]. However, little is known about the genetic diversity in southern European refugia, the presence of distinct genetic clusters, and correspondence with geography. Here, we report new genome-wide data from 11 HGs and Neolithic individuals that highlight the late survival of Paleolithic ancestry in Iberia, reported previously in Magdalenian-associated individuals. We show that all Iberian HGs, including the oldest, a19,000-year-old individual from El Mirón in Spain, carry dual ancestry from both Villabruna and the Magdalenian-related individuals. Thus, our results suggest an early connection between two potential refugia, resulting in a genetic ancestry that survived in later Iberian HGs. Our new genomic data from Iberian Early and Middle Neolithic individuals show that the dual Iberian HG genomic legacy pertains in the peninsula, suggesting that expanding farmers mixed with local HGs.
of this project lead us to the neighbour Ebro valley, where we did fieldwork in several important sites such as the Artusia and Valmayor XI rock-shelters, but mainly in the Els Trocs cave, right in the central Pyrenees, with exceptional results that are changing the picture of the first Neolithic populations of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula. A synthesis of the main discoveries made in those excavations is offered, to finally conclude with a general outline of the most significant research lines that the investigations about the Iberian Neolithic has in the future agenda, part of which are also present in the projects we are currently developing, whose main provisional results are also shown.
Abstract
From around 2750 to 2500 BC, Bell Beaker pottery became widespread across western and central Europe, before it disappeared between 2200 and 1800 BC. The forces that propelled its expansion are a matter of long-standing debate, and there is support for both cultural diffusion and migration having a role in this process. Here we present genome-wide data from 400 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 226 individuals associated with Beaker-complex artefacts. We detected limited genetic affinity between Beaker-complex-associated individuals from Iberia and central Europe, and thus exclude migration as an important mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, migration had a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker complex. We document this phenomenon most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker complex introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry and was associated with the replacement of approximately 90% of Britain’s gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe over the previous centuries.
monument. In this paper the archaeological remains of this single ritual ceremony will be presented within the context of the different use phases of the dolmen, with a biographic approach which attempts to deal with the complex superposition of ritual practices of the ‘life-history’ of this important ceremonial and burial centre.
Key Words: Bell Beakers, clothing, adornments, gold, ivory, social conflict.
geométricas de los objetos. Para ello el paso más importante es la captura de las fotografías que servirán de base para el
posterior procesado mediante un software fotogramétrico. El resultado final es un modelo 3D con una textura fotorrealista y una
geometría idéntica al modelo original.
Los modelos tridimensionales obtenidos mediante esta técnica tienen grandes ventajas con respecto a las formas tradicionales
de representación, tanto en el ámbito científico como en el de la difusión. En relación a esta última, un modelo tridimensional
permite una mejor comprensión para el gran público que un dibujo plano. Además, su divulgación es más sencilla a través de
redes sociales, museos virtuales, etc. En cuanto a la investigación, este tipo de modelos permiten toda una serie de acciones
que antes sólo eran posibles teniendo la pieza original delante. Al ser modelos escalados, es posible tomar cualquier tipo de
medidas, realizar las secciones que se deseen en cualquiera de los 3 ejes cartesianos, etc., opciones que nos permiten, además,
agilizar los trabajos a la hora de elaborar dibujos arqueológicos “a la manera tradicional”.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Fotogrametría; PhotoScan; Dibujo arqueológico; 3D, PDF3D.
Photogrammetry is the technique which allows to convert 2D images to 3D models to obtain the object´s geometric characteristics.
To achieve that, the most important step is the capture of the photographs that will serve as a base for the next processing made
by a photogrammetric software. The final result is a 3D model with a photorealistic texture and an identical geometry to the
original model.
The tridimensional models obtained by this technique have many great advantages over the traditional ways of representation,
not only in the scientific but also in the dissemination area. Related to this last one, a 3D model allows the public a better
comprehension than the plane drawing. Moreover, its spreding is easier through social networks, virtual museums, etc. Regarding
the investigation, this kind of models permit a whole range of actions that were possible in the past only having the original piece
in front of oneself. As they are models done to scale, it is possible to take any kind of measures, make the sections you want in any
of the 3 cartesian axis, etc., options that also allow us to accelerate the works when it comes to elaborate archaeologic drawing
“in a traditional way”.
KEYWORDS: Photogrammetry; PhotoScan; Archaeological drawing; 3D; PDF3D.
En dicho sentido, los resultados obtenidos tras la excavación de la Cova de Els Trocs en el Alto Pirineo y del Cingle de Valmayor
XI en el Bajo Aragón nos permite participar en el debate sobre los distintos modelos de Neolitización que se vienen proponiendo
para el valle del Ebro. En el primer caso, estaríamos ante una comunidad plenamente neolitizada que ocupa ex novo un nuevo
asentamiento durante el Neolítico antiguo (a partir del 5400/5300 cal BC), cuya elección estaría claramente determinada
por la economía de producción, en este caso por la ganadería. Por otro lado, Valmayor XI, especialmente su Fase II, podría
ser interpretado como un yacimiento especializado, con ocupaciones mesolíticas anteriores (Fase I), en el que se observa la
incorporación progresiva de elementos neolíticos en el seno de una comunidad cazadora-recolectora durante el proceso de
Neolitización (5700/5600-5400/5300 cal. BC) y el cual, ya en pleno Neolítico antiguo, volvería a ocuparse (Fase III).
PALABRAS CLAVE: Neolitización; Trashumancia; Valle del Ebro; Pirineos, Bajo Aragón.
The aim of this work is to provide new data to the current discussion about the Neolithization in the inner Iberian Peninsula. In
this sense, the outcome obtained after the excavation in Cova de Els Trocs, in the high Pyrenees Mountains, and in Valmayor
XI, in the Bajo Aragon region,allows us to take part in the debate about the different models of Neolithization proposed for the
Ebro Basin. In the first case, we would be really speaking about a proper Neolithic community which occupied “ex novo” a
new settlement during the Early Neolithic (from 5400/5300 cal BC) whose choice would be learnt determined by the production
economy, in this case by stock breeding. On the other hand, Valmayor XI, especially its phase II, could be interpreted as an
specialised site, with previous Mesolithic occupations (phase I), in which we can observe the progressive incorporation of
Neolithic elements in a hunter-gathering community during the process of Neolithization (5700/5600-5400 cal BC) and which,
already in the Early Neolithic, will be occupied again (phase III).
KEYWORDS: Neolithization; Trashumance; Ebro Basin; Pyrenees; Bajo Aragon.
Paleoambiente y cambios culturales en los inicios del Holoceno: el abrigo de Artusia
(Unzué, Navarra)
En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de las campañas de excavación de
2009 y 2010 en el abrigo de Artusia (Unzué, Navarra, España). En ellas se han
identificado cinco fases de ocupación mesolíticas (Artusia I-V), pertenecientes
al Mesolítico de Muescas y Denticulados (Artusia I y II) y al Mesolítico
Geométrico (Artusia III, IV y V). Asimismo, el registro sedimentológico y
paleoambiental ha permitido definir claramente dos eventos climáticos que se
desarrollan entre aproximadamente 6550 cal BC/8500 cal BP y 6250 cal
BC/8200 cal BP. Presentamos, también, una descripción de estos eventos y su
interpretación (pre)histórica con el objetivo de conocer cómo influyeron en
los grupos mesolíticos de cazadores-recolectores que habitaron la cuenca del
Ebro de la Península Ibérica.
Palabras clave: Mesolítico; evento climático 8.2 ka BP; tufa fluvial; Alta
cuenca del Ebro; Península Ibérica.
ABSTRACT
Paleoenvironment and cultural changes in the early Holocene: the rock shelter of
Artusia (Unzué, Navarra)
This paper presents the results of the 2009 and 2010 excavation campaigns of
the Artusia rock shelter (Unzué, Navarre, Spain). Five different Mesolithic
occupation phases (Artusia I-V) have been identified, specifically in the Mesolithic
of Notches and Denticulates (Artusia I and II) and the Geometric
Mesolithic (Artusia III, IV and V). In addition, the sedimentological and
palaeoenvironmental record allowed to clearly define several climatic events
which developed around 6550 cal BC - 8500 cal BP and 6250 cal BC - 8200
cal BP. Here we present a description of these events and their (pre)historical
interpretation with the aim of recognizing how they influenced the Mesolithic
hunter-gatherer groups living in the Ebro Basin of the Iberian Peninsula.
Keywords: Mesolithic;, 8.2 ka BP abrupt climatic event; fluvial tufa; Upper
Ebro Basin; Iberian Peninsula.
the Neolithic traveled along the Ebro Valley, mainly through the data recovered in the excavation of three different sits (Artusia, Trocs and Valmayor XI). The analysis of the archaeological record of these sites and others yet published in the Ebro Valley and the interior of Iberia, permits to try a very tentative and preliminary approach to the archaeological indicators of those pathways.