magendira mani vinayagam

The objective of this present study was to investigate the effects of pyrethroid deltamethrin induced severe oxidative stress and changes in the biochemical, haematological, hepato-pathological parameters in male Wistar rats and its possible attenuation by flavonoid naringin. Rats were assigned to four experimental groups. Group I-served as control rats; group II received deltamethrin 12.8 mg / kg BW orally for 21 days; group III received both deltamethrin and naringin (100 mg/kg BW orally). Group IV received naringin (100 mg/kg BW). Our results showed that deltamethrin significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the levels of hepatic marker enzymes aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased elevation of TBARS the marker of lipid peroxidation, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the levels of enzymic antioxidants. Deltamethrin-induced hepatic damage also evidenced by histopathological studies of liver. Admini...

EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE (EGCG) AMELIORATES QUINALPHOS INDUCED OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES – AN IN VITRO STUDY V. MAGENDIRA MANI PG & Research Department of Biochemistry, Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyamabadi. Abstract: The protective effect of (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on Quinalphos toxicity in human erythrocyte was studied using an in vitro model. Hemolysis, %-met hemoglobin, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, antioxidant enzymes and erythrocyte ghost protein pattern were assessed to investigate the effect of EGCG on quinalphos induced oxidative damage. Erythrocytes at a hematocrite of 10 % were incubated with 500 ppm Quinalphos and/or 0.1 M epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), under physiological conditions of temperature and pH for 2 hours. Quinalphos significantly increased the percentage of hemolysis and met-hemoglobin in human erythrocytes as compared to the control erythrocytes and EGCG significantly (P<0.05) reduce the percentage of hemolysis and met...

Flavonoid naringin is the promising therapy for Pyrethroid deltamethrin induced neuro toxicity in male Wistar rats. V. Magendira Mania and Dr. A. Mohamed Sadiq a Assistant Professor of Biochemistry, Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyambadi. b Principal, AdhiParasakthi College of Arts &Science, Kalavai. ABSTRACT Deltamethrin (DEL) is a type II α - cyano group containing synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that is used extensively for controlling flies, mosquitoes, insects, pests worldwide. Pyrethroid pesticide exposure leads to pathophysiology of a broad spectrum of cerebrovascular & neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s, Lou Gehrig’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, developmental deficits, birth defects, and learning disabilities. Naringin is the predominant flavonoid found in citrus species. Naringin have a broad spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic properties. In these studies we have demonstrated that the deltamethrin induced neurotoxicity and phyto therapeutic treatmen...

The present study brings out the preventive role of (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) on cardiac mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis in cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed rats. The CS-exposed rats showed significantly decreased activities of TCA cycle enzymes and mitochondrial enzymatic antioxidants, on the other hand, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation was increased and GSH level was decreased. Further, CS exposure was found to induce cardiac apoptosis through release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, cleavage of pro-caspase-3 to active caspase-3, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and down-regulation of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) molecules. The CS-induced apoptosis was further confirmed by mitochondrial and nuclear ultra structural apoptotic features as evaluated by electron microscopic studies. EGCG supplementation shelters the activities of TCA cycle enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, with concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation and increase in GSH level. EGCG administration inhibited apoptosis through the inhibition of cytochrome c release into cytosol, activation of pro-caspase-3, down regulation of Bax and significant up regulation of Bcl-2. EGCG reversed the ultra structural apoptotic alterations of mitochondria and nucleus. The present study has provided experimental evidences that the EGCG treatment enduring to cardio protection at mitochondrial level.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the first choice immunosuppressant used for the prevention of allograft rejection in solid organ transplantation and immune-mediated diseases. Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are implicated in the pathophysiology of CsA-induced renal injury. In this work, we have studied the effect of a garlic-derived compound, S-allylcysteine (SAC) on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. CsA-induced nephrotoxicity was assessed in terms of increased activities of serum marker enzymes and levels of kidney markers. CsA administration induced significant elevation in lipid peroxidation along with abnormal levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in the kidneys of the rats. SAC administration improved renal function by bringing about a significant decrease in peroxidative levels and increase in antioxidant status. Elevated expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) due to CsA administration were reduced by SAC treatment. An increase in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was evident in CsA-induced groups of rats, which was moderately reduced in SAC treated rats. An increase in the levels of serum constituent's urea, uric acid and creatinine was observed in the CsA-induced rats, which was reduced upon treatment with SAC. These results indicate that SAC has a protective action against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity which is also supported by histopathological studies. A comparative study of the antioxidant vitamin C and SAC is more valuable to assess the efficacy of the drug that can be used for the treatment of nephrotoxicity.

Deltamethrin (DEL) is a type II α - cyano group containing synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that is used extensively for controlling flies, mosquitoes, insects, pests worldwide. DEL exposure leads to pathophysiology of a broad spectrum of cerebrovascular & neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s, Lou Gehrig’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, developmental deficits, birth defects, and learning disabilities. In these studies we have demonstrated that the deltamethrin induced neurotoxicity in male wistar rat. DEL induced neurotoxicity was evidenced by increased activities of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, TBARS in DEL administered rat brain tissue homogenate, and decrease activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, and reduction in the levels of antioxidant enzymic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-Stransferase) and non-enzymic antioxidants (glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E) levels. These finding...

This study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of (–)
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on Fenvalerate induced biochemical alterations
in human erythrocytes in vitro. Erythrocytes are useful model to study the interaction
of pesticides with biological membranes. Pesticides are thought to exert damaging
effect on bio membranes through free radical generation; therefore antioxidants can
play a crucial role in offering protection against pesticide induced oxidative damage.
EGCG is a potential antioxidant, known to be able to protect cells against oxidative
damage. The biochemical parameters chosen to evaluate the effect of EGCG were
lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzymes, non enzymic antioxidants and
membrane bound ATPases of erythrocytes. Following in vitro exposure, Fenvalerate
caused a significant induction of oxidative damage in erythrocytes as evidenced by
increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decreased
levels of enzymic and non enzymic antioxidants. However, EGCG pretreatment
significantly restore the activities of antioxidant enzymes and membrane bound
ATPases to near normal level. The beneficial effects of EGCG observed here
presumably reflect the ability of this flavonoid to protect cells from the toxic effects of
pesticide poisoning with reference to Fenvalerate.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the deleterious effects of Lambda Cyhalothrin (LTC) on biochemical, hematologi-cal and hepato pathological parameters and the potential ameliorative effect of flavonoid naringin on male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I served as control; group II received lambda cyhalothrin at a dose of 8mg/kg BW (1/10 LD50) dissolved in water for 21days orally; group III received both lambda cyhalothrin and naringin (100mg/kg BW orally). Group IV received naringin alone (100mg/kg BW orally). LTC-evoked increased in hepatic marker enzymes like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), Protein Oxidation (PO) and significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the levels of enzymic antioxidants in serum evidenced oxidative stress is the molecular mechanism of LTC induced hepatic damage and it is further confirmed by histological alterations like hepatic vascular congestion, inflammation, hypertrophy, hyalinization and degenerated hepatocytes. Administration of flavonoid naringin significantly reduced the hepatic marker enzymes, LPO, PO and significantly improves the antioxidant status proves naringin has hepato protective activity. The results of the haematological parameters of LTC induced rats shown significant (P<0.05) decreased in the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, packed cell volume, mean corpus-cular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, On the other hand a noticeable increase in white blood cells count, lymphocytes, mean corpuscular volume and polymorph neutrophils. Supplementation of flavonoid naringin significantly regulates the all the hematological parameters and their functional indices to near normal level. Results indicate that LTC exerts significant harmful effects on biochemical, haematological, hepato-pathological parameters and that administration of flavonoid naringin reduced the detrimental effects of LTC.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the deleterious effects of Lambda Cyhalothrin (LTC) on biochemical, hematologi-cal and hepato pathological parameters and the potential ameliorative effect of flavonoid naringin on male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I served as control; group II received lambda cyhalothrin at a dose of 8mg/kg BW (1/10 LD50) dissolved in water for 21days orally; group III received both lambda cyhalothrin and naringin (100mg/kg BW orally). Group IV received naringin alone (100mg/kg BW orally). LTC-evoked increased in hepatic marker enzymes like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), Protein Oxidation (PO) and significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the levels of enzymic antioxidants in serum evidenced oxidative stress is the molecular mechanism of LTC induced hepatic damage and it is further confirmed by histological alterations like hepatic vascular congestion, inflammation, hypertrophy, hyalinization and degenerated hepatocytes. Administration of flavonoid naringin significantly reduced the hepatic marker enzymes, LPO, PO and significantly improves the antioxidant status proves naringin has hepato protective activity. The results of the haematological parameters of LTC induced rats shown significant (P<0.05) decreased in the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, packed cell volume, mean corpus-cular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, On the other hand a noticeable increase in white blood cells count, lymphocytes, mean corpuscular volume and polymorph neutrophils. Supplementation of flavonoid naringin significantly regulates the all the hematological parameters and their functional indices to near normal level. Results indicate that LTC exerts significant harmful effects on biochemical, haematological, hepato-pathological parameters and that administration of flavonoid naringin reduced the detrimental effects of LTC.

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a type II α-cyano group containing synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that is used extensively for controlling arthropods worldwide and is at forefront of efforts to fight against malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Humans are exposed to DLM via direct exposure to the vapors, inhalation, epidermal contact and ingestion due to occupational exposure in the environment through contaminated food, water and consumption on suicidal attempt. Acute and chronic exposure of DLM leads to pathophysiology of a broad spectrum of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, Alzheimer disease, developmental deficits, birth defects, low IQ, pervasive developmental disorder, attention problems and learning disabilities. In this work, we review the molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic actions of pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin during acute and chronic exposure on experimental animals.

The objective of this present study was to investigate the effects of pyrethroid deltamethrin induced severe oxidative stress and changes in the biochemical, haematological, hepato-pathological parameters in male Wistar rats and its possible attenuation by flavonoid naringin. Rats were assigned to four experimental groups. Group I-served as control rats; group II received deltamethrin 12.8 mg / kg BW orally for 21 days; group III received both deltamethrin and naringin (100 mg/kg BW orally). Group IV received naringin (100 mg/kg BW). Our results showed that deltamethrin significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the levels of hepatic marker enzymes aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased elevation of TBARS the marker of lipid peroxidation, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the levels of enzymic antioxidants. Deltamethrin-induced hepatic damage also evidenced by histopathological studies of liver. Administration of flavonoid naringin significantly reduced the TBARS level and hepatic marker enzymes, and significantly improves the antioxidant status. The results of the haematological parameters of deltamethrin administered rats shown significant (P < 0.05) decreased in the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, haematocrit, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, On the other hand a noticeable increase in white blood cells count and mean corpuscular volume, polymorph neutrophils. Supplementation of flavonoid naringin significantly improved the levels of erythrocyte count, Hb, PCV, MCH, MCHC etc., and significantly regulates the leukocytes and their functional indices. Results indicate that deltamethrin exerts significant

This study presents clinical findings after inhalation of mo squito coil smoke (MCS) exposure, which resulted in rapid pulmonary lung migration and parenchymal alveolar disease, noted on clinically relevant diagnostic methods. Further, the study investigated the efficacy of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) in the preventative medication of the lungs damage in male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I served as control; group II rats were exposed with mosquito coil smoke 6 hrs a day, for 21 days, group III rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke for a period of 21 days and simultaneously administered of PPE (50 mg / kg BW for 21 days) orally. Group IV PPE alone. Our results showed that MCS exposure significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the levels of TBARS as the marker of lipid peroxidation, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the levels of antioxidants enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-Stransferase, non-enzymic antioxidants GSH, vitamin C, and vitamin E. MCS exposure induced pulmonary protein damage was also evidenced by SDS PAGE and antioxidatent enzyme damage by NATIVE PAGE studies. Administration of PPE significantly reduced the TBARS levels and significant ly improves the antioxidant status. Results indicate that MCS exposure exerts significant harmful effects on biochemical, and alveolar pulmonary disorders and that administration of PPE reduced the detrimental effects of MCS exposure, which is also supported by histopathological examination of alvelor of lung tissue.

Lambda-cyhalothrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. New born babies and children are often exposed to pyrethroid insecticides for long periods by wide usage. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the toxic effect of λ-cyhalothrin on biochemical and hepatic marker enzymes and ameliorating effects of quercetin on male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I served as control; group II rats were received with 7.8 mg/ kg B.W (1/10 LD 50) λ-cyhalothrin for 7 days, group III rats received with λ-cyhalothrin for a period of 7 days and simultaneously administered of quercetin (100 mg/kg BW for 7 days) orally. Group IV quercetin alone treated. λ-cyhalothrin induced hepato toxicity was assessed by the increased activities of serum hepatic marker enzymes like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased elevation of lipid peroxidation and reduction in the levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants levels. However, on treatment with quercetin normalized the levels of hepatic markers, antioxidant and non enzymic antioxidant, lipid peroxidation products. These findings highlight the efficacy of quercetin as hepato protective effects again st λ-cyhalothrin induced hepato toxicity in male Wistar rats.

Cardiac apoptosis is potentially important in cardiac disorders. Pro-apoptotic (Bax),anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction are key regulators of apoptosis. In this study, we characterized the regulation of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase proteins during cyslosporine-A [CsA] induced oxidative stress mediated mitochondrial apoptosis and modulating effect of S-allyl cysteine [SAC]. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Group-I control, group-II received CsA at dose of 25 mg/kg BW orally for 21 days, group-III received CsA as group-II and SAC at dose of 100mg/kg BW for 21 days intraperitoneally; group-IV SAC alone. CsA-induced apoptosis was evidenced by release of cytochrome-C into the cytosol, up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2, caspase family protein expressions. SAC administration inhibited apoptosis through the reserve of cytochrome-C release, inhibition of caspase-3, down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of Bcl-2. Further CsA-induced cardiotoxicity was evident by decreased activities of TCA cycle enzymes and mitochondrial antioxidants, along with increased activities of lipid peroxidation, serum creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. However, SAC administration normalized all the above parameters to normal level. The results suggest that administration of SAC reduced incidence of cardio vascular disease. A diet containing garlic could prove beneficial to the heart.

Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic type II pyrethroid insecticide and is widely used in agricultural and other domestic applications with mammalian toxicity. Green tea catechins including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) could exert beneficial health effects and wide biological activities. In this work, we have studied the nephro protective effect of a green tea compound, (-) epigallocatacine gallate (EGCG) on CYP induced nephrotoxicity. CYP induced nephrotoxicity was evidenced by increased in the activities of lipid peroxidation, renal markers like urea, uric acid,creatinine, BUN, serum marker enzymes like AST, ALT, ACP, ALP, LDH and decreased in the activities of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants. CYP induced renal damage was also evidenced by histopathological alterations of cortex and glomerular region of kidney. Supplementation of EGCG improved renal function by significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation, and significantly increased in the antioxidant enzyme levels and restored the levels of renal and serum marker enzymes. These results indicate that EGCG has a protective action against CYP induced nephrotoxicity.

Cigarette smoking (CS) is the cause of morbidity and mortality from several diseases including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Free radicals mediated oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of smoking-related lung diseases and antioxidant nutrients are reported to prevent these lung damages. EGCG inhibits chemical-induced lung fibrosis and lung cancer. However, minimal bioa vailability of EGCG considerably reduced EGCG mediated biological effects invivo. Therefore, the present study was intended to evaluate the pulmonary protective role of EGCG coated silver Nano particles (EGCG-AgNPs) against chronic CS induced oxidative damage in rat lungs. Adult male albino rats were exposed to side stream CS for a period of 12 weeks and simultaneously administered with EGCG-AgNPs (2mg/kg B.W./day). Exposure to CS significantly incre ased the levels of oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, and decreased levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitaminE. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferases and glutathione reductase were found to be decreased in CS exposed rat. Oral supplementation with EGCG-AgNPs showed significant decrea se in the levels of LPO, protein oxidation products and improved the antioxidant status by increasing the activities of enzymic antioxidants, and non-enzymic antioxidants. Histopathological alterations of the lung tissue were prevented by EGCG-AgNPs administration. These results suggest that chronic CS exposure enhances oxidative stress, thereby disturbing the tissue defense system and EGCG-AgNPs protects the

This study presents clinical findings after inhalation of mosquito coil smoke (MCS) exposure, which resulted in rapid pulmonary lung migration and parenchymal alveolar disease, noted on clinically relevant diagnostic methods. Further, the study investigated the efficacy of Phoenix dactylifera in the preventative medication of the lungs in male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I served as control; group II rats were exposed with mosquito coil smoke 6 hrs a day, for 21 days, group III rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke for a period of 21 days and simultaneously administered of Phoenix dactylifera (200 mg / kg BW for 21 days) orally. Group IV Phoenix dactylifera alone treated. Our results showed that MCS exposure significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the levels of TBARS is the marker of lipid peroxidation, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the levels of antioxidants enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, non-enzymic antioxidants GSH, vitamin C, and vitamin E. MCS exposure induced pulmonary damage also evidenced by histopathological studies of lungs. Administration of Phoenix dactylifera significantly reduced the TBARS levels and significantly improves the antioxidant status. Results indicate that MCS exposure exerts significant harmful effects on biochemical, and alveolar pulmonary disorders and that administration of Phoenix dactylifera reduced the detrimental effects of MCS exposure.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the first choice immunosuppressant used for the prevention of allograft rejection in solid organ transplantation and immune-mediated diseases. Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are implicated in the pathophysiology of CsA-induced renal injury. In this work, we have studied the effect of a garlic-derived compound, S-allylcysteine (SAC) on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. CsA-induced nephrotoxicity was assessed in terms of increased activities of serum marker enzymes and levels of kidney markers. CsA administration induced significant elevation in lipid peroxidation along with abnormal levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in the kidneys of the rats. SAC administration improved renal function by bringing about a significant decrease in peroxidative levels and increase in antioxidant status. Elevated expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) due to CsA administration were reduced by SAC treatment. An increase in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was evident in CsA-induced groups of rats, which was moderately reduced in SAC treated rats. An increase in the levels of serum constituent's urea, uric acid and creatinine was observed in the CsA-induced rats, which was reduced upon treatment with SAC. These results indicate that SAC has a protective action against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity which is also supported by histopathological studies. A comparative study of the antioxidant vitamin C and SAC is more valuable to assess the efficacy of the drug that can be used for the treatment of nephrotoxicity.

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights

Exposure to pyrethroid pesticides has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, like neurodegenerative disorder, low IQ, pervasive developmental disorder, attention problems. Thus, we investigated the relationship between pyrethroid deltamethrin exposure to acetylcholine esterase, ATPase, oxidative stress biomarkers, and impaired behavior performance, and the possible ameliorating mechanism of dietary flavonoid naringin in male Wistar rats. Adult male wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I: control group; group II received DLM dissolved in corn oil 12.8 mg/kg BW orally (1/10 LD 50) for three weeks; group III received DLM as group II and naringin (100 mg/kg BW for 21 days) orally. Group IV: naringin alone. DLM exposure leads to reduction in the levels of acetyl-cholinesterase, Na + /K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ATPase, enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants activities in cortex and hippocampus region and increase the activities of TBARS. DLM-induced neuronal alterations was evidenced by impairment behavioral performance, like memory, anxiety, locomotor, and emotionality behaviors. This is also supported by histopathological findings of cortex and hippocampus region of rats. However, naringin treatment modulates the abnormalities of DLM-induced alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers, acetylcholine esterase, ATPase, and behavioral performance of rats. These findings highlight the efficacy of naringin as neuroprotectant. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that DLM cause neu-robehavioral and biochemical alterations. Oxidative stress, free radical mechanism play major role on DLM-induced neurotoxicity. Naringin could be a suitable agent for preventing the toxicity of DLM by its potent antioxidant, free radical scavenging and neuroprotective activity.

Abstract The present study brings out the preventive role
of (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) on cardiac mitochondrial
metabolism and apoptosis in cigarette smoke
(CS)-exposed rats. The CS-exposed rats showed significantly
decreased activities of TCA cycle enzymes and
mitochondrial enzymatic antioxidants, on the other hand,
mitochondrial lipid peroxidation was increased and GSH
level was decreased. Further, CS exposure was found to
induce cardiac apoptosis through release of cytochrome
c into the cytosol, cleavage of pro-caspase-3 to active
caspase-3, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and downregulation
of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) molecules. The CSinduced
apoptosis was further confirmed by mitochondrial
and nuclear ultra structural apoptotic features as evaluated
by electron microscopic studies. EGCG supplementation
shelters the activities of TCA cycle enzymes and antioxidant
enzymes, with concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation
and increase in GSH level. EGCG administration
inhibited apoptosis through the inhibition of cytochrome
c release into cytosol, activation of pro-caspase-3, down
regulation of Bax and significant up regulation of Bcl-2.
EGCG reversed the ultra structural apoptotic alterations of
mitochondria and nucleus. The present study has provided
experimental evidences that the EGCG treatment enduring
to cardio protection at mitochondrial level.

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights

Lambda cyhalothrin (LTC) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, widely used to control insect pests in agriculture, public health, and homes and gardens. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of lambda cyhalothrin on biochemical, hematological parameters and ameliorating effects of palm dates (Phoenix dactylifera) in male wistar rat. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I served as control; group II received lambda cyhalothrin at a dose of 8 mg/kg (1/10 LD50) dissolved in water for 21 days orally; group III received P. dactylifera (200 mg/kg BW for 21 days) orally; group IV P. dactylifera alone treated. LTC-induced liver toxicity was measured by the increased activities of serum hepatic marker enzymes like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased elevation of lipid peroxidation and reduction in the levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants levels. Lambda cyhalothrin exposure leads to adverse effects on hematological parameters including erythrocyte (RBCs) and leukocyte (WBCs) counts, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and blood indices (MCV and MCH). However, treatment with P. dactylifera normalized the levels of hepatic markers, antioxidant and non-enzymic antioxidant, lipid peroxidation products and all the hematological parameters. These findings highlight the efficacy of P. dactylifera as protective effects against lambda cyhalothrin induced toxicity.

The protective effect of naringin on deltamethrin poisoning in human erythrocyte was studied using an in vitro model. Hemolysis, percentage met-hemoglobin, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, antioxidant enzymes and erythrocyte ghost protein pattern were assessed to investigate the effect of naringin. Eryth-rocytes at a hematocrit of 10% were incubated with 500 ppm of deltamethrin and/or 0.1 M naringin under physiological conditions of temperature and pH for 2 h. Deltamethrin significantly increased the percentage of hemolysis and met-hemoglobin in human erythrocytes as compared to the control erythrocytes and naringin significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the percentage of hemolysis and met-hemoglobin. The levels of lipid peroxides and conjugated diene increased whereas the level of glutathione decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by deltamethrin-incubated erythrocytes. Naringin significantly inhibited the formation of lipid peroxides and conjugated diene while increased the glutathione level in erythrocytes incubated with deltamethrin. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymic antioxidants were decreased in erythrocytes incubated with deltamethrin whereas naringin improved the activities of these antioxidant and non-enzymic antioxidants. SDS–PAGE of erythrocyte ghost protein pattern showed an alteration in the protein bands by deltamethrin poisoning but naringin significantly inhibited the alteration in protein profile. The present study divulges that naringin can reduce the abnormalities of deltamethrin poisoning by ameliorating oxidative stress. This finding raises the possibility that naringin may provide protection from pesticide poisoning.

In the present study, the objectives were to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts of the leaves of Euphorbia hirta. The crude extracts were investigated for its total phenolic and flavonoid content by using Folin-Coicalteu assays and Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. It was found that Euphorbia hirta ethanol extract had highest total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to other extracts. In addition, the antioxidant activity of three extracts was tested by DPPH (1,1'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. From the result, it is concluded that ethanolic extract has a strong percentage of inhibition with lower IC 50 value than aqueous and methanol extract. The results indicate that there was a direct correlation between total phenol and antioxidant activity. This study

Microglial activation and oxidative stress contribute in the pathogenesis of neurotoxicity elicited by toxicant.
This study was conducted to evaluate the potential neuro protective role of naringin on deltamethrin (DLM)
induced neurotoxicity in rats. DLM-induced neuronal oxidative stress was evidenced by significantly increased
level of lipid peroxidation and significantly reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes were observed in DLMinduced
rats. DLM-induced neuronal damage was also evidenced by TEM analysis and histopathological
amendments of DLM administered rat brain by H & E and Cresyl violet staining. DLM-induced microglial
mediated neurotoxicity was proven by a significant overexpression of GFAP in DLM-induced rats. Thus, it is
proposed that the DLM exerts its neurotoxic effects possibly via the mechanism of microgliosis and oxidative
stress. In this present study naringin supplementation promoted the Nrf2 dissociation of Keap-1 and its nuclear
translocation in the brain is likely to contribute to neuro protective effects of naringin evidenced by upregulation
of antioxidant enzymes, and attenuation of lipidperoxides formation. Naringin supplementation also
controls the abnormalities of DLM-induced microglial activation by significantly attenuates the GFAP
expression. Altogether, our data clearly indicate that an activation of Nrf2/ARE pathways in brain by naringin
protects brain from DLM-induced neurotoxicity.

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Simply stated transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template or The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA or synthesis single stranded RNA from double stranded DNA. All the three RNAs- tRNA, mRNA, rRNA are synthesized form the DNA by DNA dependent RNA polymerase.

DNA replication is the process by which the genetic material is copied prior to distrubution into daughter cells  The original DNA strands are used as templates for the synthesis of new strands  It occurs very quickly, very accurately and at the appropriate time in the
life cycle of the cell

Electromotive force (emf) is a measurement of the energy that causes current to flow through a circuit. It can also be defined as the potential difference in charge between two points in a circuit. Electromotive force is also known as voltage, and it is measured in volts. Electromotive force is not truly a force; rather, it is a measurement of energy per unit charge. Measurement of pH pH is the abbreviation of pondus hydrogenii and means the weight of hydrogen. This term was introduced in 1909 by the Danish biochemist S. P. L. Sørensen (1868 – 1939). The pH scale covers the active concentration of the H+ ions and OH¯ ions and therefore the pH value is defined as the negative common logarithm of the active hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous solution. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in aqueous solution. It is an important parameter to determine the quality of water. The pH value is expressed as: Where C is the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. In pure water, the concentration of H+ ions is 10-7 gm/ltr at 25 o C. So the pH value is Nernst's equation The pH value of a solution is measured by using pH electrode. It essentially consists of a pair of electrodes: measuring and reference electrode, both dipped in the solution of unknown pH. These two electrodes essentially form two half-cells; the total potential developed is the difference between the individual electric potential developed in each half cell. While the potential developed in the reference cell is constant, the measuring cell potential is dependent on the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution and is governed by Nernst's equation:

An abstract is a self-contained, short and powerful statement that describes a larger work. An abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and

Research begins with identifying a research problem or issue of study. It then involves reviewing the literature, specifying a purpose for the study, collecting and analyzing data, and forming an interpretation of information. This process culminates in a report, disseminated to audiences that is evaluated and used in the educational community. Scientific research has two categories: pure scientific research and applied scientific research. The main purpose of pure scientific research is to find an explanation about why certain things happen in the natural world. In contrast, applied scientific research deals with looking for answers to specific questions that help humanity, such as medical research or environmental studies. Applied Scientific research is more focused on testing theories, as opposed to addressing abstract principles, as is the case with pure scientific research.