Gobinath ' S I G O ' Sivarajah

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사범대학 체육교육과,글로벌스포츠매니지먼트전공,2019. 8. 강준호.메가 스포츠 이벤트로써 스포츠를 강조하기 위해서 고객 및 주최측에 의해 스포츠 분야에서 서비스 품질은 상당히 기대된다. 많은 스포츠 경영 학자들은 다양한 유형의 스포츠 서비스에 존재하는 품질들과 관련된 많은 문제를 다루었다. 미래에 있을 스포츠 이벤트 서비스 품질을 향상시키기 위해서 메가 스포츠 이벤트에서의 겪은 관중들의 경험을 토대로 그들의 만족도 결정 요인을 파악하는 것은 필수적이다. 23회 동계 올림픽이 대한민국 평창에서 2018년 2월에 개최되었다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 관중들의 인식, 경험 및 만족도를 바탕으로 본 경기대회의 서비스 품질을 신속하게 평가할 수 있는 기반을 마련하려는 목적에 의미를 두고있다. 비록 서비스 품질과 관련하여 많은 연구가 이루어졌지만, 동계 올림픽에서 서비스 품질에 대한 관객의 인식과 관련한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이 연구의 목적은 2018 평창 동계 올림픽 대회의 사례를 통한 메가 스포츠 이벤트에서의 서비스 품질과 관중 만족도 간의 관계를 조사하는 것이다. 2018 평창 동계 올림픽 대회 기간 동안 관객으로부터 자료를 수집하기 위해 자체 관리 된 설문지가 준비되었다. 설문지는 7가지 차원을 기반으로 개발되었다: 접근성 품질, 교통 품질, 숙박 시설 품질, 경기장 품질, 대회 전체 품질, 확장 서비스 품질 및 상호 작용 품질. 이 조사의 결과는 2018 평창 동계 올림픽 대회에 참석 한 214 명의 응답을 분석 한 것을 토대로 한 것이다. 통계 결과에 따르면 남성과 여성의 관람자 비율은 1:1이며, 동계 메가 스포츠 관광객의 대부분은 미국, 캐나다 및 유럽이었다. 대부분의 연령대는 18 세에서 75 세 사이이며, 80 %는 적어도 학위를 소지하고 있었다. 수집 된 데이터는 CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) 및 구조 모델을 사용하여 분석되었다. CFA는 CFA 측정 모델이 잘 맞았다는 것을...

Many studies have reported the frequency and types of injuries in soccer players. However, a few have assessed the relationship of playing position, climate, psychological effects and infra structure facilities with injury. The objective of the study was to develop a statistical model for injuries among the soccer players in Jaffna. The observations on the soccer injury-related variables, age, Body Mass Index (BMI), playing position, years of experience, training method, equipment, ground facilities, climate and psychological effect were collected from a simple random sample of 125 individual soccer players from Jaffna district. These nine variables were grouped into three factors using the factor analysis techniques. The first factor (TIF) consists of Training method and Infra structure Facilities; the second factor (AE) consists of Age and years of Experience and the third factor (BMP) consists of BMI and playing Position. It was interestingly noted that three variables in the first factor were common for a soccer team and the variables in the next two factors were associated with an individual player. Significant associations were found between injuries and standardized BMI groups as well as playing positions. The odds of getting injury was significantly increased from back to forward direction in soccer field. Logistic regression analysis was used to fit a model for soccer injury in a team by considering the factor TIF and another logistic regression model was fitted for soccer injury for an individual player considering the rest of the two factors AE and BMP. Further, a Sample Maximum Likelihood Discriminant Function (SMLDF) was developed to classify a soccer player as injured or not. Using the SMLDF and based on an individual soccer player's observations on the above nine variables, a soccer player can be advised about the risk of getting an injury in future.

Many studies have reported the frequency and types of injuries in soccer players. However, a few have assessed the relationship of playing position, climate, psychological effects and infra structure facilities with injury. The purpose of the study is to develop a
statistical model for injuries among the soccer players in Jaffna.
The observations on the following soccer injury-related variables, age, body mass index (BMI), playing position, years of experience, training method, equipment and ground facilities, climate and psychological effect were collected from a sample of 125 soccer players from Jaffna. We have grouped the above 9 variables into 3 factors using the
factor analysis techniques. The first factor (TIF) consists of training method and infrastructure facilities; the second factor (AE) consists of age and years of experience and the third factor (BMP) consists of BMI and playing position. It is interesting to note that the three variables in the 1st factor are common for a soccer team and the variables in other
two factors are associated with individual players.

Categorical data analysis techniques revealed that years of experience, BMI and playing position were significantly associated with soccer injury. Moreover, odds ratios were calculated for the international standardized BMI groups and found that injury risk was very less in normal weight BMI group. As per the playing position, the odds of getting injury increased from back to forward direction in the soccer field.

Logistic regression analysis was used to fit a model for soccer injury for a team by considering the factor TIF and another logistic regression model was fitted for soccer injury for an individual player considering other two factors AE and BMP. Further, we have developed a sample maximum likelihood discriminant function (SMLDF) to classify a soccer player as injured or not. Using the SMLDF, based on an individual
soccer player’s observations on the above nine variables, we will be able to advice him about the risk of getting injury in future.

Keyword: Discriminant Analysis, Factor Analysis, Logistic Regression, Odds Ratio, Principal Component Analysis

Event quality in sports is highly expected by the clients and organizers to highlight it as a mega sports event. Many sport management scholars have dealt with the issue of quality in various types of sport events. The purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of event quality at the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games and to study how to introduce and promote winter sports at a different level of winter sports practising countries.

The three authors had a one-day trip to PyeongChang during the Olympic Games. They visited the two main Olympic venues PyeongChang and Gangneung where they watched a couple of games, exhibitions and gained various experiences. This article is dealt with the event quality on their point of view.

Using various pre-studied models, five dimension-model was chosen to evaluate the event quality of PyeongChang. In the analysis part, access quality, transportation quality, game quality, augmented quality and interaction quality were chosen as five dimensions. Finally, the authors have discussed how winter games can be introduced in a developing tropical country, for instance, Sri Lanka and how winter sports can be promoted in a winter Olympic participant country, for example, Kazakhstan. Also, Ukraine is taken as another case, which is in the top-ranked countries in Paralympics but far behind in the Winter Olympic medal tally table, to analysis its problems and suggested feasible solutions to promote winter sports in such countries.

Research limitations: The findings of the study are limited by the sample being restricted to a single mega sport event of PyeongChang 2018. Also, the findings are only based on three authors’ perception and experienced. The data/information were collected just within a day experience in two events and some exhibitions. So, further studies in other settings and using larger samples are desirable.

Keywords: Spectators Sports, Event Quality, Winter Olympics, PyeongChang

Perceptions of Service Quality and Satisfaction among the Spectators in a Mega-Sport Event: PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games

Service quality in sports is highly expected by the clients and organizers to highlight it as a mega-sport event. Many sport management scholars have dealt with numerous issues of qualities in various types of sport services. It is essential to identify the determinants of spectators’ satisfaction based on their experience in a mega-sport event to enhance service quality for future events.

The XXIII Olympic Winter Games was hosted by Pyeongchang, South Korea in February 2018. Therefore, this study was significant to develop a basis promptly to assess the service qualities of the Game based on spectators’ perception, experience, and satisfaction. Even though plenty of studies have been developed related to service quality, it is scarce to find a research related to spectators’ perception of service quality in the Olympic Winter Games. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between service qualities and spectators’ satisfaction in a mega-sport event as a case of the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games.

A self-administrated questionnaire was prepared to collect the data from the spectators during the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games. The questionnaire was developed based on seven dimensions: access quality, transportation quality, accommodation quality, venue quality, game quality, augmented service quality, and interaction quality. The findings of the study were based on the analysis of a sample of 214 responses who have attended the PyeongChang 2018. Descriptive statistic results showed that male and female spectators’ ratio was 1:1, most of the winter mega-sport tourists were from the USA, Canada, and Europe. Most of their age ranged from 18 to 75, and 80% of them have at least one degree. The collected data were analyzed using a multivariate statistical procedure of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and a technique of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The CFA confirmed that the CFA measurement model fit good (CMIN/DF =1.459, RMSEA = 0.046, TLI = 0.958, CFI = 0.963). The structural model also was a good fit for the data (CMIN/DF = 2.003, RMSEA = 0.069, TLI = 0.908, CFI = 0.917). Since this was the very first measurement model for winter mega-sport event, it was named “Win-SERVQUAL” model. Further, the results revealed that augmented service is the most influencing service quality while transportation, game, and interaction qualities contribute averagely to the spectators’ satisfaction.

This study is limited to the sample being restricted to a single mega Winter Games. This study finally provided a measurement tool which can be used in the future to find out the most important winter mega-sport event quality from the spectators’ perception. This measurement scale can be used by the sport managers to ensure the quality of service being provided to the spectators. Moreover, the recommendations would suggest some further needs, ideas, and knowledge to the mega-sport event organizing committees in order to enhance mega-sport event service qualities.

Keywords: Service Quality, Spectator Sports, Mega-Sport Event, PyeongChang 2018, Winter Olympics