Dr. Mainak Banerjee

In the agricultural sector, the rice weevil, Sitophilous oryzae L. is one of the most damaging pests, causing significant economic losses worldwide. It is an internal feeder of grains. The female rice weevil causes damage to the grain by creating a hole in it and laying her eggs inside. The main purpose of our study was to investigate the biological effect of an aqueous extract of Mucana prurienson rice weevil under laboratory conditions. To assess the biological activities, data like number of the days to adult emergence, total adult emergence, percent infestation, weight loss, adult longevity, and adult sex ratio were recorded. The findings showed that, in the case of a 100 mg/ml plant extract, the maximum number of days needed for the adult emergence of rice was 66 and 72 days for wheat weevil, and the minimum number of days required was 20 and 25 in case control of both rice and wheat grains. When rice grains were treated with 0 mg/ml aqueous extracts, the maximum number of adult emergences observed was 72 on rice grains, while 66.00 occurred on wheat grains. The highest percentage of infestation (40.00%) was found in rice grains, while the highest percentage (39.78%) was found in wheat grains treated with 0 mg/ml aqueous extracts. The lowest weight loss (7.99%) was observed in rice grains and the highest weight loss (16.66%) in wheat grains treated with 100 mg/ml extracts; on the other hand, the lowest weight loss (13.33%) was observed in rice grains and the highest in wheat grains treated with 0 mg/ml aqueous extracts. When weevils were raised on untreated rice and wheat grains, the longest recorded adult lifespan was achieved overall. For rice weevil control that is safer, plant aqueous extracts with concentrations of 100 mg/ml and 75 mg/ml ought to be utilized. The present studies were carried out to examine the environmentally friendly aqueous extracts of Mucana pruriens and their pesticidal efficacy in controlling rice weevil. The study anticipates that Mucana pruriens extracts will exhibit significant insecticidal properties, potentially providing a natural alternative to synthetic insecticides. This study contributes to sustainable pest management strategies for stored grains.

Biological pesticides are pesticides derived from natural materials such as bacteria, plants, and minerals that are applied to crops to kill pests. Biopesticides are targeted, inexpensive, eco-friendly, sustainable, leave no trace, and are not associated with the production of greenhouse gases. It contributes significantly to the agricultural bio-economy's sustainability. The advantages to the ecosystem provided by many significant biological resources justify the incorporation of biopesticides in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Through advancements in research and development, the use of biopesticides has significantly reduced environmental contamination. The development of biopesticides promotes agricultural modernization and will surely result in a gradual phase-out of chemical pesticides. Although synthetic pesticides have positive effects on crop yield and productivity, they also have some negative impacts on soil biodiversity, animals, aquatic life, and humans. In general, synthetic pesticides make the soil brittle, decrease soil respiration, and reduce the activity of some soil microorganisms, such as earthworms. Pesticide buildup in bodies of water can spread from aquatic life to animals including people, as their biomagnification can cause fatal diseases like cancer, kidney disease, rashes on the skin, diabetes, etc. Biopesticides, on the other hand, have surfaced and have proven to be quite beneficial in the management of pests and are safe for the environment and hence have emerged as very useful in the control of pests with a lot of merits. The present review provides a broad perspective on the different kinds of pesticides. We analyzed suitable and environmentally friendly ways to improve the acceptance and industrial application of microbial herbicides, phytopesticides, and nano biopesticides for plant nutrition, crop protection/ yield, animal/human health promotion, as well as their potential integration into the integrated pest management system.

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Root rot caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum is the number one cause of pea plant (P. sativum L.) death. There are many potential advantages to using rhizobacteria, endophytic bacteria and phyllospheric bacteria for managing plant diseases and promoting plant growth. This study investigated the potentiality of consortium species of bacteria to suppress root rot disease and their ability to promote the growth of pea plants compared with their individual and control plants. A total of 55 phyllospheric bacteria were isolated from mango flower and Bacillus sp. LBF- 02, Bacillus sp. LBF- 03 and Bacillus sp. LBF- 05 showed the most potent antimicrobial activity against root rot pathogens in a dual culture assay. Identification of phyllobacterial strain LBF- 01, LBF- 03 and LBF-05 were done by 16S rDNA sequence analysis using 704f forward primer (50-AGATTTTCCGACGGCAGGTT-30) and 907r reverse primer (50-CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT-30) with the PCR conditions. Their ability to solubilize phosp...

Root rot caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum L. is the number one cause of pea plant (Pisum sativum L.) death. There are many potential advantages to using rhizobacteria, endophytic bacteria and phyllospheric bacteria for managing plant diseases and promoting plant growth. This study investigated the potentiality of consortium species of bacteria to suppress root rot disease and their ability to promote the growth of pea plants compared with their individual and control plants. A total of 55 phyllospheric bacteria were isolated from mango flower and Bacillus sp. LBF-02, Bacillus sp. LBF-03 and Bacillus sp. LBF-05 showed the most potent antimicrobial activity against root rot pathogens in a dual culture assay. Identification of phyllobacterial strain LBF-01, LBF-03 and LBF-05 were done by 16S rDNA sequence analysis using 704f forward primer (5'-AGATTTTCCGACGGCAGGTT-3') and 907r reverse primer (5'-CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT-3') with the PCR conditions. Their ability to solubilize phosphate, produce ammonia, siderophore and indole acetic acid, as well as produce extracellular enzymes in vitro was excellent. The results of a greenhouse study found that pea seed treated with consortium isolate significantly increased high germination rates and vigour indexes, as well as shoot and root length, fresh and dry weights, as compared with seed treated with single isolate and control. The defense enzyme activities in consortium treated pots were higher than those in individual and control pots. The plants treated with consortium exhibited higher levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids content in their leaves compared to the untreated control and single treated plants. A significant variation in the chemical profile of pea plants was found (F7,16 ≥ 2.598; P ≤ 0.048) resulting from different treatments (T1-T8). After evaluating a variety of growth and microbiological parameters, it was concluded that inoculation with the microbial consortium contributed to raising healthy and vigorously growing pea seedlings in greenhouse conditions, which is applicable in the field in future for sustainable farming.

Waste management incorporates technological, climatic, environmental, and demographic concerns. Socio economic, legal aspects. Traditional methodologies struggle to analyze, predict, and enhance such complex linear processes. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools can help tackle solid waste management (MSWM) concerns.AI solves obscure problems, learns from mistakes, and manages uncertainty and incomplete facts. Although much research has been done in this field, few review studies have evaluated AI's potential in MSWM. This research examines MSWM AI models and approaches, application areas, performance factors, and software platforms used to construct such models.AI uses in MSWM are also mentioned. This document offers AI models and ideas for organic waste management and deployment, as well as reporting output criteria for implementing these frameworks.

The histological changes observed in the pituitary corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, adrenocortical tissues and testicular cells in M. vittatus (Bloch, 1794) have been studies during growth, maturation and spawning phases. The studies based on the changes observed in the cell types, shape and size of the cells of the adrenocortical tissues, testes and the overall percentage of gonadotroph (GTH) and thyrotroph (TSH) cells of the pituitary. However, during growth phase, in proximal pars distalis (PPD) the considerable increment of GTH and TSH have been observed having intense aniline blue stain. The corticotrophs (ACTH) also showed significant accumulation of fuchsinophilic cytoplasmic granules. The cytoplasmic features and the architecture of the interrenal cells were well coincident with the increase of different spermatogenic cells. During the maturation phase dense granulation in the GTH and TSH cells appeared to be concomitant with the spermiation. The amount of cytoplasmic granules o...

The histological status of adrenocortical tissues and the correlated seasonal changes in ovarian activities in Mystus vittatus was performed. The tubules and nests of interrenal and chromaffin cells were located in cephalic kidney around the main branches of posterior cardinal vein. Various female germ line cells were identified in the ovary based on size, distinctive features and histoarchitechture of the cells. However, on the basis of relative abundance and size of the different oocytes, the event of oogenesis has been found to occur in four distinct phases, including growth, maturation, spawning and post-spawning. The cytoplasmic features and the architecture of the interrenal and chromaffin cells varied during different phases of the reproductive cycle. During growth and maturation phases, the amount of cytoplasmic granules of interrenal cells increased than chromaffin cells that was in coincidence with the increase of early and late perinucleolar oocytes followed by highest fr...

The corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of important food fish Notopterus notopterus were studied in relation to ovarian maturation. Cytological status of CS were correlated with the ovarian development during growth, maturation and spawning phases. The cytoarchitecture of CS in N. notopterus showed two principle types of secretory cells (Type I and Type II) arranged along the connective tissue septa. Different germ line cells were recognized on the basis of size and histoarchitectural morphology of cells. The Type-II cells varied according to the proliferation of different stages of oocytes in harmony with the various reproductive phases. It was found that at the end of growth phase and onset of maturation phase the diameter along with cytoplasmic granules of Type-I cells increased considerably than the Type-II cells, which was correlated with the occurrence of cortical alveolus and yolk granule stages in the ovary. During the end of maturation and spawning phases the diameter of Type I ce...

Th e histological changes observed in the pituitary corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, adrenocortical tissues and testicular cells in M. vittatus (Bloch, 1794) have been studies during growth, maturation and spawning phases. Th e studies based on the changes observed in the cell types, shape and size of the cells of the adrenocortical tissues, testes and the overall percentage of gonadotroph (GTH) and thyrotroph (TSH) cells of the pituitary. However, during growth phase, in proximal pars distalis (PPD) the considerable increment of GTH and TSH have been observed having intense aniline blue stain. Th e corticotrophs (ACTH) also showed signifi cant accumulation of fuchsinophilic cytoplasmic granules. Th e cytoplasmic features and the architecture of the interrenal cells were well coincident with the increase of diff erent spermatogenic cells. During the maturation phase dense granulation in the GTH and TSH cells appeared to be concomitant with the spermiation. Th e amount of cytoplasmic granules of the interrenal cells increased than chromaffi n cells and was well coincidence with the increase of spermatids and spermatozoa. Th e hyperactive and vacuolated features of the interrenal cells during spawning phase appeared to be concomitant with the fi nal process of spermiation.

Integrated farming system is a valuable approach to addressing the problems of sustainable economic growth for farming communities. The integration of aquaculture with duck and poultry birds in pond site along with crop farming offers greater efficiency in resource utilization with production of addition food and income. The system involves recycling of waste or by products of one farming system as inputs for another compatible system and ensures efficient utilization of available farm space for maximising production. Women's role and participation has often been ignored partly due to socio-cultural taboo against them. The present paper therefore, highlights that fisherwomen play a critical role in sorting of fish fingerlings, feeding of animals reared in ponds and of vegetable and fruit trees. Active help from local governments and mass literacy campaigns are very much needed to upgrade the knowledge of fisherwomen and skill.

The histological status of adrenocortical tissues and the correlated seasonal changes in ovarian activities in Mystus vittatus was performed. The tubules and nests of interrenal and chromaffin cells were located in cephalic kidney around the main branches of posterior cardinal vein. Various female germ line cells were identified in the ovary based on size, distinctive features and histoarchitechture of the cells. However, on the basis of relative abundance and size of the different oocytes, the event of oogenesis has been found to occur in four distinct phases, including growth, maturation, spawning and post-spawning. The cytoplasmic features and the architecture of the interrenal and chromaffin cells varied during different phases of the reproductive cycle. During growth and maturation phases, the amount of cytoplasmic granules of interrenal cells increased than chromaffin cells that was in coincidence with the increase of early and late perinucleolar oocytes followed by highest frequency percentage of oocyte at stages IV and V. The cytoplasmic mass of interrenal cells was gradually elevated along with hypertrophied nuclei from the end of maturation and spawning phases also correlated with the increased frequency of mature oocytes. Therefore, gradual accumulation of cytoplasmic granules in the interrenal cells was noticed during postspawning phase. The cytological variations in the interrenal and chromaffin cells harmonized with constitution of different ovarian cells during different reproductive phase in M. vittatus.

The technique of using domestic sewage for fish culture is very unique. The waste recycling system that has evolved in Titagarh Municipality Treatment Plant involves domestic sewage, wastes from slaughter house and small scale industry has been found to be one of the best for rearing of fish. The sewage effluent was rich in organic and inorganic fertilizers; after partial purification sewage was used in crop field. Rest part of sewage was subjected to screening and filtration and then led to sedimentation tank and finally allowed to stand in oxidation tank for bacterial decomposition for at least 10 to 12 days. That prepared sewage water then transferred to Regional Research Centre, CIFA, Rahara, West Bengal. The average fish production of that farm was more than 5 ton/ha./year. The economic advantage of that culture system is very lucrative for society. Details of that culture system have been dealt with this communication.

The present study dealt with the histological status of thyroid follicles and correlated them with the changes of ovarian activities in female Ompok bimaculatus. Thyroid follicles were present around the middle posterior extension of the ventral aorta between the dorsal branchial cartilages and the ventral sternohyoid muscles in close association with blood capillaries. Each follicle possessed a central lumen either fully or partially filled up with agranular eosinophilic colloid materials and the lumen was enriched by a single layer of epithelial cells. The secretory activity of the thyroid follicles fluctuated in harmony with the oogenetic cells during growth, maturation and spawning phases in O. bimaculatus. The low follicular activity during growth phase i.e. December to February was well in coincidence with the increase of early and late perinucleolar oocytes. During maturation phase i.e. March to May the colloids of thyroid follicles were faintly stained having resorption vacuoles as well as peripheral lumen at the outer margin of the colloid. These features were well correlated with the occurrence of the cortical alveolus and yolk vacuole/granule stages in the ovary. The maximum secretory activity as well as atrophied condition of thyroid follicles were noted during spawning phase i.e. June to August and also correlated with the dynamic cytological activities during vitellogenesis. It was concluded that the peaks of thyroid and ovarian activities correlate well and run parallel.

The corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of important food fish Notopterus notopterus were studied in relation to ovarian maturation. Cytological status of CS were correlated with the ovarian development during growth, maturation and spawning phases. The cytoarchitecture of CS in N. notopterus showed two principle types of secretory cells (Type I and Type II) arranged along the connective tissue septa. Different germ line cells were recognized on the basis of size and histoarchitectural morphology of cells. The Type-II cells varied according to the proliferation of different stages of oocytes in harmony with the various reproductive phases. It was found that at the end of growth phase and onset of maturation phase the diameter along with cytoplasmic granules of Type-I cells increased considerably than the Type-II cells, which was correlated with the occurrence of cortical alveolus and yolk granule stages in the ovary. During the end of maturation and spawning phases the diameter of Type I cells further increased along with chromophobic cytoplasm and hypertrophied nuclei were arranged in clusters encircling the blood vessels. No significant changes were noticed in the Type II cells. These momentous changes correlated with the dynamic cytological activities like vitellogenesis and occurrence of mature oocytes in the ovary. Thus the cytological changes of the CS during growth, maturation and spawning phases accomplished with the ovarian maturation in N. notopterus.

The characteristic regional soil for enhancing spawning and hatching of special type of bundhs of Simlipal and Pachmura regions have been studied. Bundh breeding technology of fish is one of the most dependable and traditional source of natural fish seed production. The analysis of the soil indicated the presence of some mineral such as silicon, iron and titanium as compare to the soil of other places and regions. The mineral components of the special soil provide more oxygen supply to the water as well as fish seed and facilitating the buoyancy of fertilized eggs. The said soil showed the water parameters became more congenial for fish spawning and hatching. The present study will open new avenue of fish culture in facilitating enhanced spawning and hatching.