LANGO PETER
Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Department of Archaeology, Faculty Member
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Archaeological Institute, Faculty Memberadd
- Khazar archaeology and history, Archaeology of the Eurasian steppe belt, Archaeology, Funerary Archaeology, Archaeometry, Byzantine Archaeology, and 55 morePolovtsians, Kumans, Kypchaks, Barbarians societies, Late Antiquity, Ethnogenesis, Funerary World, Goths, Vandals, Sueves, Alans, Late Antique Archaeology, Alans, Medieval Alans, Turkish and Middle East Studies, Near Eastern Archaeology, Byzantine Numismatics, Early medieval Eurasia, Daily Life in Byzantium, Late Antique - Early Medieval (Dis)Continuity (Archaeology), Iconoclasm, Menologium of Basil II, Archaeological Theory, Medieval Studies, Art History, Jewellery History, History of Jewelry, Medieval jewellery, Hungarian Archaeology, 1st Millennium AD (Archaeology), Late Roman and early Byzantine fortifications, Transformation of Byzantine Empire during the Early Middle Ages, Early Medieval Archaeology, Early Byzantine Archaeology, Migration Period Archaeology, History of Archaeology, Byzantine history and archaeology, Medieval Balkans, Early medieval Bulgaria, Kievan Rus', Byzantine historiography, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, Eurasian Nomads, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Archaeological Informatics, Medieval Archaeology, Archaeological Method & Theory, Historical Archaeology, Viking Swords, Varangians, Vikings in the East, Experimental Archaeology, Death and Burial (Archaeology), Viking Age Weapons, Archaeological Excavation, Early Medieval Period, Byzantine Buckle, Kipchaks - Cumans, Cumans, Late Antiquity, Byzantine Studies, Lucian Boia, Byzantine Metalwork, Byzantine Dress accessories, and ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑedit
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Among the Early Medieval double-edged swords, excavated in the Carpathian Basin, there are a few which probably have Byzantine origin. The most unique piece of this small but significant group of weapons was unearthed at Kunágota,... more
Among the Early Medieval double-edged swords, excavated in the Carpathian Basin, there are a few which probably have Byzantine origin. The most unique piece of this small but significant group of weapons was unearthed at Kunágota, Southern Hungary. The sword, which has a special sword-guard made of bronze, has been examined by the experts of the Archaeometallurgical Research Group of the University of Miskolc with optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, ED-XRF, and microhardness tests. The primary aim was to study the microstructure of the blade and guard. There was also an important objective of the investigations to explore the possible manufacturing technology. Due to the metallographic examination, it was possible to reconstruct the manufacturing process of the Kunágota-sword. Three samples were taken from the sword for metallographic examination, two of them (K1A and K1B) were collected from the sword-guard and one (K2) from the blade. To summarise the results, it can be established that ...
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Nagyszénás közelében, a Vaskapunak nevezett kelet–nyugati dombvonulat egyik kiemelkedésén fekvő lelőhelyen az első leleteket 1948 vagy 1949 augusztusában találták. A rendelkezésre álló adatok alapján 2004. szeptember 17. – október 8.... more
Nagyszénás közelében, a Vaskapunak nevezett kelet–nyugati dombvonulat egyik kiemelkedésén fekvő lelőhelyen az első leleteket 1948 vagy 1949 augusztusában találták. A rendelkezésre álló adatok alapján 2004. szeptember 17. – október 8. között az orosházi Szántó Kovács János Múzeum ásatást végzett, és három sírt, két felnőtt férfi és egy gyermek temetkezését tárták fel. Az első sírból egy 45–55 éves férfi koponyája és vázcsontjai kerültek elő. A koponyán többszörös vágás nyoma figyelhető meg, ezeket valószínűleg balta okozta.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Physics, Anthropology, Medical Anthropology, Art, and 15 moreMedieval History, Medieval Studies, Hungarian, Arms and Armor Studies, Early Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Archaeology, Hungarian Studies, Textile Technology, Archaeology of the Hungarian Conquerors, Cemetery, Hungarian Conquest Period, Partial Horse Burials, Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem, Honfoglaláskor, and Wars Injuries
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The study examines the beginnings of the Hungarian archaeological research in the 19th century in the light of the Christian minor objects of the 10th and 11th century, placing the question in a broader international comparison. The... more
The study examines the beginnings of the Hungarian archaeological research in the 19th century in the light of the
Christian minor objects of the 10th and 11th century, placing the question in a broader international comparison. The
period of the 10th-11th century is a sensitive point in the collection and interpretation of Christian artifacts because this
is the phase of the Hungarian tribes’ settlement in the Carpathian Basin and the area of the European integration of the
Hungarian Principality. The appearance and spread of Christianity in the new state also took place during this period.
The collection and interpretation of crosses were assessed by contemporary research as the material legacy of Christianity
based on the romantic and then positivist conceptions of the 19th century. The paper would like to present that even then
the ideas of the individual Hungarian scholars were formed along with the international research trends and possibilities
of interpretation, and the contemporary Hungarian experts were closely connected to their foreign contemporaries.
Christian minor objects of the 10th and 11th century, placing the question in a broader international comparison. The
period of the 10th-11th century is a sensitive point in the collection and interpretation of Christian artifacts because this
is the phase of the Hungarian tribes’ settlement in the Carpathian Basin and the area of the European integration of the
Hungarian Principality. The appearance and spread of Christianity in the new state also took place during this period.
The collection and interpretation of crosses were assessed by contemporary research as the material legacy of Christianity
based on the romantic and then positivist conceptions of the 19th century. The paper would like to present that even then
the ideas of the individual Hungarian scholars were formed along with the international research trends and possibilities
of interpretation, and the contemporary Hungarian experts were closely connected to their foreign contemporaries.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The present paper began with the discovery of an artefact in 2019. During the excavation of a Roman imperial period fort (Transaquincum) in Népfürdő Street on the Pest side of the Danube in Budapest, remains from the Avar and Árpád period... more
The present paper began with the discovery of an artefact in 2019. During
the excavation of a Roman imperial period fort (Transaquincum) in Népfürdő
Street on the Pest side of the Danube in Budapest, remains from the Avar and
Árpád period also came to light in the area under investigation. From one of
the settlement features, a pit – which, in the absence of other finds, cannot be
dated – a piece of golden jewellery came to light. The unique nature of the artefact
made it difficult to determine whether it (and the feature from which it
came) belonged to the Roman, Avar, or Árpád period phase of the site. Through
an extensive collection of materials and an overview of research history, we
have been able to show that this piece of jewellery is characteristic for the late
Antique, early Mediaeval period. While earlier researchers dated similar artefacts
to the late Roman period, based essentially on Frederick Henry Marshall’s
1911 survey and dating suggestion, in our overview we argued for a later period
of use. We presented the misunderstanding, which may have misled the
noted English specialist, and we pointed out that – contrary to Marshall’s early
(but uncertain) dating suggestion – finds of this jewellery type from clearly
datable contexts were dated without exception to the 6th – 8th century. We
collected and evaluated the parallels found in the Carpathian Basin, the Balkans
(among others, in modern-day Croatia), and the Mediterranean, presenting
and describing examples of the object made of gold, silver, or copper, with
real granulation or pseudo-granulation ornaments. In our paper, we also drew
attention to further parallels from the Caucasus, which some researchers (primarily
in works on the Avars) have analysed together with the present jewellery
type. Concerning this question, we outlined the misunderstandings and
difficulties that emerged during the interpretation of the jewellery type.
the excavation of a Roman imperial period fort (Transaquincum) in Népfürdő
Street on the Pest side of the Danube in Budapest, remains from the Avar and
Árpád period also came to light in the area under investigation. From one of
the settlement features, a pit – which, in the absence of other finds, cannot be
dated – a piece of golden jewellery came to light. The unique nature of the artefact
made it difficult to determine whether it (and the feature from which it
came) belonged to the Roman, Avar, or Árpád period phase of the site. Through
an extensive collection of materials and an overview of research history, we
have been able to show that this piece of jewellery is characteristic for the late
Antique, early Mediaeval period. While earlier researchers dated similar artefacts
to the late Roman period, based essentially on Frederick Henry Marshall’s
1911 survey and dating suggestion, in our overview we argued for a later period
of use. We presented the misunderstanding, which may have misled the
noted English specialist, and we pointed out that – contrary to Marshall’s early
(but uncertain) dating suggestion – finds of this jewellery type from clearly
datable contexts were dated without exception to the 6th – 8th century. We
collected and evaluated the parallels found in the Carpathian Basin, the Balkans
(among others, in modern-day Croatia), and the Mediterranean, presenting
and describing examples of the object made of gold, silver, or copper, with
real granulation or pseudo-granulation ornaments. In our paper, we also drew
attention to further parallels from the Caucasus, which some researchers (primarily
in works on the Avars) have analysed together with the present jewellery
type. Concerning this question, we outlined the misunderstandings and
difficulties that emerged during the interpretation of the jewellery type.
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Die ungarische archäologische Forschung widmet sich in artefaktischer Hinsicht seit knapp 60 Jahren eingehend den südosteuropäischen Beziehungen des Ungarntums im 10. Jahrhundert. Béla Szőke ging in seiner programmatischen Zusammenfassung... more
Die ungarische archäologische Forschung widmet sich in artefaktischer Hinsicht seit
knapp 60 Jahren eingehend den südosteuropäischen Beziehungen des Ungarntums im 10. Jahrhundert.
Béla Szőke ging in seiner programmatischen Zusammenfassung als Erster detailliert auf diese Quellengruppe
ein, Károly Mesterházy fasste 30 Jahre später die neueren Ergebnisse zusammen. Ziel des vorliegenden
Aufsatzes ist, die neuesten Ergebnisse der seit letzterer Publikation vergangenen weiteren drei
Jahrzehnte in Verbindung mit diversen Schmucktypen zu erläutern. Die Erweiterung des Fundmaterials
im Karpatenbecken – gering, hinsichtlich der Bewertung der Gegenstandsart, dennoch maßgeblich – bzw.
die neuen Ergebnisse breiter angelegter, regionaler Forschungen ermöglichen nicht nur eine umfassendere
Bewertung der jeweiligen Denkmalgruppen, sondern auch die Analyse grundlegender Fragen, die zu
einem vollständigeren Bild der Beziehungen zwischen dem Karpatenbecken des 10. Jahrhunderts und
Südosteuropas führen können.
knapp 60 Jahren eingehend den südosteuropäischen Beziehungen des Ungarntums im 10. Jahrhundert.
Béla Szőke ging in seiner programmatischen Zusammenfassung als Erster detailliert auf diese Quellengruppe
ein, Károly Mesterházy fasste 30 Jahre später die neueren Ergebnisse zusammen. Ziel des vorliegenden
Aufsatzes ist, die neuesten Ergebnisse der seit letzterer Publikation vergangenen weiteren drei
Jahrzehnte in Verbindung mit diversen Schmucktypen zu erläutern. Die Erweiterung des Fundmaterials
im Karpatenbecken – gering, hinsichtlich der Bewertung der Gegenstandsart, dennoch maßgeblich – bzw.
die neuen Ergebnisse breiter angelegter, regionaler Forschungen ermöglichen nicht nur eine umfassendere
Bewertung der jeweiligen Denkmalgruppen, sondern auch die Analyse grundlegender Fragen, die zu
einem vollständigeren Bild der Beziehungen zwischen dem Karpatenbecken des 10. Jahrhunderts und
Südosteuropas führen können.
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In the collection of the Herman Ottó Museum, Miskolc, there is a hanging cross, which has been discovered in 1900 at Tiszakeszi‒Szódadomb in an early Arpadian cemetery. It is very likely that this cross resulted from the transformation of... more
In the collection of the Herman Ottó Museum, Miskolc, there is a hanging cross, which has been discovered in 1900 at Tiszakeszi‒Szódadomb in an early Arpadian cemetery. It is very likely that this cross resulted from the transformation of another object, because on its base there is a spike or köpü, which was intended to fasten it to some piece of wood. In this paper, after reviewing the possibilities, I conclude that the original object was most probably a so-called blessing cross. This kind of object is still used in the orthodox liturgy, but was certainly more widespread during the Early Middle Ages, since there are many pieces known from Langobard, Merovingian and Carolingian contexts. As the object was secondarily altered and is not a common type of grave good, it can vaguely dated to the 10-11th century, but it is hardly reflecting the religiosity of the buried person nor can the circumstances of its transformation be determined with any certainty
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The type of the rings were collected and analysed by Tamás Keszi. Prototypes of the latter already appeared amongst Croatian finds and their spread might have taken place in the second half of the 9th century. These objects were... more
The type of the rings were collected and analysed by
Tamás Keszi. Prototypes of the latter already appeared
amongst Croatian finds and their spread might have
taken place in the second half of the 9th century. These
objects were successfully blending Christian iconography
from earlier simple rings with elements of contemporary
decorative arts, and the leading stylistic marks
of the material culture of the elite.
Tamás Keszi. Prototypes of the latter already appeared
amongst Croatian finds and their spread might have
taken place in the second half of the 9th century. These
objects were successfully blending Christian iconography
from earlier simple rings with elements of contemporary
decorative arts, and the leading stylistic marks
of the material culture of the elite.
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The present paper focuses on a so-called ribbed mount type dated to the 10 th–11th centuries, the interpretation of which is attempted starting from a relatively recent find in Bulgaria (Iatrus/Krivina). The available evidence clearly... more
The present paper focuses on a so-called ribbed mount type dated to the 10 th–11th centuries, the interpretation of which is attempted starting from a relatively recent find in Bulgaria (Iatrus/Krivina). The available evidence clearly indicates that this type was most frequently used and
certainly manufactured as well in Bulgaria, but there are numerous parallels dated betweenthe middle third of the 10th and first half of the 11th century both in the Carpathian Basin, on the Balkans, and sporadically also in the steppe region and in North Europe as well. Different hypotheses concerning the origins of the ribbed mount type are also discussed.
certainly manufactured as well in Bulgaria, but there are numerous parallels dated betweenthe middle third of the 10th and first half of the 11th century both in the Carpathian Basin, on the Balkans, and sporadically also in the steppe region and in North Europe as well. Different hypotheses concerning the origins of the ribbed mount type are also discussed.
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An unusual earring with four openwork, fi ve-petalled spherical beads was found in Grave 295 of the Early Árpádian Age cemetery of the Kiszombor B site, excavated in 1928 by Ferenc Móra. In view of its material, the earring can hardly be... more
An unusual earring with four openwork, fi ve-petalled
spherical beads was found in Grave 295 of the Early
Árpádian Age cemetery of the Kiszombor B site, excavated
in 1928 by Ferenc Móra. In view of its
material, the earring can hardly be regarded as an ornament
worn by the period’s elite, but owing to its complex
craftsmanship and the metalworking skills necessary
for its creation, it also stands out from among the simple
cast ring ornaments representing the most widespread
jewellery types in the period’s burial grounds. It owner
was undoubtedly the member of a wealthier family
which could afford to wear an earring diverging from
the general fashion preferred by commoners.
The Kiszombor earring has no exact counterpart
in the 10th–11th-century material of the Carpathian
Basin, even though comparable earrings were highly
popular during the 9th–11th centuries. The existence
of several variants has been documented from the
Byzantine provinces in the Balkans through Dalmatia
and the Carpathian Basin to Moravia and the Polish
and northern German lands.
spherical beads was found in Grave 295 of the Early
Árpádian Age cemetery of the Kiszombor B site, excavated
in 1928 by Ferenc Móra. In view of its
material, the earring can hardly be regarded as an ornament
worn by the period’s elite, but owing to its complex
craftsmanship and the metalworking skills necessary
for its creation, it also stands out from among the simple
cast ring ornaments representing the most widespread
jewellery types in the period’s burial grounds. It owner
was undoubtedly the member of a wealthier family
which could afford to wear an earring diverging from
the general fashion preferred by commoners.
The Kiszombor earring has no exact counterpart
in the 10th–11th-century material of the Carpathian
Basin, even though comparable earrings were highly
popular during the 9th–11th centuries. The existence
of several variants has been documented from the
Byzantine provinces in the Balkans through Dalmatia
and the Carpathian Basin to Moravia and the Polish
and northern German lands.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Das Beziehungsgeflecht des archäologischen Nachlasses des 10.-11. Jh. im Karpatenbecken ist eines der wichtigsten Themen der ungarischen Landnahmezeit. Die ungarische Forschung hatte sich lange Zeit nur mit den osteuropäischen Analogien... more
Das Beziehungsgeflecht des archäologischen Nachlasses des 10.-11. Jh. im Karpatenbecken ist eines der wichtigsten Themen der ungarischen Landnahmezeit. Die ungarische Forschung hatte sich lange Zeit nur mit den osteuropäischen Analogien beschäftigt, später gelangte von den benach-barten Regionen dann Bulgarien - hauptsächlich dessen NO-Teil schnell ins Zentrum des Interesses. Die Autoren dieses Aufsatzes haben während ihrer Forschungsreisen seit 2005 in zahlreichen Museumssammlungen die Metallfunde des 9.-11. Jh. in Bulgarien erforscht, hier werden die ersten Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit veröffentlicht.
Den Vergleich der Metallfunde der beiden Regionen aus dem 10. und 11. Jh. beginnen wir mit Beschlägen mit ein bzw. zwei Anhängseln, die im Fundmaterial der Land-nahmezeit typisch sind, früher wurden diese oft als Befunde ohne Analogie erwähnt (Abb. 1). Im archäologischen Nach-lass der ungarischen Landnahmezeit des Karpatenbeckens wurden die meistens zweiteiligen Beschläge als Zierden der Oberbekleidung gedeutet. Der obere Teil der Beschläge wurde festgemacht, der untere Teil hat sich, mit dem oberen verbunden, frei bewegt. Die Klei-dungsbeschläge mit Anhängsel kamen unter den Funden des 10. und 11. Jh. im Karpatenbecken in großer Anzahl und mit großer Variabilität vor. Von der ungarischen Forschung werden die zeitlichen Grenzen der Verbreitung dieser Beschläge im Karpatenbecken aufgrund ihrer Klassifikation und der Untersuchung ihres regio-nalen chronologischen Hintergrunds vom Beginn des 10. bis zur Mitte des 11. Jh. festgelegt.
Hinsichtlich der Chronologie der bulgarischen eintei-ligen Beschläge bzw. Beschlagreihen, beide mit Anhängsel, ist zu spüren, dass sie in der gut datierbaren Fundumgebung ebenfalls in das 11. Jh. datiert werden können. Das Tragen der Anhängsel ohne Oberteil reicht also weit über das Karpatenbecken hinaus, und die Anhängsel sind nicht nur in dessen weiterem Randgebiet, sondern, wie das die bulgarischen Funde zeigen, auch entlang des Unterlaufs der Donau zu finden.
Die durchbrochenen und anderen formalen Variationen (Tracht) der aufgenähten einteiligen Beschläge mit An-hängsel waren im 10. und 11. Jh. in verhältnismäßig weiten Gebieten verbreitet - über die Funde der osteuropäischen Steppe, die mit den Petschenegen verbunden werden, bis zum Nachlass der Alanen des 10.-13. Jh. im Nordkaukasus. Die Zusammenhänge des Hintergrundes dieser Eigenart in der Tracht erfordern also noch weitere Forschungen. Das Beziehungssystem, das schon Géza Fehér während seiner bulgarischen Untersuchungen formuliert hat, kann aber von den obigen Beispielen gut unterstützt werden. Diese Beziehungen verbinden ohne Zweifel die Metallurgie des Karpatenbeckens und der ehemaligen Re-gion des Unterlaufs der Donau im 10. und 11. Jh
Den Vergleich der Metallfunde der beiden Regionen aus dem 10. und 11. Jh. beginnen wir mit Beschlägen mit ein bzw. zwei Anhängseln, die im Fundmaterial der Land-nahmezeit typisch sind, früher wurden diese oft als Befunde ohne Analogie erwähnt (Abb. 1). Im archäologischen Nach-lass der ungarischen Landnahmezeit des Karpatenbeckens wurden die meistens zweiteiligen Beschläge als Zierden der Oberbekleidung gedeutet. Der obere Teil der Beschläge wurde festgemacht, der untere Teil hat sich, mit dem oberen verbunden, frei bewegt. Die Klei-dungsbeschläge mit Anhängsel kamen unter den Funden des 10. und 11. Jh. im Karpatenbecken in großer Anzahl und mit großer Variabilität vor. Von der ungarischen Forschung werden die zeitlichen Grenzen der Verbreitung dieser Beschläge im Karpatenbecken aufgrund ihrer Klassifikation und der Untersuchung ihres regio-nalen chronologischen Hintergrunds vom Beginn des 10. bis zur Mitte des 11. Jh. festgelegt.
Hinsichtlich der Chronologie der bulgarischen eintei-ligen Beschläge bzw. Beschlagreihen, beide mit Anhängsel, ist zu spüren, dass sie in der gut datierbaren Fundumgebung ebenfalls in das 11. Jh. datiert werden können. Das Tragen der Anhängsel ohne Oberteil reicht also weit über das Karpatenbecken hinaus, und die Anhängsel sind nicht nur in dessen weiterem Randgebiet, sondern, wie das die bulgarischen Funde zeigen, auch entlang des Unterlaufs der Donau zu finden.
Die durchbrochenen und anderen formalen Variationen (Tracht) der aufgenähten einteiligen Beschläge mit An-hängsel waren im 10. und 11. Jh. in verhältnismäßig weiten Gebieten verbreitet - über die Funde der osteuropäischen Steppe, die mit den Petschenegen verbunden werden, bis zum Nachlass der Alanen des 10.-13. Jh. im Nordkaukasus. Die Zusammenhänge des Hintergrundes dieser Eigenart in der Tracht erfordern also noch weitere Forschungen. Das Beziehungssystem, das schon Géza Fehér während seiner bulgarischen Untersuchungen formuliert hat, kann aber von den obigen Beispielen gut unterstützt werden. Diese Beziehungen verbinden ohne Zweifel die Metallurgie des Karpatenbeckens und der ehemaligen Re-gion des Unterlaufs der Donau im 10. und 11. Jh
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A. Bosselmann-Ruickbie: Byzantinischer Schmuck des 9. bis 13. Jahrhunderts. Untersuchungen zum metallenen dekorativen Körperschmuck der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit anhand datierter Funde. Spätantike – Frühes Christentum – Byzanz. Reihe B: Studien und Perspektiven 28. Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011. more
Perhaps Chief Lehel was blowing his horn. What weapon fought alongside Árad throughout the conflict? Can these questions be answered without finding the graves of Árpád or his chiefs? If so, why do the sculptures of the "Hungarian... more
Perhaps Chief Lehel was blowing his horn. What weapon fought alongside Árad throughout the conflict? Can these questions be answered without finding the graves of Árpád or his chiefs? If so, why do the sculptures of the "Hungarian Conquest" of Munkácsy or the collection of the millennial Árpád figures wear the costumes and accessories designed by artists? Is the embroidery on the horse of the Árpád helmet generally interesting in terms of the collective national memory that has developed over the years? But if this isn't important, why are archeologists researching the past? It's fascinating to learn about the debates surrounding authenticity and national memory that occurred during the 19th century. Péter Langó's exploration of the workshops of Mihály Munkácsy and György Zala sheds light on the complex dynamics between the state, artists, historians, archaeologists, and various audiences during this time. It's interesting to consider how different groups struggled with one another during the Millennium euphoria or the Hungarian Soviet Republic's dictatorship, which outlawed national symbolism.
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The archaeological research of the material culture of the Hungarian people in the 10th century in the Carpathian Basin. The book aims to briefly present everything that has happened in the field of archaeology in the past 170 years... more
The archaeological research of the material culture of the Hungarian people in the 10th century in the Carpathian Basin. The book aims to briefly present everything that has happened in the field of archaeology in the past 170 years regarding the material heritage of the Carpathian Basin in the 10th century. It attempts to provide an overview of the work of the prominent individuals who have shaped Hungarian research and examines the background of their ideas; the perspectives of these influential predecessors continue to shape the current state of research in many respects. Therefore, the subject of investigation is the research itself, but the paper strives to offer more than a historiographical overview. It delves into the development of the relationship between archaeology and related disciplines, the influence of external factors and ideologies, and the relationship between Hungarian and international research. Finally, the paper concludes with a methodological chapter that discusses the dating challenges of archaeological material, reviews the use of linear and retrospective approaches in evaluating the early considered artifacts.