Department of Private Law

This study aims to present an overview the position of marriage in the constitutions of European countries. First, the origin of marriage as a fundamental right is looked at from a historical perspective, leading to different supranational instruments’ declarations. Subsequently, different approaches of the constitutions of European countries are scrutinised and classified depending on what protection, if any, is given to marriage. The spectrum spreads from defining marriage as protected by declaring it as a fundamental right to the lack of constitutional mention. For this broad overview, the scope of this work is based on the fact that all of these countries are parties to the Council of Europe, and the Rome Convention of 1950. Finally, a short exploration of some of the countries’ constitutional jurisprudence is carried out regarding the most controversial topics concerning the fundamental right to marriage.

Sperm donation is a relatively uncomplicated and easily accessible process for treating certain types of infertility but sperm donor’s identity frequently remains unknown to the recipient would-be-parent and moreover to the child, even if the child would like to discover his or her ancestry in the sequel. ‘Direct-to-consumer’ online DNA tests provide the opportunity for evasion the rules ensuring donor anonymity and the promise of anonymity assumed in the contract between donors and sperm banks or fertility clinics is hardly defensible for a long time now.
Sperm donor anonymity raises the question of the so called ‘privite’ donation and ‘homemade’ insemination. If so, sperm banks or infertility centers are not involved in the assisted reproduction process but the would-be-mother inseminates herself in her own home with the sperms provided voluntarily by her acquaintance. The ‘private’ sperm donor’s paternity is affected particularly, seeing that the scope of the law in this field covers only assisted reproduction involving sperm banks or clinics.
The essay lays special emphasis on this questions and seeks to answer and remedy this problems.

The article sets forth the explanation of the main types of assisted reproductive technologies and their medical, cultural and historical evolution.
First, it deals with artificial insemination and the possibility of sperm cryopresevation, after that the essay explores the development of in vitro fertilisation as a medical breakthrough in connection with egg donation, embryo donation and surrogacy which is the most controversial form of assisted reproduction.
The study lays special emphasis on the early ethical and legal attempts to regulate the field of assisted reproduction considering ethical documents and organizations, legal regulation and case law in the United States, England, Germany and Hungary.

Lehet-e káresemény a szülőknek az egészséges vagy fogyatékos gyermek
születése, amiért felelőssé lehet tenni az egészségügyi intézményt? El lehet-e választani a gyermek létezésétől felnevelésének költségeit, ki lehet-e ezeket olvasztani a szülő-gyermek viszony komplexitásából?
Igényelhet-e a fogyatékos gyermek saját jogán kártérítést, mondván fogyatékos léte a nemléttel szemben kárt jelent számára? Van-e jog a megnem-születéshez? Mit tekinthetünk olyan fogyatékosságnak, ami ezt megalapozná? Össze lehet-e egyáltalán jogilag mérni a két helyzetet: létet és nemlétet, életet és halált? Van-e a jognak ehhez eszköztára?
A személyiségi jogi védelem körében vajon a testi épség sérelmét jelenti-e a nem kívánt terhesség? Az anya kárenyhítési kötelezettsége körébe
tartozik-e a nem kívánt terhesség megszakítása vagy a megszületett gyermek örökbeadása? Lehet-e az abortusz adott helyzetben általában elvárható magatartás? Hogyan lehet értékelni a káronszerzés tilalmát, hiszen annak ellenére, hogy a költségek vagyoni hátrányként jelentkeznek, a szülők örömüket lelhetik az eredendően nem tervezett gyermekben? Lehet-e érzelmeket peresíteni? Milyen társadalmi hatása lehet egy – akár egészséges, akár fogyatékos – gyermek kárként történő értékelésének?
Jelen tanulmány ilyen és ehhez hasonló kérdésekre igyekszik választ keresni, összevetve a magyar gyakorlatot mindenekelőtt a német jogelmélettel és gyakorlattal, valamint az angolszász világ megoldásaival is.

The aim of the essay is to explore the legal aspects of human reproductive cloning. Firstly, it gives a short introduction to the biological background of cloning, where special emphasis is laid upon the method of “somatic cell nuclear transfer” in connection with the existing forms of assisted reproductive technologies. The essay analyses the legal regulation in Hungary, Germany, England and the United States, and argues that the statutory prohibition of reproductive cloning often does not correspond to the biological facts, and this terminological ambiguity may lead to legal obscurity. Beyond that, the study also examines the factual and moral arguments against human reproductive cloning and the well-debated questions relating to reproductive rights, and fi nally, it attempts to search answers to what justifi es the intervention and the rigid statutory ban on this field.

Das Gesetz V. aus dem Jahr 2013 (BGB/Ungarn) regelt das System der Vaterschaftsvermutungen im Vergleich zur früheren Regelung des  esetzes IV. aus dem Jahr 1952 (Familienrecht) über die Ehe, Familie und Vormundschaft bezüglich der verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen ufgrund
der Abstammung genauer und übersichtlicher. Im Vergleich: Das BGB behält zum Teil manche Anordnungen des Familienrechtes, schafft zum Teil völlig neue Regeln und leistet zum Teil durch die Veränderung mancher Judikatur neue Anordnungen. Es lohnt sich jedoch die Aufmerksam darauf zu richten, dass aufgrund bestimmter Ereignisse, die im Ausland bereits geschahen, Interpretationsschwierigkeiten vorkommen können, falls hierzulande ähnliche Fälle passieren würden.

Heutzutage begegnen wir immer häufiger im Bereich des Verantwortungsrechts dem Phänomen ‘Kind als Schaden’ und innerhalb dieses mit dem aus eigenem Recht vorgelegten Schadenersatzanspruch des Kindes und die Gerichte finden sich immer häufiger in einer Rolle wie bei Hamlett und werden zu ratlosen Lösern der Frage über Sein oder Nichtsein, die nicht gerade eine rechtliche ist.

The article explores the debate about surrogacy agreements, the widely controversial form of treating infertility. The framework of the essay is as follows:
- early cases with growing concerns surrounding ethics and legality of surrogacy, especially through setting forth the well-published Baby M case;
- definition and types of surrogacy, the key differences between traditional and gestational surrogacy; the models of parental status with special emphasis laid upon the gestational motherhood standard, the genetic model, the intent model, the property model and the labor theory of motherhood;
- presentation of the legal regulation in certain states of the US, especially where surrogacy is allowed and regulated under certain conditions;
- the legal framework in some European contries with regard to the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Hungary; evaluation the deficiency of the Hungarian regulation;
- critical evaluation of the concepts of the regulation models in the light of the right to procreate, the provisions of the surrogacy agreement, the breach and enforcement such a contract; drawing a distinction between surrogacy and baby-selling;
- public policy-based troubles around surrogacy such as fertility tourism and surrogacy business in developing countries;
- considering philosophical-related conceptions concerning morality-based anxieties, the human dignity of the contractual parties and the child, and the likely exploitation and commodification of surrogates;
- analyzing statistics; the growing popularity of surrogacy as a means of reproduction for infertile couples and as a legal perspective of becoming parents for non-traditional couples; controversial impacts on traditional family and society.

Die Arbeit behandelt das Eigentumsrecht an Bienen, beschäftigt sich mit dem Problem des ausgezogenen Bienenschwarmes nach ungarischem Recht:
Das Hauptproblem dieses Rechtsgebiets folgt daraus, daß die Bienen sowohl Eigenschaften von wilden als auch von zahmen Tieren aufweisen. Das Ausziehen eines Bienenschwarmes, d.h. dessen auf natürlichen Eigenschaften beruhendes Wegziehen zur Ansiedlung an anderem Ort, wird der Wiedererlangung der Freiheit durch ein gefangenes Tier gleichgestellt. Die Arbeit möchte u.a. mehrere Fragen beantworten: Wann wird der ausgezogene Bienenschwarm herrenlos, und wann ist der Schwarm zur Aneignung durch Dritte frei? Darf der Imker seinen Bienenschwarm verfolgen und fremde Grundstücke betreten? Wie kann er seinen Schwarm wieder einfangen? Wie ist die Rechtslage wenn er die Verfolgung aufgibt? Wer wird Eigentümer, wenn sich ausgezogene Bienenschwärme mehrerer Eigentümer vereinigen, oder wie kann man die Anteile des Gesamtschwarmes bestimmen?

The article explores the international aspect and discrepancies of surrogacy agreements, the widely controversial form of treating infertility.
Recent cases of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) suggest, that national laws of the member states of the European Convention of Human Rights are problematic from the viewpoint of the ECHR.
The basic controversy is that the national legal fremeworks relating parenthood are often contradictory to the law of the foreign country (e. g. Ukraine or India) where the surrogacy agreement was made lawfully. Consequently the national authorities tend to remove the child from his or her intended parents, as they do not recognize a foreign birth certificate which is considered unlawful under national law. Notwithstanding the ECHR generally rules that there is an interference with the applicants’ private and family life enshrined in the Article 8 of the Convention.
The study tries to summarize the conflict of laws on this field, and poses a special emphasis on the rights of the child born through (international) surrogacy.

Higher education may very well serve the economy and so the society in the long term, not only the trainee individual. However, it is important to emphasize the duty of institution giving the training and education to inform the providing parent. Since otherwise the obligated parent may not know whether the conditions – for providing support – are met by the child’s academic performance. For it is not mandatory for the parent to provide support if the child fails to comply with his study and examination obligations at the fault of his own. This paper lays special emphasis on this latter issue.

2011. április 18-án a Parlament elfogadta Magyarország új Alaptörvényét, amely 2012. január 1-én lépett hatályba. A normaszöveg Szabadság és felelősség című fejezetében szembeötlő módon helyet kaptak bizonyos bioetikai, biojogi rendelkezések. A tanulmány ezen biojogi rendelkezések közül emel ki néhányat, abból a szempontból, hogy azok a biológiai és orvostudományi realitásokat többnyire nélkülözik.