WO2022144522A1 - Poudre à base de pekk à bas point de fusion, utilisation dans des procédés de construction par frittage, et objet correspondants - Google Patents
Poudre à base de pekk à bas point de fusion, utilisation dans des procédés de construction par frittage, et objet correspondants Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022144522A1 WO2022144522A1 PCT/FR2021/052451 FR2021052451W WO2022144522A1 WO 2022144522 A1 WO2022144522 A1 WO 2022144522A1 FR 2021052451 W FR2021052451 W FR 2021052451W WO 2022144522 A1 WO2022144522 A1 WO 2022144522A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives
- C08G65/38—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives derived from phenols
- C08G65/40—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives derived from phenols from phenols (I) and other compounds (II), e.g. OH-Ar-OH + X-Ar-X, where X is halogen atom, i.e. leaving group
- C08G65/4012—Other compound (II) containing a ketone group, e.g. X-Ar-C(=O)-Ar-X for polyetherketones
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
- B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2071/00—Use of polyethers, e.g. PEEK, i.e. polyether-etherketone or PEK, i.e. polyetherketone or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/25—Solid
- B29K2105/251—Particles, powder or granules
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2650/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2650/28—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule characterised by the polymer type
- C08G2650/38—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule characterised by the polymer type containing oxygen in addition to the ether group
- C08G2650/40—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule characterised by the polymer type containing oxygen in addition to the ether group containing ketone groups, e.g. polyarylethylketones, PEEK or PEK
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of poly-aryl-ether-ketones, also called PAEKs, and the field of the three-dimensional construction of objects by sintering.
- the invention relates to a powder based on at least one PEKK suitable for use in a method for constructing layer-to-layer objects by sintering caused by electromagnetic radiation.
- Poly-aryl-ether-ketones are well-known high performance engineering polymers. They can be used for demanding applications in terms of temperature and/or mechanical or even chemical stress. They can also be used for applications requiring excellent fire resistance and low emission of smoke or toxic gases. Finally, they have good biocompatibility. These polymers are found in fields as varied as aeronautics and space, off-shore drilling, automotive, rail, marine, wind power, sports, construction, electronics and implants. medical.
- the PAEK powder of a layer under construction is heated in a construction environment to a temperature Te, called “construction temperature” or “bath temperature”, of the order 10 to 20°C (typically 15°C) below its melting temperature. Part of the powder is then sintered by a laser: it melts then re-solidifies during cooling.
- construction temperature or “bath temperature”
- bath temperature the order 10 to 20°C (typically 15°C) below its melting temperature.
- Part of the powder is then sintered by a laser: it melts then re-solidifies during cooling.
- a large portion of the powder typically around 85% to 90%, is not sintered during construction of the three-dimensional object. It therefore appears fundamental, for economic reasons, to be able to recycle this powder, that is to say to reuse it in (a) subsequent construction(s).
- PAEK powders for laser sintering the PEEK HP3 powder marketed by the company EOS.
- This powder has a melting temperature of 372°C and is used at a build temperature of approximately 357°C.
- the powder undergoes a very significant thermal degradation from the first construction, in particular a very significant increase in average molecular weight. It is then not possible to reuse it for a second construction of a three-dimensional object. Consequently, the manufacture of three-dimensional objects by sintering these powders remains far too expensive and cannot be envisaged on an industrial scale.
- the document US2013/0217838 proposes a solution to be able to recycle a PAEK powder having a lower melting point than PEEK HP3. It more particularly describes the possibility of entirely recycling a PEKK powder at least twice, provided that the construction temperature is increased and the power of the laser beam is increased with successive constructions.
- This document describes in fact that the PEKK powder used is not stable in temperature and that its melting temperature increases after its first use in a sintering process. To be able to counter this instability of the powder, the parameters of the sintering machine are modified. A build temperature of 300°C is used with fully recycled powder, instead of 285°C for virgin powder. The power of the laser beam is further increased with each new construction.
- Document WO 2017/149233 describes a PEKK powder suitable for being used several times in sintering processes thanks to an isothermal thermal pretreatment at a constant temperature of between 260 and 290° C. for a period of between 5 minutes and 120 minutes.
- the isothermal thermal pretreatment has the advantage of stabilizing the melting temperature of the powder and of being able to recycle it while keeping an identical construction temperature for the successive constructions by sintering. Nevertheless, this technique does not generally allow the powder to be recycled on a large number of constructions, in particular because of yellowing at the construction temperature of 285°C.
- the object of the invention is to overcome at least some of the drawbacks of the prior art.
- One objective of the invention is to provide a powder based on PAEK(s) suitable for use in a process for constructing objects layer by layer by sintering caused by electromagnetic radiation.
- An object of the invention is, according to certain embodiments at least, that the objects made from the powders according to the invention can be used under high temperature conditions.
- One objective of the invention is, according to certain embodiments at least, that the objects manufactured from the powders according to the invention be of good quality.
- the objects must have good mechanical properties.
- the objects must comply with a precise dimensioning, and in particular not present any deformation.
- objects should look as smooth as possible.
- Another object of the invention is, according to certain embodiments at least, that the objects made from the powders according to the invention have a uniform color.
- Another objective of the invention is, according to certain embodiments, to provide a powder based on PAEK(s), capable of being recycled in successive construction processes.
- Another objective of the invention is, according to certain embodiments, to provide an article having satisfactory and substantially constant mechanical properties, a substantially uniform color and a sufficiently smooth appearance, regardless of the number of recyclings of the recycled powder and regardless of the proportion of recycled powder in the powder used.
- the invention relates to a powder based on at least one polyetherketoneketone homopolymer or copolymer essentially consisting of, or consisting of, an isophthalic repeating unit (I) having the chemical formula: [Chem 1] and, in the case of the copolymer, of a terephthalic repeating unit (T) having the chemical formula:
- the isophthalic repeat unit representing at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100% by weight relative to the total weight of said at least polyetherketoneketone .
- the inventors of the present invention have in fact demonstrated that the thermal characteristics of the powder according to the invention are particularly advantageous for use in a method for constructing objects layer by layer by sintering caused by electromagnetic radiation. Indeed, the kinetics of crystallization of these polymers at the construction temperature is sufficiently slow to allow the obtaining of objects which do not exhibit deformations and which possess good mechanical properties in all directions.
- the homopolymer or the copolymers have a melting point strictly below 300°C.
- the powder can be sintered at a lower construction temperature for which the evolution of the molecular mass and/or the yellowing are less pronounced. These powders are therefore suitable for recycling.
- the powder may have a viscosity index of 0.65 dl/g to 1.15 dl/g, and preferably from 0.85 dl/g to 1.13 dl/g, as measured in solution at 25° C in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid at 96% by mass according to ISO 307: 2019.
- the powder may have a particle diameter distribution, measured by laser diffraction according to the ISO 13320:2009 standard, such that: d50 ⁇ 100 ⁇ m; preferentially such that: 50 ⁇ m ⁇ d50 ⁇ 80 ⁇ m; and most preferably such that: d10>15pm, 50 ⁇ d50 ⁇ 80pm, and d90 ⁇ 240pm.
- said at least one polyetherketoneketone is capable of being obtained by reacting 1,3-bis(4-phenoxybenzoyl)benzene and/or 1,4-bis(4-phenoxybenzoyl)benzene with chloride isophthaloyl and/or terephthaloyl chloride.
- said powder may have undergone a heat treatment at a temperature of 5°C to 55°C below its melting temperature, preferably at a temperature of 10°C to 45°C below its melting temperature, and most preferably at a temperature of 20°C to 42°C below its melting temperature.
- said powder may have an enthalpy of fusion AH strictly greater than 38 J/g, preferably greater than or equal to 41, more preferably greater than or equal to 43 J/g and extremely preferably greater than or equal to 44 J/g, as measured by standard NF EN ISO 11357-3:2018, in the first heating and using a temperature ramp of 20°C/min.
- the invention also relates to the use of the powder in a process for constructing objects layer by layer by sintering caused by electromagnetic radiation.
- the invention also relates to a process for constructing objects layer by layer by sintering caused by electromagnetic radiation, of a pulverulent composition comprising a powder according to the invention, implemented at a construction temperature of between 205° C. and 270°, preferably between 225°C and 265°C, and extremely preferably between 235°C and 255°C, limits included.
- the invention also relates to a process for constructing objects layer by layer by sintering caused by at least one electromagnetic radiation, of at least one powder composition comprising at least one powder according to the invention, implemented at a construction temperature such that the difference between the melting temperature of said powder and the construction temperature is greater than or equal to 25°C, in particular greater than or equal to 30°C.
- the construction temperature may in particular be between 205° C. and 270° C., preferably between 225° C. and 265° C., and extremely preferably between 235° C. and 255° C., limits included.
- the powder can be recycled with a refresh factor less than or equal to 70%, preferably less than or equal to 60%, and extremely preferably less than or equal to 50% by weight.
- the refresh factor may in particular be less than or equal to 45%, or less than or equal to 40%, or less than or equal to 35%, or less than or equal to 30%, or less than or equal to 25%, or less than or equal at 20%, or even close to minimal refresh.
- the invention relates to the article capable of being obtained by the above process.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents a device making it possible to implement the construction method, at a construction temperature Te, of a three-dimensional object layer-by-layer by sintering, in which a composition according to the invention can advantageously be used.
- FIG. 2 represents the DSC thermogram, in first heating and using a temperature ramp of 20°C/min, of a powder, treated at 240°C, of PEKK homopolymer consisting solely of isophthalic repeating units.
- binder means a fractionated state of matter, generally in the form of small pieces (particles) of very small size, generally a hundred micrometers or less.
- binder means a composition which is as a whole in the form of a powder.
- thermograms to which reference is made in the present application, in particular that presented in Figure 2 can be obtained by differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC) according to standard NF EN ISO 11357-3: 2018, in first heating, from approximately 10 mg of powder to be tested, and using a temperature ramp of 20°C/min. The initial temperature is around 20°C and the final temperature around 350°C.
- the thermograms can be implemented for example using a Q2000 differential scanning calorimeter, marketed by the company TA Instruments.
- the term “enthalpy of fusion” is understood to denote the heat necessary to melt the composition. In the invention, it is measured during the first heating using a temperature ramp of 20° C./min.
- melting temperature is understood to denote the temperature at which an at least partially crystalline composition changes to the viscous liquid state. In the invention, it is measured during the first heating using a temperature ramp of 20° C./min. This is more particularly, unless otherwise indicated, the peak melting temperature, and where applicable, the temperature of the highest peak in temperature in the case where several endothermic peaks are present on the thermogram.
- glass transition temperature means the temperature at which an at least partially amorphous polymer changes from a rubbery state to a glassy state, or vice versa, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. (DSC), according to standard NF ISO 11357-2:2013, in second heating, using a heating rate of 20°C/min.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the rules for representing the results of a particle size distribution are given by the ISO 9276 standard - parts 1 to 6.
- do means the value of the diameter of the powder particles so that the cumulative function of the particle diameters, weighted by volume, equal to 50%.
- the “dso” value is measured by laser diffraction according to the ISO 13320: 2009 standard, for example on a Malvern Mastersizer 2000® diffractometer.
- “dw” and “dgo” are respectively the corresponding diameters so that the cumulative function of the particle diameters, weighted by the volume, is equal to 10%, and respectively, to 90%.
- viscosity index is understood to refer to the viscosity as measured in solution at 25°C in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid at 96% by mass, according to standard ISO 307:2019. The viscosity index is expressed in dl/g.
- blend of polymers is understood to denote a composition of macroscopically homogeneous polymers. The term also encompasses such compositions composed of phases immiscible with one another and dispersed on a micrometric scale.
- homopolymer is understood to denote a polymer comprising only one repeating unit.
- copolymer is understood to denote a polymer comprising at least two different repeating units.
- the term "essentially consisting of repeating unit(s)” means that the unit(s) represent(s) a molar proportion of at least 98.5% in the polymer.
- the term “consisting of pattern(s)” means that the pattern(s) represent(s) a molar proportion of at least 99.9%, ideally of 100%, disregarding the chain ends. , in the polymer.
- PEKK corresponds to the notation “poly-ether-ketone-ketone”.
- viral powder means a powder capable of being used for the first time in a sintering process as described below.
- recycled powder means a powder of the same initial composition as the virgin powder and which has been used in at least one construction according to the sintering process as described below, and has not been sintered.
- the recycled powder can be used as it is or alternatively mixed with other recycled powders or a virgin powder.
- a powder "recycled n times" for a given construction n, where n is an integer greater than or equal to 1, is a powder that can come from a previous construction (n-1) completed.
- the powder "recycled n times" in a construction n can come from the recycling of: a powder initially only recycled (n-1 ) times or an initial mixture of a recycled powder (n - 1) times and virgin powder, used in a construction (n-1).
- the powder recycled “n times” has undergone, at least in part, a heating corresponding to the successive constructions 0, ..., (n-1).
- the recycled powder "n times” has undergone in its entirety at least the heating of the construction (n-1).
- the mixture of virgin powder and recycled powder can be defined by a "refresh factor" corresponding to the mass proportion of virgin powder in the mixture of virgin powder and recycled powder.
- tamped density dimensionless or “tamped density” (kg/m 3 ) means the density/density of a powdery material by compacting or tapping this material.
- the tapped density is measured according to the ISO 1068-1975 (F) standard as follows:
- the tapped density is the mass of powder introduced divided by Vf.
- the unpacked density is the mass of powder introduced divided by V0.
- the packed and unpacked densities are both expressed in kg/m 3 .
- the PEKK of the powder according to the invention can, according to certain embodiments, be a homopolymer essentially consisting of, or consisting of, a single isophthalic repeating unit (I), having the chemical formula: [Chem 3]
- the PEKK of the powder according to the invention can, according to certain embodiments, be a copolymer essentially consisting of, or consisting of, a isophthalic repeating unit (I) and a terephthalic repeating unit (T), having the chemical formula:
- the molar proportion of T units relative to the sum of the T and I units of the PEKK used in the powder according to the invention is less than or equal to 15%.
- PEKK has particularly suitable crystallization kinetics for use in powder sintering. Indeed, the kinetics of crystallization at the construction temperature is slow enough to allow the obtaining of objects not presenting deformations and possessing good mechanical properties in all directions.
- PEKK also has a melting temperature as measured according to standard NF EN ISO 11357-3:2018, during the first heating and using a temperature ramp of 20°C/min, strictly below 300°C.
- the melting point of the PEKK is less than or equal to 290°C, or less than or equal to 280°C, or less than or equal to 275°C.
- the construction temperature used to sinter the powder according to the invention is lower than that used for the PAEK powders with a higher melting point of the prior art. This implies less evolution of the powder and therefore easier recycling. This also makes it possible to obtain objects by sintering without much yellowing and with homogeneous mechanical properties.
- the powder according to the invention Although having a fairly low melting temperature, the powder according to the invention nevertheless has a high glass transition temperature, greater than or equal to 150°C. This is particularly advantageous for considering the use of objects obtained by powder sintering under restrictive temperature conditions.
- T units The choice of the mass proportion of T units compared to the sum of the T and I units makes it possible to make adjustments if necessary on the temperature melting point and crystallization rate of the powder used in powder sintering.
- increasing the proportion of terephthalic unit makes it possible to further reduce the melting point of the powder and to reduce the rate of crystallization.
- the molar proportion of T units relative to the sum of the T and I units of the PEKK may in particular be equal to 15%, or less than or equal to 12.5%, or less than or equal to 10%, or less than or equal to 7.5%, or less than or equal to 5%, or less than or equal to 4%, or less than or equal to 3%, or less than or equal to 2.5%.
- the molar proportion of T units relative to the sum of the T and I units of the PEKK may in particular be equal to 0% or greater than or equal to 2.5%, or greater than or equal to 3%, or greater than or equal to 4%, or greater than or equal to 5%, or greater than or equal to 7.5%, or greater than or equal to 10%, or greater than or equal to 12.5%.
- the molar proportion of T units relative to the sum of the T and I units is from 0% to 1%, or from 1% to 2%, or from 2% to 3%, or from 3 % to 4%, or from 4% to 5%, or from 5% to 6%, or from 6% to 7%, or from 7% to 8%, or from 8% to 9%, or from 9% to 10%, or from 10% to 11%, or from 11% to 12%, or from 12% to 13%, or from 13% to 14%, or from 14% to 15%.
- PEKK can be obtained by reacting: 1,3 bis(4-phenoxybenzoyl)benzene, 1,4 bis(4-phenoxybenzoyl)benzene, or their mixture with isophthaloyl chloride, terephthaloyl chloride, or their mixture, in the presence of a catalyst. This route notably makes it possible to improve the thermal stability and the color stability of PEKK.
- the polymerization reaction is preferably carried out in a solvent.
- the solvent is preferably a non-protic solvent, which can in particular be chosen from the list consisting of: methylene chloride, carbon disulphide, ortho-dichlorobenzene, meta-dichlorobenzene, para-dichlorobenzene, 1, 2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, ortho-difluorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, dichloromethane, nitrobenzene, or their mixture.
- Ortho-dichlorobenzene is particularly preferred for the manufacture of poly-ether-ketone-ketone.
- the polymerization reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst.
- the Lewis acid can in particular be chosen from the list consisting of: aluminum trichloride, aluminum tribromide, antimony pentachloride, antimony pentafluoride, indium trichloride, gallium trichloride, boron trichloride, boron trifluoride, zinc chloride, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, titanium tetrachloride and molybdenum pentachloride.
- Aluminum trichloride, boron trichloride, aluminum tribromide, titanium tetrachloride, antimony pentachloride, ferric chloride, gallium trichloride and molybdenum pentachloride are preferred.
- Aluminum trichloride is particularly preferred for the manufacture of poly-ether-ketone-ketone.
- a Lewis base can also be added to the reaction medium, as described in document US4912181. This can make it possible to delay the appearance of a massive gel which generally complicates the implementation of certain stages of the manufacturing process.
- a dispersing agent can also be added to the reaction medium, as described in document WO 2011/004164 A2. This can make it possible to obtain the polymer in the form of dispersed particles which are more easily handled.
- the polymerization can be carried out at a temperature ranging, for example, from 20 to 120 ° C.
- the PEKK manufacturing process advantageously comprises one or more polymer purification steps, such as the steps of:
- the protic solvent used for the PEKK suspension can be, for example, an aqueous solution, methanol, or a mixture of an aqueous solution and methanol.
- the PEKK polymer can then be recovered from the suspension by filtration. If necessary, the polymer can be washed, preferably with a protic solvent such as methanol, and filtered again, one or more times. The washing can be carried out for example by resuspending the polymer in the solvent.
- the powder based on at least one poly-ether-ketone-ketone according to the invention generally comprises at least 50% by weight of a PEKK or of a mixture of PEKKs, relative to the total weight of powder.
- the powder comprises at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 92.5%, or at least 95%, or at least 97 .5%, or at least 98%, or at least 98.5%, or at least 99%, or at least 99.5%, or 100% by weight of PEKK(s) relative to the total weight of powder.
- the PEKK-based powder can comprise a single PEKK having a given chemical composition, for example only homopolymer.
- the powder based on PEKKs can comprise at least two different types of PEKKs having different chemical compositions.
- the PEKK powder can comprise two PEKKs with different T:I ratios.
- the PEKK-based powder may for example comprise isophthalic homopolymer and a copolymer having a T:I molar ratio strictly greater than 0% and less than or equal to 15%.
- the powder may comprise one or more other polymers, in particular thermoplastics, not being the PEKK used in the powder according to the invention.
- This other polymer can be another PAEK having a melting point of less than or equal to 300° C., preferably a melting point of less than or equal to that of the PEKK of the powder.
- This other polymer can also be a polymer not belonging to the family of PAEKs, such as for example a polyetherimide (PEI).
- PEI polyetherimide
- the powder has a viscosity index, measured in solution at 25° C. in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid at 96% by mass according to standard ISO 307: 2019, from 0.65 dl/g to 1.15 dl/g, preferably from 0.85 dl/g to 1.13 dl/g.
- the viscosity index measured in solution at 25° C. in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid at 96% by mass according to standard ISO 307:201, may in particular be strictly greater than 0.9 dl/g or strictly greater than 1 dl/g.
- the viscosity index can for example be from 1.05 dl/g to 1.15 dl/g.
- the powder can have a packed density of 200 to 550 kg/m 3 , preferably 250 to 510 kg/m 3 , and extremely preferably 300 to 480 kg/m 3 .
- the densification of the powder can be obtained by means of a thermomechanical treatment in a manner known per se, for example disclosed in US2017312938.
- a fast mixer can in particular be used, with a stirring wheel having at least one blade whose blade tip speed can be between 30 and 70 m/s.
- the duration of the thermomechanical treatment may in particular be from 30 to 120 minutes.
- the mixing can be implemented with or without thermal regulation, the temperature generally not exceeding 100° C. in all cases during this stage.
- the powder may also include one or more additives.
- the additives generally represent less than 5% by weight relative to the total composition weight. Preferably, the additives represent less than 1% by weight of the total powder weight.
- the powder includes a phosphate.
- the phosphate can in particular be a phosphate salt, such as for example a salt of H2PO4′, HPO4 2 ′, PC 3 ′, or their mixture, preferably having as counter-ion a sodium ion, a potassium ion or a calcium ion.
- Phosphate may be incorporated into the composition in a proportion greater than or equal to 10 ppm, or greater than or equal to 50 ppm, or even greater than or equal to 100 ppm.
- the phosphate is incorporated into the composition in a proportion greater than or equal to 500 ppm, or greater than or equal to 750 ppm, or greater than or equal to 1000 ppm, or greater than or equal to 1500 ppm, or greater than or equal to 2000 ppm , or greater than or equal to 2500 ppm.
- the powder does not include phosphate.
- the powder can comprise a flow agent, for example a hydrophilic or hydrophobic silica.
- the flow agent represents from 0.01 to 0.4% by weight relative to the total weight of powder.
- the powder does not include a flow agent.
- the powder can also include one or more fillers.
- the fillers represent less than 50% by weight, and preferably less than 40% by weight relative to the total weight of composition.
- Certain polymers other than the PEKK(s), and/or certain additives and/or certain reinforcing fillers can be incorporated into the PEKK(s), for example by extrusion in the molten state by compounding then grinding of granules , in order to form a powder based on PEKK(s) incorporating these other constituents.
- Certain polymers other than the PEKK(s), and/or certain additives and/or certain reinforcing fillers can be dry blended (“dry blend”) with the powder based on PAEK(s).
- the powder can be a dry mixture of a PEKK(s) powder incorporating a reinforcing filler and a PEKK(s) powder not comprising a reinforcing filler.
- the powder can in particular be a dry mixture of a powder of PEKK(s) incorporating a reinforcing filler by compounding and a powder of PEKK(s) not comprising any reinforcing filler.
- the powder can be obtained by grinding according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the grinding of polymer flakes or extruded granules can be carried out at a temperature below -20°C, preferably at a temperature below -40°C, by cooling with liquid nitrogen, or liquid carbon dioxide, or dry ice, or liquid helium.
- the grinding can be carried out at ambient temperature, that is to say at a temperature which can in particular be from 15° C. to 35° C. , for example 25°C.
- the powder can have a distribution of particle sizes having a median diameter dso of the distribution such that: dso ⁇ 100 ⁇ m.
- dso is such that: 4O ⁇ dso ⁇ 8O.
- the particle size distribution is such that dw>15 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ dso ⁇ 8Opm, and dgo ⁇ 24Opm. According to certain embodiments, dgo ⁇ 22Opm or else dgo ⁇ 2OOpm. These particle size distributions are particularly advantageous for powders intended for use in a sintering process.
- the powder according to the invention may have undergone at least one heat treatment at a temperature of 205° C. to 270° C. during its manufacturing process.
- the heat treatment makes it possible to obtain a powder of stable crystalline morphology, i.e. a powder which essentially does not undergo melting up to the construction temperature.
- the powder may in particular have been heated to a temperature of 5°C to 55°C below its melting temperature, preferably to a temperature of 10°C to 45°C below its melting temperature, and most preferably at a temperature of 20°C to 42°C below its melting temperature.
- the powder may in particular have been heat-treated at a temperature of 220° C. to 270° C., preferably at a temperature of 230° C. to 265° C., and extremely preferably at a temperature of 240° C. °C to 260°C.
- the duration of such a heat treatment can be more or less long depending on the embodiments. It is generally less than or equal to 6 hours and preferably less than or equal to 4 hours. It is generally greater than or equal to 10 minutes, and most often greater than or equal to 30 minutes.
- the powder according to the invention has an enthalpy of fusion AH strictly greater than 38 J/g, preferably greater than or equal to 41, more preferably greater than or equal to 43 J/g and extremely preferably greater than or equal to 44 J/g, as measured according to standard NF EN ISO 11357-3:2018, during the first heating and using a temperature ramp of 20°C/min.
- High melting enthalpies allow in particular the reduction of unsintered powder agglomerates within the powder bath and/or the improvement of the smooth surface appearance of sintered objects.
- the powder according to the invention is suitable for use in a process for constructing a three-dimensional object layer-by-layer by sintering caused by electromagnetic radiation.
- FIG. 1 An implementation device 1 making it possible to obtain a three-dimensional object 80 is shown schematically in Figure 1 .
- the electromagnetic radiation may for example be infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, or preferably laser radiation.
- the electromagnetic radiation may comprise a combination of infrared radiation 100 and laser radiation 200.
- the device 1 comprises a sintering chamber 10 in which are arranged a supply tray 40 containing the PEKK(s)-based powder and a movable horizontal plate 30.
- the horizontal plate 30 can also act as a support for the three-dimensional object 80 under construction. Nevertheless, objects made from the powder according to the invention generally do not need additional support and can generally be self-supported by the unsintered powder of previous layers.
- powder is taken from the supply tray 40 and deposited on the horizontal plate 30, forming a thin layer 50 of powder constituent of the three-dimensional object 80 under construction.
- the layer of powder 50 is heated using infrared radiation 100 to reach a substantially uniform temperature, equal to the predetermined minimum construction temperature Te.
- Means for determining Te are known per se and may require the establishment of a DSC thermogram like the one presented in Figure 2.
- the construction temperature can be 205° C. and 270° C., that is to say lower than that of the PAEK powders according to the prior art.
- the build temperature may preferably be 225°C to 265°C. Such a low construction temperature is made possible by the fact that the powder according to the invention comprises a PEKK with a low melting point.
- the difference between the melting temperature and the construction temperature can be strictly greater than 25° C., even using a so-called “traditional” construction method. According to certain embodiments, this difference may in particular be greater than or equal to 30°C.
- the construction temperature may in particular be from 225°C to 230°C, or from 230°C to 235°C, or from 235°C to 240°C, or from 240°C to 245°C, or from 245°C C to 250°C, or from 250°C to 255°C, or from 255°C to 260°C, or from 260°C and 265°C.
- the energy required to sinter the powder particles at different points of the powder layer 50 is then supplied by laser radiation 200 from the laser 20 moving in the (xy) plane, according to a geometry corresponding to that of the object.
- the particles having melted re-solidify forming a sintered part 55 while the rest of the layer 50 remains in the form of unsintered powder 56.
- a single passage of a single laser radiation 200 is generally sufficient to ensure the sintering of the powder . Nevertheless, in certain embodiments, it is also possible to envisage several passages at the same place and/or several electromagnetic radiations reaching the same place to ensure the sintering of the powder.
- the horizontal plate 30 is lowered along the axis (z) by a distance corresponding to the thickness of a layer of powder, and a new layer is deposited.
- the laser 20 supplies the energy necessary to sinter the powder particles according to a geometry corresponding to this new slice of the object and so on. The procedure is repeated until object 80 has been produced.
- the temperature in the sintering chamber 10 of the layers lower than the layer being built can be lower than the construction temperature. However, this temperature generally remains above, or even well above, the glass transition temperature of the powder. It is particularly advantageous for the temperature of the bottom of the enclosure to be maintained at a temperature Tb, called “tank bottom temperature", such that Tb is less than Te by less than 40° C., preferably less than 25° C. C and more preferably less than 10°C.
- the object 80 is removed from the horizontal plate 30 and the unsintered powder 56 can be sieved before being returned, at least in part, to the supply bin 40 to serve as recycled powder.
- the construction temperature used for the sintering process using a powder comprising recycled powder is advantageously the same as that of the process using only virgin powder.
- the recycled powder can be used as it is or alternatively mixed with a virgin powder.
- the unsintered powder is completely recycled, which means that the powder has a refresh factor of only 10% to 15% since only 10 to 15% by weight of powder is generally sintered to obtain an object.
- the powder may have a refresh factor less than or equal to 70%, preferably less than or equal to 60%, and even more preferably less than or equal to 50%.
- the powder may in particular advantageously have a refresh factor less than or equal to 45%, or less than or equal to 40%, or less than or equal to 35%, or less than or equal to 30%, or less than or equal to 25%, or less than or equal to 20%, or even close to minimal refresh.
- the mixture of recycled powder and virgin powder can comprise at least 30%, preferentially at least 40%, and very preferentially at least 50% of recycled powder with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
- the mixture may in particular comprise, so as advantageous, at least 55%, or at least 60%, or at least 65%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80% by weight of recycled powder, or even tend towards a powder comprising the less virgin powder possible.
- the objects obtained by the sintering process have good mechanical properties, in particular a high elastic modulus in at least one direction.
- the mechanical properties are advantageously homogeneous in all directions.
- the objects obtained show no apparent deformations and have a smooth surface appearance. Their color is globally homogeneous.
- a homopolymer of PEKK consisting of the isophthalic repeating unit was made as follows:
- the PEKK thus formed was separated from the liquid effluents, then washed in the presence or not of acid according to the usual techniques of separation / washing well known to those skilled in the art in order to obtain a “purified wet PEKK”.
- the purified wet PEKK was dried at 190°C under vacuum (30 mbar) for 48 hours. Polymer scales, or "flakes", were obtained. A viscosity index of 0.87 dl/g was measured in solution at 25°C in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid at 96% by mass according to standard ISO 307: 2019.
- the powder obtained was then subjected to a heat treatment of 240°C for 4 hours in order to obtain a heat-treated powder.
- thermogram of the powder was implemented, in the first heating and with a temperature ramp of 20°C/min, and is presented in Figure 2. It made it possible to determine the minimum construction temperature at 250°C for a melting temperature equal to 281.1°C. The total enthalpy of the powder was measured at 47.8 J/g.
- Type 1 BA specimens according to the ISO 527-2:2012 standard, are manufactured by laser sintering with the (virgin) powder of the example in an EOS P810® printer.
- the specimens are constructed along the X, Y and Z axes, at a construction temperature of 250°C, and with a laser energy for sintering of 30 mJ/mm2. All the specimens show no warping, have a homogeneous color and a good surface appearance.
- the unsintered powder recovered at the end of the process saw a temperature of 250° C. or less throughout the construction period of the specimen. This temperature being relatively low, in comparison with that used in traditional sintering processes according to the prior art, the molar mass and the color of the powder change relatively little during construction by sintering.
- the sintered objects have homogeneous mechanical and color properties; ii) objects sintered from at least partly recycled powder are of similar quality to those obtained from completely virgin powder and ill) the powder can be recycled to a greater number of times without having a significant impact on the mechanical and color properties of the sintered object.
- a PEKK powder was manufactured under conditions similar to those of Example 1, except that 1,4 bis(4-phenoxybenzoyl)benzene instead of 1,3 bis(4-phenoxybenzoyl)benzene and a mixture of isophthaloyl chloride and terephthaloyl chloride instead of isophthaloyl chloride were used.
- the powder previously densified, was subjected to a heat treatment at 285°C for 4 hours, in order to obtain a heat-treated powder.
- thermogram of the powder was implemented, in the first heating and with a temperature ramp of 20°C/min. It made it possible to determine the minimum construction temperature at 279°C for a melting temperature equal to 301°C. The total enthalpy of the powder was measured at 33.2 J/g.
- the PEKK isophthalic homopolymer of example 1 therefore has a lower melting temperature and a higher total enthalpy than that of the PEKK having a T:1 ratio of 60:40 of the comparative example.
- the difference between its construction temperature and its melting temperature is greater than that of PEKK having a T:l ratio of 60:40. This therefore makes it possible to consider the implementation of processes for the construction of objects layer by layer by sintering caused by at least one electromagnetic radiation, at construction temperatures lower than those which would normally have been expected according to traditional construction processes.
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2023540177A JP2024503328A (ja) | 2020-12-30 | 2021-12-23 | 低融点のpekkベース粉末、焼結構築方法における使用及び対応する物体 |
KR1020237025947A KR20230125306A (ko) | 2020-12-30 | 2021-12-23 | 낮은 융점을 갖는 pekk-기반 분말, 소결 구성 공정에서의용도 및 상응하는 물체 |
US18/270,141 US20240084073A1 (en) | 2020-12-30 | 2021-12-23 | Pekk-based powder with a low melting point, use in sintering construction processes and corresponding objects |
EP21854678.6A EP4271551A1 (fr) | 2020-12-30 | 2021-12-23 | Poudre à base de pekk à bas point de fusion, utilisation dans des procédés de construction par frittage, et objet correspondants |
CN202180088395.3A CN116685470A (zh) | 2020-12-30 | 2021-12-23 | 具有低熔点的基于pekk的粉末、在烧结构造方法中的用途以及相应的物体 |
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FR2014268 | 2020-12-30 | ||
FR2014268A FR3118439B1 (fr) | 2020-12-30 | 2020-12-30 | Poudre à base de PEKK à bas point de fusion, utilisation dans des procédés de construction par frittage, et objet correspondants |
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US (1) | US20240084073A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP4271551A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2024503328A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20230125306A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN116685470A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3118439B1 (fr) |
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Citations (7)
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US4912181A (en) | 1987-10-20 | 1990-03-27 | Raychem Corporation | Preparation of poly(arylene ether ketones) by sequential oligomerization and polyerization in distinct reaction zones |
WO2011004164A2 (fr) | 2009-07-09 | 2011-01-13 | Ketonex Limited | Procédé de préparation de poly(éthercétone-cétones) |
US20130217838A1 (en) | 2011-12-05 | 2013-08-22 | Scott F. Defelice | Method for processing paek and articles manufactured from the same |
WO2017149233A1 (fr) | 2016-03-04 | 2017-09-08 | Arkema France | Poudre de poly-(aryl-ether-cetone) (paek) apte a etre utilisee plusieurs fois dans des procedes de frittage |
US20170312938A1 (en) | 2014-11-03 | 2017-11-02 | Arkema France | Process for densification of poly(arylene ether ketone) powders |
US20180200959A1 (en) | 2017-01-13 | 2018-07-19 | Airbus Operations GmbH. | Method and apparatus for manufacturing a three-dimensional object by additive layer manufacturing |
FR3093666A1 (fr) * | 2019-03-15 | 2020-09-18 | Arkema France | Procédé de fabrication par frittage d'une poudre à base de poly-aryl-éther-cétone(s) en partie recyclée |
-
2020
- 2020-12-30 FR FR2014268A patent/FR3118439B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-12-23 US US18/270,141 patent/US20240084073A1/en active Pending
- 2021-12-23 CN CN202180088395.3A patent/CN116685470A/zh active Pending
- 2021-12-23 WO PCT/FR2021/052451 patent/WO2022144522A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2021-12-23 KR KR1020237025947A patent/KR20230125306A/ko active Pending
- 2021-12-23 JP JP2023540177A patent/JP2024503328A/ja active Pending
- 2021-12-23 EP EP21854678.6A patent/EP4271551A1/fr active Pending
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4912181A (en) | 1987-10-20 | 1990-03-27 | Raychem Corporation | Preparation of poly(arylene ether ketones) by sequential oligomerization and polyerization in distinct reaction zones |
WO2011004164A2 (fr) | 2009-07-09 | 2011-01-13 | Ketonex Limited | Procédé de préparation de poly(éthercétone-cétones) |
US20130217838A1 (en) | 2011-12-05 | 2013-08-22 | Scott F. Defelice | Method for processing paek and articles manufactured from the same |
US20170312938A1 (en) | 2014-11-03 | 2017-11-02 | Arkema France | Process for densification of poly(arylene ether ketone) powders |
WO2017149233A1 (fr) | 2016-03-04 | 2017-09-08 | Arkema France | Poudre de poly-(aryl-ether-cetone) (paek) apte a etre utilisee plusieurs fois dans des procedes de frittage |
FR3048430A1 (fr) * | 2016-03-04 | 2017-09-08 | Arkema France | Poudre de poly-(aryl-ether-cetone) (paek) apte a etre utilisee plusieurs fois dans des procedes de frittage |
US20180200959A1 (en) | 2017-01-13 | 2018-07-19 | Airbus Operations GmbH. | Method and apparatus for manufacturing a three-dimensional object by additive layer manufacturing |
FR3093666A1 (fr) * | 2019-03-15 | 2020-09-18 | Arkema France | Procédé de fabrication par frittage d'une poudre à base de poly-aryl-éther-cétone(s) en partie recyclée |
WO2020188202A1 (fr) | 2019-03-15 | 2020-09-24 | Arkema France | Procédé de fabrication par frittage d'une poudre à base de poly-aryl-éther-cétone(s) en partie recyclée |
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JP2024503328A (ja) | 2024-01-25 |
KR20230125306A (ko) | 2023-08-29 |
FR3118439A1 (fr) | 2022-07-01 |
US20240084073A1 (en) | 2024-03-14 |
CN116685470A (zh) | 2023-09-01 |
FR3118439B1 (fr) | 2023-07-28 |
EP4271551A1 (fr) | 2023-11-08 |
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