WO2017115675A1 - グルコサミン残基の3-o-硫酸化率が高いヘパラン硫酸 - Google Patents
グルコサミン残基の3-o-硫酸化率が高いヘパラン硫酸 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017115675A1 WO2017115675A1 PCT/JP2016/087689 JP2016087689W WO2017115675A1 WO 2017115675 A1 WO2017115675 A1 WO 2017115675A1 JP 2016087689 W JP2016087689 W JP 2016087689W WO 2017115675 A1 WO2017115675 A1 WO 2017115675A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/006—Heteroglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having more than one sugar residue in the main chain in either alternating or less regular sequence; Gellans; Succinoglycans; Arabinogalactans; Tragacanth or gum tragacanth or traganth from Astragalus; Gum Karaya from Sterculia urens; Gum Ghatti from Anogeissus latifolia; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0063—Glycosaminoglycans or mucopolysaccharides, e.g. keratan sulfate; Derivatives thereof, e.g. fucoidan
- C08B37/0075—Heparin; Heparan sulfate; Derivatives thereof, e.g. heparosan; Purification or extraction methods thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- A61K31/726—Glycosaminoglycans, i.e. mucopolysaccharides
- A61K31/727—Heparin; Heparan
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
- A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel sulfated polysaccharide having anticoagulant activity.
- Sulfated polysaccharides having anticoagulant activity are useful, for example, in the medical field.
- heparin various heparan sulfates such as heparin are known as sulfated polysaccharides having anticoagulant activity. That is, heparin is an anticoagulant and is used for the treatment of thromboembolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), prevention of blood coagulation in artificial dialysis and extracorporeal circulation, etc. .
- Heparin exhibits anticoagulant action through activation of antithrombin III, an anticoagulant factor.
- Antithrombin III inhibits thrombin, factor Xa (an active form of factor X), and other serine proteases by binding to their active serine sites.
- Thrombin is a blood coagulation factor
- factor Xa is a factor involved in thrombin maturation. Heparin binds to this antithrombin III and changes its structure to activate the inhibitory action.
- Thrombin has a higher affinity for the heparin-antithrombin III complex than factor Xa.
- low molecular weight heparin having an average molecular weight of 4000 to 6000 Da obtained by enzymatic / chemical treatment and fractionation of heparin has few bleeding side effects and has been frequently used in recent years.
- Low molecular weight heparin has a short sugar chain and can bind to antithrombin III, but hardly binds to thrombin.
- thrombin needs to bind to heparin, whereas in the inhibition of factor Xa by the heparin-antithrombin III complex, factor Xa becomes heparin. There is no need to join. Therefore, low molecular weight heparin hardly inhibits the action of thrombin, whereas it can inhibit the action of factor Xa.
- heparosan which is a sugar chain skeleton of heparin
- heparosan is produced by fermentation using microorganisms such as Escherichia coli K5 strain, and an anticoagulant polysaccharide similar to heparin using chemical or enzymatic methods.
- lowering the molecular weight using chemical, enzymatic, or physical techniques is a method of linking sugar chains from 1 by chemical synthesis (Patent Document 1).
- the heparin-like polysaccharide produced by a method mainly using chemical conversion has a high 3-O-sulfation ratio of the glucosamine residue, but a part of the glucuronic acid residue is also 3-O-sulfated.
- This 3-O-sulfated glucuronic acid residue has a structure that does not exist in animal-derived heparin, and there are concerns about side reactions in vivo.
- a heparin-like polysaccharide produced by a method mainly using enzyme conversion has the same sulfation pattern as animal-derived heparin, but its anticoagulant activity is about half that of animal-derived products.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a novel sulfated polysaccharide having anticoagulant activity.
- the inventors of the present application have included a repeating structure of a disaccharide unit consisting of a hexuronic acid (HexA) residue and an ⁇ -D-glucosamine (GlcN) residue, and the 3-O-sulfation of the GlcN residue.
- HexA hexuronic acid
- GlcN ⁇ -D-glucosamine
- a polysaccharide having anticoagulant activity comprising a repeating structure of disaccharide units represented by the following general formula (I):
- R 1 to R 5 satisfy the following conditions:
- R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 each independently represent hydrogen or a sulfate group;
- R 3 represents hydrogen, a sulfate group, or an acetyl group; At least a portion of R 3 is a sulfate group;
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 4 is 13% or more; Ratio of sulfate groups in R 5 is 50% or more.
- the polysaccharide, wherein the ratio of sulfate groups in R 1 is 0% to 80%.
- Ratio of sulfate groups in R 1 of the iduronic acid residue is a 0% to 100%, the polysaccharide.
- the polysaccharide, wherein the ratio of sulfate groups in R 1 of the glucuronic acid residue is 0% to 50%.
- the polysaccharide, wherein the ratio of sulfate groups in R 2 is less than 1%.
- the polysaccharide, wherein the ratio of sulfate groups in R 3 is 70% to 100%.
- GlcA-GlcN (NS3S6S), GlcA (2S) -GlcN (NS6S), IdoA (2S) -GlcN (NS6S), GlcA-GlcN (NS6S), IdoA (2S) -GlcN (NS), IdoA1 (NS), S
- the polysaccharide comprising one or more disaccharide units selected from (NS3S), IdoA-GlcN (NS6S), and GlcA-GlcN (NS), with a total content of 50% or more.
- the polysaccharide wherein the ratio of Anti-Factor Xa activity / Anti-Factor IIa activity is 1.5 or more.
- the said polysaccharide whose ratio (Mw / Mn) of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) measured by gel permeation chromatography using pullulan as a standard is 1.5 or less.
- the polysaccharide which is a free form, a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture thereof.
- the polysaccharide, wherein the salt is selected from an ammonium salt, a sodium salt, a lithium salt, and a calcium salt.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising the polysaccharide.
- the composition is used for prevention, amelioration, and / or treatment of symptoms caused by blood coagulation.
- the composition as described above, wherein the symptom is disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, thromboembolism, blood coagulation in artificial dialysis, or blood coagulation in extracorporeal circulation.
- a novel sulfated polysaccharide having anticoagulant activity can be provided.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention is a novel sulfated polysaccharide having anticoagulant activity.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may be referred to as “heparan sulfate”.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may be composed of a single type of sugar chain or a mixture of a plurality of types of sugar chains.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention is usually obtained as a mixture of a plurality of types of sugar chains.
- “A mixture of a plurality of types of sugar chains” refers to a combination of two or more types of sugar chains having different structures (number of sugar linkages, molecular weight, types and positions of substituents, etc.).
- each parameter for specifying the polysaccharide of the present invention indicates a corresponding parameter in the sugar chain unless otherwise specified.
- each parameter that specifies the polysaccharide of the present invention indicates an average value of the corresponding parameter in the entire mixture unless otherwise specified. The same applies to other polysaccharides such as intermediates in producing the polysaccharide of the present invention.
- Each parameter specifying the polysaccharide of the present invention can be determined by a known method used for detection or identification of a compound such as a polysaccharide.
- a technique for example, disaccharide analysis, molecular weight analysis (for example, gel permeation chromatography (GPC)), ultraviolet-visible absorbance detector (UV) and differential refractive index detector (RI) are used.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- UV ultraviolet-visible absorbance detector
- RI differential refractive index detector
- Disaccharide analysis can be performed by a conventional method.
- the disaccharide analysis can be performed by, for example, a previously reported (T.Imanari, et.al., “High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of glycosaminominoglycan-derived oligosaccharides.”, 27. It can be implemented according to conditions. That is, for example, if necessary, N-sulfated polysaccharide is decomposed into unsaturated disaccharide using heparinase, and the amount of each constituent disaccharide can be quantified by separating and quantifying the decomposed product. it can.
- heparinase examples include heparinase I, heparinase II, and heparinase III.
- Heparinase can be used alone or in appropriate combination.
- the heparinase to be used can be appropriately selected according to various conditions such as the type of hexuronic acid (HexA) residue contained in the polysaccharide.
- Heparinase II and III can be used in combination for disaccharide analysis of polysaccharides containing ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) residues.
- heparinase I and II can be used in combination for the disaccharide analysis of a polysaccharide containing an ⁇ -L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residue.
- the amount of each constituent disaccharide can be quantified by decomposing the polysaccharide into nitrous acid and separating and quantifying the decomposed product. Separation and quantification of the decomposed product can be performed by, for example, a known technique used for identification of a compound such as HPLC or LC / MS.
- Specific examples of the conditions for disaccharide analysis include the conditions described in the Examples. Based on the amount of each constituent disaccharide, the content of the target disaccharide unit can be calculated.
- the bond between C4 and C5 is usually a double bond in the resulting non-reducing end HexA residue.
- the HexA residue in which the bond between C4 and C5 is a double bond has no distinction between an IdoA residue and a GlcA residue. Therefore, when it is necessary to distinguish between an IdoA residue and a GlcA residue, IdoA such as nitrite decomposition is used.
- a disaccharide analysis may be performed by a technique that can distinguish a residue from a GlcA residue.
- the parameters for specifying other polysaccharides such as intermediates in producing the polysaccharide of the present invention can be determined in the same manner.
- the average molecular weight (number average molecular weight (Mn) and weight average molecular weight (Mw)) of heparan sulfate can be directly measured using pullulan as a standard unless otherwise specified.
- the true average molecular weight of heparan sulfate may be indirectly calculated by proportional calculation based on a molecule whose true average molecular weight is known (eg, enoxabalin sodium).
- the average molecular weight of heparan sulfate may be measured directly or indirectly, but it is preferably measured directly.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention is specifically a polysaccharide having anticoagulant activity, which contains a repeating structure of disaccharide units represented by the following general formula (I).
- each of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 independently represents hydrogen (—H) or a sulfate group (—SO 3 H).
- R 3 represents hydrogen (—H), a sulfate group (—SO 3 H), or an acetyl group (—COCH 3 ).
- R 1 ⁇ R 5 are both selected independently in each repeating unit and each sugar chain.
- the type of hexuronic acid (HexA) residue is also independently selected for each repeating unit and each sugar chain.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may contain the above repeating structure as a main component.
- “The polysaccharide of the present invention contains the above repeating structure as a main constituent” means that 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more, or 100% (all) of the polysaccharide of the present invention. It may consist of the above repeating structure.
- the phrase “the polysaccharide of the present invention contains the above-mentioned repeating structure as a main constituent” substantially means that 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more, or 100% of the polysaccharide of the present invention ( All) may be composed of the above disaccharide units (the disaccharide units represented by the general formula (I)).
- the ratio of the portion consisting of the disaccharide unit is also referred to as “the content rate of the disaccharide unit”. That is, the content rate of the said disaccharide unit in the polysaccharide of this invention may be 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more, or 100%, for example.
- the content rate of the said disaccharide unit can be measured by disaccharide analysis, for example. That is, the content rate of the disaccharide unit can be calculated, for example, as a ratio (molar ratio) of the total amount of the disaccharide unit to the total amount of the disaccharide when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis.
- the average number of repeating disaccharide units, the average number of sugar linkages, the number average molecular weight (Mn), and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) can all be set as appropriate.
- the average repeating number of the disaccharide unit may be, for example, 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, or 6 or more, and is 50 or less, 30 or less, 20 or less, 15 or less, 12 or less, or 9 or less. It may be a combination thereof.
- the average number of repetitions of the disaccharide unit may be, for example, 3 to 15, or 6 to 9.
- the average number of sugar linkages may be, for example, 6 or more, 8 or more, 10 or more, or 12 or more, and is 100 or less, 60 or less, 40 or less, 30 or less, 24 or less, or 18 or less. It may be present or a combination thereof. Specifically, the average number of sugar linkages may be, for example, 6 to 60, 6 to 30, or 12 to 18 residues.
- the average number of repetitions and the average number of sugar linkages can be determined, for example, by a technique used for detection or identification of the compounds as exemplified above. Specifically, the average number of repetitions and the average number of sugar linkages can be determined based on, for example, molecular weight. The molecular weight can be measured by a conventional method.
- the molecular weight is measured by gel permeation chromatography (Gel Permeation Chromatography; GPC), and water-based size exclusion chromatography (SEC) (SEC) using an ultraviolet-visible absorbance detector (UV) and a differential refractive index detector (RI) (SEC). -RI / UV method, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) compliant).
- GPC Gel Permeation Chromatography
- SEC water-based size exclusion chromatography
- UV ultraviolet-visible absorbance detector
- RI differential refractive index detector
- EP European Pharmacopoeia
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) may be, for example, 7000 or more, 8000 or more, 10,000 or more, 12000 or more, 15000 or more, or 18000 or more as a value measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard, 150,000 or less, 100,000 Hereinafter, it may be 60000 or less, 50000 or less, 43000 or less, or 40000 or less, or a combination thereof.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) is a value measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard. Specifically, the number average molecular weight (Mn) may be, for example, 8000 to 60000, or 12000 to 40000, or 18000 to 43000. Good.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) may be, for example, 9000 or more, 10000 or more, 12000 or more, 15000 or more, 21000 or more, or 25000 or more as a value measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard. Hereinafter, it may be 100,000 or less, 80,000 or less, 60000 or less, or 50000 or less, or a combination thereof.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is a value measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard. Specifically, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) may be, for example, 10,000 to 100,000, or 15,000 to 50,000, or 25,000 to 60,000. Good.
- the ratio (Mw / Mn) between the weight average molecular weight (Mw) and the number average molecular weight (Mn) is a value measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard. 9.9 or less, 1.8 or less, 1.7 or less, 1.6 or less, 1.55 or less, 1.5 or less, 1.45 or less, 1.4 or less, 1.35 or less, 1.3 or less, 1 .25 or less, or 1.2 or less, or a combination thereof.
- the ratio of the weight average molecular weight to the number average molecular weight (Mw / Mn) is a value measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard, specifically, for example, 1 to 1.6, 1 to 1.5, or 1 to 1.4 may be sufficient.
- the disaccharide unit is composed of a hexuronic acid (HexA) residue (in the formula, the left sugar residue) and an ⁇ -D-glucosamine (GlcN) residue (in the formula, the right sugar residue).
- HexA hexuronic acid
- GlcN ⁇ -D-glucosamine
- the HexA residue side (left side) is also referred to as “non-reducing end side”
- the GlcN residue side (right side) is also referred to as “reducing end side”.
- the hexuronic acid residue is a ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue or an ⁇ -L-iduronic acid (IdoA) residue.
- hexuronic acid (HexA) is used as a general term for ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and ⁇ -L-iduronic acid (IdoA).
- ⁇ -D-glucosamine (GlcN) encompasses all possible derivatives depending on the choice of R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 unless otherwise specified.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may have the above repeating structure so that the disaccharide unit is present in part or all of the non-reducing end.
- 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more, or 100% of the disaccharide units at the non-reducing terminal of the polysaccharide of the present invention may be the above disaccharide units. That is, for example, 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more, or 100% of the sugar residues at the non-reducing terminal of the polysaccharide of the present invention may be HexA residues.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may have the above repeating structure so that the disaccharide unit is present at a part or all of the reducing end.
- 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more, or 100% of the disaccharide unit at the reducing end of the polysaccharide of the present invention may be the disaccharide unit. That is, for example, 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more, or 100% of the reducing end of the polysaccharide of the present invention may be a GlcN residue.
- the said disaccharide unit exists in the terminal of sugar chain, you may read appropriately the terminal glycosidic bond as a suitable structure as a terminal.
- the glycosidic bond at the C-4 position of the HexA residue at the non-reducing end may be read as, for example, a hydroxyl group (—OH) or as a double bond between C4 and C5.
- the HexA residue in which the bond between C4 and C5 is a double bond has no distinction between an IdoA residue and a GlcA residue
- when calculating each parameter specifying a polysaccharide such as the polysaccharide of the present invention Unless otherwise specified, it corresponds to a HexA residue, but is treated as not corresponding to either an IdoA residue or a GlcA residue.
- the glycosidic bond at the C-1 position of the GlcN residue at the reducing end may be read as, for example, a hydroxyl group (—OH).
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may contain a structure represented by the following general formula (II).
- a part or all of the polysaccharide of the present invention may have a structure represented by the following general formula (II).
- a structure represented by the following general formula (II) For example, 50% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more, or 100% of the number of sugar chains constituting the polysaccharide of the present invention May have a structure represented by the following general formula (II).
- all of R 1 to R 5 are as described above.
- n represents the number of repeating disaccharide units in the formula.
- N means that the polysaccharide of the present invention can achieve the average number of repeating disaccharide units, the average number of sugar linkages, the number average molecular weight (Mn), the weight average molecular weight (Mw), or a combination thereof as described above. May be set. “N” can be calculated by further converting the weight average molecular weight in terms of pullulan using the molecular weight of the low molecular weight heparin preparation enoxaparin sodium (Sanofi-Aventis (France)).
- the value 3.75 obtained by dividing the GPC method measurement value 16215 of enoxaparin sodium by the measurement value 4325 of the EP-compliant SEC-RI / UV method is used as a conversion factor, and the weight molecular weight in terms of pullulan conversion of the polysaccharide of the present invention is calculated. It can be determined by dividing by a conversion factor of 3.75 and a heparin disaccharide average molecular weight of 665.4. In each sugar chain, “n” may be, for example, 3 to 200, 3 to 100, or 3 to 50.
- n is specifically an average value of the entire mixture of sugar chains, for example, the average number of repeating disaccharide units in the polysaccharide of the present invention exemplified above (for example, 3 to 30, 3 to 15 Or 6-9).
- the ratio of IdoA residues to HexA residues may be, for example, 0% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, or 50% or more. It may be 100% or less, 90% or less, 80% or less, 70% or less, or 60% or less, or a combination thereof. Specifically, the epimerization rate may be, for example, 0% to 70%, 20% to 70%, or 30% to 60%.
- the “HexA residue” in calculating the epimerization rate means an IdoA residue and a GlcA residue, and excludes a HexA residue in which the bond between C4-C5 is a double bond.
- the epimerization rate can be measured, for example, by disaccharide analysis. That is, when the polysaccharide of the present invention was subjected to a disaccharide analysis, the epimerization rate was determined based on the total amount of the above disaccharide units in which the HexA residue was an IdoA residue or a GlcA residue. It can be calculated as a ratio (molar ratio) of the amount of a certain disaccharide unit.
- the bond between C4 and C5 of the HexA residue may be a double bond.
- the position of the HexA residue where the bond between C4 and C5 is a double bond is not particularly limited.
- the bond between C4 and C5 may be a double bond in the non-reducing terminal HexA residue. That is, for example, 50% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more of the HexA residue in which the bond between C4-C5 is a double bond, or 100 % May be present at the non-reducing end. Further, for example, 50% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, 99% or more, or 100% of HexA residues in which the bond between C4-C5 is not a double bond May exist other than at the non-reducing end.
- the bond may be a double bond.
- the bond may not be a double bond.
- R 1 represents hydrogen (—H) or a sulfate group (—SO 3 H).
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 1 may or may not be the same for the IdoA residue and the GlcA residue.
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 1 of all HexA residues also referred to as “2-O-sulfation rate of HexA residues”
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 1 of IdoA residues (“2- also called O- sulfation ratio ")
- 2-O- sulfation ratio of GlcA residue "in R 1 of GlcA residues) respectively, for example, 0% or more, 5% 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, or 90% or more, or 100% Or less, 95% or less, 90% or less, 85% or less, 80% or less, 70% or less
- the 2-O-sulfation rate of the HexA residue may be, for example, 0% to 80%, 10% to 70%, or 15% to 70%.
- the 2-O-sulfation rate of the IdoA residue may be, for example, 0% to 100%, 15% to 100%, or 30% to 100%.
- the 2-O-sulfation rate of the GlcA residue may be, for example, 0% to 50%, 0% to 40%, or 0% to 30%.
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 1 can be measured, for example, by disaccharide analysis.
- the 2-O-sulfation rate of the HexA residue is the HexA residue in which the HexA residue is 2-O-sulfated with respect to the total amount of the above disaccharide units when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis. It can be calculated as a ratio (molar ratio) of the amount of the disaccharide unit as a residue. Further, the 2-O-sulfation rate of the IdoA residue is determined by the ratio of the HexA residue to the total amount of the above disaccharide units in which the HexA residue is an IdoA residue when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis.
- the 2-O-sulfation rate of the GlcA residue is determined by the ratio of the HexA residue to the total amount of the above disaccharide units in which the HexA residue is a GlcA residue when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis. It can be calculated as a ratio (molar ratio) of the amount of the disaccharide unit which is a 2-O-sulfated GlcA residue.
- R 2 represents hydrogen (—H) or a sulfate group (—SO 3 H).
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 2 may or may not be the same for the IdoA residue and the GlcA residue.
- Sulfate group R 2 is not present in the native heparin. Thus, for example, in view of concerns about side reactions in vivo, the ratio of sulfate groups in R 2 can be be less is preferable.
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 2 of the entire HexA residue (also referred to as “3-O-sulfation rate of HexA residue”), the ratio of sulfate groups in R 2 of IdoA residue (“3- The ratio of sulfate groups in R 2 of the GlcA residue (also referred to as “3-O-sulfation rate of the GlcA residue”) is, for example, less than 15% and 10%, respectively. Less than, less than 5%, less than 3%, less than 1%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, or zero.
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 2 can be measured, for example, by disaccharide analysis.
- the 3-O-sulfation rate of the HexA residue is the HexA residue in which the HexA residue is 3-O-sulfated with respect to the total amount of the above disaccharide units when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis. It can be calculated as a ratio (molar ratio) of the amount of the disaccharide unit as a residue. Further, the 3-O-sulfation rate of the IdoA residue is determined by the ratio of the HexA residue to the total amount of the above disaccharide units in which the HexA residue is an IdoA residue when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis.
- the 3-O-sulfation rate of the GlcA residue is determined by the ratio of the HexA residue to the total amount of the above disaccharide units in which the HexA residue is a GlcA residue when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis. It can be calculated as a ratio (molar ratio) of the amount of the disaccharide unit which is a 3-O-sulfated GlcA residue.
- R 3 represents hydrogen (—H), a sulfate group (—SO 3 H), or an acetyl group (—COCH 3 ). At least a part of R 3 is a sulfate group.
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 3 (also referred to as “N-sulfation rate”) may be, for example, 60% or more, 70% or more, or 80% or more, 100% or less, 95% or less, or 90% % Or less, or a combination thereof. Specifically, the N-sulfation rate may be, for example, 70% to 100%, or 80% to 95%.
- the ratio of the acetyl group in R 3 (also referred to as "N- acetylation ratio”) is, for example, 0% or more, more than 1%, 1.5% or more, 3% or more, more than 5%, 7% or more, 9% Or may be 11% or more, and may be 50% or less, 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, 33% or less, 30% or less, 25% or less, 20% or less, or 17% or less. It may be a combination thereof. Specifically, the N-acetylation rate may be, for example, 0% to 33%, 1% to 33%, 7% to 33%, 7% to 30%, or 11% to 17%.
- the N-sulfation rate and N-acetylation rate can be measured, for example, by disaccharide analysis. That is, the N-sulfation rate is the above-mentioned disaccharide unit in which the GlcN residue is a Nlc-sulfated GlcN residue with respect to the total amount of the disaccharide unit when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis. It can be calculated as a ratio (molar ratio).
- the N-acetylation rate is the above-mentioned disaccharide in which the GlcN residue is a GlcN residue having an N-acetylation rate relative to the total amount of the disaccharide unit when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis. It can be calculated as a ratio (molar ratio) of unit quantities.
- the position of the GlcN residue in which R 3 is hydrogen, sulfate group, or acetyl group is not particularly limited.
- R 3 may be hydrogen or an acetyl group.
- R 4 represents hydrogen (—H) or a sulfate group (—SO 3 H).
- Also referred to as "GlcN 3-O-sulfation ratio of residue" or simply “3-O-sulfation ratio” ratio of sulfate groups in R 4 is more than 13%.
- the 3-O-sulfation rate of the GlcN residue may be, for example, 45% or less, 40% or less, or 33% or less. Specifically, the 3-O-sulfation rate of the GlcN residue may be, for example, 13% to 45%, 13% to 40%, or 13% to 33%.
- the 3-O-sulfation rate of the GlcN residue can be measured, for example, by disaccharide analysis.
- the 3-O-sulfation rate of the GlcN residue is determined based on the GlcN in which the GlcN residue is 3-O-sulfated with respect to the total amount of the disaccharide unit when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis. It can be calculated as a ratio (molar ratio) of the amount of the disaccharide unit as a residue.
- R 5 represents hydrogen (—H) or a sulfate group (—SO 3 H). At least a portion of R 5 is sulfuric acid group.
- the ratio of sulfate groups in R 5 (also referred to as “6-O-sulfation rate of GlcN residue” or simply “6-O-sulfation rate”) is, for example, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more. 80% or more, or 90% or more, 100% or less, or 95% or less, or a combination thereof.
- the 6-O-sulfation rate may be, for example, 50 to 100%, 60 to 100%, or 70 to 100%.
- the 6-O-sulfation rate can be measured, for example, by disaccharide analysis.
- the 6-O-sulfation rate is a GlcN residue in which the GlcN residue is 6-O-sulfated with respect to the total amount of the disaccharide unit when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis. It can be calculated as a ratio (molar ratio) of the above disaccharide units.
- polysaccharide of the present invention examples include GlcA-GlcN (NS3S6S), GlcA (2S) -GlcN (NS6S), IdoA (2S) -GlcN (NS6S), GlcA-GlcN (NS6S), IdoA (2S). ) -GlcN (NS), IdoA (2S) -GlcN (NS3S), IdoA-GlcN (NS6S), and GlcA-GlcN (NS), including, for example, all disaccharide units May be.
- GlcA-GlcN (NS3S6S), GlcA (2S) -GlcN (NS6S), IdoA (2S) -GlcN (NS6S), GlcA-GlcN (NS6S), IdoA (2S) -GlcN (NS), GlcA (2S) -GlcN (NS)
- the total content of (2S) -GlcN (NS3S), IdoA-GlcN (NS6S), and GlcA-GlcN (NS) is, for example, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, or 90% It may be above.
- the total content can be measured, for example, by disaccharide analysis.
- the total content is, for example, GlcA-GlcN (NS3S6S), GlcA (2S) -GlcN (NS6S), IdoA (2S) relative to the total amount of disaccharide when the polysaccharide of the present invention is subjected to disaccharide analysis.
- the position and type of the substituent are indicated in parentheses, and R 1 to R 5 not indicated in parentheses indicate hydrogen (—H).
- the polysaccharide of the present invention has anticoagulant activity.
- the anticoagulant activity specifically means anticoagulant activity.
- Anti-coagulant activity includes Anti-Factor Xa activity and Anti-Factor IIa activity.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may have, for example, at least Anti-Factor Xa activity.
- the Anti-Factor Xa activity in the polysaccharide of the present invention may be, for example, 100 IU / mg or more, 200 IU / mg or more, 300 IU / mg or more, or 400 IU / mg or more.
- the anti-factor Xa activity in the polysaccharide of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 5000 IU / mg or less, 2000 IU / mg or less, or 1000 IU / mg or less.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may have a high Anti-Factor Xa activity / Anti-Factor IIa activity ratio.
- the ratio of Anti-Factor Xa activity / Anti-Factor IIa activity in the polysaccharide of the present invention may be, for example, 1.5 or more, 2 or more, 2.5 or more, or 3 or more.
- the anti-factor Xa activity / anti-factor IIa activity ratio in the polysaccharide of the present invention is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 50 or less, 20 or less, or 10 or less.
- Both Anti-Factor Xa activity and Anti-Factor IIa activity can be measured by conventional methods. Specific examples of methods for measuring Anti-Factor Xa activity and Anti-Factor IIa activity include the methods described in the Examples.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may be a free form, a salt, or a mixture thereof. That is, the term “polysaccharide of the present invention (eg, heparan sulfate)” means a free polysaccharide, a salt thereof, or a mixture thereof, unless otherwise specified. That is, any functional group capable of forming a salt present in the polysaccharide of the present invention may be a free form, a salt, or a combination thereof, unless otherwise specified. . Specifically, for example, any functional group capable of forming a salt in general formula (I) and general formula (II) may be a free form or a salt unless otherwise specified. It may be a combination thereof.
- any functional group capable of forming a salt in general formula (I) and general formula (II) may be a free form or a salt unless otherwise specified. It may be a combination thereof.
- sulfate groups of R 1 ⁇ R 5 (-SO 3 H), R 3 is hydrogen (-H) GlcN
- examples thereof include an amino group (—NH 2 ) of a residue and a carboxyl group (—COOH) of a HexA residue. That is, for example, the term “sulfate group” indicates a free-form sulfate group, a sulfate-formed sulfate group, or a combination thereof, unless otherwise specified.
- the description of the sulfate group can be applied to other functional groups capable of forming a salt.
- the salt include a pharmacologically acceptable salt.
- the pharmacologically acceptable salt can be appropriately selected according to various conditions such as the utilization mode of the polysaccharide of the present invention.
- the pharmacologically acceptable salt include the following. That is, for example, as a salt for an acidic group such as a sulfate group, specifically, an ammonium salt, a salt with an alkali metal such as sodium, potassium or lithium, a salt with an alkaline earth metal such as calcium or magnesium, aluminum And salts with organic amines such as salts, zinc salts, triethylamine, ethanolamine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, dicyclohexylamine, and salts with basic amino acids such as arginine and lysine.
- a salt for a basic group such as an amino group
- a salt with an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrobromic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid
- organic carboxylic acids such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, tannic acid, butyric acid, hybenzic acid, pamoic acid, enanthic acid, decanoic acid, teocric acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, mandelic acid, malic acid
- organic sulfonic acid such as methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid.
- the salt may be selected from, for example, ammonium salt, sodium salt, lithium salt, calcium salt.
- 1 type of salt may be used and 2
- the method for producing the polysaccharide of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention can be produced, for example, by induction from another polysaccharide (that is, using another polysaccharide as a raw material).
- Other polysaccharides include glycosaminoglycan (GAG).
- GAG glycosaminoglycan
- Examples of GAG include N-acetylheparosan (also simply referred to as “heparosan”) and heparan sulfate other than the polysaccharide of the present invention.
- Heparosan is a disaccharide repeating structure consisting of a glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue and an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) residue [ ⁇ 4) - ⁇ -GlcA- (1 ⁇ 4) - ⁇ -GlcNAc- (
- the polysaccharide of the present invention using other polysaccharides as a raw material can be produced, for example, by a physical method, a chemical method, an enzymatic method, or a combination thereof.
- a polysaccharide can be produced, and the polysaccharide of the present invention can be totally synthesized from raw materials such as a monosaccharide.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention can be produced by, for example, partially N-deacetylating heparosan and then depolymerizing it with heparinase III, and converting the resulting low molecular weight product into the polysaccharide of the present invention. That is, the method for producing the polysaccharide of the present invention includes (A) a step of partially N-deacetylating heparosan, (B) a step of reducing the molecular weight of the product of step A with heparinase III, and ( C) The process of producing
- Step A is also referred to as “N-deacetylation step”, step B as “low molecular weight reduction step”, and step C as “heparan sulfate production step”. According to this method, in particular, the polysaccharide of the present invention having a desired average molecular weight can be produced efficiently.
- Heparosan can be produced, for example, by fermentation using a bacterium having the ability to produce heparosan (also referred to as “heparosan producing bacteria”) (WO2015 / 050184).
- the term “bacteria having heparosan-producing ability (heparosan-producing bacteria)” refers to bacteria having an ability to accumulate heparosan in a medium so that heparosan can be produced and recovered when cultured in the medium.
- the bacterium having heparosan-producing ability may be, for example, a bacterium that can accumulate heparosan in an amount of 50 mg / L or more, 100 mg / L or more, 200 mg / L or more, or 300 mg / L or more in the medium.
- Bacterium type is not particularly limited.
- Examples of the bacterium include bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichia.
- Examples of the genus Escherichia include, but are not particularly limited to, bacteria classified into the genus Escherichia by classification known to experts in microbiology.
- Examples of Escherichia bacteria include, for example, the book by Neidhardt et al. (Backmann, B. J. 1996. Derivations and Genotypes of some derivatives of Escherichia coli. (Ed.), Listed in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Cellular and Molecular Biology / Second Edition, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC).
- Examples of Escherichia bacteria include Escherichia coli.
- Escherichia coli examples include Escherichia coli K-12 strain such as W3110 strain (ATCC 27325) and MG1655 strain (ATCC 47076); Escherichia coli K5 strain (ATCC 23506); BL21 (DE3) strain, etc. Coli B strains; and their derivatives.
- strains can be distributed, for example, from the American Type Culture Collection (address 12301, Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852, P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, VA 20108, United States of America). That is, a registration number corresponding to each strain is given, and it is possible to receive distribution using this registration number (see http://www.atcc.org/). The registration number corresponding to each strain is described in the catalog of American Type Culture Collection.
- the BL21 (DE3) strain is available, for example, from Life Technologies (product number C6000-03).
- the bacterium having heparosan-producing ability may be inherently heparosan-producing ability or may be modified to have heparosan-producing ability.
- Escherichia coli K5 strain ATCC 23506
- Bacteria having heparosan-producing ability can be obtained, for example, by imparting heparosan-producing ability to the bacteria as described above.
- a bacterium that originally has heparosan-producing ability may be modified and used so that heparosan-producing ability is increased.
- Heparosan production ability can be imparted by introducing a gene encoding a protein involved in heparosan production.
- proteins involved in heparosan production include glycosyltransferases and heparosan excretion carrier proteins.
- one kind of gene may be introduced, or two or more kinds of genes may be introduced.
- the gene can be introduced in the same manner as the method for increasing the number of gene copies described below.
- glycosyltransferase as used herein has the activity of catalyzing the reaction of extending a heparosan chain by adding N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and / or glucuronic acid (GlcA) to the non-reducing end of the sugar chain. It refers to protein. This activity is also referred to as “glycosyltransferase activity”. Examples of the gene encoding glycosyltransferase include kfiA gene, kfiC gene, and pmHS1 gene.
- Examples of the kfiA gene and the kfiC gene include the kfiA gene and the kfiC gene of Escherichia coli K5 strain.
- the KfiA protein encoded by the kfiA gene of Escherichia coli K5 strain adds GlcNAc to the sugar chain non-reducing end using UDP-GlcNAc as a substrate.
- the KfiC protein encoded by the kfiC gene of Escherichia coli K5 strain adds GlcA to the sugar chain non-reducing end using UDP-GlcA as a substrate.
- the kfiA and kfiC genes of the Escherichia coli K5 strain together with the kfiB and kfiD genes constitute the kfiABCD operon (also referred to as Region 2).
- the base sequence of the region containing the kfiABCD operon of Escherichia coli K5 strain is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the kfiA, kfiB, kfiC, and kfiD genes correspond to the sequence at positions 445 to 1164, the sequence at positions 1593 to 3284, the sequence at positions 4576 to 6138, and the sequence at positions 6180 to 7358, respectively.
- the amino acid sequences of the KfiA, KfiB, KfiC, and KfiD proteins of Escherichia coli K5 strain are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 5, respectively.
- PmHS1 gene includes pmHS1 gene of Pasteurella multocida type D strain.
- the PmHS1 protein encoded by the pmHS1 gene of Pasteurella multocida type D strain adds GlcNAc and GlcA alternately to the non-reducing end of the sugar chain using both UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcA as substrates.
- heparosan excretion carrier protein refers to a protein having an activity to excrete heparosan chains out of the cell membrane. This activity is also referred to as “heparosan excretion activity”.
- Genes encoding heparosan efflux carrier proteins include the kpsC, kpsD, kpsE, kpsM, kpsS, and kpsT genes.
- Examples of the kpsC, kpsD, kpsE, kpsM, kpsS, and kpsT genes include the kpsC, kpsD, kpsE, kpsM, kpsS, and kpsT genes of the Escherichia coli K5 strain and the Escherichia coli B strain.
- the kpsC, kpsD, kpsE, and kpsS genes of these strains together with the kpsF and kpsU genes constitute the kpsFEDUCS operon (also referred to as Region 1).
- the kpsM and kpsT genes of these strains constitute the kpsMT operon (also referred to as Region 3).
- the gene to be introduced can be appropriately selected according to the type of bacteria used. That is, the ability to produce heparosan can be imparted to a bacterium by modifying the bacterium to have both a gene encoding a glycosyltransferase and a gene encoding a heparosan efflux carrier protein.
- Escherichia coli B strain has a gene encoding a heparosan efflux carrier protein but does not have a gene encoding a glycosyltransferase. Therefore, the ability to produce heparosan can be imparted to the Escherichia coli B strain by introducing a gene encoding a glycosyltransferase.
- Escherichia coli K-12 strain does not have both a gene encoding a glycosyltransferase and a gene encoding a heparosan efflux carrier protein. Therefore, by introducing both a gene encoding a glycosyltransferase and a gene encoding a heparosan efflux carrier protein, the ability to produce heparosan can be imparted to Escherichia coli K-12 strain.
- examples of the Escherichia bacterium having heparosan-producing ability include, for example, Escherichia coli K5 strain; Escherichia coli B strain such as BL21 (DE3) strain into which kfiA gene and kfiC gene derived from Escherichia coli K5 strain are introduced.
- Escherichia coli K-12 strain such as the W3110 strain and the MG1655 strain; , KpsS, and kpsT genes introduced strains; and derivatives thereof.
- Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) / pVK9-kfiABCD described in the Examples as a strain obtained by introducing the kfiA gene and the kfiC gene derived from the Escherichia coli K5 strain into the Escherichia coli B strain (WO2015 / 050184).
- a bacterium having heparosan-producing ability may be modified so that expression of a gene originally possessed by the bacterium among genes encoding proteins involved in heparosan production is enhanced. That is, for example, Escherichia coli K5 strain may be modified so that expression of one or more genes encoding proteins involved in heparosan production is enhanced. Further, for example, Escherichia coli B strain may be modified so that expression of one or more genes encoding heparosan excretion carrier protein is enhanced.
- the bacterium having heparosan-producing ability may be modified in other ways as long as the heparosan-producing ability is not impaired.
- a bacterium having the ability to produce heparosan may be modified to enhance expression of one or more genes selected from the kfiB, kfiD, kpsF, and kpsU genes. That is, for example, when introducing a gene encoding a glycosyltransferase, Region 2 may be introduced together, and when introducing a gene encoding a glycosyltransferase and a gene encoding a heparosan excretion carrier protein, Region 1 ⁇ 3 may be introduced together.
- Examples of the kfiB gene and the kfiD gene include the kfiB gene and the kfiD gene of Escherichia coli K5 strain.
- Examples of the kpsF gene and kpsU gene include the kpsF gene and kpsU gene of Escherichia coli K5 strain and Escherichia coli B strain.
- Bacteria having the ability to produce heparosan are rbsR, rbsK, rbsB, hsrA, glgB, glgX, micF, rcsD, rcsB, ybiX, ybiI, ybiJ, ybiC, ybiB, rfaH, nusG, pcoR, coS, hSr.
- yhcO aaeB, aaeA, aaeX, g1455, alpA, g1453, yrbA, mlaB, mlaC, mlaD, mlaE, mlaF, yrbG, norW, ybjI, ybjJ, ybjK, rybB, yjthr, thjr, thr psuK, ytfT, yjfF, fbp, yagU, paoA, paoB, gsiC, gsiD, yliE, irp2, irp1, bhsA, ycfS, lepB, rnc, era, dapA gcvR, bcp, hyfA, rpoE, nadB, yfiC, srmB, g1414, g1413,
- “enhanced gene expression” not only means that the expression level of the target gene is increased in the strain in which the target gene is originally expressed, but also in the strain in which the target gene is not originally expressed.
- “enhanced gene expression” includes, for example, introducing the gene into a strain that does not retain the target gene and expressing the gene.
- Gene expression can be enhanced, for example, by increasing the copy number of the gene or increasing transcription or translation of the gene.
- the gene copy number can be increased, for example, by introducing a vector carrying the gene into the host or introducing the gene onto the host chromosome.
- the gene to be introduced can be obtained, for example, by cloning from an organism having the gene or chemical synthesis. The acquired gene can be used as it is or after being appropriately modified.
- Gene transcription and translation can be increased by modifying gene expression regulatory sequences such as promoters and SD sequences.
- NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
- NCBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
- NCBI is the base sequence of a gene used for modification of bacteria such as conferring heparosan-producing ability, and the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene.
- a public database such as WO2015 / 050184 or published technical report number 2015-501775.
- the gene used for modification of bacteria encodes a protein in which the original function is maintained
- it is not limited to the above-exemplified genes and genes having a known base sequence. It may be.
- Variants include known gene homologues and artificially modified forms. “The original function was maintained” means that, for example, in glycosyltransferases, protein variants have glycosyltransferase activity, and in heparosan excretion carrier proteins, protein variants have heparosan excretion activity It means having.
- one or several genes at one or several positions in the amino acid sequence of a known protein may be used for modification of bacteria such as imparting heparosan production ability.
- 1-30, preferably 1-20, more preferably 1-10, even more preferably 1-5, particularly preferably 1-3) amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted or added It may be a gene encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence.
- the gene used for modification of bacteria such as imparting heparosan-producing ability is, for example, 50% or more, 65% or more, 80% or more, preferably 90% or more with respect to the amino acid sequence of a known protein.
- it may be a gene encoding a protein having an identity of 95% or more, more preferably 97% or more, particularly preferably 99% or more.
- the description about such variants can be applied mutatis mutandis to other proteins such as heparinase III and genes encoding the same.
- Heparosan is accumulated in the medium by culturing heparosan-producing bacteria.
- the culture conditions for heparosan-producing bacteria are not particularly limited as long as a desired amount of heparosan is obtained.
- the culture conditions for heparosan-producing bacteria can be appropriately set according to various conditions such as the configuration of the expression system of the gene involved in heparosan production and the type of host.
- the culture can be carried out aerobically at 30 to 37 ° C. for 16 to 72 hours using a liquid medium containing various organic components and inorganic components such as a carbon source, a nitrogen source, and micronutrients. (WO2015 / 050184).
- Heparosan may be used in the N-deacetylation step while contained in the culture solution, or may be collected from the culture solution and then used in the N-deacetylation step.
- the means for recovering heparosan from the culture solution is not particularly limited. Examples of means for recovering heparosan include known techniques used for separation and purification of compounds, such as membrane treatment and precipitation.
- the culture supernatant can be separated from the culture solution, and then heparosan in the supernatant can be precipitated and recovered by adding an organic solvent miscible with water such as ethanol or methanol (WO2015 / 050184).
- the amount of the organic solvent to be added may be, for example, 2.5 to 3.5 times the amount of the supernatant.
- Heparosan may be appropriately subjected to a treatment such as purification, dilution, concentration, drying, and dissolution, and then subjected to an N-deacetylation step. Purification may be performed to the desired degree. These treatments may be performed alone or in appropriate combination.
- N-deacetylation process is a process in which heparosan is partially N-deacetylated.
- the N-deacetylation step produces partially N-deacetylated heparosan.
- the product of the N-deacetylation step (partially N-deacetylated heparosan) is also referred to as “N-deacetylated heparosan”.
- “Partial N-deacetylation of heparosan” means that heparosan is N-deacetylated so that a part of the N-acetyl group of heparosan remains.
- the site of the glucosamine residue having an N-acetyl group can be preferentially cleaved in the molecular weight reduction step, and thus has a desired average molecular weight.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention can be produced efficiently.
- the degree of N-deacetylation is not particularly limited as long as the polysaccharide of the present invention can be produced.
- the N-deacetylation step can be carried out, for example, so that the residual ratio of N-acetyl groups has the following value.
- the residual ratio of N-acetyl groups may be, for example, 1% or more, 1.5% or more, 3% or more, 5% or more, 7% or more, 9% or more, or 11% or more. % Or less, 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, 33% or less, 30% or less, 25% or less, 20% or less, or 17% or less, or a combination thereof.
- the residual ratio of the N-acetyl group may be, for example, 1% to 33%, 7% to 33%, 7% to 30%, or 11% to 17%.
- the residual rate of N-acetyl groups of 7% to 30% is generally present in a ratio of one N-acetyl group to 6-28 sugar residues (one disaccharide unit to 3-14 units). Is equivalent to In addition, for example, the remaining ratio of N-acetyl groups of 11% to 17% is generally at a ratio of one N-acetyl group per 12-18 sugar residues (one disaccharide unit per 6-9 units). Equivalent to existing.
- the degree of N-deacetylation that is, the residual ratio of N-acetyl groups
- the residual ratio of N-acetyl groups can be measured as the above-mentioned N-acetylation ratio.
- the remaining N-acetyl group may be appropriately removed after the molecular weight reduction step.
- N-deacetylation may be further performed at any timing after the molecular weight reduction step, or N-deacetylation and N-sulfation may be further performed.
- the means for performing the N-deacetylation step is not particularly limited as long as the desired degree of N-deacetylation is obtained.
- the N-deacetylation step can be performed chemically using, for example, a deacetylating agent.
- a deacetylating agent include sodium hydroxide and hydrazine.
- N-deacetylation using sodium hydroxide include, for example, a previously reported (Kuberan B. et al., (2003) “Chemogeneticmatic Synthesis of Classical and Non-Classical Anticoagulant Heparan. 278 (52): 52613-52621. And US2011128820A1) can be referred to. That is, N-deacetylation can be carried out, for example, by dissolving heparosan in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and heating. The concentration of each component in the reaction system, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time can be appropriately set so as to obtain a desired degree of N-deacetylation.
- the heparosan concentration may be, for example, 0.05% (w / v) to 50% (w / v).
- the sodium hydroxide concentration may be, for example, 1M-5M.
- the reaction temperature may be, for example, 40-80 ° C.
- the reaction time may be, for example, 5 minutes to 30 hours.
- N-deacetylation using hydrazine The conditions for N-deacetylation using hydrazine are described in, for example, the previously reported ([1] Glycobiology, 10 (2000) 159-171 [2] Carbohydrate Research, 290 (1996) 87-96 [3] Biochem. 217 (1984) 187-197).
- Specific examples of N-deacetylation conditions using hydrazine include the conditions described in the Examples. That is, N-deacetylation can be performed, for example, by dissolving heparosan in an aqueous hydrazine solution containing sulfuric acid or hydrazine sulfate, replacing the gas phase with an inert gas such as nitrogen, and heating.
- hydrazine examples include anhydrous hydrazine and hydrazine monohydrate.
- hydrazine monohydrate may be used as a hydrazine aqueous solution as it is or after being appropriately diluted.
- the reaction can be stopped by ice cooling. Subsequently, the sugar chain terminal can be reduced with iodine.
- the concentration of each component in the reaction system, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time can be appropriately set so as to obtain a desired degree of N-deacetylation.
- the heparosan concentration may be, for example, 0.05% (w / v) to 50% (w / v).
- the hydrazine concentration may be, for example, 10% (w / v) to 70% (w / v).
- the concentration of sulfuric acid or hydrazine sulfate may be, for example, 0.01M to 0.1M.
- the reaction temperature may be, for example, 60-118 ° C.
- the reaction time may be, for example, 5 minutes to 20 hours. Specifically, for example, when N-deacetylation is performed under the conditions described in the examples, the reaction time may be, for example, 4 to 5 hours.
- N-deacetylated heparosan By carrying out N-deacetylation in this manner, N-deacetylated heparosan is produced.
- N-deacetylated heparosan may be used in the molecular weight reduction step while contained in the reaction solution in the N-deacetylation step, or may be recovered from the reaction solution and used in the molecular weight reduction step.
- the means for recovering N-deacetylated heparosan from the reaction solution is not particularly limited. Examples of means for recovering N-deacetylated heparosan include known techniques used for separation and purification of compounds, such as membrane treatment and precipitation.
- N-deacetylated heparosan may be subjected to treatments such as purification, neutralization, desalting, dilution, concentration, drying, dissolution, etc., as appropriate, and then to the molecular weight reduction step. Purification may be performed to the desired degree. These treatments may be performed alone or in appropriate combination.
- Low molecular weight reduction step is a step of reducing the molecular weight by cleaving N-deacetylated heparosan with heparinase III. N-deacetylated heparosan having a low molecular weight is generated by the low molecular weight process.
- the product obtained by the molecular weight reduction process (low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan) is also referred to as “low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan”.
- the degree of molecular weight reduction is not particularly limited as long as the polysaccharide of the present invention can be produced.
- the average molecular weight of the low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan described later is the average molecular weight of the polysaccharide of the present invention described later (for example, 1000 to 150,000 as a value measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard, preferably Can be carried out so as to have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 8000 to 60,000 and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 2,000 to 300,000, preferably 10,000 to 100,000.
- Mn number average molecular weight
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- the degree of molecular weight reduction can be confirmed, for example, by measuring the molecular weight.
- the molecular weight can be measured by a conventional method.
- the molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography (Gel Permeation Chromatography; GPC), water-based size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using an ultraviolet-visible absorbance detector (UV) and a differential refractive index detector (RI) (SEC-).
- GPC Gel Permeation Chromatography
- SEC water-based size exclusion chromatography
- UV ultraviolet-visible absorbance detector
- RI differential refractive index detector
- EP European Pharmacopoeia
- Specific examples of conditions for measuring molecular weight by GPC include the conditions described in Examples.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan may be, for example, 1000-150,000, 3000-36000, or 4000-26000 as measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard, or It may be 5000-36000, or 12000-26000.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan is, for example, 2000 to 300000, 5000 to 60000, 6000 to 70000, or 9000 to 35000 as a value measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard. Alternatively, it may be 7000-60000, or 17000-35000.
- the molecular weight can be measured after performing a part or all of the heparan sulfate production step such as the sulfation step described later to confirm the degree of molecular weight reduction.
- a change in molecular weight according to the performed step can be taken into consideration.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the product is, for example, 1000 to 150,000 as a value measured by GPC using pullulan as a standard.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the product is, for example, 2000-300000, 5000-150,000, 5000-100000, 8000- It may be 70000, 8000-41000, or 21000-41000.
- Heparinase III refers to an enzyme (typically EC 4.2.2.8, which cleaves the site of an N-sulfated or N-acetylated glucosamine residue in glycosaminoglycans such as heparosan. ).
- the heparinase III used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can preferentially cleave the site of the glucosamine residue having an N-acetyl group in N-deacetylated heparosan.
- “Preferentially cleave the site of the glucosamine residue having an N-acetyl group” means that the site of the glucosamine residue having an N-acetyl group is more than the site of a glucosamine residue having no N-acetyl group. It means cutting with priority. “Preferentially cleave a glucosamine residue site having an N-acetyl group” means a glucosamine residue that cleaves a glucosamine residue site having an N-acetyl group but does not have an N-acetyl group. The site may be substantially uncut. “Cleaving the glucosamine residue site” means that the ⁇ -1,4 glycosidic bond between the glucosamine residue and the downstream (reducing terminal side) glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue is cleaved.
- heparinase III The origin of heparinase III is not particularly limited, and any origin such as a microorganism, an animal, or a plant may be used. Moreover, as heparinase III, variants, such as a well-known heparinase III homolog or artificially modified substance, may be used. Specific examples of heparinase III include bacterial heparinase III such as Flavobacterium heparinum, Bacteroides thetaiomicron, Bacteroides eggerthii.
- the nucleotide sequence of the hepC gene encoding the heparinase III of Flavobacterium heparinum ATCC 13125 and the amino acid sequence of heparinase III (HepC) are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 16 and 17, respectively.
- Heparinase III can be produced by expressing the same gene in a host having a gene encoding heparinase III (heparinase III gene).
- a host having a heparinase III gene is also referred to as a host having heparinase III.
- the host having the heparinase III gene may originally have the heparinase III gene, or may be modified so as to have the heparinase III gene. Examples of the host having the heparinase III gene inherently include bacteria from which heparinase III is derived.
- Examples of the host modified to have the heparinase III gene include a host into which the heparinase III gene has been introduced.
- the host into which the heparinase III gene is introduced is not particularly limited as long as it can express a functional heparinase III.
- Hosts include bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, fungi, plant cells, insect cells, and animal cells.
- bacteria include Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and coryneform bacteria.
- Examples of Enterobacteriaceae include bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichia such as Escherichia coli.
- Examples of coryneform bacteria include bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium such as Corynebacterium glutamicum.
- a host that originally has a heparinase III gene may be used by modifying it so that expression of the heparinase III gene is enhanced.
- the heparinase III gene can be expressed, and a culture containing heparinase III is obtained.
- the culture conditions of the host can be appropriately set according to various conditions such as the configuration of the expression system of the heparinase III gene and the type of host.
- Heparinase III can also be produced by expressing the heparinase III gene in a cell-free protein synthesis system.
- heparinase III a commercially available product can be used.
- Heparinase III may be used as it is contained in the culture or the like, or may be used after being recovered from the culture or the like. That is, as heparinase III, purified heparinase III (purified enzyme) may be used, or any fraction containing heparinase III may be used. The recovery of heparinase III can be carried out by a known technique for separating and purifying proteins. Heparinase III may be purified to the desired extent. Heparinase III may be used in a free state, or may be used in the state of an immobilized enzyme immobilized on a solid phase such as a resin.
- the fraction containing heparinase III is not particularly limited as long as heparinase III is contained so that heparinase III can act on N-deacetylated heparosan.
- a fraction containing heparinase III a culture of a host having the heparinase III gene, a cell recovered from the same culture (cultured cell), a crushed product of the cell, a lysate of the cell, Extracts of cells (cell-free extract), treated cells such as immobilized cells obtained by immobilizing the same cells with a carrier such as acrylamide or carrageenan, culture supernatants collected from the same culture, partial purification of them Product (crude product). Any of these fractions may be used alone or together with purified heparinase III.
- the molecular weight reduction step can be performed by allowing heparinase III to act on N-deacetylated heparosan. Specifically, the action of heparinase III on N-deacetylated heparosan can be achieved by allowing heparinase III and N-deacetylated heparosan to coexist in the reaction solution. That is, the molecular weight reduction step can be performed in an appropriate reaction solution.
- the molecular weight reduction step may be performed by a batch method or a column method.
- the step of reducing the molecular weight can be carried out by mixing heparinase III and N-deacetylated heparosan in the reaction solution in the reaction vessel.
- the molecular weight reduction step may be performed by standing or may be performed by stirring or shaking.
- the step of reducing the molecular weight can be carried out by passing a reaction solution containing N-deacetylated heparosan through a column packed with immobilized bacterial cells or immobilized enzyme.
- the reaction solution include an aqueous medium (aqueous solvent) such as water and an aqueous buffer solution.
- the reaction solution may contain components other than N-deacetylated heparosan, if necessary, in addition to N-deacetylated heparosan.
- components other than N-deacetylated heparosan include metal ions and pH buffering agents.
- the kind and concentration of components contained in the reaction solution can be appropriately set according to various conditions such as the properties of heparinase III used.
- reaction solution pH, reaction temperature, reaction time, concentration of various components, etc. are not particularly limited as long as the desired degree of molecular weight reduction can be obtained. That is, the reaction conditions can be appropriately set so as to obtain a desired degree of molecular weight reduction. Specific examples of the reaction conditions include the conditions described in the examples.
- concentration of N-deacetylated heparosan in the reaction solution may be, for example, 0.05% (w / v) to 50% (w / v).
- the concentration of heparinase III in the reaction solution is, for example, 6.3 IU / L to 6.3 ⁇ 10 4 IU / L, or 6.3 ⁇ 10 1 IU / L to 6.3 ⁇ 10 3 IU / L. Good.
- the pH of the reaction solution may be, for example, usually 6.0 to 10.0, preferably 6.5 to 9.0.
- the reaction temperature may be, for example, usually 15 to 50 ° C., preferably 15 to 45 ° C., more preferably 20 to 40 ° C.
- the reaction time may be, for example, usually 5 minutes to 20 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 10 hours.
- the reaction time may be, for example, 5 to 10 hours.
- the flow rate of the reaction solution may be a rate such that the reaction time is in the range of the reaction time exemplified above.
- the activity of heparinase III can be measured, for example, based on the enzyme and substrate-dependent production of unsaturated hexuronic acid by carrying out an enzyme reaction at pH 7.0 and 37 ° C. using heparosan as a substrate.
- the production of unsaturated hexuronic acid can be measured as an increase in A232 nm.
- the amount of enzyme that produces 1 ⁇ mol of unsaturated hexuronic acid per minute is defined as one international unit (IU).
- heparinase III, N-deacetylated heparosan, and other components may be additionally supplied to the reaction solution alone or in any combination. These components may be supplied once or a plurality of times, or may be supplied continuously.
- reaction conditions may be uniform from the start to the end of the low molecular weight process, or may change during the process of the low molecular weight process.
- the reaction conditions change during the process of reducing the molecular weight is not limited to the reaction conditions changing temporally, but includes that the reaction conditions change spatially.
- reaction conditions change spatially means that, for example, when a low molecular weight reduction step is performed using a column type, the reaction conditions such as reaction temperature and enzyme concentration differ depending on the position on the flow path. Say.
- low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan is generated.
- the low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan may be used in the heparan sulfate production step while being contained in the reaction solution in the low molecular weight production step, or may be recovered from the reaction solution and used in the heparan sulfate production step.
- the means for recovering the low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan from the reaction solution is not particularly limited. Examples of means for recovering low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan include known techniques used for separation and purification of compounds, such as membrane treatment and precipitation.
- the low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan may be subjected to a treatment such as purification, dilution, concentration, drying, and dissolution as appropriate, and then to a heparan sulfate production step. Purification may be performed to the desired degree. These treatments may be performed alone or in appropriate combination.
- Heparan sulfate production step is a step of producing the polysaccharide of the present invention from low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan.
- the heparan sulfate production step includes, for example, converting low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan to N-sulfation, C5-epimerization, 2-O-sulfation, 3-O-sulfation of GlcN residues, and 6- One or more, for example all, steps selected from O-sulfating steps may be included.
- the kind of process included in the heparan sulfate production process is not particularly limited as long as the polysaccharide of the present invention is obtained. That is, the type of process included in the heparan sulfate production process can be appropriately set according to the structure of the polysaccharide of the present invention.
- the heparan sulfate production step may include, for example, at least N-sulfation, 3-O-sulfation of GlcN residues, and 6-O-sulfation.
- the execution order of each step included in the heparan sulfate production step is not particularly limited as long as the polysaccharide of the present invention is obtained.
- the execution order of each step included in the heparan sulfate production step can be appropriately set according to various conditions such as means for performing each step and substrate specificity of the enzyme used in each step.
- the steps included in the heparan sulfate generation step may or may not be performed separately. That is, some or all of the steps included in the heparan sulfate production step may be performed simultaneously in part or all of the time period.
- the heparan sulfate production step may be performed, for example, in the order of the following steps C1 and C3: (C1) N-sulfation; (C3) 3-O-sulfation and 6-O-sulfation of GlcN residues.
- the heparan sulfate production step may be performed, for example, in the order of the following steps C1, C2, and C3: (C1) N-sulfation; (C2) C5-epimerization and 2-O-sulfation; (C3) 3-O-sulfation and 6-O-sulfation of GlcN residues.
- Step C2 may be performed in the order of C5-epimerization and 2-O-sulfation, or may be performed in the order of 2-O-sulfation and C5-epimerization. Further, in step C2, C5-epimerization and 2-O-sulfation may be carried out simultaneously in part or all of the periods.
- Step C3 may be performed, for example, in the order of 3-O-sulfation and 6-O-sulfation of GlcN residues, and in the order of 6-O-sulfation and 3-O-sulfation of GlcN residues. May be implemented.
- the heparan sulfate production step is performed in the order of N-sulfation, C5-epimerization, 2-O-sulfation, 3-O-sulfation of GlcN residues, and 6-O-sulfation.
- Each process will be described on the assumption that this is done.
- the types of steps included in the heparan sulfate production step and the execution order of the steps are different from those, the description can be appropriately read according to the type of the selected step and the set execution order.
- N-sulfation is a step of sulfating the amino group of low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan.
- N-sulfation can be performed chemically using, for example, a sulfating reagent.
- the sulfating reagent include sulfur trioxide complexes such as sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (PySO 3 ) and sulfur trioxide trimethylamine complex (TMASO 3 ).
- the reaction conditions for N-sulfation can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art.
- the reaction conditions for N-sulfation include, for example, a previously reported (Kuberan B.
- N-sulfation reaction conditions include those described in the Examples.
- the degree of N-sulfation is not particularly limited as long as the polysaccharide of the present invention is obtained. That is, N-sulfation can be performed, for example, so as to obtain the N-sulfation rate exemplified above.
- N-sulfation can be performed, for example, such that 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more, or all of the N-deacetylated glucosamine residues are N-sulfated.
- the degree of N-sulfation (that is, N-sulfation rate) can be confirmed by, for example, disaccharide analysis.
- C5 epimerization is a step of isomerizing a glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue in a product obtained by N-sulfation to an iduronic acid (IdoA) residue.
- C5 epimerization can be carried out enzymatically using, for example, C5-epimerase.
- C5-epimerase is not particularly limited as long as it can catalyze the isomerization of a glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue to an iduronic acid (IdoA) residue.
- C5-epimerase having an appropriate substrate specificity may be selected and used.
- C5-epimerase may be derived from any source such as animals, plants, and microorganisms.
- C5-epimerase for example, human C5-epimerase can be used.
- C5-epimerase variants such as known C5-epimerase homologs and artificially modified products may be used.
- the description of the production method and utilization mode of C5-epimerase the description of the production method and utilization mode of heparinase III can be applied mutatis mutandis.
- the reaction conditions for C5 epimerization can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art.
- Reaction conditions for C5 epimerization include, for example, the previously reported (Chen J, et al., “Enzymatic redesigning of bioactive heparan sulfate.” J Biol. Chem. 2005 Dec. 30: 228: 252). Can be referred to. Specific examples of the reaction conditions for C5 epimerization include the conditions described in the examples. The degree of C5 epimerization is not particularly limited as long as the polysaccharide of the present invention is obtained. That is, C5 epimerization can be performed so as to obtain the epimerization rate exemplified above.
- 2-O-sulfation is a step of sulfating the 2-O position of the IdoA residue in the product obtained by C5 epimerization.
- 2-O-sulfation can be carried out enzymatically using, for example, 2-O-sulfating enzyme (2-OST).
- the 2-OST is not particularly limited as long as it can catalyze the sulfation of the 2-O position of the IdoA residue.
- 2-OST may also be able to catalyze sulfation at the 2-O position of the GlcA residue.
- 2-OST may also be capable of catalyzing sulfation at the 2-O position of the HexA residue where the bond between C4-C5 is a double bond.
- 2-OST having an appropriate substrate specificity may be selected and used.
- 2-OST may be derived from any of animals, plants, microorganisms and the like.
- 2-OST for example, hamster 2-OST can be used.
- 2-OST variants such as known 2-OST homologs and artificially modified products may be used.
- the description of the production method and utilization mode of heparinase III can be applied mutatis mutandis.
- the reaction conditions for 2-O-sulfation can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art.
- reaction conditions for 2-O-sulfation for example, the previously reported (Chen J, et al., “Enzymatic redeching of bioactive heparan sulfate.” J Biol. Chem. 2005 Dec. ) Conditions can be referred to. Specific examples of the reaction conditions for 2-O-sulfation include the conditions described in the examples.
- the degree of 2-O-sulfation is not particularly limited as long as the polysaccharide of the present invention is obtained. That is, 2-O-sulfation can be carried out so as to obtain the 2-O-sulfation rate exemplified above.
- Isomerization of GlcA residue to IdoA residue by C5-epimerase is a reversible equilibrium reaction. That is, when C5 epimerization is performed using C5-epimerase, a part of the IdoA residue generated by C5 epimerization can be converted back to a GlcA residue.
- 2-O-sulfated hexuronic acid (HexA) residues are generally not substrates for C5-epimerase.
- the IdoA residue generated by C5 epimerization can be sequentially 2-O-sulfated, and thus IdoA Residues can be prevented from being converted back to GlcA residues. Therefore, for example, the C5 epimerization rate can be increased by coupling C5 epimerization and 2-O-sulfation.
- C5 epimerization and 2-O-sulfation may be carried out simultaneously in part or all of the periods.
- C5 epimerization and 2-O-sulfation can be performed together by allowing the product of N-sulfation, C5-epimerase and 2-OST to coexist in the reaction system.
- Specific examples of the conditions for the coupling reaction of C5 epimerization and 2-O-sulfation include the conditions described in the Examples.
- 6-O-sulfation is a step of sulfating the 6-O position of the N-sulfated glucosamine (GlcNS) residue in the product of 2-O-sulfation.
- 6-O-sulfation can be carried out enzymatically using, for example, 6-O-sulfating enzyme (6-OST).
- 6-OST is not particularly limited as long as it can catalyze sulfation at the O-6 position of an N-sulfated glucosamine (GlcNS) residue.
- 6-OST having an appropriate substrate specificity may be selected and used.
- 6-OST may be derived from any of animals, plants, microorganisms and the like. Examples of 6-OST include 6-OST-1, 6-OST-2, and 6-OST-3. As 6-OST, for example, hamster 6-OST-1 or mouse 6-OST-3 can be used.
- 6-OST a known 6-OST homolog or a variant such as an artificially modified product may be used.
- the description of the production method and utilization mode of heparinase III can be applied mutatis mutandis.
- the reaction conditions for 6-O-sulfation can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art.
- the reaction conditions for 6-O-sulfation using 6-OST include, for example, a previously reported (Chen J, et al., “Enzymatic redesigning of biological heparan sulfate.” J Biol Chem. ): 42817-25.) Can be referred to.
- 6-O-sulfation can also be performed chemically using, for example, a sulfating reagent.
- a sulfating reagent examples include sulfur trioxide complexes such as sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (PySO 3 ) and sulfur trioxide trimethylamine complex (TMASO 3 ).
- the reaction conditions for 6-O-sulfation can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art.
- the reaction conditions for 6-O-sulfation using a sulfating reagent for example, the conditions described in the previous report (US 8227449 B2 (Jul. 24, 2012)) can be referred to.
- Specific examples of the reaction conditions for 6-O-sulfation using a sulfating reagent include those described in the Examples.
- 6-O-sulfation using a sulfating reagent can be carried out in an organic solvent such as N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF).
- the reaction temperature of 6-O-sulfation may be, for example, -20 ° C to 5 ° C, preferably -20 ° C to 0 ° C.
- the amount of the sulfating reagent used for 6-O-sulfation is, for example, 1.5 to 10 molar equivalents, preferably 2 to 5 molar equivalents relative to the amount of hydroxyl groups to be subjected to 6-O-sulfation. It may be.
- the degree of 6-O-sulfation is not particularly limited as long as the polysaccharide of the present invention is obtained. That is, 6-O-sulfation can be carried out so as to obtain the 6-O-sulfation rate exemplified above.
- the 3-O-sulfation of the GlcN residue is a step of sulfating the 3-O position of the N-sulfated / 6-O-sulfated glucosamine residue in the product by 6-O-sulfation.
- the 3-O-sulfation of the GlcN residue can be performed enzymatically using, for example, 3-O-sulfating enzyme (3-OST).
- 3-OST is not particularly limited as long as it can catalyze the sulfation of the O-3 position of the N-sulfated / 6-O-sulfated glucosamine residue.
- 3-OST having an appropriate substrate specificity may be selected and used.
- 3-OST may be derived from any source such as animals, plants, and microorganisms. Examples of 3-OST include 3-OST-1, 3-OST-2, 3-OST-3, 3-OST-4, and 3-OST-5.
- 3-OST for example, mouse 3-OST-1 can be used.
- 3-OST a known variant such as 3-OST homolog or artificially modified product may be used.
- the description of the production method and utilization mode of heparinase III can be applied mutatis mutandis.
- the reaction conditions for 3-O-sulfation of GlcN residues can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art.
- As the reaction conditions for 3-O-sulfation of GlcN residues for example, the previously reported (Chen J, et al., “Enzymatic redesigning of biological heparan sulfate.” J Biol Chem. 30:52 Dec. 42817-25.) Can be referred to.
- Specific examples of the reaction conditions for 3-O-sulfation of GlcN residues include the conditions described in the Examples.
- the degree of 3-O-sulfation of the GlcN residue is not particularly limited as long as the polysaccharide of the present invention is obtained. That is, the 3-O-sulfation of the GlcN residue can be carried out so as to obtain the 3-O-sulfation rate of the GlcN residue exemplified above.
- the product of each step may be used for the next step while being contained in the reaction solution of each step, or may be recovered from the reaction solution and used for the next step.
- the means for recovering each product from the reaction solution is not particularly limited. Examples of means for recovering each product include known techniques used for separation and purification of compounds, such as membrane treatment and precipitation.
- the product from each step may be subjected to treatment such as purification, dilution, concentration, drying, dissolution, enzyme deactivation, etc., as appropriate, and then to the next step. Purification may be performed to the desired degree. These treatments may be performed alone or in appropriate combination.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention is produced.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention can be appropriately recovered from the reaction solution.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention can be recovered by a known method used for separation and purification of compounds. Examples of such a method include an ion exchange resin method, a membrane treatment method, a precipitation method, and a crystallization method. These methods can be used in appropriate combination.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention to be recovered may contain components such as components and water used in producing the polysaccharide of the present invention in addition to the polysaccharide of the present invention.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may be provided as a mixture containing the polysaccharide of the present invention, for example.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may be purified to a desired degree.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention can be appropriately set according to various conditions such as the utilization mode of the polysaccharide of the present invention.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention may be provided after being purified to a pharmacologically acceptable level so as to be formulated and used as an active ingredient of a pharmaceutical composition.
- the purity of the polysaccharide of the present invention is, for example, 30% (w / w) or more, 50% (w / w) or more, 70% (w / w) or more, 80% (w / w) or more. , 90% (w / w) or more, or 95% (w / w) or more.
- the polysaccharide of the present invention can be used by blending it in the composition as an active ingredient. That is, the present invention provides a composition containing the polysaccharide of the present invention.
- the composition is also referred to as “the composition of the present invention”. Examples of the composition include a pharmaceutical composition.
- the composition of the present invention may be for prevention, amelioration, and / or treatment of symptoms caused by blood coagulation, for example. That is, the composition of the present invention may be, for example, an agent for preventing, ameliorating, and / or treating symptoms caused by blood coagulation.
- Symptoms caused by blood coagulation include disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC), thromboembolism (venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, cerebral embolism, limb arterial thromboembolism, during and after surgery Thromboembolism), blood coagulation in artificial dialysis, blood coagulation in extracorporeal circulation.
- DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome
- thromboembolism venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, cerebral embolism, limb arterial thromboembolism, during and after surgery Thromboembolism
- blood coagulation in artificial dialysis blood coagulation in extracorporeal circulation.
- composition of the present invention contains the polysaccharide of the present invention.
- the composition of the present invention may consist only of the polysaccharide of the present invention, or may contain other components.
- the “other components” are not particularly limited as long as they are pharmacologically acceptable. Examples of the “other components” include components used by blending with pharmaceuticals.
- composition of the present invention may be formulated in any dosage form.
- dosage form include solutions, suspensions, powders, tablets, pills, capsules, and injections.
- excipients for example, excipients, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, stabilizers, flavoring agents, flavoring agents, fragrances, diluents, surfactants and other pharmacologically acceptable additives.
- excipients for example, excipients, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, stabilizers, flavoring agents, flavoring agents, fragrances, diluents, surfactants and other pharmacologically acceptable additives.
- binders for example, excipients, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, stabilizers, flavoring agents, flavoring agents, fragrances, diluents, surfactants and other pharmacologically acceptable additives.
- disintegrants for example, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, stabilizers, flavoring agents
- the concentration of the polysaccharide of the present invention in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is an effective amount according to the use of the composition of the present invention. That is, the concentration of the polysaccharide of the present invention in the composition of the present invention may be a concentration effective for prevention, amelioration, and / or treatment of symptoms caused by blood coagulation, for example.
- the concentration of the polysaccharide of the present invention in the composition of the present invention is appropriately set according to various conditions such as the anticoagulant activity of the polysaccharide of the present invention, the dosage form of the composition of the present invention, and the mode of use of the composition of the present invention. be able to.
- the concentration of the polysaccharide of the present invention in the composition of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 0.01% or more, 0.1% or more, or 1% or more, and 100% or less, 10% or less. Or 1% or less, or a combination thereof.
- the present invention provides a method for preventing, ameliorating, and / or treating a symptom caused by blood coagulation, which comprises administering a composition of the present invention to a subject.
- a composition of the present invention may be added to blood outside the body.
- administering the composition of the present invention to a subject is not limited to administration to living organisms such as humans, but includes addition to non-living organisms such as blood. That is, the “target” referred to here may be, for example, a living organism such as a human or a non-living organism such as blood.
- composition of the present invention can be administered to a subject as it is, or diluted, dissolved, or dispersed with a pharmacologically acceptable solvent such as water, physiological saline, or a buffer solution. Needless to say, such dilution, dissolution, or dispersion is included in the range of the composition of the present invention.
- the administration method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include oral administration, invasive administration such as injection, and transdermal administration.
- the administration method can be appropriately set according to various conditions such as the use of the composition of the present invention.
- the dosage of the composition of the present invention can be appropriately set according to various conditions such as the anticoagulant activity of the polysaccharide of the present invention, the concentration of the polysaccharide of the present invention, the administration method, age, sex, and degree of symptoms.
- Example 1 Preparation of heparosan (1) Heparosan fermentation Heparosan producing bacteria (Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) / pVK9-kfiABCD strain) described in Example 1 of WO2015 / 050184 and a culture solution containing heparosan under culture conditions Got.
- Heparosan fermentation Heparosan producing bacteria (Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) / pVK9-kfiABCD strain) described in Example 1 of WO2015 / 050184 and a culture solution containing heparosan under culture conditions Got.
- Example 2 N-Deacetylation of Heparosan 1) 61 mL of Hydrazine ⁇ H 2 O and 4.7 mL of 1N sulfuric acid were added to 1.22 g of heparosan, and the gas phase was replaced with nitrogen, followed by heating to 100 ° C. and 4.75. Reacted for hours. 2) After stopping the reaction by cooling with ice, 61 mL of 16% NaCl aqueous solution and 610 mL of MeOH were added and centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed. The obtained precipitate was dissolved in 50 mL of H 2 O, and then desalted and concentrated using an Amicon UF membrane (3 kDa).
- Example 3 Reduction of molecular weight of N-deacetylated heparosan (1) Preparation of heparinase III ⁇ Construction of expression plasmid for hepC gene derived from Flavobacterium heparinum> A hepC gene encoding heparinase III was cloned from Flavobacterium heparinum (ATCC 13125) into a pMIV-Pnlp0 vector (US Patent Application Publication No. 20050196846) to construct a hepC gene expression plasmid pMIV-Pnlp0-hepC.
- pMIV-Pnlp0-ter incorporates a strong nlp0 promoter (Pnlp0) and an rrnB terminator, and can function as an expression unit by inserting a target gene between the promoter and the terminator.
- Pnlp0 indicates the promoter of the wild-type nlpD gene derived from Escherichia coli K-12 strain.
- a DNA fragment containing about 300 bp of the promoter region (Pnlp0) of the nlpD gene was obtained by PCR using the chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli MG1655 as a template and primer P1 (SEQ ID NO: 6) and primer P2 (SEQ ID NO: 7). Restriction enzyme SalI and PaeI sites are designed at the 5 'end of these primers, respectively.
- the PCR cycle was as follows.
- the obtained fragment was treated with SalI and PaeI and inserted into the SalI-PaeI site of pMIV-5JS (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2008-99668) to obtain plasmid pMIV-Pnlp0.
- the base sequence of the PaeI-SalI fragment of the Pnlp0 promoter inserted into this pMIV-Pnlp0 plasmid is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8.
- a DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 11) containing about 300 bp of the terminator region of rrnB gene is obtained by PCR using primer P3 (SEQ ID NO: 9) and primer P4 (SEQ ID NO: 10). did. Restriction enzymes XbaI and BamHI sites are designed at the 5 'ends of these primers, respectively.
- the PCR cycle was as follows.
- a DNA chain comprising the ORF (Su H. et. Al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1996, 62: 2723-2734) of the hepC gene of Flavobacterium heparinum (ATCC 13125) was artificially synthesized.
- the DNA fragment of the hepC gene was amplified by PCR using the DNA strand as a template and primer P5 (SEQ ID NO: 12) and primer P6 (SEQ ID NO: 13) as primers.
- PrimeStar polymerase (TaKaRa) was used and the reaction composition described in the protocol was used. The PCR cycle was as follows. After 94 ° C. for 5 minutes, 98 ° C.
- a DNA fragment of pMIV-Pnlp0 was obtained by PCR using pMIV-Pnlp0 as a template DNA and primers P7 (SEQ ID NO: 14) and primer P8 (SEQ ID NO: 15) as primers.
- primers P7 SEQ ID NO: 14
- primer P8 SEQ ID NO: 15
- PrimeStar polymerase was used and the reaction composition described in the protocol was used. The PCR cycle was as follows. After 94 ° C. for 5 minutes, 98 ° C. for 5 seconds, 55 ° C. for 10 seconds, 72 ° C. for 6 minutes for 30 cycles, and finally 4 ° C. incubation.
- Both obtained DNA fragments were ligated using an In-Fusion (registered trademark) HD cloning kit (Clontech) to construct a hepC gene expression plasmid pMIV-Pnlp0-hepC.
- the base sequence of the cloned hepC gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 16, and the amino acid sequence of heparinase III (HepC) encoded by it is shown in SEQ ID NO: 17.
- HepC gene expression plasmid pMIV-Pnlp0-hepC was introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain (Life Technologies) by electroporation (Cell; 80 ⁇ L, 200 ⁇ , 25 ⁇ F, 1.8 kV, cuvette; 0.1 mL)
- Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) / pMIV-Pnlp0-hepC strain was obtained. This strain was precultured overnight at 37 ° C.
- Example 4 N-sulfation of low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan 1 g of low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan obtained in Example 3 was dissolved in 50 mL of milliQ water and 20 mg / mL NaHCO 3. / 20 mg / mL Trimethylamine ⁇ SO 3 aqueous solution (50 mL) was added and reacted at 55 ° C. overnight. 2) EtOH 1 L was added and mixed, centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed to obtain N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan.
- N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan was dissolved in milliQ water to 500 ⁇ L, and disaccharide analysis was performed to determine the yield relative to N-deacetylated heparosan. Moreover, it used for GPC analysis and calculated
- N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan The disaccharide analysis of N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan has been reported (T.Imanari, et.al., “High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of glycosaminoglyc. -293 (1996)). That is, N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan was decomposed into unsaturated disaccharides using heparinase II and III, and the decomposition products were analyzed by HPLC to quantify the amount of each constituent disaccharide.
- N-deacetylated heparosan was performed.
- the disaccharide analysis of N-deacetylated heparosan was conducted after N-deacetylated heparosan was N-sulfated. That is, after N-deacetylated heparosan was N-sulfated, it was decomposed into unsaturated disaccharides using heparinase II and III, and the decomposition products were analyzed by HPLC to quantify the amount of each constituent disaccharide. .
- N-sulfation of N-deacetylated heparosan was performed in the same manner as N-sulfation of low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan.
- the disaccharide analysis was performed according to the following procedure. 1) Heparinase II0.2U (Sigma), heparinase III 0.02-0.03 mIU, polysaccharide sample 5 ⁇ g, and enzyme digestion buffer (100 mM CH 3 COONa, 10 mM (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca, pH 7.0) 10 ⁇ L are mixed. Then, it was made up to 100 ⁇ L with milliQ water to prepare a reaction solution. 2) The reaction solution was reacted at 37 ° C. for 16 hours or longer, and then boiled at 100 ° C. for 2 minutes to stop the reaction.
- enzyme digestion buffer 100 mM CH 3 COONa, 10 mM (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca, pH 7.0
- the yield was calculated from the total amount of the constituent disaccharides generated from each polysaccharide sample. That is, the yield was calculated as the ratio (molar ratio) of the total amount of disaccharides produced from N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan to the total amount of disaccharides produced from N-deacetylated heparosan. At this time, it was confirmed that 99% or more of the amino groups generated by N-deacetylation were N-sulfated in the obtained N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan.
- the residual ratio of N-acetyl groups in N-deacetylated heparosan was calculated based on the amount of each constituent disaccharide produced from N-deacetylated heparosan. That is, the residual ratio of acetyl groups was calculated as the ratio (molar ratio) of the amount of disaccharides having N-acetyl groups to the total amount of disaccharides. The residual ratio of acetyl groups was 14.9%.
- N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan and heparan sulfate were subjected to gel filtration by HPLC (GPC analysis).
- GS520 Shodex, Asahipak GS-520HQ, 7.5 mm ⁇ 300 mm, particle diameter 7 ⁇ m
- 100 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution was used as the eluent
- the flow rate was 0.6 mL / min
- the column temperature was 40 ° C.
- Analysis was performed at a detection wavelength of 200 nm.
- Average molecular weights (Mn and Mw) were calculated using pullulan molecular weight markers (Shodex, STANDARD P-82, molecular weight range 5900 to 708000) as a standard.
- Example 5 Coupling reaction of C5 epimerization and 2-O-sulfation (1) Expression and purification of C5-epimerase
- C5-epimerase the catalytic site of human-derived C5-epimerase (Gln29-Asn617), A fusion protein (MBP-C5-epimerase) with maltose binding protein (MBP) was used. Therefore, the base sequence encoding the catalytic site was cloned into a pMAL-c2x vector (New England Biolabs) to construct an MBP-C5-epimerase expression plasmid pMAL-c2x-MBP-C5epi. According to the pMAL-c2x vector, the cloned gene is expressed as a fusion protein with MBP.
- MBP-C5-c2x vector New England Biolabs
- Jin-ping Li et al. Li J. et.al., Jour. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272: 28158- 28163 synthesized human C5-epimerase cDNA by means of artificial gene synthesis (Thermo Fisher). Prepared by Scientific Co., Ltd.).
- the base sequence encoding the catalytic site of C5-epimerase (Gln29-Asn617) was obtained by PCR using C5-epi fw (SEQ ID NO: 18) and C5-epi rv (SEQ ID NO: 19) as primers. The containing DNA fragment was obtained.
- PrimeStar polymerase (TaKaRa) was used and the reaction composition described in the protocol was used.
- the PCR cycle was as follows. After 94 ° C. for 5 minutes, 98 ° C. for 5 seconds, 55 ° C. for 10 seconds, 72 ° C. for 2 minutes for 30 cycles, and finally 4 ° C. incubation.
- a pMAL-c2x DNA fragment was obtained by PCR using pMAL-c2x (SEQ ID NO: 20, New England BioLabs) as a template DNA and the oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 22 as primers.
- PrimeStar polymerase was used and the reaction composition described in the protocol was used.
- the PCR cycle was as follows. After 94 ° C. for 5 minutes, 98 ° C. for 5 seconds, 55 ° C. for 10 seconds, 72 ° C. for 6 minutes for 30 cycles, and finally 4 ° C. incubation. Both DNA fragments obtained were ligated using an In-Fusion (registered trademark) HD cloning kit (Clontech), and the base sequence encoding the catalytic site of C5-epimerase and the MBP gene originally contained in pMAL-c2x were fused. The MBP-C5-epimerase expression plasmid pMAL-c2x-MBP-C5epi was constructed. SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24 show the base sequence of the C5-epimerase insert fragment (base sequence encoding the catalytic site of C5-epimerase) and the amino acid sequence encoded by it.
- MBP-C5-epimerase expression plasmid pMAL-c2x-MBP-C5epi and chaperonin expression plasmid pGro7 were electroporated to the Escherichia coli Origami B (DE3) strain (Novagen) (Cell; 80 ⁇ L, 200 ⁇ , 25 ⁇ F, 1.8 kV, cuvette; 0.1 mL) to obtain Origami B (DE3) / pMAL-c2x-MBP-C5epi / pGro7 strain.
- This strain was added to LB medium (1.0% (w / v) peptone, 0.5% (w / v) yeast extract, 1.0% (w / v) NaCl) at 100 ⁇ g / mL ampicillin, 25 ⁇ g / mL.
- the medium was inoculated into a medium supplemented with lamphenicol, and precultured overnight at 37 ° C. Thereafter, the culture solution was inoculated to a final concentration of 1% in LB medium in which 100 mL of Sakaguchi flask was spread. After shaking culture at 37 ° C.
- IPTG isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside
- arabinose Wang Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- 2-O-sulfating enzyme (2-OST) As 2-O-sulfating enzyme (2-OST), the 94th tyrosine residue of 2-OST derived from Chinese hamster is isoleucine. A fusion protein (MBP-2-OST) of the mutant catalytic site (Arg51-Asn356) and maltose-binding protein (MBP), which was converted to ⁇ , was used. Therefore, the base sequence encoding the catalytic site was cloned into a pMAL-c2x vector (New England Biolabs) to construct an expression plasmid pMAL-c2x-MBP-2OST for MBP-2-OST.
- pMAL-c2x vector New England Biolabs
- a pMAL-c2x DNA fragment was obtained by PCR using pMAL-c2x as a template DNA and oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 22 as primers.
- PrimeStar polymerase was used and the reaction composition described in the protocol was used. The PCR cycle was as follows. After 94 ° C. for 5 minutes, 98 ° C. for 5 seconds, 55 ° C. for 10 seconds, 72 ° C. for 6 minutes for 30 cycles, and finally 4 ° C. incubation.
- the MBP-2OST expression plasmid pMAL-c2x-MBP-2OST and the chaperonin expression plasmid pGro7 were introduced into Escherichia coli Origami B (DE3) strain (Novagen) in the same manner as in Example 5 (1).
- Origami B (DE3) / pMAL-c2x-MBP-2OST / pGro7 strain was obtained. This strain was inoculated into a medium obtained by adding 100 ⁇ g / mL ampicillin and 25 ⁇ g / mL chloramphenicol to LB medium, and precultured overnight at 37 ° C.
- the culture solution was inoculated to a final concentration of 1% in LB medium in which 100 mL of Sakaguchi flask was spread.
- IPTG isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside
- arabinose has a final concentration of 0.
- the mixture was added to 2%, and further cultured at 22 ° C. overnight.
- Purified MBP-2-OST was prepared from the culture solution by the following procedure. First, the culture solution was centrifuged, and the cells were collected. Subsequently, the microbial cells were ultrasonically crushed to obtain a microbial cell extract. Subsequently, the bacterial cell extract was mixed with Amyrose resin (New England Biolabs) equilibrated with 20 mM Tris (pH 7.5) and 200 mM NaCl to adsorb MBP-2-OST to the resin.
- Amyrose resin New England Biolabs
- ⁇ Test solution> Heparin standard solution: 1 mg / mL NaNO 2 aqueous solution: reagent 49.5mg dissolved aqueous citric acid solution H 2 O1mL: dissolve the reagents 384.2mg into H 2 O1mL DNPH solution: dissolve reagent 20.4mg (50% water) in acetonitrile 1mL
- C5-epimerization rate (sum of the ratio of IdoA (2S) -GlcN (NS) and IdoA-GlcN (NS)) is 58%, 2-O-sulfation rate (GlcA (2S) -GlcN (NS) and IdoA) (2S) -GlcN (NS) ratio) was confirmed to be 65%.
- Example 6 6-O-sulfation reaction ⁇ Purification before reaction> 30 mL of the enzyme reaction solution (reaction solution after C5 epimerization and 2-O-sulfation coupling reaction) obtained in Example 5 was centrifuged (7000 G, 30 minutes), and the supernatant was 0.45 ⁇ m. Filtered with a filter. Charge 27.3 g of filtrate into 15 g of weak anion exchange resin packed in a Pharmacia column (model number: XK26) (DIAION, WA-30 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd., adjusted to pH 5.5 in advance with 25.6 mM NaH 2 PO 4 ).
- the polysaccharide component was adsorbed and 480 mL of a washing solution (0.5 M NaCl + 25.6 mM NaH 2 PO 4 (pH 5.5)) was passed through (flow rate: 6.4 mL / min).
- a washing solution 0.5 M NaCl + 25.6 mM NaH 2 PO 4 (pH 5.5)
- 230 mL of the eluent (2M NaCl + 25.6 mM NaH 2 PO 4 (pH 5.5)
- was passed flow rate 6.4 mL / min) to obtain an eluent containing a polysaccharide component.
- the obtained eluent was charged in Amicon-3K (manufactured by Merck Millipore) and centrifuged (4000G). 100 mL of water was further added to the obtained concentrated liquid, and centrifugation was performed again. This washing operation was carried out three times to obtain 11 g of washing concentrate.
- This washing operation was carried out twice to obtain 3.92 g of washing concentrate.
- the obtained washing concentrate was sampled, and disaccharide composition analysis was performed by nitrous acid decomposition in the same procedure as in Example 5. As a result, it was confirmed that 76.5 mg of the reaction product (polysaccharide) was contained in 3.92 g of the washing concentrate in terms of the amount of disaccharide units.
- Example 7 3-O-sulfation reaction of GlcN residue (1)
- 3-O-sulfating enzyme (3-OST) expression strain Amino acid sequence of mouse-derived 3-OST-1 (NCBI-Protein ID: NP — 034604; SEQ ID NO: 29) was obtained from the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genes) database.
- the 3-OST-1 catalyst optimized for codon usage of Escherichia coli with reference to a previous report (Edavettal SC et al., J Biol Chem. 2004; 279 (24) 25789-97)
- a DNA fragment containing the base sequence (SEQ ID NO: 30) encoding the site (Gly48-His311) was synthesized.
- the obtained DNA fragment was inserted into the EcoRI-SalI site of the pETDuet-1 vector (Novagen) to construct a 3-OST-1 expression plasmid pETDuet-3-OST-1.
- 3-OST-1 since 3-OST-1 with His-Tag added to the N-terminal side is expressed, 3-OST-1 can be purified using a His tag.
- This expression plasmid was introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain in the same manner as in Example 5 (1) to obtain a 3-OST-1 expression strain pETDuet-3-OST-1 / BL21 (DE3) strain .
- the cells obtained as a precipitate are suspended in 160 mL of equilibration buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, pH 7.0), and centrifuged again (4 ° C., 8,000 rpm, 5 minutes). Washed. After the washing operation was repeated twice, the cells obtained as a precipitate were suspended again in 160 mL of equilibration buffer, and subjected to ultrasonic disruption (190 W, 20 minutes) while cooling with ice water. The disrupted solution was centrifuged (4 ° C., 8,000 rpm, 10 minutes), and the resulting supernatant was used as a cell-free extract.
- equilibration buffer 50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, pH 7.0
- ultrasonic disruption 190 W, 20 minutes
- the obtained cell-free extract was applied to a column in which 5 mL of a HisTALON Superflow Cartridge column (manufactured by Clontech) previously equilibrated with an equilibration buffer was connected to adsorb 3-OST-1 and washed buffer (50 mM) After washing with sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole, pH 7.0), 3-OST-1 was eluted with elution buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 150 mM imidazole, pH 7.0). An active fraction of -1 was obtained.
- the obtained active fraction was subjected to buffer exchange (50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, pH 7.0) using a PD-10 column (manufactured by GE Healthcare) according to the manual.
- the enzyme solution after the buffer exchange was used as purified 3-OST-1 in subsequent experiments.
- Example 8 Purification of reaction product 371 g of the enzyme reaction solution obtained in Example 7 (reaction solution after 3-O-sulfation reaction of GlcN residue) was centrifuged (8000 G, 30 minutes), and then The clear was filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter. The filtrate was charged in Amicon-3K (manufactured by Merck Millipore) and centrifuged (4000G). To the obtained concentrated liquid, 200 mL of water was further added and centrifuged again. This washing operation was performed three times to obtain 11.6 g of a washing concentrate.
- Amicon-3K manufactured by Merck Millipore
- Example 9 Quality analysis of purified polysaccharide The items shown in Table 5 were measured for the purified polysaccharide obtained in Example 8. The measuring method will be described later. The results are shown in Table 5.
- Example 10 Preparation of sulfated polysaccharides having different structures Preparation of multiple types of sulfated polysaccharides having different parameters such as epimerization rate, 2-O-sulfation rate, 3-O-sulfation rate of GlcN residues, Evaluation of anticoagulant activity was performed.
- Preparation of Reagents / Substrate Solution One vial of substrate agent was dissolved in 20 mL of milli-Q water.
- Antithrombin III solution 1 vial of antithrombin III agent was dissolved in 10 mL of milli-Q water.
- -Factor Xa solution 1 vial of factor Xa agent was dissolved in 10 mL of milli-Q water.
- Buffer solution The attached vial was used as it was.
- Normal plasma 1 vial of normal plasma was dissolved in 1.0 mL of milli-Q water.
- Reaction stop solution Milli-Q water was added to 20 mL of glacial acetic acid (special grade) to make the total volume 40 mL.
- Heparin standard solution Primary diluted heparin solution (35 IU / mL): Heparin 1750 IU was dissolved in 50 mL of milli-Q water. Secondary diluted heparin solution (0.175 IU / mL): 900 ⁇ L of buffer solution was accurately added to 100 ⁇ L of primary diluted heparin solution and mixed. Further, 950 ⁇ L of the buffer solution was accurately added to 50 ⁇ L of the mixed solution and mixed. Heparin standard solution: The secondary diluted heparin solution was diluted and mixed as shown in Table 9.
- Diluted solution A was obtained by diluting or dissolving purified polysaccharide with MilliQ so that the substrate concentration was 2 ⁇ g / mL. Reagents were added to diluent A at the ratios shown in Table 10 to prepare specimens.
- Measurement Procedure A sample of 200 ⁇ L was accurately collected in each of the measurement and sample blank microtubes, and heated and stirred at 37 ° C. for 4 minutes. 100 ⁇ L of Factor Xa solution was added to the measurement microtube, mixed well, allowed to stand for 30 seconds, and then heated at 37 ° C. for exactly 30 seconds. 200 ⁇ L of a substrate solution preliminarily heated to 37 ° C. was added to the measurement microtube, mixed well, allowed to stand for 30 seconds, and then heated accurately at 37 ° C. for 180 seconds. 300 ⁇ L of the reaction stop solution was added to each microtube and mixed immediately. 800 ⁇ L of the reaction solution was dispensed into a UV cell, and the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 405 nm.
- Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) measurement calcium chloride solution (0.025 mol / L GMY-300A) manufactured by Sysmex Corporation
- Activated partial thromboplastin time kit Actin FSL GAC-200A manufactured by Sysmex Corporation Normal control plasma Did cytolol Level 1 GCA-110A Low molecular weight heparin standard product manufactured by Sysmex Corporation: Japanese Pharmacy Law standard product (Anti-Factor IIa: 670 IU manufactured by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Regulatory Science Foundation)
- -Equipment used Semi-automatic blood coagulation analyzer (CA-104, manufactured by Sysmex Corporation)
- Measurement procedure A standard solution (diluted series of low molecular weight heparin standard) or a test solution (purified polysaccharide solution) 10 ⁇ L, actin 50 ⁇ L, and control plasma 50 ⁇ L were added to a cuvette, and immediately inserted into the detection section, and the light-shielding lid was closed. After stirring for 3 minutes, 50 ⁇ L of calcium chloride solution was added from the introduction part. The clotting time was automatically displayed. Based on the calibration curve calculated from the standard solution, the Anti-Factor IIa activity of the test solution was determined. The concentration at which 1 mL of blood coagulation was inhibited for 1 hour was defined as 1 IU / mL.
- Foreign solution Foreign reagent (F9252-100 mL) manufactured by Aldrich was diluted 2-fold with water.
- Albumin standard solution It was diluted to 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 mg / mL using a standard solution (2 mg / mL) manufactured by Thermo Scientific.
- ⁇ Disaccharide analysis> A disaccharide composition analysis was performed by nitrous acid decomposition in the same procedure as in Example 5, and the content of GlcA-GlcN (NS3S6S) was calculated.
- Example 11 Reduction of molecular weight of N-sulfated heparosan having a high residual ratio of acetyl groups (1) N-deacetylation of heparosan 1) 6 mL of 2M NaOH was added to 120 mg of heparosan, heated to 48 ° C., and heated to 4 ° C. Reaction was performed for 1 hour. 2) After 2 mL of 6N HCl was added to stop the reaction, 45 mL of MeOH was added and centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed.
- the obtained precipitate was dissolved in 8 mL of 0.25M NaHCO 3 and then desalted and concentrated using an Amicon UF membrane (3 kDa) to obtain 6 mL of an N-deacetylated heparosan solution.
- the residual ratio of acetyl groups in the obtained N-deacetylated heparosan was 27.6% (described later).
- Example 12 Control of molecular weight of low molecular weight N-sulfated heparosan depending on N-acetyl group residual ratio (1) N-deacetylation of heparosan N-deacetylation of heparosan in the same manner as in Example 11 Then, N-deacetylated heparosan having an N-acetyl group residual ratio of 2.6% to 29.6% was obtained by controlling the reaction time.
- Example 13 Preparation of low molecular weight N-sulfated heparosan for observing the difference in activity depending on the molecular weight Since the residual amount of N-acetyl group affects the activity of heparan sulfate, the influence of the difference in molecular weight on the activity is examined. For the purpose, low molecular weight N-sulfated heparosan having different molecular weights with the same residual amount of N-acetyl groups was prepared. The molecular weight was controlled by the reaction time of the low molecular weight reaction.
- N-deacetylation of heparosan Heparosan was subjected to an N-deacetylation reaction in the same manner as in Example 11 to obtain N-deacetylated heparosan having an N-acetyl group residual ratio of 29.4%.
- (2) Reduction of molecular weight by heparinase III reaction Reduction of the molecular weight of N-deacetylated heparosan obtained in (1) was reacted with heparinase III under the same conditions as in Example 11, and the molecular weight was determined according to the amount of enzyme added and the reaction time. 4 types of low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan were obtained.
- N-sulfation of low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan Four types of low molecular weight N-deacetylated heparosan obtained in (2) were subjected to N-sulfation reaction under the same conditions as in Example 11. To obtain N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan. (4) The yield and molecular weight distribution of the obtained N-sulfated low molecular weight heparosan were determined by the same method as in Example 4.
- Example 14 Preparation of sulfated polysaccharides with different molecular weights
- C5-epimerase As C5-epimerase, a human C5-epimerase catalytic site (Gly101-Asn617) and a C-terminal 3 amino acid-substituted maltose binding protein (MBP *, previously reported (Rob J .Center, et.al., "Crystallization of a trimeric human T cell leukemia virus type 1 gp21 ectodomain fragment as a chimerb inte. (MBP * -C5-epimerase (G101)) was used.
- MBP * C-terminal 3 amino acid-substituted maltose binding protein
- a C-terminal region DNA fragment of MBP * was obtained by PCR reaction using pMAL-c2x (SEQ ID NO: 20, New England BioLabs) as a template DNA and oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 31 and SEQ ID NO: 32 as primers. .
- recognition sites for restriction enzymes BglII, BamHI, BamHI, SacI, XhoI, and NotI were added to the 5 'end and 3' end.
- pMAL-c2x plasmid DNA and MBP * C-terminal region DNA fragment were cleaved with BglII and HindIII, and ligation reaction was performed to obtain pMAL-MBP * plasmid.
- the base sequence of the pMAL-MBP * plasmid is shown in SEQ ID NO: 33.
- a DNA fragment of C5-epimerase (G101) was obtained by PCR reaction using the pMAL-c2x-MBP-C5epi plasmid prepared in Example 5 as template DNA and the oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO: 35 as primers. .
- a restriction enzyme NotI was added to the 5 'end and a recognition site for the restriction enzyme XhoI was added to the 3' end.
- the pMAL-c2x-MBP-C5epi plasmid DNA and the C5-epimerase (G101) DNA fragment were cleaved with NotI and XhoI, and a ligation reaction was performed to obtain a pMAL-MBP * -C5epi (G101) plasmid.
- the nucleotide sequence of the inserted fragment (the nucleotide sequence encoding the catalytic site of C5-epimerase (Gly101-Asn617)) and the amino acid sequence encoded by it are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 36 and 37.
- Example 5 the MBP * -C5-epimerase (G101) expression plasmid pMAL-MBP * -C5epi (G101) and the chaperonin expression plasmid pGro7 (TaKaRa) were transformed into Escherichia coli Origami B (DE3) strain (Novagen) ) To obtain an Origami B (DE3) / pMAL-MBP * -C5epi (G101) / pGro7 strain. Using this strain, a bacterial cell extract was prepared in the same manner as in Example 5.
- 2-O-sulfating enzyme (2-OST) As 2-O-sulfating enzyme (2-OST), the 94th tyrosine residue of 2-OST derived from Chinese hamster is isoleucine. A fusion protein (MBP * -2-OST (D68)) with the catalytic site (Asp68-Asn356) of the mutant converted to MB and MBP * was used.
- a DNA fragment of 2-OST (D68) was obtained by PCR reaction using the pMAL-c2x-MBP-2OST plasmid prepared in Example 5 as template DNA and the oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 38 and SEQ ID NO: 39 as primers. .
- a restriction enzyme NotI was added to the 5 'end and a recognition site for the restriction enzyme XhoI was added to the 3' end.
- the pMAL-c2x-MBP-2OST plasmid DNA and 2-OST (D68) DNA fragment were cleaved with NotI and XhoI, and ligation reaction was performed to obtain the pMAL-MBP * -2OST (D68) plasmid.
- the nucleotide sequence of the inserted fragment (the nucleotide sequence encoding the catalytic site of 2-OST (Asp68-Asn356)) and the amino acid sequence encoded by it are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 40 and 41.
- MBP * -2-OST (D68) expression plasmid pMAL-MBP * -2OST (D68) and chaperonin expression plasmid pGro7 (TaKaRa) were transformed into Escherichia coli Origami B (DE3) strain (Novagen) in the same manner as in Example 5.
- Origami B (DE3) / pMAL-MBP * -2OST (D68) / pGro7 strain was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5.
- 6-O-sulfation reaction 4-No For the enzyme reaction solution 9 (after the coupling reaction of C5 epimerization and 2-O-sulfation, or the reaction solution of C5 epimerization single reaction), purification and 6-O-sulfuric acid were carried out in the same manner as in Example 6. Reaction was performed to obtain a washing concentrate.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 Nucleotide sequence of kfiABCD operon of Escherichia coli K5 strain
- SEQ ID NO: 2 Amino acid sequence of KfiA protein of Escherichia coli K5 strain
- SEQ ID NO: 3 Amino acid sequence of KfiB protein of Escherichia coli K5 strain
- SEQ ID NO: 4 Escherichia -Amino acid sequence of KfiC protein of coli K5 strain
- SEQ ID NO: 5 Amino acid sequence of KfiD protein of Escherichia coli K5 strain
- SEQ ID NO: 12-15 primer SEQ ID NO: primer SEQ
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Abstract
Description
[1]
下記一般式(I)に示す二糖単位の繰り返し構造を含む、抗凝固活性を有する多糖:
R1、R2、R4、およびR5は、それぞれ独立に、水素または硫酸基を示す;
R3は、水素、硫酸基、またはアセチル基を示す;
R3の少なくとも一部が硫酸基である;
R4における硫酸基の比率が、13%以上である;
R5における硫酸基の比率が、50%以上である。
[2]
前記二糖単位の含有率が、90%以上である、前記多糖。
[3]
前記多糖を構成する糖鎖の総数の50%以上の数の糖鎖が、下記一般式(II)に示す構造からなる、前記多糖:
式中、nは、平均値として3~30である。
[4]
前記多糖を構成する糖鎖の総数の50%以上の数の糖鎖が、下記一般式(II)に示す構造からなる、前記多糖:
式中、nは、平均値として3~15である。
[5]
平均糖連結数が6~60残基である、前記多糖。
[6]
平均糖連結数が6~30残基である、前記多糖。
[7]
プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される数平均分子量が8000~60000である、前記多糖。
[8]
プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される数平均分子量が12000~40000である、前記多糖。
[9]
プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される重量平均分子量が10000~100000である、前記多糖。
[10]
プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される重量平均分子量が15000~50000である、前記多糖。
[11]
前記二糖単位のヘキスロン酸残基におけるイズロン酸残基の比率が0%~70%である、前記多糖。
[12]
R1における硫酸基の比率が、0%~80%である、前記多糖。
[13]
イズロン酸残基のR1における硫酸基の比率が、0%~100%である、前記多糖。
[14]
グルクロン酸残基のR1における硫酸基の比率が、0%~50%である、前記多糖。
[15]
R2における硫酸基の比率が、1%未満である、前記多糖。
[16]
R3における硫酸基の比率が、70%~100%である、前記多糖。
[17]
R3におけるアセチル基の比率が、0%~33%である、前記多糖。
[18]
R4における硫酸基の比率が、45%以下である、前記多糖。
[19]
R5における硫酸基の比率が、70%~100%である、前記多糖。
[20]
GlcA-GlcN(NS3S6S)、GlcA(2S)-GlcN(NS6S)、IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS6S)、GlcA-GlcN(NS6S)、IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS)、IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS3S)、IdoA-GlcN(NS6S)、およびGlcA-GlcN(NS)から選択される1またはそれ以上の二糖単位を、50%以上の総含有率で含む、前記多糖。
[21]
Anti-Factor Xa活性/Anti-Factor IIa活性比が、1.5以上である、前記多糖。
[22]
プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される重量平均分子量(Mw)と数平均分子量(Mn)の比(Mw/Mn)が1.5以下である、前記多糖。
[23]
フリー体、もしくはその薬理学的に許容される塩、またはそれらの混合物である、前記多糖。
[24]
前記塩が、アンモニウム塩、ナトリウム塩、リチウム塩、およびカルシウム塩から選択される、前記多糖。
[25]
前記多糖を含む医薬組成物。
[26]
血液凝固に起因する症状の予防、改善、および/または治療用である、前記組成物。
[27]
前記症状が、播種性血管内凝固症候群、血栓塞栓症、人工透析における血液凝固、または体外循環における血液凝固である、前記組成物。
本発明の多糖は、抗凝固活性を有する新規な硫酸化多糖である。本発明の多糖を、「ヘパラン硫酸」という場合がある。本発明の多糖は、単一の種類の糖鎖からなるものであってもよく、複数の種類の糖鎖の混合物であってもよい。本発明の多糖は、通常は、複数種の糖鎖の混合物として得られる。「複数種の糖鎖の混合物」とは、構造(糖連結数、分子量、および置換基の種類や位置、等)の異なる2種またはそれ以上の糖鎖の組み合わせをいう。本発明の多糖が単一の種類の糖鎖からなるものである場合にあっては、本発明の多糖を特定する各パラメータは、特記しない限り、当該糖鎖における該当パラメータを示す。本発明の多糖が複数の種類の糖鎖の混合物である場合にあっては、本発明の多糖を特定する各パラメータは、特記しない限り、当該混合物全体における該当パラメータの平均値を示す。本発明の多糖を製造する際の中間体等の他の多糖についても同様である。
本発明の多糖を製造する手法は特に制限されない。本発明の多糖は、例えば、他の多糖からの誘導により(すなわち、他の多糖を原料として)製造することができる。他の多糖としては、グリコサミノグリカン(GAG)が挙げられる。GAGとしては、N-アセチルヘパロサン(単に「ヘパロサン」ともいう)や本発明の多糖以外のヘパラン硫酸が挙げられる。ヘパロサンは、グルクロン酸(GlcA)残基とN-アセチル-D-グルコサミン(GlcNAc)残基からなる二糖の繰り返し構造[→4)-β-GlcA-(1→4)-α-GlcNAc-(1→]より構成される多糖である。他の多糖を原料とする本発明の多糖の製造は、例えば、物理的手法、化学的手法、酵素法、またはそれらの組み合わせにより実施することができる。具体的には、他の多糖を原料として、例えば、所定の分子量への調整、所定の比率での異性化、所定の比率での官能基の導入または除去、またはそれらの組み合わせにより、本発明の多糖を製造することができる。また、本発明の多糖は、単糖等の原料から全合成することもできる。
ヘパロサンは、例えば、ヘパロサン生産能を有する細菌(「ヘパロサン生産菌」ともいう)を利用した発酵法により製造できる(WO2015/050184)。
N-脱アセチル化工程は、ヘパロサンを部分的にN-脱アセチル化する工程である。N-脱アセチル化工程により部分的にN-脱アセチル化されたヘパロサンが生成する。N-脱アセチル化工程による生成物(部分的にN-脱アセチル化されたヘパロサン)を「N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサン」ともいう。「ヘパロサンを部分的にN-脱アセチル化する」とは、ヘパロサンのN-アセチル基の一部が残存するように、ヘパロサンをN-脱アセチル化することをいう。ヘパロサンのN-アセチル基の一部を残存させることにより、低分子化工程においてN-アセチル基を有するグルコサミン残基の部位を優先的に切断することができ、以て、所望の平均分子量を有する本発明の多糖を効率よく製造することができる。N-脱アセチル化の程度は、本発明の多糖を製造できる限り、特に制限されない。N-脱アセチル化工程は、例えば、N-アセチル基の残存率が下記のような値となるように実施することができる。すなわち、N-アセチル基の残存率は、例えば、1%以上、1.5%以上、3%以上、5%以上、7%以上、9%以上、または11%以上であってもよく、50%以下、45%以下、40%以下、35%以下、33%以下、30%以下、25%以下、20%以下、または17%以下であってもよく、それらの組み合わせであってもよい。N-アセチル基の残存率は、具体的には、例えば、1%~33%、7%~33%、7%~30%、または11%~17%であってもよい。例えば、N-アセチル基の残存率7%~30%は、概ね、N-アセチル基が6~28糖残基に1つ(二糖単位として3~14単位に1つ)の比率で存在していることに相当する。また、例えば、N-アセチル基の残存率11%~17%は、概ね、N-アセチル基が12~18糖残基に1つ(二糖単位として6~9単位に1つ)の比率で存在していることに相当する。N-脱アセチル化の程度(すなわちN-アセチル基の残存率)は、例えば、二糖分析により確認することができる。N-アセチル基の残存率は、上述したN-アセチル化率として測定できる。
低分子化工程は、N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンをヘパリナーゼIIIで切断し、低分子化する工程である。低分子化工程により低分子化されたN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンが生成する。低分子化工程による生成物(低分子化されたN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサン)を「低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサン」ともいう。低分子化の程度は、本発明の多糖を製造できる限り、特に制限されない。低分子化工程は、例えば、低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンの平均分子量が後述する本発明の多糖の平均分子量(例えば、プルランを標準としてGPCにより測定される値として、1000~150000、好ましくは、8000~60000の数平均分子量(Mn)および2000~300000、好ましくは、10000~100000の重量平均分子量(Mw))となるように実施することができる。
ヘパラン硫酸生成工程は、低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンから本発明の多糖を生成する工程である。ヘパラン硫酸生成工程は、例えば、低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンを、N-硫酸化、C5-エピメリ化、2-O-硫酸化、GlcN残基の3-O-硫酸化、および6-O-硫酸化する工程から選択される1またはそれ以上、例えば全て、の工程を含んでいてよい。ヘパラン硫酸生成工程に含まれる工程の種類は、本発明の多糖が得られる限り、特に制限されない。すなわち、ヘパラン硫酸生成工程に含まれる工程の種類は、本発明の多糖の構造に応じて適宜設定できる。ヘパラン硫酸生成工程は、例えば、少なくとも、N-硫酸化、GlcN残基の3-O-硫酸化、および6-O-硫酸化の工程を含んでいてよい。
(C1)N-硫酸化;
(C3)GlcN残基の3-O-硫酸化および6-O-硫酸化。
(C1)N-硫酸化;
(C2)C5-エピメリ化および2-O-硫酸化;
(C3)GlcN残基の3-O-硫酸化および6-O-硫酸化。
本発明の多糖は、有効成分として組成物に配合して利用できる。すなわち、本発明は、本発明の多糖を含有する組成物を提供する。同組成物を、「本発明の組成物」ともいう。組成物としては、医薬組成物が挙げられる。本発明の組成物は、例えば、血液凝固に起因する症状の予防、改善、および/または治療用のものであってよい。すなわち、本発明の組成物は、例えば、血液凝固に起因する症状の予防、改善、および/または治療剤であってよい。血液凝固に起因する症状としては、播種性血管内凝固症候群(DIC)、血栓塞栓症(静脈血栓症、心筋梗塞症、肺塞栓症、脳塞栓症、四肢動脈血栓塞栓症、手術中・術後の血栓塞栓症等)、人工透析における血液凝固、体外循環における血液凝固が挙げられる。
(1)ヘパロサン発酵
WO2015/050184の実施例1に記載のヘパロサン生産菌(エシェリヒア・コリBL21(DE3)/pVK9-kfiABCD株)および培養条件にてヘパロサンを含有する培養液を得た。
培養液から遠心分離により培養上清を回収した。培地成分を除去するために1mLの培養上清をUF膜を用いてmilliQ水で洗浄し、250μLまで濃縮した。UF膜濃縮液250μLに500μLの100%エタノールを加え、遠心分離によってヘパロサンを沈降させた。得られた沈殿を風乾させ、ヘパロサンを得た。残りの培養上清から同様の手順でヘパロサンを精製し、ヘパロサン計10gを得た。
1) ヘパロサン1.22gにHydrazine・H2O61mLと1N硫酸4.7mLを添加し、気相を窒素置換後、100℃に加温し、4.75時間反応させた。
2) 氷冷により反応を停止させた後、16%NaCl水溶液61mLおよびMeOH610mLを添加して遠心し、上清を除去した。得られた沈殿をH2O50mLに溶解させた後、AmiconUF膜(3kDa)を用いて脱塩濃縮した。
3) 得られた濃縮液に2倍量のH2Oおよび等量の1M NaHCO3を添加後、0.2M I2/0.4M KI溶液を黄色に呈色するまで滴下した。その後Hydrazine・H2Oを滴下し、余剰のヨウ素をヨウ素イオンに還元後、再度AmiconUF膜(3kDa)を用いて脱塩濃縮し、濃縮液を減圧乾固してN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンを得た。得られたN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンにおけるアセチル基の残存率は14.9%であった(後述)。
(1)ヘパリナーゼIIIの調製
<Flavobacterium heparinum由来hepC遺伝子の発現プラスミドの構築>
Flavobacterium heparinum(ATCC 13125)よりヘパリナーゼIIIをコードするhepC遺伝子をpMIV-Pnlp0ベクター(米国特許出願公開20050196846号)にクローニングし、hepC遺伝子の発現プラスミドpMIV-Pnlp0-hepCを構築した。pMIV-Pnlp0-terには強力なnlp0プロモーター(Pnlp0)とrrnBターミネーターが組み込まれており、プロモーターとターミネーターの間に目的の遺伝子を挿入することで発現ユニットとして機能させることができる。「Pnlp0」はエシェリヒア・コリK-12株由来の野生型nlpD遺伝子のプロモーターを示す。
hepC遺伝子の発現プラスミドpMIV-Pnlp0-hepCをエシェリヒア・コリBL21(DE3)株(ライフテクノロジーズ社)へエレクトロポレーション(Cell;80μL,200Ω,25μF,1.8kV、キュベット;0.1mL)により導入し、ヘパリナーゼIII生産株としてエシェリヒア・コリBL21(DE3)/pMIV-Pnlp0-hepC株を得た。この株を25μg/mLクロラムフェニコール添加LB培地にて37℃で一晩前培養を行った。その後、培養液を、坂口フラスコに300mL張りこんだLB培地中に終濃度2%v/vとなるよう植菌した。37℃にて4時間振とう培養を行い、培養を終了した。遠心分離後、菌体を0.85%NaClにて2回洗浄し、30mLの50mM HEPESバッファー(pH7.0)にて懸濁した。懸濁液を超音波破砕に供して菌体を破砕した。細胞破砕液を遠心分離し、上清(無細胞抽出液)としてヘパリナーゼIII酵素液を調製した。
実施例2で得られたN-アセチル基残存率14.9%のN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサン1gおよび31.3mIU/μLのヘパリナーゼIII溶液2mLを100mM NaClおよび1.5mM CaCl2を含むTris緩衝溶液(pH8.0)100mLに溶解し、37℃にて5.3時間反応させた。反応液に16%NaCl水溶液100mLおよびEtOH900mLを添加して混合し、遠心分離して上清を除去し、低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンを得た。
1) 実施例3で得られた低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサン1gをmilliQ水50mLに溶解させ、20mg/mL NaHCO3/20mg/mL Trimethylamine・SO3水溶液を50mL添加して55℃で一晩反応させた。
2) EtOH1Lを添加して混合し、遠心分離して上清を除去し、N-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンを得た。
3) 得られたN-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンをmilliQ水に溶解して500μLとし、二糖分析を行ってN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンに対する収率を求めた。また、GPC分析に供し、分子量分布を求めた。手順を以下に示す。
N-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンの二糖分析は、既報(T.Imanari,et.al.,“High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of glycosaminoglycan-derived oligosaccharides.”J.O.Chromato.A,720,275-293(1996))の条件に従い実施した。すなわち、N-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンをヘパリナーゼIIおよびIIIを用いて不飽和二糖に分解し、分解物をHPLCで分析することにより、各構成二糖の量を定量した。
1) ヘパリナーゼII0.2U(Sigma)、ヘパリナーゼIII0.02~0.03mIU、多糖サンプル5μg、および酵素消化用buffer(100mM CH3COONa,10mM(CH3COO)2Ca,pH7.0)10μLを混合し、milliQ水で100μLにメスアップし、反応溶液とした。
2) 反応溶液を37℃で16時間以上反応させた後、100℃にて2分間煮沸し、反応を停止させた。
3) 0.45μmのフィルターで不溶物を除去した溶液を二糖分析用サンプルとした。
4) 分析は、カラムにはInertsil ODS-3 150mm×2.1mm、粒子径5μmを用い、温度は50℃、流速は0.25mL/min、検出波長は230nm、溶離液はA液として4%Acetonitrile、1.2mM Tributylamineを用い、B液として4%Acetonitrile、0.1M CsClを用い、B液1-90%のグラジエント条件で行った。
N-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサン及びヘパラン硫酸(milliQ水に1mg/mLとなるように溶解したもの)をHPLCによるゲルろ過(GPC分析)に供した。カラムにはGS520(Shodex、Asahipak GS-520HQ、7.5mm×300mm,粒子径7μm)を、溶離液には100mMリン酸二水素カリウム水溶液を用い、流速0.6mL/分、カラム温度40℃、検出波長200nmで分析した。平均分子量(MnおよびMw)は、プルランの分子量マーカー(Shodex、STANDARD P-82、分子量範囲5900~708000)を標準として算出した。
(1)C5-エピメラーゼの発現と精製
C5-エピメラーゼとしては、ヒト由来のC5-エピメラーゼの触媒部位(Gln29-Asn617)と、マルトース結合タンパク質(MBP)との融合タンパク質(MBP-C5-エピメラーゼ)を利用した。そのため、同触媒部位をコードする塩基配列をpMAL-c2xベクター(New England Biolabs社)にクローニングし、MBP-C5-エピメラーゼの発現プラスミドpMAL-c2x-MBP-C5epiを構築した。pMAL-c2xベクターによれば、クローニングした遺伝子がMBPとの融合タンパク質として発現する。
2-O-硫酸化酵素(2-OST)としては、チャイニーズハムスター由来の2-OSTの94番目のチロシン残基をイソロイシンに変換した変異体の触媒部位(Arg51-Asn356)と、マルトース結合タンパク質(MBP)との融合タンパク質(MBP-2-OST)を利用した。そのため、同触媒部位をコードする塩基配列をpMAL-c2xベクター(New England Biolabs社)にクローニングし、MBP-2-OSTの発現プラスミドpMAL-c2x-MBP-2OSTを構築した。
調製されたMBP-C5-エピメラーゼ菌体抽出液及び精製MBP-2-OSTを用い、C5エピメリ化および2-O-硫酸化を行った。166mgの実施例4で得られたN-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサン、50mM MES(pH7.0)、100mM NaCl、および1mM PAPSの混合液703mLに、終濃度0.9mg/mLとなるようC5-エピメラーゼ発現菌体の菌体抽出液108mLと、終濃度0.5mg/mLとなるよう精製MBP-2-OST16.9mLを加えて総量828mLの反応液を調製し、37℃で24時間反応させた。
変換率(C5エピメリ化率および2-O-硫酸化率)の定量は、亜硝酸分解による二糖組成分析により実施した。
NaNO2(CAS No.:7632-00-0,MW:69.01)
クエン酸(CAS No.:77-92-9,MW:192.1)
2,4-ジニトロフェニルヒドラジン(CAS No.:119-26-6,MW:198.1)50%含水品(略:DNPH)
Heparin(Aldrich製)
Heparin標準溶液:1mg/mL
NaNO2水溶液:試薬49.5mgをH2O1mLに溶解
クエン酸水溶液:試薬384.2mgをH2O1mLに溶解
DNPH溶液:試薬20.4mg(50%含水)をアセトニトリル1mLに溶解
<LC条件>
カラム:住化分析センター製ODS Z-CLUE3μm 2.0mm×250mm
カラム槽温度:50℃
溶離液流量:0.3mL/min
検出:UV365nm
注入量:5μL
溶離液組成:A液 50mM-HCOONH4(pH4.5)
B液 MeCN
イオン化法 ;エレクトロスプレーイオン化(ESI(+/-))
DL温度 :250℃
ヒートブロック :250℃
ネブライザーガス流速:1.5L/min
ドライガス流速 :15L/min
1.5mLマイクロチューブ(Eppendorf)にHeparin標準液、クエン酸buffer水溶液20μL、NaNO2水溶液10μLを順に添加し、混合溶液を65℃で2hr撹拌(1000rpm)し、亜硝酸分解液を得た。得られた亜硝酸分解液40μLにDNPH溶液20μLを添加し、45℃で2hr撹拌(1000rpm)し、誘導化液を得た。得られた誘導化液の組成をLC-MSで分析した。Heparin標準液を分析して得られるIdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS6S)のピークから換算係数(1mg×IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS6S)のarea純度/IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS6S)のarea値)を算出し、被験液中の各二糖誘導体のarea値からその濃度を求めた。算出された二糖構造とその割合を表3に示す。表中、N-アセチル基を有する二糖誘導体等を含むと考えられる未同定ピークのデータは割愛し、GlcA(2S)-GlcN(NS)、IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS)、GlcA-GlcN(NS)、およびIdoA-GlcN(NS)の総量を100%とした。C5-エピメリ化率(IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS)とIdoA-GlcN(NS)の割合の和)は58%、2-O-硫酸化率(GlcA(2S)-GlcN(NS)とIdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS)の割合の和)は65%であることが確認された。
<反応前の精製>
実施例5で得られた酵素反応液(C5エピメリ化および2-O-硫酸化のカップリング反応後の反応液)30mLを遠心分離し(7000G、30分)、その上清を0.45μmのフィルターで濾過した。濾過液27.3gをファルマシア製カラム(型番:XK26)に充填した弱アニオン交換樹脂15g(DIAION、WA-30三菱化学製 事前に25.6mM NaH2PO4でpH5.5に調整)に投入して多糖成分を吸着し、洗浄液(0.5M NaCl+25.6mM NaH2PO4(pH5.5))480mLを通液した(流速:6.4mL/min)。次に、溶離液(2M NaCl+25.6mM NaH2PO4(pH5.5))230mLを通液し(流速6.4mL/min)、多糖成分を含む溶離液を得た。得られた溶離液をAmicon-3K(メルクミリポア製)にチャージして遠心分離(4000G)を行った。得られた濃縮液に更に水100mLを添加して再度遠心分離を行った。この洗浄操作を3回実施して洗浄濃縮液11gを取得した。
強カチオン交換樹脂(DIAION、UBK550三菱化学製 予め1M塩酸でH型に変換)3mLに洗浄濃縮液11gを通液した後(pH2.25)、トリブチルアミン2.36mg/エタノール10μLの混合液1.8mLを添加して中和した(pH8.36)。得られた中和液を凍結乾燥した。
アルゴン気流下で凍結乾燥物全量にDMF1.92mL及び三酸化硫黄ピリジン付加物76.4mg(0.48mmol)を添加し、-10℃で48時間撹拌した。反応液に5M酢酸Na水溶液2.8mL及び水31mLを添加して室温で1時間撹拌することで反応を停止した。反応停止液を0.2μmのフィルターで濾過し、その濾過液をAmicon-3K(メルクミリポア製)にチャージして遠心分離(4000G)を行った。得られた濃縮液に更に水20mLを添加して再度遠心分離を行った。この洗浄操作を2回実施して洗浄濃縮液3.92gを取得した。得られた洗浄濃縮液をサンプリングし、実施例5と同様の手順で亜硝酸分解により二糖組成分析を行った。その結果、洗浄濃縮液3.92g中に二糖単位の量に換算して76.5mgの反応生成物(多糖)が含まれていることを確認した。
(1)3-O-硫酸化酵素(3-OST)発現株の作製
マウス由来3-OST-1のアミノ酸配列(NCBI-Protein ID:NP_034604;配列番号29)をKEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)データベースより取得した。既報(Edavettal S.C.et al.,J Biol Chem.2004;279(24)25789-97)を参考に、エシェリヒア・コリのcodon usageに合わせて最適化した、同3-OST-1の触媒部位(Gly48-His311)をコードする塩基配列(配列番号30)を含むDNA断片を合成した。得られたDNA断片をpETDuet-1ベクター(Novagen)のEcoRI-SalIサイトに挿入して、3-OST-1発現プラスミドpETDuet-3-OST-1を構築した。この発現プラスミドによれば、N末端側にHis-Tagが付加された3-OST-1が発現するため、Hisタグによる3-OST-1の精製が可能となる。この発現プラスミドをエシェリヒア・コリBL21(DE3)株へ実施例5(1)と同様の手法で導入し、3-OST-1発現株pETDuet-3-OST-1/BL21(DE3)株を得た。
エシェリヒア・コリpETDuet-3-OST-1/BL21(DE3)株を100μg/mLのアンピシリンを含むLB寒天培地(1.0%(w/v)ペプトン、0.5%(w/v)酵母エキス、1.0%(w/v)NaCl、1.5%(w/v)寒天)に接種し、37 ℃で一晩静置培養した。寒天培地上に生育した菌体20μLをLB培地1mLに懸濁し、そのうち50μLをOvernight Express TB培地(メルク社、100μg/mLアンピシリン含有)50mLを張り込んだ坂口フラスコに添加した。植菌した坂口フラスコ16本を22℃、120往復/分で24~26時間振とう培養した後に、遠心分離(4℃、8,000rpm、5分)によって集菌した。沈殿として得られた菌体を160mLの平衡化バッファー(50mM リン酸ナトリウム、300mM NaCl、pH7.0)に懸濁し、再度遠心分離(4℃、8,000rpm、5分)することによって菌体を洗浄した。洗浄操作を2回繰り返した後、沈殿として得られた菌体を160mLの平衡化バッファーに再度懸濁し、氷水で冷やしながら超音波破砕(190W、20分間)を行った。破砕液を遠心分離(4℃、8,000rpm、10分)し、得られた上清を無細胞抽出液とした。
実施例6で得られた反応生成物全量、50mM HEPES(pH7.5)、221μM PAPSの混合液326.5mLを調製した。水浴中で予め37℃に保温した同混合液に終濃度234mg/Lとなるよう精製3-OST-1 56mLを添加して全量382.5mLの反応液を調製し、反応を開始した。37℃で緩やかに撹拌しながら反応を進行させ、24時間経過後に90℃20分加熱し酵素を失活させた。
実施例5と同様の手順で亜硝酸分解により反応生成物の二糖組成分析を行った。算出された二糖構造とその割合を表4に示す。
実施例7で得られた酵素反応液(GlcN残基の3-O-硫酸化反応後の反応液)371gを遠心分離し(8000G、30分)、その上清を0.45μmのフィルターで濾過した。その濾過液をAmicon-3K(メルクミリポア製)にチャージして遠心分離(4000G)を行った。得られた濃縮液に更に水200mLを添加して再度遠心分離を行った。この洗浄操作を3回実施して洗浄濃縮液11.6gを取得した。その洗浄濃縮液をファルマシア製カラム(型番:XK16)に充填した弱アニオン交換樹脂7.5g(DIAION、WA-30三菱化学製 事前に25.6mM NaH2PO4でpH5.5に調整)に投入して多糖成分を吸着し、洗浄液(0.5M NaCl+25.6mM NaH2PO4(pH5.5))500mLを通液した(流速:3.0mL/min)。次に、溶離液(2M NaCl+25.6mM NaH2PO4(pH5.5))500mLを通液し(流速3.0mL/min)、多糖成分を含む溶離液を得た。得られた溶離液171gをAmicon-50K(メルクミリポア製)にチャージして遠心分離(4000G)を行った。得られた透過液を更にAmicon-3K(メルクミリポア製)にチャージして遠心分離(4000 G)を行った。得られた濃縮液に水100mLを添加して再度遠心分離を行った。この洗浄操作を3回実施して洗浄濃縮液8.58gを取得した。得られた洗浄濃縮液を凍結乾燥して精製多糖41mgを取得した。
実施例8で得られた精製多糖について、表5に示す項目の測定を実施した。測定法は後述する。結果を表5に示す。
エピメリ化率、2-O-硫酸化率、GlcN残基の3-O-硫酸化率等のパラメータの異なる複数種の硫酸化多糖の作製し、抗凝固活性の評価を実施した。
実施例5(3)と同様の反応液組成で総量100mLの反応液を調製し、0時間、4時間、8時間37℃で反応させた。実施例5と同様の手順で亜硝酸分解により反応生成物に含まれる二糖組成分析を行った。算出された二糖構造とその割合を表6に示す。表中、N-アセチル基を有する二糖誘導体等を含むと考えられる未同定ピークのデータは割愛し、GlcA(2S)-GlcN(NS)、IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS)、GlcA-GlcN(NS)、およびIdoA-GlcN(NS)の総量を100%とした。
得られた酵素反応液(C5エピメリ化および2-O-硫酸化のカップリング反応後の反応液)各100mLについて、実施例6と同様の手順で精製および6-O-硫酸化反応を行い、洗浄濃縮液を取得した。得られた洗浄濃縮液をサンプリングし、実施例5と同様の手順で亜硝酸分解により二糖組成分析を行った。その結果、各サンプルについて、洗浄濃縮液中に二糖単位の量に換算して約80μgの反応生成物(多糖)が含まれていることを確認した。
得られた6-O-硫酸化反応の反応生成物について、実施例7と同様の反応液組成で総量300μLの反応液を調製し、24時間37℃で反応させた。実施例5と同様の手順で亜硝酸分解により反応生成物の二糖組成分析を行った。算出された二糖構造とその割合を表7に示す。表中、4時間および8時間のサンプルについては、未同定ピークのデータは割愛し、表に示す二糖単位の総量を100%とした。
実施例8と同様の手順でGlcN残基の3-O-硫酸化反応の反応生成物を精製し、抗凝固活性の測定を実施した。結果を表8に示す。
実施例9および10において、各項目は以下に示す手順で測定した。
・使用キット:テストチーム ヘパリンS(清水メディカル製)
・低分子ヘパリン標準品:日本薬局法標準品(医薬品医療機器レギュラトリーサイエンス財団製 Anti-Factor Xa:1750IU)
・使用器具:
ミキサー&恒温機:Thermomixer compact(Eppendorf製)
UV吸光度計:PD-303S((株)アペル製)
UV-セル:アクリル製角セル(光路長10mm)
・基質液:基質剤1バイアルをミリQ水20mLで溶解した。
・アンチトロンビンIII液:アンチトロンビンIII剤1バイアルをミリQ水10mLに溶解した。
・ファクターXa液:ファクターXa剤1バイアルをミリQ水10mLに溶解した。
・緩衝液:付属のバイアルをそのまま使用した。
・正常血漿:正常血漿剤1バイアルをミリQ水1.0mLで溶解した。
・反応停止液:氷酢酸(特級)20mLにミリQ水を加え全量を40mLにした。
・ヘパリン標準液:
一次希釈ヘパリン溶液(35IU/mL):ヘパリン1750IUをミリQ水50mLに溶解した。
二次希釈ヘパリン液(0.175IU/mL):一次希釈ヘパリン溶液100μLに緩衝液900μLを正確に加えて混合した。更に、混合液50μLに緩衝液950μLを正確に加えて混合した。
ヘパリン標準液:二次希釈ヘパリン溶液を表9に示す通りに希釈して混和した。
基質濃度が2μg/mLになるように精製多糖をミリQで希釈又は溶解し、希釈液Aを得た。希釈液Aに表10に示す割合で試薬を添加し、検体を調製した。
測定用及び検体ブランク用マイクロチューブのそれぞれに検体200μLを正確に採取して、37℃で4分加温撹拌した。測定用マイクロチューブにファクターXa液100μLを加えてよく混和し30秒静置した後、37℃で正確に30秒間加温した。測定用マイクロチューブに予め37℃に加温した基質液200μLを加えてよく混和し30秒静置した後、37℃で正確に180秒間加温した。各マイクロチューブに反応停止液300μLを加え、直ちに混和した。UVセルに反応液800μLを分注し、波長405nmで吸光度を測定した。同様に、各希釈系列のヘパリン標準液について測定を行い、ヘパリン標準液から算出される検量線を基に、検体のAnti-Factor Xa活性を求めた。1mLの血液凝固を1時間抑制する濃度を1 IU/mLと定義した。
・使用試薬および使用キット:
活性化部分トロンボプラスチン時間(aPTT)測定用塩化カルシウム溶液(0.025mol/L GMY-300A)シスメックス(株)製
活性化部分トロンボプラスチン時間キット アクチンFSL GAC-200A シスメックス(株)製
正常コントロール血漿 デイドサイトロール レベル1 GCA-110A シスメックス(株)製
低分子ヘパリン標準品:日本薬局法標準品(医薬品医療機器レギュラトリーサイエンス財団製 Anti-Factor IIa:670 IU)
・使用器具:
半自動血液凝固測定装置(CA-104 シスメックス(株)製)
キュベットに標準液(低分子ヘパリン標準品の希釈系列)又は被験液(精製多糖の溶液)10μL、アクチン50μL、コントロール血漿50μLを加え、直ちに検出部に挿入し遮光蓋を閉じた。3分撹拌した後、導入部から塩化カルシウム溶液50μLを添加した。凝固時間が自動的に表示された。標準液から算出される検量線を基に、被験液のAnti-Factor IIa活性を求めた。1mLの血液凝固を1時間抑制する濃度を1 IU/mLと定義した。
・使用機器:Toxinometer ET-6000(和光純薬製)
・使用試薬:ライセート試薬(limulus ES-II Single Test Wako)
標準LPS(JPSE10000)
・LPS標準溶液(EU/mL):0.01,0.1,1
ES-IIシングルテストワコーにLPS標準溶液又は被験液(精製多糖の溶液)200μL分注し、ミキサーで5秒撹拌した。チューブ内に大きな気泡がないことを確認してから、Toxinometerのポジション1に挿入した(自動的に測定開始)。透過率94.9%になる時間を求め、LPS標準溶液から算出される検量線を基に、被験液中のLPS濃度を求めた。
・使用機器:プレートリーダー(SPECTRA MAX190,Molecular Devices製)
・使用試薬:
NaOH/Na2CO3溶液:NaOH2g及びNa2CO310gを水に溶解し全量を500mLに調整した。
硫酸銅/酒石酸Na溶液:硫酸銅5水和物2.5g及び酒石酸Na2水和物5.96gを水に溶解し全量を500mLに調整した。
硫酸銅アルカリ溶液:NaOH/Na2CO3溶液5mL及び硫酸銅/酒石酸Na溶液1mLを混合した(用時調製)。
フォーリン水溶液:Aldrich製フォーリン試薬(F9252-100mL)を水で2倍希釈した。
アルブミン標準液:Thermo Scientific製の標準液(2mg/mL)を用いて0.125,0.25,0.5,1mg/mLに希釈した。
1.5mLマイクロチューブにアルブミン標準液又は被験液(精製多糖の溶液)20μLと硫酸銅アルカリ溶液300μLを分注し、ミキサーで撹拌後10分間静置した。更にフォーリン水溶液30μLを添加して撹拌後30分静置した。得られた発色液300μLを96穴プレートに注ぎ750nmの吸光度を求めた。アルブミン標準液から算出される検量線を基に、被験液中のタンパク質濃度を求めた。
実施例5と同様の手順で亜硝酸分解により二糖組成分析を行い、GlcA-GlcN(NS3S6S)の含有率を算出した。
実施例4と同様の手順でプルランの分子量マーカーを標準としてGPC分析を行い、平均分子量(MnおよびMw)を算出した。
(1)ヘパロサンのN-脱アセチル化
1) ヘパロサン120mgに2M NaOH6mLを添加し、48℃に加温し、4.1時間反応させた。
2) 6N HCl2mLを添加して反応を停止させた後、MeOH45mLを添加して遠心し、上清を除去した。得られた沈殿を0.25M NaHCO3 8mLに溶解させた後、AmiconUF膜(3kDa)を用いて脱塩濃縮し、6mLのN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサン溶液を得た。得られたN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンにおけるアセチル基の残存率は27.6%であった(後述)。
(2)ヘパリナーゼIII反応による低分子化
(1)で得られたN-アセチル基残存率27.6%のN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサン溶液6mLおよび10mIU/μLのヘパリナーゼIII溶液221μLを1M NaClおよび15mM CaCl2を含むTris緩衝溶液(pH8.0)0.6mLと混合した後にmilliQ水を添加して12mLとし、37℃にて8時間反応させた。反応液にEtOH 86mLを添加して混合し、遠心分離して上清を除去し、低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンを得た。
(3)低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンのN-硫酸化
1) (2)で得られた低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサン全量をmilliQ水6mLに溶解させ、20mg/mL NaHCO3/20mg/mL Trimethylamine・SO3水溶液を6mL添加して55℃で一晩反応させた。
2) EtOH86mLを添加して混合し、遠心分離して上清を除去し、N-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンを得た。
3) 得られたN-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンについて、実施例4と同一の手法で平均分子量を求めた。
(1)ヘパロサンのN-脱アセチル化
実施例11と同様にしてヘパロサンをN-脱アセチル化反応に供し、反応時間を制御することによりN-アセチル基残存率が2.6%~29.6%のN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンを取得した。
(2)ヘパリナーゼIII反応による低分子化
(1)で得られたN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンの低分子化を実施例11と同様の条件でヘパリナーゼIIIと反応させ、低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンを取得した。
(3)低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンのN-硫酸化
(2)で得られた低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンを実施例11と同様の条件でN-硫酸化反応に供し、N-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンを得た。
(4)平均分子量の集計
得られたN-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンについて、実施例4と同一の手法で平均分子量を求めた。得られた収率および平均分子量(プルラン換算)の結果を表11に示す。
表11の結果により、N-アセチル基残存率を高くすることにより分子量を低減させるように制御できることが示された。
N-アセチル基の残存量がヘパラン硫酸の活性に影響するため、分子量の違いの活性への影響を調べる目的でN-アセチル基の残存量の等しい異なる分子量の低分子化N-硫酸化ヘパロサンを調製した。分子量は、低分子化反応の反応時間で制御した。
(1)ヘパロサンのN-脱アセチル化
実施例11と同様にしてヘパロサンをN-脱アセチル化反応に供し、N-アセチル基残存率が29.4%のN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンを取得した。
(2)ヘパリナーゼIII反応による低分子化
(1)で得られたN-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンの低分子化を実施例11と同様の条件でヘパリナーゼIIIと反応させ、酵素添加量と反応時間で分子量を制御し、4種類の低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンを取得した。
(3)低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサンのN-硫酸化
(2)で得られた低分子化N-脱アセチル化ヘパロサン4種類を実施例11と同様の条件でN-硫酸化反応に供し、N-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンを得た。
(4)得られたN-硫酸化低分子化ヘパロサンについて、実施例4と同一の手法で収率および分子量分布を求めた。
C5-エピメラーゼとしては、ヒト由来のC5-エピメラーゼの触媒部位(Gly101-Asn617)と、C末端3アミノ酸を置換したマルトース結合タンパク質(MBP*,既報(Rob J.Center,et.al.,“Cristallization of a trimeric human T cell leukemia virus type 1 gp21 ectodomain fragment as a chimera with maltose-binding protein.”Protein Science, 7, 1612-1619 (1998)))との融合タンパク質(MBP*-C5-エピメラーゼ(G101))を利用した。
2-O-硫酸化酵素(2-OST)としては、チャイニーズハムスター由来の2-OSTの94番目のチロシン残基をイソロイシンに変換した変異体の触媒部位(Asp68-Asn356)と、MBP*との融合タンパク質(MBP*-2-OST(D68))を利用した。
実施例13で調製した14mg N-硫酸化ヘパロサンNo.1、No.2、またはNo.3、50mM MES(pH7.0)、100mM NaCl、および0.5mM PAPSを反応液組成とした混合液68.9mlに、終濃度0.09mg/mLのC5-エピメラーゼ発現菌体の菌体抽出液0.7mlおよび終濃度0.07mg/mLの2-OST精製蛋白質0.4 mlを加えて総量70mLの反応液をそれぞれ調製し、37℃で10時間反応させた。
実施例13で調製した14mg N-硫酸化ヘパロサンNo.1、No.2、またはNo.3、50mM MES(pH7.0)、100mM NaClを反応液組成とした混合液5.4mlに、終濃度1.0mg/mLのC5-エピメラーゼ発現菌体の菌体抽出液0.6mlを加えて総量5mLの反応液をそれぞれ調製し、37℃で24時間反応させた。使用したC5-エピメラーゼは実施例14(1)と同一のもの使用した。実施例5と同様の手順で亜硝酸分解により反応生成物に含まれる二糖組成分析を行った。算出された二糖構造とその割合を表14に示す。
得られたNo.4-No.9の酵素反応液(C5エピメリ化および2-O-硫酸化のカップリング反応後、または、C5エピメリ化単独反応の反応液)について、実施例6と同様の手順で精製および6-O-硫酸化反応を行い、洗浄濃縮液を取得した。
得られた6-O-硫酸化反応の反応生成物各80μgについて、実施例7と同様の反応液組成で総量300μLの反応液を調製し、24時間37℃で反応させた。実施例5と同様の手順で亜硝酸分解により反応生成物の二糖組成分析を行った。算出された二糖構造とその割合を表15に示す。未同定ピークのデータは割愛し、表に示す二糖単位の総量を100%とした。
実施例8と同様の手順で3-O-硫酸化反応の反応生成物を精製し、抗凝固活性の測定を実施した。結果を表16に示す。
配列番号1:エシェリヒア・コリK5株のkfiABCDオペロンの塩基配列
配列番号2:エシェリヒア・コリK5株のKfiAタンパク質のアミノ酸配列
配列番号3:エシェリヒア・コリK5株のKfiBタンパク質のアミノ酸配列
配列番号4:エシェリヒア・コリK5株のKfiCタンパク質のアミノ酸配列
配列番号5:エシェリヒア・コリK5株のKfiDタンパク質のアミノ酸配列
配列番号6、7:プライマー
配列番号8:野生型nlpDプロモーター(Pnlp0)を含むPaeI-SalI断片の塩基配列
配列番号9、10:プライマー
配列番号11:rrnBターミネーターの塩基配列
配列番号12~15:プライマー
配列番号16:Flavobacterium heparinum ATCC 13125のhepC遺伝子の塩基配列
配列番号17:Flavobacterium heparinum ATCC 13125のHepCタンパク質のアミノ酸配列
配列番号18、19:プライマー
配列番号20:pMAL-c2x
配列番号21、22:プライマー
配列番号23:C5-エピメラーゼ挿入断片の塩基配列(ヒト由来C5-エピメラーゼの触媒部位をコードする塩基配列)
配列番号24:ヒト由来C5-エピメラーゼの触媒部位のアミノ酸配列
配列番号25、26:プライマー
配列番号27:2-OST挿入断片の塩基配列(チャイニーズハムスター由来2-OST変異体の触媒部位をコードする塩基配列)
配列番号28:チャイニーズハムスター由来2-OST変異体の触媒部位のアミノ酸配列
配列番号29:マウス由来3-OST-1のアミノ酸配列
配列番号30:エシェリヒア・コリのcodon usageに合わせて最適化した、マウス由来3-OST-1の触媒部位(Gly48-His311)をコードする塩基配列
配列番号31、32:プライマー
配列番号33:pMAL-MBP*
配列番号34、35:プライマー
配列番号36:C5-エピメラーゼ(G101)挿入断片の塩基配列(ヒト由来C5-エピメラーゼの触媒部位(Gly101-Asn617)をコードする塩基配列)
配列番号37:ヒト由来C5-エピメラーゼの触媒部位(Gly101-Asn617)のアミノ酸配列
配列番号38、39:プライマー
配列番号40:2-OST(D68)挿入断片の塩基配列(チャイニーズハムスター由来2-OST変異体の触媒部位(Asp68-Asn356)をコードする塩基配列)
配列番号41:チャイニーズハムスター由来2-OST変異体の触媒部位(Asp68-Asn356)のアミノ酸配列
Claims (27)
- 前記二糖単位の含有率が、90%以上である、請求項1に記載の多糖。
- 平均糖連結数が6~60残基である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- 平均糖連結数が6~30残基である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される数平均分子量が8000~60000である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される数平均分子量が12000~40000である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される重量平均分子量が10000~100000である、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される重量平均分子量が15000~50000である、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- 前記二糖単位のヘキスロン酸残基におけるイズロン酸残基の比率が0%~70%である、請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- R1における硫酸基の比率が、0%~80%である、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- イズロン酸残基のR1における硫酸基の比率が、0%~100%である、請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- グルクロン酸残基のR1における硫酸基の比率が、0%~50%である、請求項1~13のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- R2における硫酸基の比率が、1%未満である、請求項1~14のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- R3における硫酸基の比率が、70%~100%である、請求項1~15のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- R3におけるアセチル基の比率が、0%~33%である、請求項1~16のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- R4における硫酸基の比率が、45%以下である、請求項1~17のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- R5における硫酸基の比率が、70%~100%である、請求項1~18のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- GlcA-GlcN(NS3S6S)、GlcA(2S)-GlcN(NS6S)、IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS6S)、GlcA-GlcN(NS6S)、IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS)、IdoA(2S)-GlcN(NS3S)、IdoA-GlcN(NS6S)、およびGlcA-GlcN(NS)から選択される1またはそれ以上の二糖単位を、50%以上の総含有率で含む、請求項1~19のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- Anti-Factor Xa活性/Anti-Factor IIa活性比が、1.5以上である、請求項1~20のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- プルランを標準としてゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーにより測定される重量平均分子量(Mw)と数平均分子量(Mn)の比(Mw/Mn)が1.5以下である、請求項1~21のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- フリー体、もしくはその薬理学的に許容される塩、またはそれらの混合物である、請求項1~22のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- 前記塩が、アンモニウム塩、ナトリウム塩、リチウム塩、およびカルシウム塩から選択される、請求項1~23のいずれか1項に記載の多糖。
- 請求項1~24のいずれか1項に記載の多糖を含む医薬組成物。
- 血液凝固に起因する症状の予防、改善、および/または治療用である、請求項25に記載の組成物。
- 前記症状が、播種性血管内凝固症候群、血栓塞栓症、人工透析における血液凝固、または体外循環における血液凝固である、請求項26に記載の組成物。
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HUE062293T2 (hu) | 2023-10-28 |
EP3399045C0 (en) | 2023-06-07 |
US20180298117A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 |
EP3399045A4 (en) | 2019-08-28 |
JP2022003136A (ja) | 2022-01-11 |
CN108699580A (zh) | 2018-10-23 |
CN108699580B (zh) | 2022-09-23 |
JP7006275B2 (ja) | 2022-02-10 |
JPWO2017115675A1 (ja) | 2018-10-18 |
EP3399045B9 (en) | 2023-10-04 |
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