WO2016089134A2 - 코폴리카보네이트 및 이를 포함하는 조성물 - Google Patents
코폴리카보네이트 및 이를 포함하는 조성물 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016089134A2 WO2016089134A2 PCT/KR2015/013156 KR2015013156W WO2016089134A2 WO 2016089134 A2 WO2016089134 A2 WO 2016089134A2 KR 2015013156 W KR2015013156 W KR 2015013156W WO 2016089134 A2 WO2016089134 A2 WO 2016089134A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- bis
- copolycarbonate
- repeating unit
- hydroxyphenyl
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- -1 polydimethylsiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 29
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000466 oxiranyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 7
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol F Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002993 cycloalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004203 4-hydroxyphenyl group Chemical group [H]OC1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- HCNHNBLSNVSJTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HCNHNBLSNVSJTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=C1 VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YMTYZTXUZLQUSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3'-Dimethylbisphenol A Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(C)=CC(C(C)(C)C=2C=C(C)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 YMTYZTXUZLQUSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RXNYJUSEXLAVNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RXNYJUSEXLAVNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VWGKEVWFBOUAND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-thiodiphenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1SC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VWGKEVWFBOUAND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NZGQHKSLKRFZFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)phenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 NZGQHKSLKRFZFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RQCACQIALULDSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfinylphenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1S(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RQCACQIALULDSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BATCUENAARTUKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)-diphenylmethyl]phenol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 BATCUENAARTUKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ODJUOZPKKHIEOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propan-2-yl]-2,6-dimethylphenol Chemical compound CC1=C(O)C(C)=CC(C(C)(C)C=2C=C(C)C(O)=C(C)C=2)=C1 ODJUOZPKKHIEOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- CKNCVRMXCLUOJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3'-dibromobisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C(Br)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C(Br)=C1 CKNCVRMXCLUOJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- VOWWYDCFAISREI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bisphenol AP Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 VOWWYDCFAISREI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- KYPYTERUKNKOLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrachlorobisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C(Cl)=C(O)C(Cl)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC(Cl)=C(O)C(Cl)=C1 KYPYTERUKNKOLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004464 hydroxyphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 21
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000012695 Interfacial polymerization Methods 0.000 description 8
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 8
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 8
- QHPQWRBYOIRBIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butylphenol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QHPQWRBYOIRBIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920005668 polycarbonate resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004431 polycarbonate resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosgene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=O YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 4
- HMMGMWAXVFQUOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane Chemical compound C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1 HMMGMWAXVFQUOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- UCPYLLCMEDAXFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphosgene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)OC(=O)OC(Cl)(Cl)Cl UCPYLLCMEDAXFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 3
- UHUUYVZLXJHWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(methylsilyloxy)silane Chemical compound C[SiH2]O[Si](C)(C)C UHUUYVZLXJHWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004206 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C(F)(F)F 0.000 description 2
- 125000006201 3-phenylpropyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000006374 C2-C10 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 2
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SYHPANJAVIEQQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicarboxy carbonate Chemical compound OC(=O)OC(=O)OC(O)=O SYHPANJAVIEQQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl carbonate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012643 polycondensation polymerization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- VSIKJPJINIDELZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8-octakis-phenyl-1,3,5,7,2,4,6,8-tetraoxatetrasilocane Chemical compound O1[Si](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)O[Si](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)O[Si](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)O[Si]1(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 VSIKJPJINIDELZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIRNGVVZBINFMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-allylphenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1CC=C QIRNGVVZBINFMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBQRPFBBTWXIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-4-[2-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C(Cl)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C(Cl)=C1 XBQRPFBBTWXIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDIPWBUDOCPIMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-decylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O FDIPWBUDOCPIMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYEJMVLDXAUOPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-dodecylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O CYEJMVLDXAUOPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEMHBAGGYKJNSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-icosylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O QEMHBAGGYKJNSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WCRKLZYTQVZTMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-octadecylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O WCRKLZYTQVZTMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOONSONEBWTBLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tetradecylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O JOONSONEBWTBLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HTVITOHKHWFJKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bisphenol B Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(CC)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 HTVITOHKHWFJKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSONZMIYJHPUAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC=CCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)O Chemical compound CC=CCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)O OSONZMIYJHPUAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004609 Impact Modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical group CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001134446 Niveas Species 0.000 description 1
- JKIJEFPNVSHHEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, phosphite (3:1) Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1OP(OC=1C(=CC(=CC=1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)OC1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1C(C)(C)C JKIJEFPNVSHHEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- MUCRFDZUHPMASM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-chlorophenyl) carbonate Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1OC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1Cl MUCRFDZUHPMASM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MOIPGXQKZSZOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyl bromide Chemical compound BrC(Br)=O MOIPGXQKZSZOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCCCC QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCUYBXPSSCRKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosgene Chemical compound ClC(=O)OC(Cl)(Cl)Cl HCUYBXPSSCRKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012760 heat stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002346 iodo group Chemical group I* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001802 myricyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- SSDSCDGVMJFTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 SSDSCDGVMJFTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QBDSZLJBMIMQRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-Cumylphenol Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 QBDSZLJBMIMQRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKTOLZVEWDHZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-cumyl phenol Natural products CC1=CC=C(C)C(O)=C1 NKTOLZVEWDHZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XMGMFRIEKMMMSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylmethylbenzene Chemical group C=1C=CC=CC=1[C]C1=CC=CC=C1 XMGMFRIEKMMMSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QZRXRMPNCPCMSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphanyl(phosphanylidene)phosphane Chemical compound PP=P QZRXRMPNCPCMSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004023 quaternary phosphonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011888 snacks Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylphosphanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[P+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PTUUTGJMRQWABQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl(phenylsilyloxy)silane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[Si](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)O[SiH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 PTUUTGJMRQWABQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004260 weight control Methods 0.000 description 1
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a copolycarbonate and a composition comprising the same, to include a branched repeat unit in the copolycarbonate structure, to a technique for improving the flame resistance and chemical resistance while maintaining the impact strength and fluidity of the copolycarbonate will be.
- Polycarbonate resin is prepared by condensation polymerization of aromatic diols such as bisphenol A and carbonate precursors such as phosgene, and has excellent impact strength, numerical stability, heat resistance and transparency, and are used for exterior materials, automotive parts, building materials, and optical parts of electric and electronic products. It is applied to a wide range of fields. In order to apply such polycarbonate resins in recent years, many studies have been attempted to obtain desired physical properties by copolymerizing two or more different types of aromatic dialkyl compounds to introduce units having different structures into the main chain of polycarbonate. . In particular, research into introducing a polysiloxane structure into the backbone of polycarbonate is underway, but most of the technologies are expensive to produce. It is disadvantageous in that flame resistance and chemical resistance are poor. The inventors hereby include branched repeat units as described below. The present invention was completed by confirming that the intrinsic laminar strength and fluidity of copolycarbonate can be improved while maintaining flame resistance and chemical resistance. [Content of invention]
- the present invention is to provide a copolycarbonate with improved flame retardancy and chemical resistance while maintaining the inherent impact strength and fluidity of the copolycarbonate.
- the present invention is to provide a composition comprising the copolycarbonate.
- the present invention provides the following copolycarbonate:
- At least one repeating unit of formula 1 to 3 is connected to each other by a branched repeating unit of formula 4,
- Ri to R 4 are each independently hydrogen. Ci-! O alkyl, alkoxy. Or halogen,
- Z is C- 10 alkylene unsubstituted or substituted with phenyl.
- CO
- Each R 5 is independently hydrogen; Unsubstituted or oxiranyl. D- 10 alkoxy substituted with oxiranyl. Or C 6 - 20 alkyl substituted with aryl; Halogen: alkoxy; Allyl; d-w haloalkyl; 20 is an aryl, - or C 6
- n is an integer from 1 to 200.
- 3 ⁇ 4 are each independently d-K) alkylene
- Yl is each independently hydrogen. Ci-6 alkyl. Halogen, heat special. ( 6 alkoxy. Or C 6-20 aryl,
- Each 3 ⁇ 4 is independently hydrogen: unsubstituted or oxiranyl.
- n is an integer from 1 to 200.
- R S to 1 are each independently hydrogen, d-K) alkyl. Halogen, CHO alkoxy: allyl; CHO haloalkyl: or C 6-20 aryl,
- nl to n4 are each independently an integer of 1 to 4; .
- Polycarbonate is prepared by condensation polymerization of an aromatic diol compound such as bisphenol A and a carbonate precursor such as phosgene. It has excellent impact strength, numerical stability, heat resistance and transparency, and is applied to a wide range of fields such as exterior materials for automobiles, automobile parts, building materials, and optical parts. In order to further improve the physical properties of the polycarbonate, it is possible to introduce a polysiloxane structure in the main chain of the polycarbonate, thereby improving the various physical properties. However, in spite of the above, in order to be suitable for various applications, the polycarbonate having a polysiloxane structure should be excellent in flame retardancy and chemical resistance.
- a polysiloxane structure is introduced into the main chain of the polycarbonate, and a branched repeating unit is introduced as described below, thereby maintaining the physical properties of the copolycarbonate to the maximum and at the same time flame retardant and chemical resistance. It can be improved.
- Recurring Unit of Formula 1 Recurring Unit of Formula 1
- the repeating unit represented by the formula (1) is formed by reacting an aromatic di compound with a carbonate precursor.
- Chemical Formula 1 preferably. Are each independently hydrogen, methyl, chloro, or bromo.
- Z is a straight or branched chain c wo alkylene unsubstituted or substituted with phenyl, more preferably methylene, ethane- ⁇ , ⁇ -diyl, propane-2, 2-diyl, butane- 2, 2-diyl, 1-phenylethane, 1,1 "diyl, or diphenylmethylene.
- Z is cyclonucleic acid-1,1-diyl, 0, S, SO, S0 2 , or CO.
- the repeating unit represented by Formula 1 is bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) methane bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) ether, bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone, bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) Sulfoxide, bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfide, bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone, 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane, bisphenol A, 2,2—bis (4-hydroxy Phenyl) butane, 1.1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclonucleic acid.
- 2, 2-bis (4—hydroxy-3,5-dibromophenyl) propane, 2, 2-bis (4 ⁇ hydroxy-3, 5-dichlorophenyl) propane, 2,2-bis (4 ⁇ hydroxythoxy—3-bromophenyl) propane, 2, 2-bis (4—hydroxy-3-chlorophenyl) propane, 2, 2-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) propane, 2, 2 -Bis (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl) propane, 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -1 ⁇ phenylethane, bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) diphenylmethane, and 01, 0) -bis [3- (0 -hydroxyphenyl) propyl] polydimethylsiloxane can be derived from any one or more aromatic diol compounds selected from the group consisting of.
- Said "derived from the aromatic diol compound” means. It means that the hydroxyl group of the aromatic di compound and the carbonate precursor react to form a repeating unit represented by the formula (1).
- the repeating unit represented by Formula 1 is represented by the following Formula 1-1:
- Examples of the carbonate precursors include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, dicyclonuclear carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, and ditoryl carbonate. 1 selected from the group consisting of bis (chlorophenyl) carbonate, di-111-cresyl carbonate, dinaphthyl carbonate, bis (diphenyl) carbonate, phosgene, triphosgene, diphosgene, bromophosgene and bishaloformate More than one species can be used. Preferably, triphosgene or phosgene can be used.
- 3 ⁇ 4 are each independently C 2 - 4 alkylene and is, most preferably, propane-1,3-diyl-10 alkylene, more preferably C 2.
- ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 is each independently hydrogen , methyl , ethyl , propyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl, 3— (oxyranylmethoxy) propyl. Fluoro, chloro, bromo. Iodo, Meeshi. Ethoxy. Propoxy, allyl, 2, 2, 2- Trifluoroethyl ⁇ 3, 3, 3-trifluoropropyl, phenyl, or naphthyl.
- ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 is each independently d- ⁇ alkyl, more preferably C alkyl, more preferably alkyl, and most preferably methyl.
- n is 10 or more, 15 or more, 20 or more, 25 or more, 30 or more, 31 or more, or 32 or more, 50 or less, 45 or less, 40 or less, 39 or less, 38 or less, or 37 or less Is an integer.
- 3 ⁇ 4 are each independently a C 2 - to 10 alkylene, more preferably C 2 - 6 alkylene and most preferably isobutylene.
- ⁇ is hydrogen.
- 3 ⁇ 4 is each independently hydrogen , methyl , ethyl , propyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl, 3- (oxyranylmethoxy) propyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, medo Ci, ethoxy, propoxy, allyl, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl, 3, 3, 3-trifluoropropyl, phenyl, or naphthyl.
- each R 6 is independently d- 10 alkyl, more preferably d- 6 alkyl, still more preferably d- 3 alkyl, most preferably methyl.
- the in is 40 or more, 45 or more, 50 or more, 5 or more. 56 or more, 57 or more, or 58 or more. It is an integer of 80 or less, 75 or less, 70 or less, 65 or less, 64 or less, 63 or less, or 62 or less.
- the repeating unit represented by Formula 2 and the repeating unit represented by Formula 3 are each derived from a siloxane compound represented by Formula 2-1 and a siloxane compound represented by Formula 3-1.
- .V is a C 2 - 10 alkenyl, and Al,
- Xi. R 5 and n are as defined above,
- X 2 , Yi, 3 ⁇ 4 and m are as defined above. It is preferable that the reactions of the reaction systems 1 and 2 are carried out under a metal catalyst. It is preferable to use Pt catalyst as the metal catalyst, Ashby catalyst, Karlstedt catalyst as Pt catalyst. Lamoreaux catalyst, Spe i er catalyst. PtCl 2 (C0D),
- the metal catalyst is 0.001 part by weight, 0.005 part by weight, or 0.01 part by weight or more, 1 part by weight, 0.1 part by weight, or 0.05 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the compound represented by Formula 7 or 9. It can be used in parts or less.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 80 to 100 ° C.
- the reaction time is preferably 1 hour to 5 hours.
- the compound represented by Formula 7 or 9 may be prepared by reacting organodisiloxane and organocyclosiloxane under an acid catalyst, and n and m may be controlled by adjusting the content of the reactant.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 50 to 70 ° C.
- the reaction time is preferably 1 hour to 6 hours.
- the organodisiloxane one or more selected from the group consisting of tetramethyldisiloxane, tetraphenyldisiloxane, nuxamethyldisil, siloxane and nuxaphenyldisiloxane can be used.
- an organocyclotetrasiloxane can be used as an example, and examples thereof include octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane, and the like.
- the organodisiloxane is 0.01 part by weight or more, or 2 parts by weight or more, based on 100 parts by weight of the organocyclosiloxane, and 10 parts by weight or less. Or 8 parts by weight or less.
- the acid catalyst at least one selected from the group consisting of H 2 SO 4 , HC10 4 , AICI 3, SbC 1 5 , SnCl 4, and acidic clay may be used.
- the acid catalyst is 0.01 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the organocyclosiloxane It is more than 0.5 weight part or more, or 1 weight part or more. 10 parts by weight or less. 5 parts by weight or less, or 3 parts by weight or less can be used. Especially .
- the weight ratio between the repeating units may be 1:99 to 99: 1. Preferably from 3:97 to 97: 3, from 5:95 to 95: 5, from 10:90 to 90:10. Or 15:85 to 85:15.
- the weight ratio of the repeating units are siloxane compounds, such as siloxane compounds, and repetition (unit represented by Advantageously, the formula (2) to increase the ratio of the siloxane compound represented by Formula 3-1 represented by the above formula (2) eu 1, It is represented by the following formula 2-2:
- R 5 and n are as defined above.
- R 5 is methyl.
- the repeating unit represented by the formula 3 is represented by Formula 3-2:
- R 6 and m are as defined above.
- R 6 is methyl.
- the weight ratio of the total weight of the repeating unit represented by Formula 2 and the repeating unit represented by Formula 3 (Formula 1: (Formula 2 + Formula 3)) is 1: 0.001 to 1: 0.2, more preferably 1 : 0.01 to 1: 0.1.
- the increase ratio of the repeating unit is based on the weight ratio of the aromatic dialkyl compound used to form the repeating unit of Formula 1 and the siloxane compound used to form the repeating unit of Formulas 2 and 3.
- Copolycarbonate according to the present invention in addition to the above-described repeating units of the formula 1 to 3 includes a branched repeating unit, such as the formula (4). Accordingly, one or more of the above-described repeating units of Formulas 1 to 3 are connected to each other by branched repeating units of the following Formula 4 so that the main chain is branched, thereby maintaining the impact strength and fluidity of the copolycarbonate, while maintaining flame resistance and flame resistance. It can improve chemistry.
- R 7 is C H3 alkyl, or More preferably. Ci-4 alkyl. Is methyl and most preferably ⁇
- 3 ⁇ 4 to R U are each independently, hydrogen, C alkyl. Or halogen, more preferably hydrogen.
- the repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 4 is derived from an aromatic polyhydric alcohol compound represented by Chemical Formula 4-1.
- R 7 is hydrogen, du) alkyl, or Rs to Rii and nl to n4 are as defined above.
- the meaning of “derived from an aromatic polyhydric alcohol compound” means that the hydroxy group and the carbonate precursor of the aromatic polyhydric alcohol compound react to form a repeating unit represented by the formula (4). for example.
- the aromatic polyhydric alcohol compound is THPE (ll, l-tris (4-hyc-oxyphenyl) ethane), polymerized with the tricarbonate, a carbonate precursor.
- the repeating unit represented by Formula 4 is represented by the following Formula 4-2:
- the aromatic polyhydric alcohol compound is 4.4 ', 4'',4' 1 '- Methanetetrayltetraphenol (4.4 '.4''.4''' -methanetetrayltetraphenol).
- a carbonate precursor When polymerized with the tricarbonate, a carbonate precursor.
- the repeating unit represented by Formula 4 is represented by the following Formula 4-3:
- the carbonate precursor which can be used for formation of the repeating unit of Formula 4 above As described above for the carbonate precursor that can be used to form the repeating unit of Formula 1 described above.
- the weight ratio of the repeating unit represented by Formula 1 and the repeating unit represented by Formula 4 is 1: 0.001 to 1: 0.1. It is excellent in the physical-property improvement effect of a copolycarbonate in the said range.
- the weight ratio as defined above is based on the weight ratio of the aromatic dialkyl compound and the aromatic polyhydric alcohol compound used to form the repeating units of Formulas 1 and 4.
- Copolycarbonate according to the present invention. It can be prepared by polymerizing the aforementioned aromatic diol compound, aromatic polyhydric alcohol compound, carbonate precursor and one or more siloxane compounds.
- the aromatic dihydric compound, aromatic polyhydric alcohol compound, carbonate precursor and one or more siloxane compounds are as described above.
- the weight ratio of each compound is as above-mentioned.
- an interfacial polymerization method can be used. In this case, the reaction can be combined at normal pressure and low temperature, and the molecular weight can be easily adjusted.
- the interfacial polymerization is preferably carried out in the presence of an acid binder and an organic solvent. Also.
- the interfacial polymerization may include, for example, prepolymerization (1 ) 1-6-[) 01-
- the materials used for the interfacial polymerization are not particularly limited as long as the materials can be used for the polymerization of polycarbonate, and the amount of the materials used may be adjusted as necessary.
- the acid binder for example, an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, or an amine compound such as pyridine can be used.
- the organic solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is a solvent usually used for polymerization of polycarbonate, and halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and chlorobenzene can be used as an example.
- the interfacial polymerization is a reaction such as a tertiary amine compound such as triethylamine, tetra-n-butylammonium bromide, tetra-n-butylphosphonium bromide, quaternary ammonium compound, quaternary phosphonium compound, etc. Accelerators may additionally be used.
- the reaction temperature of the interfacial polymerization is preferably 0 to 40 ° C, the reaction time is preferably 10 minutes to 5 hours.
- interfacial polymerization reaction pH is It is preferable to keep it at 9 or more or 11 or more.
- the interfacial polymerization may be performed by further including a molecular weight regulator.
- the molecular weight modifier may be added before the start of the polymerization, during the start of the polymerization or after the start of the polymerization.
- Mono-alkylphenol can be used as the molecular weight regulator.
- the mono-alkylphenols are, for example, p-tert-butylphenol, P-cumylphenol, decylphenol, dodecylphenol, tetradecylphenol, nuxadecylphenol, octadecylphenol, eicosylphenol, docosylphenol and triacontyl. It is 1 or more types chosen from the group which consists of phenols, Preferably it is p-tert- butylphenol, In this case, a molecular weight control effect is large.
- the molecular weight modifier is, for example, 0.01 part by weight, 0,1 part by weight, or 1 part by weight or more based on 100 parts by weight of the aromatic diol compound. 10 parts by weight or less, 6 parts by weight or less, or 5 parts by weight or less and the desired molecular weight can be obtained within this range.
- the copolycarbonate may have a weight average molecular weight
- the extended average molecular weight (g / mol) is at least 20.000, at least 21,000, at least 22,000, at least 23,000, at least 24,000, at least 25.000, at least 26,000, at least 27,000, or at least 28,000.
- the said weight average molecular weight is 34,000 or less, 33,000 or less, or 32,000 or less.
- the present invention comprises the aforementioned copolycarbonate and polycarbonate. It provides a polycarbonate composition.
- the copolycarbonate may be used alone, but the physical properties of the copolycarbonate may be controlled by using a polycarbonate together as necessary.
- the polycarbonate is distinguished from the copolycarbonate according to the present invention in that a polysiloxane structure is not introduced into the main chain of the polycarbonate.
- the delicarbonate includes a repeating unit represented by Formula 5 below:
- R'i to R'4 are each independently hydrogen. du) alkyl, d- 10 alkoxy. Or halogen,
- Z ' is d- 10 alkylene unsubstituted or substituted with phenyl. 15 cycloalkylene, 0, S, SO, S0 2, CO, or - unsubstituted or Cwo alkyl substituted with C 3.
- the polycarbonate may have a weight average molecular weight
- the weight average molecular weight (g / mol) is at least 20.000, at least 21,000, at least 22,000, at least 23,000. 24.000 or more, 25.000 or more, 26,000 or more, 27.000 or more. Or 28.000 or more. In addition, the said weight average molecular weight is 34,000 or less. 33,000 or less, or 32,000 or less.
- the repeating unit represented by Formula 5 is formed by reacting an aromatic diol compound and a carbonate precursor.
- the aromatic diol compound and carbonate precursor which can be used are The same as described above in the repeating unit represented by the formula (1).
- R ' 4 and Z' of the formula (5) respectively, The same as in Formula 1 to R 4 and Z.
- the repeating unit represented by Formula 5 is represented by the following Formula 5-1:
- the increase ratio of the copolycarbonate and the polycarbonate is preferably 99: 1 to 1:99, more preferably 90:10 to 50:50, most preferably 80:10 to 60: 40.
- the present invention is the above-mentioned copolycarbonate or :
- An article comprising a polycarbonate composition is provided.
- the article is an injection molded article.
- the article is for example an antioxidant.
- Light stabilizer. Plasticizers, antistatic agents.
- Nuclear floor may further comprise one or more selected from the group consisting of flame retardants, lubricants, impact modifiers, optical brighteners, ultraviolet absorbers, pigments and dyes.
- the additives such as copolycarbonate and antioxidant according to the present invention are mixed using a mixer, and then the mixture is extruded into an extruder to produce pellets, and the pellets are dried, followed by an injection molding machine. It may include the step of injection into.
- the copolycarbonate according to the present invention and the composition comprising the same, by introducing a polysiloxane structure in the main chain of the polycarbonate, and also by introducing a branched repeat unit, Maintaining maximum physical properties and improving flame retardancy and chemical resistance.
- BPA bisphenol A
- THPE 1, 1-tris (4-hydroxypheny 1) et hane
- AP-30 previously prepared polyorganosiloxane
- MB-60 polyorganosiloxane
- a copolycarbonate resin was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 0.98 g of THPE was used.
- Example 3 A copolycarbonate resin was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 0.98 g of THPE was used.
- a copolycarbonate resin composition was prepared by mixing 80 parts by weight of the copolycarbonate prepared in Example 1 and 20 parts by weight of the polycarbonate prepared in Preparation Example 3. Comparative Example 1
- a copolycarbonate resin was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 18.3 g of PTBP was used instead of 21.0 g without THPE. Comparative Example 2
- a copolycarbonate resin was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polyorganosiloxane of Preparation Example 1 (AP-30) and the polyorganosiloxane (MB-60) of Preparation Example 2 were not used. . Comparative Example 4
- Polycarbonate resin prepared in Preparation Example 3 was used as Comparative Example 4.
- the amount of the main reactants used in Examples and Comparative Examples was as shown in Table 1 below.
- Phase Silver Hot Lapium Strength Measured at 23 ° C based on ASTM D256 (1/8 inch, Notched IzodHl).
- MI Melt Index
- Flame retardancy was evaluated based on UL 94V. Specifically, five flame retardant specimens having a thickness of 3.0 kPa required for application of the flame retardant test were prepared and evaluated as follows.
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