WO2016031492A1 - 多孔質層、多孔質層を積層してなるセパレータ、および多孔質層またはセパレータを含む非水電解液二次電池 - Google Patents
多孔質層、多孔質層を積層してなるセパレータ、および多孔質層またはセパレータを含む非水電解液二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016031492A1 WO2016031492A1 PCT/JP2015/071849 JP2015071849W WO2016031492A1 WO 2016031492 A1 WO2016031492 A1 WO 2016031492A1 JP 2015071849 W JP2015071849 W JP 2015071849W WO 2016031492 A1 WO2016031492 A1 WO 2016031492A1
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- porous layer
- layer
- separator
- secondary battery
- porous
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a porous layer suitable as a member for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a separator formed by laminating a porous layer, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including the porous layer or the separator.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries typified by lithium ion secondary batteries have high energy density, and are therefore widely used as batteries used in devices such as personal computers, mobile phones, and portable information terminals.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery various attempts have been made to improve the separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode for the purpose of improving performance such as safety.
- a porous film made of polyolefin is widely used as a separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery because it has excellent electrical insulation and good ion permeability, and various proposals regarding the separator have been made. Yes.
- a porous layer having a thickness of 0.2 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less containing an inorganic filler or a resin having a melting point and / or a glass transition temperature of 180 ° C. or higher is provided on at least one surface of a polyolefin resin porous membrane.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte battery separator using a multilayer porous membrane having an air permeability of 1 to 650 seconds / 100 cc has been proposed.
- Patent Document 2 includes a polyolefin layer and a heat-resistant insulating layer formed on one or both sides of the polyolefin layer and containing a heat-resistant resin and oxidation-resistant ceramic particles, and the heat-resistant insulating layer includes the acid-resistant layer.
- a separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery using a separator with a heat-resistant insulating layer that contains 60% to 90% of curable ceramic particles has been proposed.
- Japanese Patent Publication Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-273443 (published on October 18, 2007)” Japanese Patent Publication “JP 2009-87889 A (published April 23, 2009)”
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is required to maintain an initial discharge capacity even after repeated charge / discharge cycles, that is, sufficient cycle characteristics so that it can be used repeatedly.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the nonaqueous electrolyte battery separator described in Patent Documents 1 and 2 tends to be unable to maintain the initial discharge capacity when the charge and discharge cycle is repeated. Yes, it cannot be said that the cycle characteristics are sufficient. Therefore, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics is required.
- the present invention has been made in consideration of the above-mentioned problems, and its main purpose is a non-aqueous electrolyte excellent in cycle characteristics that can generally maintain the initial discharge capacity even after repeating the charge / discharge cycle.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a porous layer suitable as a member for a secondary battery or a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a separator formed by laminating a porous layer.
- the present inventor pays attention to the porosity of the porous layer laminated on one side or both sides of the porous film mainly composed of polyolefin, and suppresses the variation rate of the porosity within a certain range. It was found that a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a laminate formed by laminating the porous layer on one side or both sides of the porous film as a separator has excellent cycle characteristics, and the present invention has been completed. .
- the porous layer according to the present invention is divided into 32 rectangular parallelepipeds in which one section is 2.3 ⁇ m in length, 2.3 ⁇ m in width, and the thickness is the thickness of the porous layer itself.
- the variation rate of the porosity between the 32 sections is 16.0% or less.
- the porous layer according to the present invention is divided into 32 rectangular parallelepipeds in which one section is 2.3 ⁇ m in length, 2.3 ⁇ m in width, and the thickness is the thickness of the porous layer itself, and the porosity of each section is measured.
- the porosity variation rate between the 32 compartments is preferably 7.0% or less.
- the porous layer according to the present invention is preferably a resin layer containing a fibrillar or granular resin.
- the porous layer contains a filler and a binder resin.
- the porous layer according to the present invention has a volume-based average particle size of D10 of 0.005 to 0.4 ⁇ m, D50 of 0.01 to 1.0 ⁇ m, and D90 of 0.5 to 5.0 ⁇ m, And it is preferable to contain the filler whose difference of D10 and D90 is 2 micrometers or less.
- the separator according to the present invention is characterized in that the porous layer is laminated on one side or both sides of a porous film mainly composed of polyolefin.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery member according to the present invention is characterized in that the positive electrode, the porous layer, and the negative electrode are arranged in this order.
- nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery member according to the present invention is characterized in that the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode are arranged in this order.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention is characterized by including the porous layer or the separator.
- the present invention is a porous layer laminated on one side or both sides of a porous film mainly composed of polyolefin, or laminated on at least one surface of a positive electrode or a negative electrode,
- the porous layer is a resin layer containing a fibrillar or granular resin,
- each section having a length of 2.3 ⁇ m, a width of 2.3 ⁇ m, and a thickness of the porous layer, and the porosity of each section is measured. It is characterized by including a porous layer having a porosity variation rate of 16.0% or less.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery member having excellent cycle characteristics that can generally maintain an initial discharge capacity even after repeating a charge / discharge cycle.
- stacking a suitable porous layer and a porous layer can be provided.
- a to B means A or more and B or less.
- the porous layer according to the present invention is divided into 32 rectangular parallelepipeds in which one section is 2.3 ⁇ m in length, 2.3 ⁇ m in width, and the thickness is the thickness of the porous layer itself, and the porosity of each section is measured.
- the variation rate of the porosity between the 32 sections is 16.0% or less.
- the porous layer according to the present invention can be laminated on one or both surfaces of a porous film mainly composed of polyolefin, or can be formed on at least one surface of a positive electrode or a negative electrode.
- porous film in which the porous layer of the present invention can be laminated on one side or both sides thereof is a base material of a separator, has a polyolefin as a main component, and has a large number of pores connected to the inside thereof. It is possible to allow gas or liquid to pass through the other surface.
- the proportion of polyolefin in the porous film is 50% by volume or more of the entire porous film, more preferably 90% by volume or more, and still more preferably 95% by volume or more.
- the polyolefin preferably contains a high molecular weight component having a weight average molecular weight of 5 ⁇ 10 5 to 15 ⁇ 10 6 .
- the polyolefin contains a high molecular weight component having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more because the strength of the porous film and the laminate (separator) containing the porous film is improved.
- polystyrene resin examples include, for example, a single product obtained by (co) polymerizing monomers such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, and 1-hexene.
- a polymer for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene
- a copolymer for example, ethylene-propylene copolymer
- polyethylene is more preferable because it can prevent (shut down) an excessive current from flowing at a lower temperature.
- polyethylene examples include low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, linear polyethylene (ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer), and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 1 million or more.
- weight average molecular weight Is more preferably an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene having 1 million or more.
- the film thickness of the porous film may be appropriately determined in consideration of the film thickness of the laminate (separator), but the porous film is used as a base material and a porous layer is laminated on one side or both sides of the porous film.
- the thickness is preferably 4 to 40 ⁇ m, more preferably 7 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the basis weight per unit area of the porous film may be appropriately determined in consideration of the strength, film thickness, weight, and handling properties of the laminate (separator), but the laminate is a separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the laminate When used as a battery, it is usually preferably 4 to 20 g / m 2 and more preferably 5 to 12 g / m 2 so that the weight energy density and volume energy density of the battery can be increased. .
- the air permeability of the porous film is preferably a Gurley value of 30 to 500 ⁇ sec / 100 mL, and more preferably 50 to 300 ⁇ sec / 100 mL.
- a Gurley value of 30 to 500 ⁇ sec / 100 mL, and more preferably 50 to 300 ⁇ sec / 100 mL.
- the porosity of the porous film is 20 to 80% by volume so as to increase the amount of electrolyte retained and to reliably prevent the excessive current from flowing (shut down) at a lower temperature. Is more preferable, and more preferably 30 to 75% by volume.
- the pore diameter of the porous film can provide sufficient ion permeability when the laminate is used as a separator, and can prevent particles from entering the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Thus, it is preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the method for producing the porous film is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method of adding a plasticizer to a resin such as polyolefin to form a film, and then removing the plasticizer with an appropriate solvent.
- a polyolefin resin composition prepared by kneading 100 parts by weight of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, 5 to 200 parts by weight of a low molecular weight polyolefin having a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 or less, and 100 to 400 parts by weight of an inorganic filler such as calcium carbonate.
- the commercial item which has the physical property mentioned above can also be used for a porous film.
- the porous film is subjected to a hydrophilic treatment before forming a porous layer, that is, before coating a coating liquid described later.
- a hydrophilic treatment is effective when the proportion of water in the solvent (dispersion medium) contained in the coating liquid is high.
- Specific examples of the hydrophilic treatment include known treatments such as chemical treatment with acid or alkali, corona treatment, plasma treatment and the like.
- the porous film can be hydrophilized in a relatively short time, and since the hydrophilization is limited only to the vicinity of the surface of the porous film, the inside of the porous film is not altered, Corona treatment is more preferred.
- the porous film may contain another porous layer in addition to the porous layer according to the present invention, if necessary.
- the other porous layer include known porous layers such as a heat-resistant layer, an adhesive layer, and a protective layer.
- Specific examples of the porous layer include a porous layer having the same composition as the porous layer according to the present invention described later.
- the porous layer according to the present invention is usually a resin layer containing a resin.
- the porous layer according to the present invention is formed, for example, by being laminated on one surface or both surfaces of a porous film, or by being laminated on at least one surface of a positive electrode or a negative electrode, and preferably a porous film It is a heat-resistant layer or an adhesive layer laminated on one side or both sides.
- the resin constituting the porous layer is preferably insoluble in the battery electrolyte and electrochemically stable in the battery usage range.
- the porous layer is preferably laminated on the surface of the porous film facing the positive electrode when a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is used. More preferably, it is laminated on the surface in contact with the positive electrode.
- the porous layer according to the present invention can be a separator that can be used alone for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. Further, the porous layer according to the present invention can be a porous layer for a separator that can be used in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, that is, a porous layer constituting the separator.
- the porous layer according to the present invention may be a resin layer containing a fibrillar or granular resin.
- the resin include polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, and ethylene-propylene copolymers; fluorine-containing resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene; vinylidene fluoride-hexa Fluorine-containing rubber such as fluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer; aromatic polyamide; wholly aromatic polyamide (aramid resin); styrene-butadiene copolymer and its hydride, methacrylic acid Ester copolymers, acrylonitrile-acrylic acid ester copolymers, styrene-acrylic acid ester copolymers, rubbers such as ethylene propylene rubber and polyvinyl acetate; polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyether sulfone , Polyphenylene sulfide
- aromatic polyamide examples include poly (paraphenylene terephthalamide), poly (metaphenylene isophthalamide), poly (parabenzamide), poly (metabenzamide), and poly (4,4 ′).
- -Benzanilide terephthalamide poly (paraphenylene-4,4'-biphenylenedicarboxylic acid amide), poly (metaphenylene-4,4'-biphenylenedicarboxylic acid amide), poly (paraphenylene-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid) Acid amide), poly (metaphenylene-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid amide), poly (2-chloroparaphenylene terephthalamide), paraphenylene terephthalamide / 2,6-dichloroparaphenylene terephthalamide copolymer, metaphenylene Terephthalamide / , 6-dichloro-para-phenylene terephthalamide copolymer and the like.
- polyolefins polyolefins, fluorine-containing resins, aromatic polyamides, and water-soluble polymers are more preferable.
- water-soluble polymer can use water as a solvent when forming a porous layer, it is more preferable in terms of process and environmental load, and polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose ether, and sodium alginate are more preferable, and cellulose ether is more preferable. Particularly preferred.
- the cellulose ether examples include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, cyanethyl cellulose, oxyethyl cellulose, and the like, and there is little deterioration in use over a long period of time.
- CMC and HEC which are excellent in chemical stability are more preferable, and CMC is particularly preferable.
- the resin can be a binder resin.
- the binder resin fluorine-containing resins, aromatic polyamides, and water-soluble polymers are particularly preferable.
- polyolefin, fluorine-containing resin, and aromatic polyamide are particularly preferable, and among these, fluorine-containing resin is more preferable.
- the porous layer contains a filler. Therefore, when the porous layer contains a filler, the resin has a function as a binder resin.
- examples of the filler that may be contained in the porous layer include a filler made of an organic material and a filler made of an inorganic material.
- Specific examples of the filler made of an organic substance include homopolymers of monomers such as styrene, vinyl ketone, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate, and methyl acrylate, or two or more types.
- Copolymer polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-6-fluoropropylene copolymer, fluorinated resin such as tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride; melamine resin; urea resin; polyethylene;
- fluorinated resin such as tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride; melamine resin; urea resin; polyethylene;
- Examples include fillers made of polypropylene; polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, and the like.
- fillers made of inorganic materials include calcium carbonate, talc, clay, kaolin, silica, hydrotalcite, diatomaceous earth, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide
- examples include fillers made of inorganic substances such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, titanium nitride, alumina (aluminum oxide), aluminum nitride, mica, zeolite, and glass. Only one type of filler may be used, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- fillers made of inorganic substances are suitable, and fillers made of inorganic oxides such as silica, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, alumina, mica, and zeolite are more preferred.
- At least one filler selected from the group consisting of silica, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, and alumina is more preferable, and alumina is particularly preferable.
- Alumina has many crystal forms such as ⁇ -alumina, ⁇ -alumina, ⁇ -alumina, and ⁇ -alumina, and any of them can be suitably used. Among these, ⁇ -alumina is most preferred because of its particularly high thermal stability and chemical stability.
- the shape of the filler varies depending on the manufacturing method of the organic or inorganic material that is the raw material, the dispersion condition of the filler when producing the coating liquid for forming the porous layer, and the like, spherical, oval, short, Although there are various shapes such as a shape or an indefinite shape having no specific shape, any shape may be used as long as it has the following particle diameter.
- the filler made of an inorganic oxide may be wet crushed using a wet pulverizer in order to control the average particle size. That is, it is good also as a filler which has a desired average particle diameter by putting a coarse filler and a suitable solvent into a wet crushing apparatus, and carrying out wet crushing.
- the said solvent is not specifically limited, It is desirable to use water from a viewpoint of a process or an environmental load.
- lower alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and t-butyl alcohol; acetone, toluene, xylene, hexane,
- An organic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide may be mixed.
- the wet pulverizer is roughly classified into a stirring type and a media type such as a ball mill or a bead mill (dyno mill), and an optimal pulverizer may be used according to the type of filler.
- an optimal pulverizer may be used according to the type of filler.
- a filler made of an inorganic oxide having a high hardness it is optimal to use a bead mill (dyno mill) having a high grinding ability.
- the grinding power of the bead mill is greatly influenced by factors such as the bead material, the bead diameter, the bead filling rate (relative to the dynomill vessel volume), the flow rate, the peripheral speed, and so on, to obtain a filler having a desired average particle diameter.
- a filler slurry obtained by wet grinding may be collected according to a desired residence time.
- the concentration of the filler in the slurry obtained by wet pulverization is preferably 6 to 50% by weight, and more preferably 10 to 40% by weight.
- the volume-based average particle size and particle size distribution of the filler is preferably such that D10 is 0.005 to 0.4 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.01 to 0.35 ⁇ m; D50 is 0.01 to 1. It is preferably 0 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.1 to 0.8 ⁇ m; D90 is preferably 0.5 to 5.0 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.8 to 2.5 ⁇ m. Further, the difference between D10 and D90 is preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the filler constructs a structure that deviates moderately from the close-packed structure. For this reason, the porosity of a porous layer increases, and the fabric weight per unit area can be reduced, maintaining moderate ion permeability (air permeability). Therefore, as a result, it is possible to form a lightweight laminate that is excellent in ion permeability and suitable as a separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a filler having an average particle size or particle size distribution exceeding the above range is used, the filler tends to settle when a coating liquid for forming a porous layer is prepared.
- the filler is easy to construct a structure close to the close-packed structure and the porosity of the porous layer is reduced, the ion permeability is inferior and the basis weight per unit area tends to increase as a result.
- the cohesive force between the filler particles tends to be too strong, and the dispersibility tends to decrease.
- the filler may be used in combination of two or more different particle diameters and specific surface areas.
- a method of calculating the average particle diameter of the filler for example, 25 particles are arbitrarily extracted with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and each particle diameter (diameter) is measured.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the average value of the particle diameter by SEM when the shape of the filler is other than spherical, the length in the direction showing the maximum length in the filler is taken as the particle diameter.
- the filler content is preferably 1 to 99% by volume of the porous layer, and more preferably 5 to 95% by volume.
- the porous layer containing the filler and the binder resin is preferably a porous layer in which the filler is bound by the binder resin. That is, a porous layer in which a filler is dispersed in a resin (binder resin) is not suitable as a porous layer containing a filler and a binder resin.
- the filler content in the porous layer containing the filler and the binder resin is preferably 60% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, and further preferably 80% by mass with respect to the mass of the entire porous layer. % Or more, and most preferably 90% by mass or more. Moreover, Preferably it is 99 mass% or less.
- a coating liquid for forming a porous layer is usually prepared by dissolving the resin in a solvent and dispersing the filler as necessary.
- the resin may be dispersed in a solvent.
- an emulsion or suspension in which the resin is dispersed in a solvent as a coating liquid a resin layer containing a granular resin can be formed.
- the solvent (dispersion medium) does not adversely affect the target (for example, porous film, positive electrode, negative electrode, etc.) to which the coating liquid is applied, dissolves the resin uniformly and stably, and uniformly and stably dissolves the filler. It is not particularly limited as long as it can be dispersed. Specific examples of the solvent (dispersion medium) include water; lower alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and t-butyl alcohol; acetone, toluene, xylene, hexane, N -Methylpyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide and the like.
- the solvent (dispersion medium) may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the coating liquid may be formed by any method as long as the conditions such as resin solid content (resin concentration) and filler amount necessary for obtaining a desired porous layer can be satisfied.
- Specific examples of the method for forming the coating liquid include a mechanical stirring method, an ultrasonic dispersion method, a high-pressure dispersion method, and a media dispersion method.
- a filler may be dispersed in a solvent (dispersion medium) using a conventionally known disperser such as a three-one motor, a homogenizer, a media type disperser, or a pressure disperser.
- a solution obtained by dissolving or swelling a resin or an emulsion of a resin is supplied into a wet pulverization apparatus at the time of wet pulverization to obtain a filler having a desired average particle size, and is applied simultaneously with wet pulverization of the filler.
- a liquid can also be prepared. That is, the wet pulverization of the filler and the preparation of the coating liquid may be performed simultaneously in one step.
- the said coating liquid may contain additives, such as a dispersing agent, a plasticizer, surfactant, and a pH adjuster, as components other than the said resin and a filler, in the range which does not impair the objective of this invention. .
- the addition amount of an additive should just be a range which does not impair the objective of this invention.
- the method for forming the quality layer is not particularly limited.
- a sequential laminating method of forming a porous layer on the other side, or a porous film A simultaneous lamination method in which a porous layer is simultaneously formed on both surfaces of the substrate can be performed.
- a method for forming the porous layer for example, a method in which the coating liquid is directly applied to the surface of the porous film and then the solvent (dispersion medium) is removed; the coating liquid is applied to a suitable support, and the solvent ( After the dispersion medium is removed to form a porous layer, the porous layer and the porous film are pressure-bonded, and then the support is peeled off; the coating liquid is applied to an appropriate support, and then the coated surface A method of removing the solvent (dispersion medium) after pressure-bonding the porous film to the substrate and then peeling off the support; immersing the porous film in the coating solution and performing dip coating to remove the solvent (dispersion medium) And the like.
- the thickness of the porous layer is the thickness of the coating film in the wet state after coating, the weight ratio of the resin to the filler, and the solid content concentration of the coating liquid (the sum of the resin concentration and the filler concentration). It can be controlled by adjusting etc.
- a support body a resin film, a metal belt, a drum, etc. can be used, for example.
- the method for applying the coating solution to the porous film, the positive electrode, the negative electrode, or the support is not particularly limited as long as it can achieve the required basis weight and coating area.
- a coating method of the coating liquid conventionally known methods can be employed. Specifically, for example, a gravure coater method, a small diameter gravure coater method, a reverse roll coater method, a transfer roll coater method, a kiss coater method, a dip coater method, Examples include a coater method, a knife coater method, an air doctor blade coater method, a blade coater method, a rod coater method, a squeeze coater method, a cast coater method, a bar coater method, a die coater method, a screen printing method, and a spray coating method.
- a coating apparatus equipped with a stretching mechanism is used so that the coating liquid can be uniformly applied to the surface of the base material (porous film), at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, for example. More preferably, it is applied.
- the crease-stretching mechanism is more preferably a curved roll (for example, a bow roll, a banana roll, a curved roll), a flat expander roll, a helical roll, or a pinch expander.
- a coating method of a coating liquid having a high viscosity a bar coater method or a die coater method is preferably used.
- a coating method of the coating liquid having a low viscosity a gravure coater method is preferable. And when using the gravure coater method, it is especially preferable to use the coating apparatus provided with the pinch expander as the above-mentioned stretching mechanism.
- the coating liquid is applied while stretching the wrinkles of the base material by the above-described wrinkle-stretching mechanism, it is possible to effectively suppress the occurrence of bias and wrinkles in the porous layer. That is, since coating unevenness of the coating liquid is eliminated, uniform coating can be achieved, and the variation rate of the porosity of the porous layer tends to be small.
- the coating apparatus is not particularly limited, and examples of the coating apparatus provided with a heel-stretching mechanism include the coating described in JP-A-2001-316006 or JP-A-2002-60102.
- An apparatus can be used.
- 1 and 2 show an example (a schematic side view and a plan view) of a configuration of a coating apparatus for forming a porous layer according to the present invention.
- the coating apparatus includes an unwinding machine 15, and the base material 10 unwound from the unwinding machine 15 is sent to the gravure roll 18 through the guide roll 16. And the coating liquid 11 for forming a porous layer is coated on one side of the substrate 10 by the gravure roll 18. And the base material 10 with which the coating liquid 11 was coated is sent to the following process through the guide roll 17.
- drying device for drying the coating liquid 11 between the gravure roll 18 and the guide roll 17, and for drying the coating liquid 11 downstream of the guide roll 17. It is also possible to provide a drying device. It is also possible to provide a drying device further provided with a pressing roller, and it is also possible to provide a drying device not provided with a pressing roller. A specific example of the drying apparatus will be described later.
- the pressing rollers 20 that are paired so as to sandwich the base material 10 in the width direction convey the base material 10 so that their axis centers intersect on the transport direction side of the base material 10. Inclined with respect to the direction.
- the inclination angle can be adjusted to a desired angle. According to the said structure, it can prevent more effectively that a vertical hook is formed in the base material 10.
- the pressing rollers 20 that are paired so as to sandwich the base material 10 in the width direction are formed between the base material 10 and the pressing roller 20 in the width direction of the base material 10 when both edges of the base material 10 are sandwiched.
- the total of the contact lengths Da and Db is configured to be 25% or less, more preferably 15% or less, and still more preferably 10% or less of the width dimension D of the substrate 10. According to the said structure, the damage of the base material 10 by the pressing roller 20 can be decreased.
- the outer peripheral surface of the pressing roller 20 has a planar shape or a curved surface shape so that local stress concentration is not applied to the base material 10.
- the pressing roller 20 that is paired so as to sandwich the base material 10 in the thickness direction may have the same outer peripheral surface, or one outer peripheral surface may be flat and the other outer peripheral surface. May be curved.
- a rubber ring may be attached to the outer peripheral surface of the pressing roller 20. If it is the said structure, since the dynamic friction coefficient of the pressing roller 20 and the base material 10 will become large, the width
- the method for removing the solvent (dispersion medium) is generally a drying method.
- the drying method include natural drying, air drying, heat drying, and drying under reduced pressure. Any method may be used as long as the solvent (dispersion medium) can be sufficiently removed.
- the solvent (dispersion medium) contained in the coating liquid may be replaced with another solvent before drying.
- As a method for removing the solvent (dispersion medium) after replacing it with another solvent for example, it is possible to dissolve in the solvent (dispersion medium) contained in the coating liquid and not dissolve the resin contained in the coating liquid.
- a porous film or support on which a coating solution is applied and a coating film is formed is immersed in the solvent X, and the coating film on the porous film or the support is used.
- a method of evaporating the solvent X after replacing the solvent (dispersion medium) therein with the solvent X can be mentioned.
- the resin layer containing a fibrillar resin can be formed.
- a solvent (dispersion medium) can be efficiently removed from the coating liquid.
- the pores of the porous film contract and become transparent.
- it is desirable to carry out at a temperature at which the air permeability of the porous film does not decrease specifically 10 to 120 ° C., more preferably 20 to 80 ° C.
- the porous layer As a method for removing the solvent (dispersion medium), it is particularly preferable to form the porous layer by applying the coating liquid to the substrate and then drying the coating liquid. According to the above configuration, it is possible to realize a porous layer having a smaller variation rate of the porosity of the porous layer and less wrinkles.
- a normal drying apparatus can be used for the above drying.
- the film thickness of the porous layer according to the present invention formed by the above-described method may be appropriately determined in consideration of the film thickness of the laminate (separator), the porous film is used as a base material.
- the thickness is preferably 0.1 to 20 ⁇ m (in the case of both sides), preferably 2 to 15 ⁇ m. More preferred.
- the film thickness of the porous layer exceeds the above range, when the laminate is used as a separator, the load characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be reduced. If the film thickness of the porous layer is less than the above range, when heat is generated in the battery due to an accident or the like, the porous layer breaks without resisting the thermal contraction of the porous film and the separator contracts. There is a fear.
- the surface of the porous film facing the positive electrode when a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is formed is used. It refers to at least the physical properties of the laminated porous layer.
- the basis weight per unit area of the porous layer may be appropriately determined in consideration of the strength, film thickness, weight, and handling properties of the laminate (separator), but the laminate is a separator for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the laminate When used as a battery, it is usually preferably 1 to 20 g / m 2 and more preferably 4 to 10 g / m 2 so that the weight energy density and volume energy density of the battery can be increased. .
- the basis weight of the porous layer exceeds the above range, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery becomes heavy when the laminate is used as a separator.
- the porosity of the porous layer is preferably 10 to 90% by volume, more preferably 30 to 70% by volume so that sufficient ion permeability can be obtained.
- the pore diameter of the porous layer is preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 1 ⁇ m or less so that sufficient ion permeability can be obtained when the laminate is used as a separator. More preferred.
- the “rate of change in porosity” of the porous layer is a numerical value measured by the following method.
- the porous layer of the laminate is impregnated with an epoxy resin, and after filling the voids of the porous layer, the epoxy resin is cured to prepare a sample.
- a processed surface is prepared by FIB processing from the porous layer surface in the depth direction (direction toward the inside of the sample) using FIB-SEM (manufactured by FEI; HELIOS 600).
- FIB-SEM manufactured by FEI; HELIOS 600.
- the FIB processing is performed until a porous structure is observed on the upper surface of the rectangular parallelepiped (the surface close to the surface of the porous layer) that is each of the sections divided into the following 32 sections.
- a surface where a porous structure is observed, and a surface having a depth as close as possible to the porous surface is a processed surface (that is, the upper surface in the following 32 divided rectangular parallelepipeds).
- SEM observation reflection electron image
- FIB processing After the SEM observation, a new processed surface is produced by FIB processing with a thickness of 20 nm in the depth direction of the sample (thickness (film thickness) direction of the porous layer), and the new processed surface is observed by SEM (Reflected electron image) is performed.
- FIB processing is performed with a thickness of 20 nm from the new processed surface to produce a new processed surface
- SEM observation reflection electron image
- continuous slice images are acquired over the entire region in the thickness direction of the porous layer by repeatedly performing FIB processing and SEM observation of the processed surface at intervals of 20 nm in thickness.
- position correction is performed using image analysis software (Visualization® Sciences® Group; Avizo® ver. 6.0) to obtain a corrected continuous slice image.
- the scale is X, Y axis 19.2 nm / pix, and Z axis 20 nm / pix.
- the obtained continuous slice image was divided into 32 rectangular parallelepipeds in which one section was 2.3 ⁇ m in length and 2.3 ⁇ m in width and the thickness was the thickness of the porous layer itself, trimmed, and 3 for the porous layer in each section.
- Dimensional quantitative analysis is performed and the porosity is measured.
- quantitative analysis software TRI / 3D-BON manufactured by Ratok System Engineering is used.
- the above software is opened, and the image is two-gradated with Auto-LW, and the resin portion and the void portion constituting the porous layer in one section are identified.
- an aggregate of fine particles such as fillers contained in the resin portion shows an intermediate contrast
- only the intermediate contrast portion is extracted using the image calculation function, and is superposed on the resin portion.
- the two-tone gradation of the image can be performed using the aggregate of fine particles as the resin portion.
- a value obtained by dividing the volume of the void portion measured by performing these processes by the total volume of the analysis region (the combined volume of the resin portion and the void portion) is calculated as the porosity.
- the variation rate of the porosity between 32 compartments is 16.0% or less, preferably 7.0% or less, more preferably 4.0% or less.
- the variation rate of the porosity is preferably 0.01% or more, and more preferably 0.5% or more.
- the variation rate of the porosity is 16.0% or less, that is, the porosity is substantially uniform
- the laminate is used as a separator
- lithium ions pass almost uniformly over the entire separator. Therefore, the current density of lithium ions across the entire separator becomes substantially uniform. Therefore, in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the passage density (current density) of lithium ions toward the positive electrode can be made uniform, and the non-uniform (local) expansion and contraction of the positive electrode active material can be suppressed. Therefore, local deterioration of the positive electrode can be suppressed, and cycle characteristics can be improved.
- the variation rate of the porosity exceeds 16.0%, a large unevenness occurs in the current density of lithium ions in the entire separator region, so that the positive electrode is locally deteriorated. That is, since the voids are not uniformly formed throughout the separator, the lithium ion passage density (current density) becomes non-uniform and the load on the electrolyte becomes non-uniform. Deteriorates and cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- the variation rate of the porosity is less than 0.01%, a large number of vertical through holes exist in the thickness direction of the separator. Short-circuit heat generation between the positive and negative electrodes is likely to occur when the material is dropped.
- the separator according to the present invention is formed by laminating a porous layer on one side or both sides of the porous film by the method described above. That is, the separator according to the present invention is configured by laminating the porous layer on one side or both sides of a porous film.
- the air permeability of the separator is preferably a Gurley value of 30 to 1000 sec / 100 mL, and more preferably 50 to 800 sec / 100 mL.
- the air permeability exceeds the above range, the separator has a high porosity, which means that the laminated structure of the separator is rough. As a result, the strength of the separator is reduced, and the shape at a high temperature is particularly high. Stability may be insufficient.
- the separator according to the present invention includes, in addition to the porous film and the porous layer, a known porous film such as a heat-resistant layer, an adhesive layer, a protective layer, or the like as long as the purpose of the present invention is not impaired. May be included.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention includes the porous layer or the separator. More specifically, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention includes a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery member in which a positive electrode, the porous layer or the separator, and a negative electrode are arranged in this order. It is out.
- the member for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which the positive electrode, the porous layer, and the negative electrode are arranged in this order is a porous film mainly composed of polyolefin between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, or the above Other porous layers including a porous layer may be further included.
- a lithium ion secondary battery will be described as an example of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the constituent elements of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery other than the porous layer and the separator are not limited to the constituent elements described below.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery for example, a non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent can be used.
- the lithium salt include LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , lower aliphatic carboxylic acid lithium salt, LiAlCl 4 and the like.
- the lithium salt may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- lithium salts at least one selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , and LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3. More preferred are fluorine-containing lithium salts.
- organic solvent constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte include, for example, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, 4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Carbonates such as 1,2-di (methoxycarbonyloxy) ethane; 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dimethoxypropane, pentafluoropropyl methyl ether, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl difluoromethyl Ethers such as ether, tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran; Esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate and ⁇ -butyrolactone; Nitriles such as acetonitrile and butyronitrile; N, N-dimethylformamide and N, N-dimethyl Amides such as cetamide; Carbamates such as 3-methyl-2-ox
- Fluorine organic solvent Only one kind of the organic solvent may be used, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the organic solvents carbonates are more preferable, and a mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate and acyclic carbonate, or a mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate and ethers is more preferable.
- a mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate and non-cyclic carbonate ethylene carbonate has a wide operating temperature range and is difficult to decompose even when a graphite material such as natural graphite or artificial graphite is used as the negative electrode active material. More preferred is a mixed solvent containing dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate.
- the positive electrode a sheet-like positive electrode in which a positive electrode mixture containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder is usually supported on a positive electrode current collector is used.
- the positive electrode active material examples include materials that can be doped / undoped with lithium ions.
- the material include lithium composite oxides containing at least one transition metal such as V, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni.
- lithium composite oxides having an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 type structure such as lithium nickelate and lithium cobaltate
- lithium composite oxides having a spinel type structure such as lithium manganese spinel Oxides are more preferred.
- the lithium composite oxide may contain various metal elements, and composite lithium nickelate is more preferable.
- the number of moles of at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ag, Mg, Al, Ga, In and Sn and Ni in lithium nickelate When the composite lithium nickelate containing the metal element is used so that the ratio of the at least one metal element is 0.1 to 20 mol% with respect to the sum of the number of moles of This is particularly preferable because of excellent cycle characteristics.
- Examples of the conductive material include carbonaceous materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, cokes, carbon black, pyrolytic carbons, carbon fibers, and organic polymer compound fired bodies. Only one type of the conductive material may be used. For example, two or more types may be used in combination, such as a mixture of artificial graphite and carbon black.
- binder examples include polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer. And ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, thermoplastic resins such as thermoplastic polyimide, polyethylene, and polypropylene.
- the binder also has a function as a thickener.
- a method for obtaining the positive electrode mixture for example, a method of obtaining a positive electrode mixture by pressurizing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material and a binder on a positive electrode current collector; a positive electrode active material, a conductive material using an appropriate organic solvent And a method of obtaining a positive electrode mixture by pasting a material and a binder.
- Examples of the positive electrode current collector include conductors such as Al, Ni, and stainless steel, and Al is more preferable because it is easily processed into a thin film and is inexpensive.
- a method for producing a sheet-like positive electrode that is, a method of loading a positive electrode mixture on a positive electrode current collector, for example, a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder as a positive electrode mixture are added on the positive electrode current collector.
- Method of pressure molding After a positive electrode active material, a conductive material and a binder are pasted using an appropriate organic solvent to obtain a positive electrode mixture, the positive electrode mixture is applied to the positive electrode current collector and dried. And a method of pressurizing the obtained sheet-like positive electrode mixture and fixing it to the positive electrode current collector.
- a sheet-like negative electrode in which a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material is usually supported on a negative electrode current collector is used.
- the negative electrode active material examples include materials that can be doped / undoped with lithium ions, lithium metal, and lithium alloys. Specific examples of the material include carbonaceous materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, cokes, carbon black, pyrolytic carbons, carbon fibers, and fired organic polymer compounds; And chalcogen compounds such as oxides and sulfides that dope and dedope lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active materials the potential flatness is high, and since the average discharge potential is low, a large energy density can be obtained when combined with the positive electrode. Therefore, the main component is a graphite material such as natural graphite or artificial graphite. A carbonaceous material is more preferable.
- the negative electrode active material is pressurized on the negative electrode current collector to obtain the negative electrode mixture; the negative electrode active material is pasted into a paste using an appropriate organic solvent. And the like.
- Examples of the negative electrode current collector include Cu, Ni, and stainless steel, and Cu is more preferable because it is difficult to form an alloy with lithium in a lithium ion secondary battery and it is easy to process into a thin film.
- a method for producing a sheet-like negative electrode that is, a method of supporting the negative electrode mixture on the negative electrode current collector, for example, a method in which a negative electrode active material to be the negative electrode mixture is pressure-molded on the negative electrode current collector; After the negative electrode active material is made into a paste using an organic solvent to obtain a negative electrode mixture, the negative electrode mixture is applied to the negative electrode current collector and dried to press the sheet-like negative electrode mixture. And a method of fixing to the negative electrode current collector.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention can be manufactured by inserting a member for a liquid secondary battery and then filling the container with a non-aqueous electrolyte and then sealing the container while reducing the pressure.
- the shape of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is not particularly limited, and may be any shape such as a thin plate (paper) type, a disc type, a cylindrical type, and a rectangular column type such as a rectangular parallelepiped.
- the manufacturing method of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is not specifically limited, A conventionally well-known manufacturing method is employable.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention has a porous layer having a porosity variation rate of 16.0% or less, or the porous layer on one or both sides of a porous film mainly composed of polyolefin. Since the laminated separator is included, the initial discharge capacity can be generally maintained even after repeating the charge / discharge cycle, and the cycle characteristics are excellent.
- the physical properties and the like of the laminated porous film (laminate (separator)), layer A (porous film), and layer B (porous layer) in Examples and Comparative Examples were measured by the following methods.
- Film thickness (unit: ⁇ m): The thickness of the laminated porous film (that is, the total thickness), the thickness of the A layer, and the thickness of the B layer were measured using a high-precision digital length measuring machine manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation.
- Air permeability (unit: sec / 100 mL): The air permeability of the laminated porous film was measured using a digital timer type Gurley type densometer manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho Co., Ltd. according to JIS P8117.
- Average particle diameter, particle size distribution (D10, D50, D90 (volume basis)) (unit: ⁇ m): The particle diameter of the filler was measured using MICROTRAC (MODEL: MT-3300EXII) manufactured by JGC.
- a laminated porous film (laminated body (separator) was formed using the following A layer (porous film) and B layer (porous layer).
- the porous film which is a base material was produced using polyethylene which is polyolefin.
- the sheet was immersed in an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (containing 4 mol / L hydrochloric acid and 0.5% by weight of a nonionic surfactant) to dissolve and remove calcium carbonate. Then, the said sheet
- aqueous hydrochloric acid solution containing 4 mol / L hydrochloric acid and 0.5% by weight of a nonionic surfactant
- ⁇ B layer> sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (manufactured by Daicel Corporation; CMC1110) was used.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- ⁇ -alumina D10: 0.22 ⁇ m, D50: 0.44 ⁇ m, D90: 1.03 ⁇ m was used as the filler.
- ⁇ -alumina, CMC, and solvent mixed solvent of water and isopropyl alcohol
- 3 parts by weight of CMC is mixed with 100 parts by weight of ⁇ -alumina
- the solid content concentration (alumina + CMC) in the resulting mixture is 27.7% by weight
- the solvent composition is 95% by weight of water.
- the solvent was mixed so that it might become 5 weight% of isopropyl alcohol.
- an alumina dispersion was obtained.
- the coating liquid 1 was produced by carrying out the high pressure dispersion
- ⁇ Laminated porous film> One side of the A layer was subjected to corona treatment at 20 W / (m 2 / min). Subsequently, the said coating liquid 1 was coated on the surface of the A layer which performed the corona treatment using the gravure coater. At this time, tension was applied to the A layer by sandwiching the front and rear of the coating position with a pinch roll so that the coating liquid 1 could be uniformly applied to the A layer. Then, B layer was formed by drying a coating film. Thereby, the laminated porous film 1 in which the B layer was laminated on one side of the A layer was obtained. In addition, B layer obtained here is a porous layer containing a filler and binder resin.
- ⁇ Production of non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery> (Preparation of positive electrode) Obtained by adding 6 parts by weight of acetylene black and 4 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (manufactured by Kureha Co., Ltd.) to 90 parts by weight of LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 as the positive electrode active material. The resulting mixture was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was uniformly applied to a part of an aluminum foil as a positive electrode current collector and dried, and then rolled to a thickness of 80 ⁇ m with a press.
- the rolled aluminum foil is cut out so that the size of the portion where the positive electrode active material layer is formed is 40 mm ⁇ 35 mm, and the portion where the width is 13 mm and the positive electrode active material layer is not formed remains on the outer periphery.
- a positive electrode was obtained.
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer was 2.50 g / cm 3 .
- the rolled rolled copper foil is cut out so that the portion where the negative electrode active material layer is formed has a size of 50 mm ⁇ 40 mm and the outer periphery thereof has a width of 13 mm and no negative electrode active material layer is formed.
- the density of the negative electrode active material layer was 1.40 g / cm 3 .
- the layer B of the laminated porous film 1 and the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode are in contact with each other, and the A layer of the laminated porous film 1 and the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode are in contact with each other.
- the positive electrode, the laminated porous film 1, and the negative electrode were laminated (arranged) in this order to obtain a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery member.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were disposed so that the entire main surface of the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode was included in the range of the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode (overlaid on the main surface).
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery member was put in a bag in which an aluminum layer and a heat seal layer were laminated, and 0.25 mL of the non-aqueous electrolyte was put in this bag.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 at 1 mol / L in a mixed solvent obtained by mixing ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate at a ratio of 3: 5: 2 (volume ratio).
- the non-aqueous-electrolyte secondary battery was produced by heat-sealing the said bag, decompressing the inside of a bag.
- discharge capacity maintenance rate (%) (discharge capacity at the 100th cycle / discharge capacity at the first cycle after the initial charge / discharge) ⁇ 100 Accordingly, the discharge capacity retention rate after 100 cycles was calculated.
- the calculation results are shown in Table 2 below.
- the laminated porous film 2 was formed using the following A layer and B layer.
- a coating liquid 2 was prepared by performing the same operation as in Example 1 except that ⁇ -alumina (D10: 0.26 ⁇ m, D50: 0.66 ⁇ m, D90: 1.53 ⁇ m) was used as the filler. .
- B layer obtained here is a porous layer containing a filler and binder resin.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced by performing the same operation as in Example 1 except that the laminated porous film 2 was used.
- Example 3 Nonaqueous electrolysis including the laminated porous film 3 and the laminated porous film 3 in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the production method of the porous layer (B layer) and the laminated porous film was changed as follows. A liquid secondary battery was produced. Further, similarly to Example 1, using the method described above, the physical properties of the laminated porous film and the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery were measured, and the discharge maintenance ratio after 100 cycles was calculated. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- PVDF resin manufactured by Arkema; trade name “KYNAR2801”
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- a coating film of the coating liquid 3 was formed on the A layer by applying the coating liquid 3 on one side of the A layer (thickness: 17 ⁇ m, porosity: 36%) using a gravure coater. At this time, tension was applied to the A layer by sandwiching the front and rear of the coating position with a pinch roll so that the coating liquid 3 could be uniformly applied to the A layer.
- the laminate in which the coating film of the coating liquid 3 was formed on the A layer was immersed in 2-propanol in a state where the coating film contained NMP for 5 minutes. Thereafter, it was further immersed in another 2-propanol for 5 minutes and then dried at 65 ° C. for 5 minutes to obtain a laminated porous film 3.
- the B layer obtained here is a resin layer containing a fibrillar resin.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced by performing the same operation as in Example 1 except that the laminated porous film 3 was used.
- Example 4 The laminated porous film 4 was formed using the following A layer and B layer.
- a coating solution 4 was prepared by performing the same operation as in Example 1 except that ⁇ -alumina (D10: 0.39 ⁇ m, D50: 0.77 ⁇ m, D90: 2.73 ⁇ m) was used as the filler. .
- B layer obtained here is a porous layer containing a filler and binder resin.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced by performing the same operation as in Example 1 except that the laminated porous film 4 was used.
- Example 5 Nonaqueous electrolysis including the laminated porous film 5 and the laminated porous film 5 in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the production method of the porous layer (B layer) and the laminated porous film was changed as follows. A liquid secondary battery was produced. Further, similarly to Example 1, using the method described above, the physical properties of the laminated porous film and the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery were measured, and the discharge maintenance ratio after 100 cycles was calculated. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- a coating solution 5 was prepared by performing the same operation as in Example 1 except that hydroxyapatite (D10: 2.24 ⁇ m, D50: 9.16 ⁇ m, D90: 21.8 ⁇ m) was used as the filler.
- ⁇ Laminated porous film> A laminated porous film in which the B layer is laminated on one side of the A layer by performing the same operation as in Example 1 except that the coating liquid 5 is used and the front and rear of the coating position are not sandwiched between pinch rolls. 5 was obtained.
- B layer obtained here is a porous layer containing a filler and binder resin.
- Example 6 Nonaqueous electrolysis including the laminated porous film 6 and the laminated porous film 6 in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the production method of the porous layer (B layer) and the laminated porous film was changed as follows. A liquid secondary battery was produced. Further, similarly to Example 1, using the method described above, the physical properties of the laminated porous film and the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery were measured, and the discharge maintenance ratio after 100 cycles was calculated. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- ⁇ B layer> A polyolefin resin water-based emulsion (manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc .; trade name “Chemical S”) having a polyolefin resin solid content concentration of 40 mass% was used as the coating liquid 6.
- B layer obtained here is a resin layer containing granular resin.
- PVDF resin manufactured by Arkema; trade name “KYNAR2801”
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- ⁇ Laminated porous film> A comparative laminate in which the B layer is laminated on one side of the A layer by performing the same operation as in Example 1 except that the coating solution 7 is used and the front and rear of the coating position are not sandwiched between pinch rolls. A porous film 7 was obtained.
- the B layer obtained here is a resin layer containing a fibrillar resin.
- the included nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries have a discharge capacity retention rate of 84% (Examples 1 and 2) and 82% (Example 3), and the initial discharge capacity is generally maintained even after repeated charge / discharge cycles. It was found that it can be maintained.
- the discharge capacity retention ratios are 67% (Example 4), 65% (Example 5), and 75% (Example 6), and the variation in the porosity inside the B layer Although it was inferior to Examples 1 to 3 having a rate of 7.0% or less, it was found that the initial discharge capacity could be maintained even after repeated charge / discharge cycles.
- a porous layer having a porosity variation rate of at least 16.0% or less can be suitably used as a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery member having excellent cycle characteristics. understood.
- the separator formed by laminating the porous layer and the porous layer according to the present invention can be widely used in the field of manufacturing non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
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Abstract
Description
上記多孔質層が、フィブリル状または粒状の樹脂を含む樹脂層であり、
上記多孔質層を1区画が縦2.3μm、横2.3μm、厚さが多孔質層の厚さの直方体に32分割し、各区画の空隙率をそれぞれ測定したときに、32区画間の空隙率の変動率が16.0%以下である、多孔質層を含むことを特徴としている。
本発明の多孔質層がその片面または両面に積層され得る多孔質フィルムは、セパレータの基材であり、ポリオレフィンを主成分とし、その内部に連結した細孔を多数有しており、一方の面から他方の面に気体や液体を通過させることが可能となっている。
(1)超高分子量ポリエチレン100重量部と、重量平均分子量が1万以下の低分子量ポリオレフィン5~200重量部と、炭酸カルシウム等の無機充填剤100~400重量部とを混練してポリオレフィン樹脂組成物を得る工程、
(2)上記ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物を用いてシートを成形する工程、
次いで、
(3)工程(2)で得られたシートから無機充填剤を除去する工程、
(4)工程(3)で無機充填剤を除去したシートを延伸して多孔質フィルムを得る工程。
或いは、
(3’)工程(2)で得られたシートを延伸する工程、
(4’)工程(3’)で延伸したシートから無機充填剤を除去して多孔質フィルムを得る工程。
本発明に係る多孔質層は、通常、樹脂を含んでなる樹脂層である。本発明に係る多孔質層は、例えば、多孔質フィルムの片面または両面に積層されるか、或いは、正極または負極の少なくとも一方の表面上に積層されることによって形成され、好ましくは、多孔質フィルムの片面または両面に積層される耐熱層または接着層である。多孔質層を構成する樹脂は、電池の電解液に不溶であり、また、その電池の使用範囲において電気化学的に安定であることが好ましい。多孔質フィルムの片面に多孔質層が積層される場合には、当該多孔質層は、好ましくは、非水電解液二次電池としたときの、多孔質フィルムにおける正極と対向する面に積層され、より好ましくは、正極と接する面に積層される。
滞留時間(パス方式)(分)=[ベッセル容積(L)-ビーズ充填容積(L)+ビーズ間隙容積(L)]/流量(L/分)
滞留時間(循環方式)(分)=[{ベッセル容積(L)-ビーズ充填容積(L)+ビーズ間隙容積(L)}/スラリー量(L)]×循環時間(分)
から算出することができる。
上述した方法によって多孔質フィルムの片面または両面に多孔質層を積層することにより、本発明に係るセパレータが形成される。即ち、本発明に係るセパレータは、多孔質フィルムの片面または両面に上記多孔質層が積層されて構成されている。
本発明に係る非水電解液二次電池は、上記多孔質層または上記セパレータを含んでいる。より具体的には、本発明に係る非水電解液二次電池は、正極、上記多孔質層または上記セパレータ、および負極がこの順で配置されてなる非水電解液二次電池用部材を含んでいる。なお、正極、上記多孔質層、および負極がこの順で配置されてなる非水電解液二次電池用部材は、正極と負極との間に、ポリオレフィンを主成分とする多孔質フィルム、または上記多孔質層を含む他の多孔質層等をさらに含んでいてもよい。以下、非水電解液二次電池として、リチウムイオン二次電池を例に挙げて説明する。尚、多孔質層およびセパレータ以外の非水電解液二次電池の構成要素は、下記説明の構成要素に限定されるものではない。
積層多孔質フィルムの膜厚(即ち、全体の膜厚)、A層の膜厚、およびB層の膜厚は、株式会社ミツトヨ製の高精度デジタル測長機を用いて測定した。
積層多孔質フィルムから、一辺の長さ8cmの正方形をサンプルとして切り取り、当該サンプルの重量W(g)を測定した。そして、次式
目付(g/m2)=W/(0.08×0.08)
に従い、積層多孔質フィルムの目付(即ち、全体の目付)を算出した。同様にして、A層の目付を算出した。B層の目付は、全体の目付からA層の目付を差し引いて算出した。
積層多孔質フィルムの透気度は、JIS P8117 に準拠して、株式会社東洋精機製作所製のデジタルタイマー式ガーレ式デンソメータを用いて測定した。
フィラーの粒子径を、日揮装株式会社製のMICROTRAC(MODEL:MT-3300EXII)を用いて測定した。
積層多孔質フィルムの空隙率の変動率は、上述した方法によって測定した。
下記A層(多孔質フィルム)、およびB層(多孔質層)を用いて、積層多孔質フィルム(積層体(セパレータ))を形成した。
ポリオレフィンであるポリエチレンを用いて基材である多孔質フィルムを作製した。
バインダー樹脂として、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC)(株式会社ダイセル製;CMC1110)を用いた。フィラーとして、α-アルミナ(D10:0.22μm,D50:0.44μm,D90:1.03μm)を用いた。
上記A層の片面に、20W/(m2/分)でコロナ処理を施した。次いで、コロナ処理を施したA層の面に、グラビアコーターを用いて、上記塗工液1を塗工した。このとき、A層に塗工液1を均一に塗工することができるように、塗工位置の前後をピンチロールで挟んでA層に張力を与えた。その後、塗膜を乾燥することでB層を形成した。これにより、A層の片面にB層が積層された積層多孔質フィルム1を得た。なお、ここで得られたB層は、フィラーおよびバインダー樹脂を含む多孔質層である。
得られた積層多孔質フィルム1の物性等を、上述した方法で測定した。その測定結果を以下の表1に示す。
(正極の作製)
正極活物質であるLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O290重量部に、アセチレンブラック6重量部、およびポリフッ化ビニリデン(株式会社クレハ製)4重量部を加えて混合して得た混合物を、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンに分散させてスラリーを作製した。得られたスラリーを、正極集電体であるアルミニウム箔の一部に均一に塗布して乾燥させた後、プレス機により厚さ80μmに圧延した。次いで、正極活物質層が形成された部分の大きさが40mm×35mmであり、かつその外周に幅13mmで正極活物質層が形成されていない部分が残るように、圧延したアルミニウム箔を切り取って正極とした。正極活物質層の密度は2.50g/cm3であった。
負極活物質である黒鉛粉末98重量部に、増粘剤および結着剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロースの水溶液100重量部(カルボキシメチルセルロースの濃度;1重量%)、およびスチレン・ブタジエンゴムの水性エマルジョン1重量部を加えて混合して、スラリーを作製した。得られたスラリーを、負極集電体である厚さ20μmの圧延銅箔の一部に塗布して乾燥させた後、プレス機により厚さ80μmに圧延した。次いで、負極活物質層が形成された部分の大きさが50mm×40mmであり、かつその外周に幅13mmで負極活物質層が形成されていない部分が残るように、圧延した圧延銅箔を切り取って負極とした。負極活物質層の密度は1.40g/cm3であった。
ラミネートパウチ内で、積層多孔質フィルム1のB層と正極の正極活物質層とが接するようにして、かつ、積層多孔質フィルム1のA層と負極の負極活物質層とが接するようにして、上記正極、積層多孔質フィルム1、および負極をこの順で積層(配置)することにより、非水電解液二次電池用部材を得た。このとき、正極の正極活物質層における主面の全部が、負極の負極活物質層における主面の範囲に含まれる(主面に重なる)ように、正極および負極を配置した。
充放電サイクルを経ていない新たな非水電解液二次電池に対して、25℃で電圧範囲;4.1~2.7V、電流値;0.2C(1時間率の放電容量による定格容量を1時間で放電する電流値を1Cとする、以下も同様)を1サイクルとして、4サイクルの初期充放電を行った。
放電容量維持率(%)=(100サイクル目の放電容量/初期充放電後の1サイクル目の放電容量)×100
に従い、100サイクル後の放電容量維持率を算出した。その算出結果を以下の表2に示す。
下記A層、およびB層を用いて、積層多孔質フィルム2を形成した。
実施例1と同様にしてポリエチレン製の多孔質フィルム(A層)を作製した。
フィラーとして、α-アルミナ(D10:0.26μm,D50:0.66μm,D90:1.53μm)を用いた以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って塗工液2を作製した。
上記塗工液2を用いた以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、A層の片面にB層が積層された積層多孔質フィルム2を得た。なお、ここで得られたB層は、フィラーおよびバインダー樹脂を含む多孔質層である。
得られた積層多孔質フィルム2の物性等を、上述した方法で測定した。結果を以下の表1に示す。
上記積層多孔質フィルム2を用いた以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、非水電解液二次電池を作製した。
実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、上記非水電解液二次電池の、100サイクル後の放電容量維持率を算出した。結果を以下の表2に示す。
多孔質層(B層)および積層多孔質フィルムの作製方法を以下の通りに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、積層多孔質フィルム3、および積層多孔質フィルム3を含む非水電解液二次電池を作製した。また、実施例1と同様に、上述した方法を用いて、上記積層多孔質フィルムおよび上記非水電解液二次電池の物性の測定、並びに100サイクル後の放電維持率を算出した。その結果を表1,2に示す。
PVDF系樹脂(アルケマ社製;商品名「KYNAR2801」)を、固形分が7質量%となるように、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(以下、「NMP」と称する場合もある)に、65℃、30分間の条件で撹拌し、上記PVDF系樹脂を溶解させることにより、塗工液3を作製した。
上記A層(厚さ17μm、空隙率36%)の片面上に、グラビアコーターを用いて塗工液3を塗工することでA層上に塗工液3の塗膜を形成した。このとき、A層に塗工液3を均一に塗工することができるように、塗工位置の前後をピンチロールで挟んでA層に張力を与えた。A層上に塗工液3の塗膜が形成された積層体を、塗膜がNMPを含んでいる状態で2-プロパノール中に5分間浸漬した。その後さらに、別の2-プロパノール中に5分間浸漬した後、65℃で5分間乾燥させることで積層多孔質フィルム3を得た。なお、ここで得られたB層は、フィブリル状の樹脂を含む樹脂層である。
得られた積層多孔質フィルム3の物性等を、上述した方法で測定した。結果を以下の表1に示す。
上記積層多孔質フィルム3を用いた以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、非水電解液二次電池を作製した。
実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、上記非水電解液二次電池の、100サイクル後の放電容量維持率を算出した。結果を以下の表2に示す。
下記A層、およびB層を用いて、積層多孔質フィルム4を形成した。
実施例1と同様にしてポリエチレン製の多孔質フィルム(A層)を作製した。
フィラーとして、α-アルミナ(D10:0.39μm,D50:0.77μm,D90:2.73μm)を用いた以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って塗工液4を作製した。
上記塗工液4を用いた以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、A層の片面にB層が積層された積層多孔質フィルム4を得た。なお、ここで得られたB層は、フィラーおよびバインダー樹脂を含む多孔質層である。
得られた積層多孔質フィルム4の物性等を、上述した方法で測定した。その測定結果を以下の表1に示す。
上記積層多孔質フィルム4を用いた以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、非水電解液二次電池を作製した。
実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、上記非水電解液二次電池の、100サイクル後の放電容量維持率を算出した。その算出結果を以下の表2に示す。
多孔質層(B層)および積層多孔質フィルムの作製方法を以下の通りに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、積層多孔質フィルム5、および積層多孔質フィルム5を含む非水電解液二次電池を作製した。また、実施例1と同様に、上述した方法を用いて、上記積層多孔質フィルムおよび上記非水電解液二次電池の物性の測定、並びに100サイクル後の放電維持率を算出した。その結果を表1,2に示す。
フィラーとしてヒドロキシアパタイト(D10:2.24μm,D50:9.16μm,D90:21.8μm)を用いた以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って塗工液5を作製した。
上記塗工液5を用い、塗工位置の前後をピンチロールで挟まない以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、A層の片面にB層が積層された積層多孔質フィルム5を得た。なお、ここで得られたB層は、フィラーおよびバインダー樹脂を含む多孔質層である。
多孔質層(B層)および積層多孔質フィルムの作製方法を以下の通りに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、積層多孔質フィルム6、および積層多孔質フィルム6を含む非水電解液二次電池を作製した。また、実施例1と同様に、上述した方法を用いて、上記積層多孔質フィルムおよび上記非水電解液二次電池の物性の測定、並びに100サイクル後の放電維持率を算出した。その結果を表1,2に示す。
ポリオレフィン系樹脂の固形分濃度が40質量%である、ポリオレフィン系樹脂水系エマルション(三井化学株式会社製;商品名「ケミパールS」)を塗工液6として用いた。
上記塗工液6を用いた以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、A層の片面にB層が積層された積層多孔質フィルム6を得た。なお、ここで得られたB層は、粒状の樹脂を含む樹脂層である。
多孔質層(B層)および積層多孔質フィルムの作製方法を以下の通りに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、積層多孔質フィルム7、および積層多孔質フィルム7を含む非水電解液二次電池を作製した。また、実施例1と同様に、上述した方法を用いて、上記積層多孔質フィルムおよび上記非水電解液二次電池の物性の測定、並びに100サイクル後の放電維持率を算出した。その結果を表1,2に示す。
PVDF系樹脂(アルケマ社製;商品名「KYNAR2801」)を、固形分が7質量%となるように、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(以下、「NMP」とも称する)に添加し、65℃、30分間の条件下にて撹拌し、上記PVDF系樹脂を溶解させることにより、塗工液7を作製した。
上記塗工液7を用い、塗工位置の前後をピンチロールで挟まない以外は、実施例1の操作と同様の操作を行って、A層の片面にB層が積層された比較用の積層多孔質フィルム7を得た。なお、ここで得られたB層は、フィブリル状の樹脂を含む樹脂層である。
以上の結果から、その内部における空隙率の変動率が少なくとも16.0%以下である多孔質層が、サイクル特性の優れた非水電解液二次電池用部材として好適に使用することができることが判った。
11 塗工液
15 巻き出し機
16・17 ガイドロール
18 グラビアロール
20 押付ローラ
Claims (8)
- 1区画が縦2.3μm、横2.3μm、厚さが多孔質層そのものの厚さの直方体に32分割し、各区画の空隙率をそれぞれ測定したときに、32区画間の空隙率の変動率が16.0%以下である、多孔質層。
- 1区画が縦2.3μm、横2.3μm、厚さが上記多孔質層そのものの厚さの直方体に32分割し、各区画の空隙率をそれぞれ測定したときに、32区画間の空隙率の変動率が7.0%以下である、請求項1に記載の多孔質層。
- フィブリル状または粒状の樹脂を含む樹脂層である、請求項1または2に記載の多孔質層。
- 体積基準の平均粒子径が、D10が0.005~0.4μm、D50が0.01~1.0μm、およびD90が0.5~5.0μmであり、かつ、D10とD90との差が2μm以下であるフィラーを含有する、請求項1~3の何れか1項に記載の多孔質層。
- ポリオレフィンを主成分とする多孔質フィルムの片面または両面に、請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の多孔質層を積層してなる、セパレータ。
- 正極、請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の多孔質層、および負極がこの順で配置されてなる、非水電解液二次電池用部材。
- 正極、請求項5に記載のセパレータ、および負極がこの順で配置されてなる、非水電解液二次電池用部材。
- 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の多孔質層、または請求項5に記載のセパレータを含む、非水電解液二次電池。
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KR20160094846A (ko) | 2016-08-10 |
CN105579226A (zh) | 2016-05-11 |
JPWO2016031492A1 (ja) | 2017-04-27 |
US9865856B2 (en) | 2018-01-09 |
JP5976947B2 (ja) | 2016-08-24 |
US20170162849A1 (en) | 2017-06-08 |
KR101749848B1 (ko) | 2017-06-21 |
JP2016191069A (ja) | 2016-11-10 |
CN105579226B (zh) | 2018-05-11 |
KR20170066686A (ko) | 2017-06-14 |
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