WO2015111676A1 - 非水系電解液及びそれを用いた非水系電解液二次電池 - Google Patents
非水系電解液及びそれを用いた非水系電解液二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015111676A1 WO2015111676A1 PCT/JP2015/051739 JP2015051739W WO2015111676A1 WO 2015111676 A1 WO2015111676 A1 WO 2015111676A1 JP 2015051739 W JP2015051739 W JP 2015051739W WO 2015111676 A1 WO2015111676 A1 WO 2015111676A1
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- aqueous electrolyte
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- WEBHWPKILJOMHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluorophosphinic acid fluorophosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(F)=O.OP(F)(F)=O WEBHWPKILJOMHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VDCSGNNYCFPWFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylsilane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[SiH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 VDCSGNNYCFPWFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LKWATTABEBNHPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylsilyl(diphenyl)silane Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1[SiH](C=1C=CC=CC=1)[SiH](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 LKWATTABEBNHPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXLNWOAYQXBHCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylsilylidene(diphenyl)silane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[Si](C=1C=CC=CC=1)=[Si](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 BXLNWOAYQXBHCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXNRKXSSLJKNGH-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;fluoro-dioxido-oxo-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])(F)=O FXNRKXSSLJKNGH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PZPGRFITIJYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N disilane Chemical compound [SiH3][SiH3] PZPGRFITIJYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GRNYWRNYVTVFCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dithiolane 1,1,2,2-tetraoxide Chemical class O=S1(=O)CCCS1(=O)=O GRNYWRNYVTVFCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- AGMKVZDPATUSMS-AATRIKPKSA-N ethyl (e)-pent-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)\C=C\CC AGMKVZDPATUSMS-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NIQAXIMIQJNOKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC(F)(F)F NIQAXIMIQJNOKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YMKQYAAHRONVBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-dibutoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(CC(=O)OCC)OCCCC YMKQYAAHRONVBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HUNISAHOCCASGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-dimethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CP(=O)(OC)OC HUNISAHOCCASGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YJHMVPNNXMGCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-dipropoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCCOP(=O)(OCCC)CC(=O)OCC YJHMVPNNXMGCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JDJQHVJXMXXKFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methyl-5-phenylpyrazole-3-carboxylate Chemical compound CN1C(C(=O)OCC)=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=N1 JDJQHVJXMXXKFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RZTHZKJOZZSSOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylpropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC(C)C RZTHZKJOZZSSOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JMJWCUOIOKBVNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 3-diethoxyphosphorylpropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CCP(=O)(OCC)OCC JMJWCUOIOKBVNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WUDNUHPRLBTKOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl isocyanate Chemical compound CCN=C=O WUDNUHPRLBTKOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- AILKHAQXUAOOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCCC#N AILKHAQXUAOOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005462 imide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010954 inorganic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical class [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WARQUFORVQESFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanatoethene Chemical group C=CN=C=O WARQUFORVQESFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYBRCHPMANOANY-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanatoethyne Chemical group O=C=NC#C XYBRCHPMANOANY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LAQPNDIUHRHNCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC(C#N)=C1 LAQPNDIUHRHNCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007561 laser diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IHLVCKWPAMTVTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;carbanide Chemical class [Li+].[CH3-] IHLVCKWPAMTVTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRFGYPCGVWVBTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;dihydrogen borate;oxalic acid Chemical class [Li+].OB(O)[O-].OC(=O)C(O)=O SRFGYPCGVWVBTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002960 margaryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
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- PVSJXEDBEXYLML-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphoryl]acetate Chemical compound COC(=O)CP(=O)(OCC(F)(F)F)OCC(F)(F)F PVSJXEDBEXYLML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTSAXXHOGZNKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-diethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)CC(=O)OC CTSAXXHOGZNKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MBXNQZHITVCSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl fluorosulfonate Chemical compound COS(F)(=O)=O MBXNQZHITVCSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- SWVGZFQJXVPIKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(methylamino)propan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCN(NC)NC SWVGZFQJXVPIKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WCFDSGHAIGTEKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylmethanesulfonamide Chemical compound CN(C)S(C)(=O)=O WCFDSGHAIGTEKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHIVNJATOVLWBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-ylidenehydroxylamine Chemical compound CCC(C)=NO WHIVNJATOVLWBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001196 nonadecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZCYXXKJEDCHMGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonane Chemical compound CCCC[CH]CCCC ZCYXXKJEDCHMGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLZZPPHAMDJOSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC#N PLZZPPHAMDJOSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N normal nonane Natural products CCCCCCCCC BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- SWSQVVUREGNNQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiaphosphinane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)OCCCP1 SWSQVVUREGNNQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HIYBICWLLTWQND-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiazinane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)NCCCO1 HIYBICWLLTWQND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBACRDZWRXWNMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiazolidine 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)NCCO1 MBACRDZWRXWNMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005740 oxycarbonyl group Chemical group [*:1]OC([*:2])=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QYZLKGVUSQXAMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N penta-1,4-diene Chemical group C=CCC=C QYZLKGVUSQXAMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002958 pentadecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006340 pentafluoro ethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- YYSONLHJONEUMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-3-yl hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound CCC(CC)OC(O)=O YYSONLHJONEUMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBPVCHVYUFTHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentanedioyl diisocyanate Chemical group O=C=NC(=O)CCCC(=O)N=C=O XBPVCHVYUFTHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- WFNDDSQUKATKNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenethyl butyrate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OCCC1=CC=CC=C1 WFNDDSQUKATKNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QIIPQYDSKRYMFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl hydrogen carbonate Chemical class OC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 QIIPQYDSKRYMFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXVUCMFEGJUVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl methanesulfonate Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 WXVUCMFEGJUVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950009215 phenylbutanoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005328 phosphinyl group Chemical group [PH2](=O)* 0.000 description 1
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000005499 phosphonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical group OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006253 pitch coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVLTXCYWHPZMCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N po4-po4 Chemical class OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O QVLTXCYWHPZMCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002587 poly(1,3-butadiene) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- VXJAYNWISQFORV-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluorosulfate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]S(F)(=O)=O VXJAYNWISQFORV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WKVRKSDUCURJNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;difluorophosphinate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]P(F)(F)=O WKVRKSDUCURJNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- FVYZLSAWDWDVLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl ethenesulfonate Chemical compound C=CS(=O)(=O)OCC#C FVYZLSAWDWDVLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OWAHJGWVERXJMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl methanesulfonate Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)OCC#C OWAHJGWVERXJMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPDQHWKRXXITDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-dibutoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)CC(=O)OCCC DPDQHWKRXXITDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JQHSPYGRKOQBSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-diethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)CP(=O)(OCC)OCC JQHSPYGRKOQBSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZJLRJWWCHFSOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-dimethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)CP(=O)(OC)OC SZJLRJWWCHFSOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FDCKGYUSGAUGLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl dibutoxyphosphorylformate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)C(=O)OCCC FDCKGYUSGAUGLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VISPQEASUVILFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl diethoxyphosphorylformate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)P(=O)(OCC)OCC VISPQEASUVILFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONSQLJKXRIKMIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl dimethoxyphosphorylformate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)P(=O)(OC)OC ONSQLJKXRIKMIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGUBSOCXRUPVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl pent-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C=CCC KGUBSOCXRUPVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXSSGYRBUZRDNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl pent-3-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)CC=CC QXSSGYRBUZRDNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJNZUAVPOCGDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl pent-4-ynoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)CCC#C IEJNZUAVPOCGDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004742 propyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- XCXLEIPEAAEYTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluorosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(F)(=O)=O XCXLEIPEAAEYTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 235000019982 sodium hexametaphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- KBVUALKOHTZCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;difluorophosphinate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]P(F)(F)=O KBVUALKOHTZCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003413 spiro compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical class [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000003459 sulfonic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000005687 symmetric chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSZKWHBYBSGMJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl ethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC(C)(C)C FSZKWHBYBSGMJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QRKULNUXBVSTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(C)(C)C QRKULNUXBVSTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVQXQPNJHRNGID-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylsuccinonitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)C(C)(C)C#N ZVQXQPNJHRNGID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- FCFMKFHUNDYKEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N thietane 1,1-dioxide Chemical class O=S1(=O)CCC1 FCFMKFHUNDYKEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000101 thioether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZFDIRQKJPRINOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N transbutenic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC(=O)C=CC ZFDIRQKJPRINOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphite Chemical compound COP(OC)OC CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQZXXLQCPQMXIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[methyl(diphenyl)silyl]silane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[Si](C)([Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZQZXXLQCPQMXIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FIXJVKMMUITKGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-ethylbut-1-enylsilyl) phosphate Chemical compound P(=O)(O[SiH2]C=C(CC)CC)(O[SiH2]C=C(CC)CC)O[SiH2]C=C(CC)CC FIXJVKMMUITKGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DERVWMNKKXFLLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-methylprop-1-enylsilyl) phosphate Chemical compound P(=O)(O[SiH2]C=C(C)C)(O[SiH2]C=C(C)C)O[SiH2]C=C(C)C DERVWMNKKXFLLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NWTSXCSDFMDBTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(3-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC(OP(=O)(OC=2C=C(C=CC=2)C(C)(C)C)OC=2C=C(C=CC=2)C(C)(C)C)=C1 NWTSXCSDFMDBTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCOZRVCCZDLUBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(triphenoxysilyl) phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1O[Si](OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OP(O[Si](OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)O[Si](OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 YCOZRVCCZDLUBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- SZKKNEOUHLFYNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC#N SZKKNEOUHLFYNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the same.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries such as lithium secondary batteries are being put to practical use in a wide range of applications from so-called consumer power sources such as mobile phones and laptop computers to in-vehicle power sources for automobiles and the like.
- consumer power sources such as mobile phones and laptop computers
- in-vehicle power sources for automobiles and the like.
- the demand for higher performance for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries in recent years has been increasing, and in particular, there are various types such as high capacity, low temperature use characteristics, high temperature storage characteristics, cycle characteristics, and overcharge safety.
- high capacity low temperature use characteristics
- high temperature storage characteristics high temperature storage characteristics
- cycle characteristics cycle characteristics
- overcharge safety There is a demand for improved battery characteristics.
- the electrolyte used for the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is usually mainly composed of an electrolyte and a non-aqueous solvent.
- the main components of the nonaqueous solvent include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate; chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate; cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone. It is used.
- Patent Documents 1 to 10 by mixing aromatic esters such as methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, phenyl propionate, phenyl acetate, and benzyl acetate in the electrolyte, the energy density of the battery, long-term durability, high temperature Methods for improving storage gas suppression and low temperature characteristics have been proposed.
- aromatic esters such as methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, phenyl propionate, phenyl acetate, and benzyl acetate
- Patent Document 11 proposes a technique for improving the safety of a battery during overcharge by using an electrolytic solution to which a specific carboxylic acid aromatic ester is added.
- Patent Document 12 proposes a technique for suppressing battery swelling during high-temperature storage without reducing battery capacity by including a specific carboxylic acid aromatic ester compound in a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using an electrolytic solution containing a compound having both an aromatic group and an ester group described in Patent Documents 1 to 13 have a high initial capacity and efficiency due to the high reactivity of the compound.
- the problem is that it is difficult to simultaneously improve the initial battery characteristics such as the rate characteristics and the initial gas amount and the battery characteristics after the endurance test such as the capacity, efficiency, rate characteristics and safety during overcharge after storage at high temperature. was there.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a non-aqueous electrolyte that simultaneously improves initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics after a durability test, and the non-aqueous electrolyte It is an object to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using an electrolyte solution.
- the present inventors have found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved by including a specific aromatic carboxylic acid ester in the electrolytic solution, and the present invention has been completed. I came to let you. Moreover, it discovered that the said subject could be solved by containing a specific aromatic carboxylic acid ester and a specific additive in electrolyte solution, and came to complete this invention.
- the gist of the first aspect of the present invention is as follows.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting metal ions, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte solution together with the electrolyte and the non-aqueous solvent is represented by the formula (1): (Where A 1 is an aryl group which may have a substituent, n 1 is an integer greater than or equal to 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and these are bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 2 when there are a plurality of R 2 , they may be the same or different, and when there are a plurality of R 3 , they may be the same or different, a 1 is an integer of 1 or 2, when a 1 is 1, R 1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; When a 1 is 2, R 1 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms that may have a substituent, and a plurality of A 1 may be the same or different.
- n 1 when n 1 is 1, at least one of R 2 and R 3 is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms that may have a substituent, When n 1 is 2 and a plurality of R 2 and a plurality of R 3 are all hydrogen atoms, R 1 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution characterized by containing the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by these.
- B The non-aqueous electrolyte solution of (a), wherein a 1 is 1 in the formula (1).
- the non-aqueous electrolyte further includes a fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, a sulfur-containing organic compound, a phosphonic acid ester, an organic compound having a cyano group, an organic compound having an isocyanate group, a silicon-containing compound, other than the formula (1)
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to any one of (a) to (d), which contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphates, borates, oxalates, and fluorosulfonates.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, a sulfur-containing organic compound, a phosphonic acid ester, an organic compound having a cyano group, an organic compound having an isocyanate group, a silicon-containing compound, and an aroma other than the formula (1)
- the gist of the second aspect of the present invention is as follows.
- a 2 is 1, the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of (f).
- H The non-aqueous electrolyte solution of (f) or (g), wherein A 2 in the formula (2) is a phenyl group.
- I Any of (f) to (h), wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte contains the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) in an amount of 0.001% by mass to 10% by mass. Non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is a fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, a sulfur-containing organic compound, a phosphonic acid ester, an organic compound having a cyano group, an organic compound having an isocyanate group, a silicon-containing compound, or an aromatic other than the formula (2)
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to any one of (f) to (i), which contains at least one compound selected from the group in an amount of 0.001% by mass to 20% by mass.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a negative electrode and a positive electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, and a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an electrolyte and a non-aqueous solvent, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises (a) to A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is any one of (j).
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution which can bring about the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in the initial battery characteristic and the battery characteristic after an endurance test can be provided, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be provided. Can be reduced in size, performance and safety.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery produced using the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention and the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention simultaneously improve the initial battery characteristics and the battery characteristics after the durability test. ⁇
- the principle is not clear, but it is considered as follows. However, the present invention is not limited to the operations and principles described below.
- aromatic carboxylic acid esters and carboxylic acid aromatic esters represented by Patent Documents 1 to 13 improve the battery characteristics by forming a film-like structure on the positive electrode.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester in which the oxycarbonyl group is directly bonded to the aromatic ring and the carboxylic acid aromatic ester in which the carbonyloxy group is directly bonded to the aromatic ring described in Patent Documents 1 to 10 are the aromatic ring and the carbonyl group.
- a fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, a sulfur-containing organic compound, a phosphonic acid ester, an organic compound having a cyano group, an organic compound having an isocyanate group, a silicon-containing compound, an aromatic compound other than the above formula (2), and the above formula (3) At least one selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid ester represented by: a cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds, a monofluorophosphate, a difluorophosphate, a borate, an oxalate, and a fluorosulfonate.
- the compound also referred to as “(II) group compound” forms a film on the negative electrode and improves performance.
- the first aspect of the present invention has found that the above problem can be solved by including the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (1) in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (1) is less likely to overlap the empty orbit due to the distance between the carbonyl group and the aromatic ring, and as a result, suppresses the reduction side reaction at the negative electrode.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (1) includes those in which a carbon atom sandwiched between a carbonyl group and an aromatic ring has a hydrocarbon group as a substituent, but has such a structure. This makes it difficult for the carbonyl group and the vacant orbit of the aromatic ring to overlap due to the steric hindrance of the hydrocarbon group. As a result, the reduction side reaction at the negative electrode is extremely suppressed.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (1) includes those having a carboxylic acid skeleton in which the chain length of the alkylene group sandwiched between the carbonyl group and the aromatic ring is increased. As a result, the distance between the carbonyl group and the aromatic ring is increased so that the empty orbits are less likely to overlap. As a result, the reduction side reaction at the negative electrode can be suppressed.
- the alkylene group is an ethylene group
- the distance between the carbonyl group and the aromatic ring is increased, but there is a slight overlap of vacancies between the two.
- the above problem can be solved by containing the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) and the compound of the group (II) in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution at the same time. I found it.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) due to the overlap of the carboxylic acid skeleton aromatic ring and the vacant orbit of the carbonyl group, the reduction side reaction at the negative electrode proceeds when used alone, It is thought that a large amount of a film with low Li + conductivity is formed.
- the film formed by the compound of the group (II) on the negative electrode is represented by the formula (2).
- the reduction side reaction of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester is suppressed.
- a part of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) is taken in, so that a composite film having a high Li + conductivity and a stable property is obtained.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) forms a film-like structure, thereby suppressing the oxidation side reaction of the compound of the group (II).
- the initial battery characteristics and the battery characteristics after the durability test can be improved at the same time without deteriorating the battery characteristics.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte ⁇ First embodiment of the present invention> 1-1.
- Aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by formula (1) A first aspect of the present invention is characterized in that the non-aqueous electrolyte contains an aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by formula (1).
- optical isomers cannot be distinguished, and the isomers can be used alone or as a mixture thereof.
- R 2 and R 3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and these are bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 2 when there are a plurality of R 2 , they may be the same or different, and when there are a plurality of R 3 , they may be the same or different, a 1 is an integer of 1 or 2, when a 1 is 1, R 1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; when a 2 is 2, R 1 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and a plurality of A 1 may be the same or different.
- R 2 and R 3 are a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms
- R 1 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- n 1 is an integer of 2 or more and / or a 1 is 2, a plurality of R 2 and R 3 exist, but a plurality of R 2 and a plurality of R 3 are present. May be the same or different. Also, if a 1 is 2, so that the A 1 there are a plurality, they may be be the same or different.
- R 2 and R 3 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 2 and R 3 bonded to the same carbon atom are bonded to each other to form a ring. It is preferable to form.
- R 1 and R 2 , R 1 and R 3 , A 1 and R 1 , A 1 and R 2 , A 1 and R 3 , R 1 and R 2 and A 1 , R 1 and R 3 and A 1 are not bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 1 is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms that may have a substituent.
- R 1 is a monovalent group
- R 1 is a divalent group.
- 1 to 12 carbon atoms means the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon group
- R 1 has a substituent.
- the number of carbon atoms in the substituent is not included.
- the number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon group in R 1 is preferably 10 or less, more preferably 9 or less, and even more preferably 5 or less.
- the hydrocarbon group represents a group composed of a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, and corresponds to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group and an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
- An aliphatic hydrocarbon group is an acyclic or cyclic hydrocarbon group composed of a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, and represents a group having no aromatic structure.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group represents a hydrocarbon group having an aromatic structure composed of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms.
- the substituent is a group composed of one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, phosphorus atoms and halogen atoms (however, carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms Represents a group composed only of Examples of the substituent include a halogen atom (preferably a fluorine atom); an alkoxy group; an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group or an alkoxy group substituted with a halogen atom (preferably a fluorine atom); a cyano group; an isocyanato Group: alkoxycarbonyloxy group; acyl group; carboxy group; alkoxycarbonyl group; acyloxy group; alkylsulfonyl group; alkoxysulfonyl group; dialkoxyphosphantriyl group; dialkoxyphosphoryl group and dialkoxy
- Examples of the alkyl group and alkoxy group in the above substituent include those having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and examples of the alkenyl group and alkynyl group include carbon atoms.
- Examples of the aryl group include those having 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- hydrocarbon group examples include the following.
- the hydrocarbon group is exemplified as a monovalent group (a 1 corresponds to 1), but when a 1 is 2, it can assume a corresponding divalent group.
- the corresponding divalent groups are an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, an alkynylene group, and an arylene group, respectively.
- hydrocarbon group examples include aliphatic hydrocarbon groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, and alkynyl groups, and aromatic hydrocarbon groups such as aryl groups and aralkyl groups.
- aliphatic hydrocarbon groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, and alkynyl groups
- aromatic hydrocarbon groups such as aryl groups and aralkyl groups.
- methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, i-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl isopentyl
- sec- Alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as pentyl group, neopentyl group, 1-methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group
- vinyl group 1-propenyl group, 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as 2-
- n-butyl group is particularly preferred.
- a hydrocarbon group having a substituent can also be preferably used.
- the substituent include halogen atoms (preferably fluorine atoms), unsubstituted or halogen atom (preferably fluorine atoms) -substituted alkoxy groups.
- the hydrocarbon group having a substituent include trifluoromethylphenyl group, methoxyphenyl group, ethoxyphenyl group, trifluoromethoxyphenyl group, monofluorophenyl group, difluorophenyl group, trifluorophenyl group, tetrafluorophenyl group, penta A fluorophenyl group, a hexafluorophenyl group, and the like are preferable.
- exemplary hydrocarbon groups having the above-mentioned hydrocarbon group and the substituent is a monovalent group, if a 1 is 2, it can take the corresponding divalent radicals.
- alkylene groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as methylene group, ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, pentamethylene group, vinylene group, 1-propenylene group, 2-propenylene group, 1-butenylene group, 2-butenylene group
- Carbon numbers such as alkenylene groups having 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as 1-pentenylene group and 2-pentenylene group, ethynylene group, propynylene group, 1-butynylene group, 2-butynylene group, 1-pentynylene group and 2-pentynylene group 2-5 alkynylene groups and the like are preferred.
- R 2 and R 3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (preferably a fluorine atom) or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent. These may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the substituent include the groups exemplified for R 1 . Among them, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a hydrogen atom and a substituent is preferable, and a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent is more preferable, More preferably, it is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and having no substituent.
- R 2 and R 3 are hydrocarbon groups which may have a substituent
- the carbon number of the hydrocarbon group is preferably 8 or less, more preferably 4 or less, and even more preferably 2 or less.
- hydrocarbon group examples include aliphatic hydrocarbon groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, and alkynyl groups, and aromatic hydrocarbon groups such as aryl groups and aralkyl groups.
- alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, i-butyl group and tert-butyl group;
- An alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as vinyl group, 1-propenyl group, 2-propenyl group, isopropenyl group, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group and 3-butenyl group; ethynyl group, 1-propynyl group, C2-C4 alkynyl groups such as 2-propynyl group, 1-butynyl group, 2-butynyl group, 3-butynyl group; phenyl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, ethylphenyl group, n-propylphenyl group, i Aryl groups such as -propylphenyl group,
- a hydrocarbon group having a substituent can also be preferably used.
- substituents include halogen atoms (preferably fluorine atoms) or unsubstituted or halogen atom (preferably fluorine atoms) -substituted alkoxy groups. Specific examples include a trifluoromethylphenyl group, a methoxyphenyl group, an ethoxyphenyl group, and a trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.
- the cyclic structure is not limited, but a structure in which the ring skeleton is composed of a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom is preferable, and a carbon atom The structure consisting of is more preferable.
- the number of ring members in the cyclic structure can be 3 or more and 12 or less, preferably 4 or more and 8 or less.
- the total number of carbon atoms constituting the ring can be 3 or more, preferably 4 or more, and can be 12 or less, preferably 8 or less, more preferably Is 6 or less, more preferably 5 or less.
- cyclic structure examples include a cycloalkane structure, an oxacycloalkane structure, an azacycloalkane structure, and a thiacycloalkane structure.
- cycloalkane structures having 3 to 12 carbon atoms such as cyclopropane structure, cyclobutane structure, cyclopentane structure, cyclohexane structure, cycloheptane structure, cyclooctane structure, cyclononane structure, cyclodecane structure, cycloundecane structure, cyclododecane structure, etc.
- a cyclopropane structure More preferred are a cyclopropane structure, a cyclobutane structure, a cyclopentane structure, and a cyclohexane structure, and a cyclopentane structure and a cyclohexane structure are still more preferred.
- a 1 is an aryl group which may have a substituent.
- substituents include the groups exemplified for R 1 .
- the aryl group is not particularly limited, but the number of carbon atoms can be 6 or more, preferably 7 or more, more preferably 8 or more, and 12 or less, preferably 11 or less, more preferably Is 10 or less.
- aryl group phenyl group, tolyl group, ethylphenyl group, n-propylphenyl group, i-propylphenyl group, n-butylphenyl group, sec-butylphenyl group, i-butylphenyl group, tert-butylphenyl group And xylyl group.
- An aryl group having a halogen atom (preferably a fluorine atom) or an unsubstituted or halogen atom (preferably fluorine atom) -substituted alkoxy group as a substituent is also preferable.
- a trifluoromethylphenyl group for example, a trifluoromethylphenyl group, a methoxyphenyl group, an ethoxyphenyl group, examples thereof include a trifluoromethoxyphenyl group, a monofluorophenyl group, a difluorophenyl group, a trifluorophenyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pentafluorophenyl group, and a hexafluorophenyl group.
- a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a tert-butylphenyl group, a methoxyphenyl group, and a monofluorophenyl group are preferable, a phenyl group and a tolyl group are more preferable, and a phenyl group is still more preferable.
- n 1 is an integer of 1 or more and can be 5 or less, preferably 4 or less, more preferably 3 or less, still more preferably 2 or less, particularly preferably 1 It is.
- a 1 is an integer of 1 or 2, and preferably 1.
- n 1 is 1, at least one of R 2 and R 3 is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, n 1 is 2, and a plurality of R 2 and R 3 are all In the case of a hydrogen atom, R 1 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R is a methylene group, ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, pentamethylene group, vinylene group, 1-propenylene group, 2-propenylene group, Hydrocarbon selected from 1-butenylene, 2-butenylene, 1-pentenylene, 2-pentenylene, ethynylene, propynylene, 1-butynylene, 2-butynylene, 1-pentynylene and 2-pentynylene It is a group.
- the following compounds are preferred from the viewpoint of reducing the reduction side reaction on the negative electrode.
- the following compounds are more preferable from the viewpoint of few oxidation side reactions on the positive electrode.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (1) may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (1) (the total amount in the case of two or more types) can be 0.001% by mass or more.
- 0.01% by mass or more Preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.05% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 8% by mass or less. More preferably, it is 5 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 3 mass% or less, Most preferably, it is 2.5 mass% or less.
- blending the said compound with the electrolyte solution of this invention is not restrict
- a method of generating the compound in the battery or in the electrolytic solution can be mentioned. Examples of a method for generating the compound include a method in which a compound other than these compounds is added to generate a battery component such as an electrolytic solution by oxidation or hydrolysis. Furthermore, a method of generating a battery by applying an electrical load such as charge / discharge is also mentioned.
- an aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the following formula (2) a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond: It is possible to use at least one compound selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonates having and compounds of the following group (II). In addition, about the aromatic compound other than Formula (2) among compounds of (II) group, what is an aromatic compound other than Formula (1) can be used.
- the carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (3) is a carboxylic acid ester other than the formula (1).
- the description regarding the second aspect of the present invention is applied to specific examples and preferred examples of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the following formula (2) and compounds of the following group (II), and preferred amounts thereof.
- Examples of the cyclic carbonate having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond include vinylene carbonate. 1-6. The explanations for auxiliaries can also be applied.
- Aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by formula (2) A second aspect of the present invention is characterized in that the non-aqueous electrolyte contains an aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by formula (2). In the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2), optical isomers cannot be distinguished, and the isomers can be used alone or as a mixture thereof.
- a 2 is an aryl group which may have a substituent
- n 2 is an integer of 1 or 2
- a 2 is an integer of 1 or 2
- R 4 is a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or an aryl group which may have a substituent
- R 4 is an aryl group which may have a substituent
- R 4 is a single bond, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or an arylene group which may have a substituent
- a plurality of A 2 may be the same or different.
- R 4 is an arylene group which may have a substituent.
- R 4 and A 2 are not bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 4 is a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group (monovalent group) having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- An aryl group which may have Examples of the substituent include the groups exemplified for R 1 .
- the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic hydrocarbon group (monovalent group) is preferably 10 or less, more preferably 9 or less, and even more preferably 5 or less.
- Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, and an alkynyl group. Of these, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, i-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec- A pentyl group, a neopentyl group, a 1-methylbutyl group, a 2-methylbutyl group, a 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, a 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, etc., an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a vinyl group, a 1-propenyl group, 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as 2-propenyl group, isopropenyl group, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 1-pentenyl group, 2-pentenyl group,
- An alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as a group is more preferable, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, and an n-butyl group are more preferable, and a methyl group and an ethyl group are particularly preferable.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may have a substituent, but is preferably unsubstituted.
- the aryl group is not particularly limited, but may have 6 or more carbon atoms, preferably 7 or more, more preferably 8 or more, and 12 or less, preferably 11 or less, more preferably 10 or less.
- aryl group phenyl group, tolyl group, ethylphenyl group, n-propylphenyl group, i-propylphenyl group, n-butylphenyl group, sec-butylphenyl group, i-butylphenyl group, tert-butylphenyl group And xylyl group.
- An aryl group having a halogen atom (preferably a fluorine atom) or an unsubstituted or halogen atom (preferably fluorine atom) -substituted alkoxy group as a substituent is also preferable.
- a trifluoromethylphenyl group, a xylyl group, a methoxyphenyl group, an ethoxy group examples thereof include a phenyl group, a trifluoromethoxyphenyl group, a monofluorophenyl group, a difluorophenyl group, a trifluorophenyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pentafluorophenyl group, and a hexafluorophenyl group.
- a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a tert-butylphenyl group, a methoxyphenyl group, and a monofluorophenyl group are preferable, a phenyl group and a tolyl group are more preferable, and a phenyl group is still more preferable.
- R 4 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group (monovalent group) having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, more preferably hydrogen.
- R 4 is an aryl group which may have a substituent, and is preferably an unsubstituted aryl group.
- R 4 is a single bond, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group (divalent group) having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- An arylene group which may have
- Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group (divalent group) include divalent groups corresponding to the groups exemplified as the aliphatic hydrocarbon group (monovalent). Among them, alkylene groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as methylene group, ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, pentamethylene group, vinylene group, 1-propenylene group, 2-propenylene group, 1-butenylene group, 2-butenylene.
- Carbons such as alkenylene groups having 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as 1-pentenylene group, 2-pentenylene group, etc., ethynylene group, propynylene group, 1-butynylene group, 2-butynylene group, 1-pentynylene group and 2-pentynylene group.
- An alkynylene group of 2 to 5 is preferable.
- arylene group examples include divalent groups corresponding to the groups exemplified as the aryl group. Of these, a phenylene group and the like are preferable.
- R 4 is preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group (divalent group) having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a single bond or a substituent, and more preferably It is a single bond or an unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group (divalent group) having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R 4 is an arylene group which may have a substituent, and preferably an unsubstituted arylene group.
- a 1 is an aryl group which may have a substituent.
- substituent include the groups exemplified for R 1 .
- the aryl group is not particularly limited, but the number of carbon atoms can be 6 or more, preferably 7 or more, more preferably 8 or more, and 12 or less, preferably 11 or less, more preferably Is 10 or less.
- aryl group phenyl group, tolyl group, ethylphenyl group, n-propylphenyl group, i-propylphenyl group, n-butylphenyl group, sec-butylphenyl group, i-butylphenyl group, tert-butylphenyl group And xylyl group.
- An aryl group having a halogen atom (preferably a fluorine atom) or an unsubstituted or halogen atom (preferably fluorine atom) -substituted alkoxy group as a substituent is also preferable.
- a trifluoromethylphenyl group, a xylyl group, a methoxyphenyl group, an ethoxy group examples thereof include a phenyl group, a trifluoromethoxyphenyl group, a monofluorophenyl group, a difluorophenyl group, a trifluorophenyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pentafluorophenyl group, and a hexafluorophenyl group.
- a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a tert-butylphenyl group, a methoxyphenyl group, and a monofluorophenyl group are preferable, a phenyl group and a tolyl group are more preferable, and a phenyl group is still more preferable.
- n 2 is preferably 1.
- a 2 is preferably 1.
- R is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an i-propyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, i -Butyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group, isopentyl group, sec-pentyl group, neopentyl group, 1-methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group , Phenyl group, tolyl group, tert-butylphenyl group, methoxyphenyl group, monofluorophenyl group, R ′ is a phenyl group, tolyl group,
- R is a hydrocarbon group selected from a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a vinylene group, and an ethynylene group.
- the following compounds are preferred from the viewpoint of reducing the reduction side reaction on the negative electrode.
- the following compounds are more preferable from the viewpoint of few oxidation side reactions on the positive electrode.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) (the total amount in the case of two or more types) can be 0.001% by mass or more.
- 0.01% by mass or more Preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.05% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 8% by mass or less. More preferably, it is 5 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 3 mass% or less, Most preferably, it is 2.5 mass% or less.
- blending the said compound with the electrolyte solution of this invention is not restrict
- a method of generating the compound in the battery or in the electrolytic solution can be mentioned. Examples of a method for generating the compound include a method in which a compound other than these compounds is added to generate a battery component such as an electrolytic solution by oxidation or hydrolysis. Furthermore, a method of generating a battery by applying an electrical load such as charge / discharge is also mentioned.
- Group Compound A second aspect of the present invention is an organic compound having a fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, a sulfur-containing organic compound, a phosphonic acid ester, and a cyano group together with the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2).
- at least one compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid esters, monofluorophosphates, difluorophosphates, borates, oxalates, and fluorosulfonates has a good composite coating on the negative electrode.
- the method of blending the above compound with the electrolytic solution of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- a method of generating the compound in the battery or in the electrolytic solution can be mentioned.
- Examples of a method for generating the compound include a method in which a compound other than these compounds is added to generate a battery component such as an electrolytic solution by oxidation or hydrolysis.
- a method of generating a battery by applying an electrical load such as charge / discharge is also mentioned.
- Fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate examples include fluorinated products of cyclic carbonates having an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and derivatives thereof.
- fluorinated products of ethylene carbonate hereinafter referred to as “fluorinated ethylene carbonate”).
- fluorinated ethylene carbonate examples include fluorinated ethylene carbonate substituted with an alkyl group (for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms). Of these, fluorinated ethylene carbonate having 1 to 8 fluorine atoms and derivatives thereof are preferred.
- the initial gas amount can be suppressed, Battery safety can be further improved by increasing the amount of overcharge gas.
- Fluorinated ethylene carbonate having 1 to 8 fluorine atoms and derivatives thereof include monofluoroethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoroethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-methylethylene carbonate, 4, 5-difluoro-4-methylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-5-methylethylene carbonate, 4- (fluoromethyl) -ethylene carbonate, 4- (difluoromethyl) -ethylene Carbonate, 4- (trifluoromethyl) -ethylene carbonate, 4- (fluoromethyl) -4-fluoroethylene carbonate, 4- (fluoromethyl) -5-fluoroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-di Chill ethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-dimethylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-5,5-dimethylethylene carbonate.
- monofluoroethylene carbonate 4,4-difluoroethylene carbonate, and 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate are preferable because they give high ionic conductivity to the electrolyte and easily form a stable interface protective film.
- the fluorinated cyclic carbonate may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the amount of the fluorinated cyclic carbonate (total amount in the case of 2 or more types) is preferably 0.001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, and still more preferably 0.1% in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution. % By mass or more, still more preferably 0.4% by mass or more, preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 7% by mass or less, still more preferably 5% by mass or less, particularly preferably 3% by mass or less, Most preferably, it is 1.5 mass% or less.
- the amount is 100% by volume in the non-aqueous solvent, preferably 1% by volume or more, more preferably 5% by volume or more, and still more preferably 10% by volume or more. Moreover, it is preferably 50% by volume or less, more preferably 35% by volume or less, and still more preferably 25% by volume or less.
- fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond and a fluorine atom (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate”) can also be used. If the fluorine number which a fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate has is one or more, it will not restrict
- the number of fluorines can be 6 or less, preferably 4 or less, and more preferably 1 or 2.
- fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate examples include a fluorinated vinylene carbonate derivative, a fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivative substituted with an aromatic ring or a substituent having a carbon-carbon double bond.
- Fluorinated vinylene carbonate derivatives include 4-fluoro vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methyl vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenyl vinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluoro vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5- And vinyl vinylene carbonate.
- fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivative substituted with a substituent having an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond examples include 4-fluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5 -Vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-allylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate 4,5-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate , 4,5-Diff Oro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-phenylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-5-phenyl
- fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonates include 4-fluoro vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methyl vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinyl vinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluoro vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro vinyl carbonate.
- the molecular weight of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited.
- the molecular weight is preferably 50 or more and 250 or less. If it is this range, it will be easy to ensure the solubility of the fluorinated cyclic carbonate with respect to a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, and the effect of this invention will be easy to be expressed.
- the production method of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited, and can be produced by arbitrarily selecting a known method.
- the molecular weight is more preferably 100 or more, and more preferably 200 or less.
- Fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonates may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the amount of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate (the total amount in the case of two or more) is 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution, preferably 0.001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, and still more preferably 0. 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.2% by mass or more, preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, still more preferably 4% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 3% by mass. It is as follows. Within this range, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is likely to exhibit a sufficient cycle characteristics improvement effect, and the high-temperature storage characteristics are reduced, the amount of gas generated is increased, and the discharge capacity maintenance rate is reduced. Easy to avoid the situation.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate is 1:99 to 99: 1 from the viewpoint of forming a composite interface protective film on the negative electrode.
- 5:95 to 95: 5 is more preferable, 10:90 to 90:10 is more preferable, 20:80 to 80:20 is particularly preferable, and 30:70 to 70:30 is very preferable.
- blends in this range the side reaction in the positive / negative electrode of each additive can be suppressed efficiently, and a battery characteristic improves. In particular, it is useful for improving the initial gas suppression effect and safety during overcharge.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention can further contain a sulfur-containing organic compound.
- the sulfur-containing organic compound is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic compound having at least one sulfur atom in the molecule, but is preferably an organic compound having an S ⁇ O group in the molecule, Sulfonated esters, cyclic sulfonates, chain sulfates, cyclic sulfates, chain sulfites and cyclic sulfites.
- those corresponding to fluorosulfonate are 1-3-2. It is not included in a sulfur-containing organic compound, but is included in a fluorosulfonate that is an electrolyte described later.
- the initial efficiency can be improved in the battery using this electrolytic solution.
- battery safety can be further improved by increasing the amount of overcharge gas.
- a chain sulfonate ester, a cyclic sulfonate ester, a chain sulfate ester, a cyclic sulfate ester, a chain sulfite ester and a cyclic sulfite ester are preferable, and a compound having an S ( ⁇ O) 2 group is more preferable.
- These esters may have a substituent.
- the substituent is a group composed of one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom and a halogen atom, preferably a carbon atom.
- Substituents include halogen atoms; unsubstituted or halogen-substituted alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, aryl groups or alkoxy groups; cyano groups; isocyanato groups; alkoxycarbonyloxy groups; acyl groups; carboxy groups; An acyloxy group; an alkylsulfonyl group; an alkoxysulfonyl group; a dialkoxyphosphantriyl group; a dialkoxyphosphoryl group and a dialkoxyphosphoryloxy group.
- a halogen atom an alkoxy group; an unsubstituted or halogen-substituted alkyl group, alkenyl group or alkynyl group; an isocyanato group; a cyano group; an alkoxycarbonyloxy group; an acyl group; an alkoxycarbonyl group; More preferably a halogen atom, an unsubstituted alkyl group, or an alkoxycarbonyloxy group; an acyl group; an alkoxycarbonyl group or an acyloxy group, and more preferably a halogen atom, an unsubstituted alkyl group, or an alkoxycarbonyl group.
- Illustrative and preferred examples relating to these substituents apply to the substituents in the definition of A 12 and A 13 in formula (3-2-1) and A 14 in formula (3-2-2) described later. .
- a chain sulfonate ester and a cyclic sulfonate ester More preferred are a chain sulfonate ester and a cyclic sulfonate ester.
- a chain sulfonate ester represented by the formula (3-2-1) and a cyclic sulfone represented by the formula (3-2-2) are preferable.
- An acid ester is preferable, and a cyclic sulfonic acid ester represented by the formula (3-2-2) is more preferable.
- Chain sulfonate ester represented by formula (3-2-1) (Where A 12 is an n 21 valent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, A 13 is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms that may have a substituent, n 21 is an integer of 1 to 4, When n 21 is 2, A 12 and A 13 may be the same or different. )
- n 21 is preferably an integer of 1 or more, 3 or less, more preferably an integer of 1 or more and 2 or less, and even more preferably 2.
- Monovalent hydrocarbon groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups and aryl groups;
- a divalent hydrocarbon group such as an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, an alkynylene group and an arylene group;
- Trivalent hydrocarbon groups such as alkanetriyl groups, alkenetriyl groups, alkynetriyl groups and arenetriyl groups; Tetravalent hydrocarbon groups such as alkanetetrayl group, alkenetetrayl group, alkynetetrayl group and arenetetrayl group; Etc.
- divalent hydrocarbon groups such as an alkylene group, alkenylene group, alkynylene group, and arylene group are preferable, and an alkylene group is more preferable. These correspond to the case where n 21 is 2.
- the monovalent hydrocarbon groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl.
- An alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as dimethylpropyl group; vinyl group, 1-propenyl group, 2-propenyl group, isopropenyl group, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 1-pentenyl group
- Examples of the divalent hydrocarbon group include an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, and a pentamethylene group; a vinylene group, a 1-propenylene group, a 2-propenylene group, Alkenylene groups having 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as 1-butenylene group, 2-butenylene group, 1-pentenylene group, 2-pentenylene group; ethynylene group, propynylene group, 1-butynylene group, 2-butynylene group, 1-pentynylene And an alkynylene group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as 2-pentynylene group, preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as methylene group, ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, pentamethylene group, etc.
- carbon such as ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, pentamethylene group, etc.
- a number 2 to 5 of the alkylene group more preferably a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, an alkylene group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, such as pentamethylene group.
- the trivalent and tetravalent hydrocarbon groups include trivalent and tetravalent hydrocarbon groups corresponding to the monovalent hydrocarbon group.
- a 12 is preferably an n 21 valent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and having no substituent.
- the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms in A 13 is preferably a monovalent hydrocarbon group such as an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group and an aryl group, and more preferably an alkyl group.
- hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms examples include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, i-butyl group, tert-butyl group, n -Ptyl group, isopentyl group, sec-pentyl group, neopentyl group, 1-methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group and other alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms
- methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, n-butyl group, n-pentyl group more preferably methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, still more preferably ethyl Group, n-propyl group.
- the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and having a substituent in A 13 means a group in which the above substituent and the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms are combined.
- a 13 is preferably a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, more preferably a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms having a substituent, More preferred is an alkyl group having an alkoxycarbonyl group as a substituent.
- the content of the chain sulfonic acid ester represented by the formula (3-2-1) (the total content in the case of two or more types) is 0.001% by mass or more in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution.
- 0.01% by mass or more more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, further preferably 0.3% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and 10% by mass or less. It is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, still more preferably 2% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 1.5% by mass or less.
- the high temperature storage characteristics are good.
- Cyclic sulfonic acid ester represented by formula (3-2-2) (Where A 14 is a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have a substituent. )
- Examples of the divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms in A 14 include an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, an alkynylene group, and an arylene group, preferably an alkylene group and an alkenylene group.
- Examples of the divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms include alkylene groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, and a pentamethylene group; a vinylene group and a 1-propenylene group.
- alkenylene group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as 2-propenylene group, 1-butenylene group, 2-butenylene group, 1-pentenylene group and 2-pentenylene group;
- alkynylene groups having 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethynylene group, propynylene group, 1-butynylene group, 2-butynylene group, 1-pentynylene group and 2-pentynylene group.
- an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, and a pentamethylene group, a vinylene group, a 1-propenylene group, a 2-propenylene group, and a 1-butenylene group are preferable.
- alkenylene group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as 2-butenylene group, 1-pentenylene group and 2-pentenylene group, more preferably an alkylene having 3 to 5 carbon atoms such as trimethylene group, tetramethylene group and pentamethylene group
- alkenylene groups having 3 to 5 carbon atoms such as 1-propenylene group, 2-propenylene group, 1-butenylene group, 2-butenylene group, 1-pentenylene group and 2-pentenylene group, more preferably trimethylene group, 1-propenylene group and 2-propenylene group.
- the divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which have a substituent in A 14 a combination of divalent hydrocarbon group having 12 or less above substituents and the carbon atoms one or more groups Means that.
- a 14 is preferably a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and having no substituent.
- a battery using the electrolytic solution of the present invention further containing a cyclic sulfonate ester represented by the formula (3-2-2) has improved initial efficiency and increased battery charge by increasing the amount of overcharge gas. This can be further improved.
- the content of the cyclic sulfonic acid ester represented by the formula (3-2-2) (the total content in the case of two or more types) is 0.001% by mass or more in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution.
- 0.01% by mass or more more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, further preferably 0.3% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.4% by mass or more, and 10% by mass or less.
- it is 5 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 3 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 2 mass% or less, Most preferably, it is 1.5 mass% or less.
- sulfur-containing organic compounds examples include the following.
- ⁇ Chain sulfonate ester Fluorosulfonic acid esters such as methyl fluorosulfonate and ethyl fluorosulfonate; Methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, 2-propynyl methanesulfonate, 3-butynyl methanesulfonate, busulfan, methyl 2- (methanesulfonyloxy) propionate, ethyl 2- (methanesulfonyloxy) propionate, 2- (Methanesulfonyloxy) propionate 2-propynyl, 2- (methanesulfonyloxy) propionate 3-butynyl, methanesulfonyloxyacetate methyl, methanesulfonyloxyacetate ethyl, methanesulfonyloxyacetate 2-propynyl and methanesulfon
- 1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-2,2-dioxide 3-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-2,2-dioxide, 3H-1,2,3-oxathiazol-2,2-dioxide 5H-1,2,3-oxathiazol-2,2-dioxide, 1,2,4-oxathiazolidine-2,2-dioxide, 1,2,5-oxathiazolidine-2,2-dioxide, 1, 2,3-oxathiazinane-2,2-dioxide, 3-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazinane-2,2-dioxide, 5,6-dihydro-1,2,3-oxathiazine-2,2-dioxide and Nitrogen-containing compounds such as 1,2,4-oxathiazinane-2,2-dioxide.
- Dialkyl sulfate compounds such as dimethyl sulfate, ethyl methyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate.
- ⁇ Cyclic sulfate ester 1,2-ethylene sulfate, 1,2-propylene sulfate, 1,3-propylene sulfate, 1,2-butylene sulfate, 1,3-butylene sulfate, 1,4-butylene sulfate, 1, Alkylene sulfate compounds such as 2-pentylene sulfate, 1,3-pentylene sulfate, 1,4-pentylene sulfate, and 1,5-pentylene sulfate;
- Dialkyl sulfite compounds such as dimethyl sulfite, ethyl methyl sulfite and diethyl sulfite.
- ⁇ Cyclic sulfite ester 1,2-ethylene sulfite, 1,2-propylene sulfite, 1,3-propylene sulfite, 1,2-butylene sulfite, 1,3-butylene sulfite, 1,4-butylene sulfite, 1, Alkylene sulfite compounds such as 2-pentylenesulfite, 1,3-pentylenesulfite, 1,4-pentylenesulfite and 1,5-pentylenesulfite.
- methyl 2- (methanesulfonyloxy) propionate, ethyl 2- (methanesulfonyloxy) propionate, 2-propynyl 2- (methanesulfonyloxy) propionate, 1-methoxycarbonylethyl propanedisulfonate, propanedisulfone 1-ethoxycarbonylethyl acid, 1-methoxycarbonylethyl butanedisulfonate, 1-ethoxycarbonylethyl butanedisulfonate, 1,3-propane sultone, 1-propene-1,3-sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, 1, 2-Ethylene sulfate, 1,2-ethylene sulfite, methyl methanesulfonate and ethyl methanesulfonate are preferred from the viewpoint of improving the initial efficiency.
- the sulfur-containing organic compound may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the sulfur-containing organic compound (the total amount in the case of two or more types) can be 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution. It can be 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 2% by mass. It is below mass%. Within this range, it is easy to control output characteristics, load characteristics, low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, high temperature storage characteristics, and the like.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the sulfur-containing organic compound is
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2): sulfur-containing organic compound is preferably 1:99 to 99: 1, more preferably 5:95 to 95: 5, and 10:90 to 90: 10 is more preferable, 20:80 to 80:20 is particularly preferable, and 30:70 to 70:30 is very preferable. If it is this range, a battery characteristic, especially an initial stage characteristic can be improved significantly. Although this principle is not clear, it is considered that the side reaction of the additive on the electrode can be minimized by mixing at this ratio.
- the electrolyte solution of the present invention may further contain a phosphonic acid ester.
- the phosphonic acid ester is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic compound having at least a phosphonic acid ester structure in the molecule.
- the initial rate characteristics can be improved while being stored. Later battery capacity can be improved.
- the phosphonic acid ester may have a substituent.
- the substituent is a group composed of one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom and a halogen atom, preferably a carbon atom.
- Substituents include halogen atoms; unsubstituted or halogen-substituted alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, aryl groups or alkoxy groups; cyano groups; isocyanato groups; alkoxycarbonyloxy groups; acyl groups; alkoxycarbonyl groups; Alkylsulfonyl group; alkoxysulfonyl group; dialkoxyphosphantriyl group; dialkoxyphosphoryl group and dialkoxyphosphoryloxy group.
- a halogen atom; an alkoxy group; an alkoxycarbonyloxy group; an acyl group; an alkoxycarbonyl group and an acyloxy group are preferable, a halogen atom and an alkoxycarbonyl group are more preferable, and an alkoxycarbonyl group is more preferable.
- the alkoxycarbonyl group include a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a propoxycarbonyl group, an allyloxycarbonyl group, a propargyloxycarbonyl group, and the like, and preferably an ethoxycarbonyl group and a propargyloxycarbonyl group.
- Illustrative and preferred examples relating to these substituents are applied to the substituents in the definition of A 9 to A 11 in formula (3-3-1) described later.
- a phosphonic acid ester represented by the formula (3-3-1) is preferable.
- a 9 , A 10 and A 11 are each independently an unsubstituted or halogen-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group or an alkynyl group, n 32 is an integer of 0 to 6.
- alkyl group, alkenyl group or alkynyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms examples include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, i-butyl group, tert- Alkyl groups such as butyl group, n-pentyl group, isopentyl group, sec-pentyl group, neopentyl group, 1-methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group; vinyl Group, 1-propenyl group, 2-propenyl group (allyl group), isopropenyl group, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 1-pentenyl group, 2-pentenyl group, 3-pentenyl group, Alkenyl groups such as 4-pentenyl group; ethynyl group,
- Examples of the phosphonic acid ester represented by the formula (3-3-1) include the following compounds.
- ⁇ Compound with n 32 1 in Formula (3-3-1)> Trimethyl phosphonoacetate, methyl diethyl phosphonoacetate, methyl dipropyl phosphonoacetate, methyl dibutyl phosphonoacetate, triethyl phosphonoacetate, ethyl dimethylphosphonoacetate, ethyl diethyl phosphonoacetate, ethyl dipropylphosphonoacetate, ethyl dibutyl Phosphonoacetate, tripropyl phosphonoacetate, propyl dimethylphosphonoacetate, propyl diethylphosphonoacetate, propyl dibutylphosphonoacetate, tributyl phosphonoacetate, butyldimethylphosphonoacetate, butyldiethylphosphonoacetate, butyldipropylphosphono Acetate, methyl bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphon
- trimethyl phosphonoacetate triethyl phosphonoacetate, 2-propynyl dimethylphosphonoacetate and 2-propynyl diethylphosphonoacetate.
- the phosphonic acid ester may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of phosphonic acid ester (total amount in the case of two or more) can be 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0% in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution. 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.4% by mass or more, and 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, and further preferably 2% by mass or less. Particularly preferably, it is 1% by mass or less, and most preferably 0.7% by mass or less. Within this range, it is easy to control output characteristics, load characteristics, low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, high temperature storage characteristics, and the like.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) to the phosphonic acid ester is such that the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2): phosphonic acid ester is 1:99 to 99: 1.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2): phosphonic acid ester is 1:99 to 99: 1.
- 5:95 to 95: 5 is more preferable
- 10:90 to 90:10 is more preferable
- 20:80 to 80:20 is particularly preferable
- 30:70 to 70:30 is extremely preferable. If it is this range, a battery characteristic, especially an initial stage characteristic can be improved significantly.
- this principle is not clear, it is considered that the side reaction of the additive on the electrode can be minimized by mixing at this ratio.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention can contain an organic compound having a cyano group.
- the organic compound having a cyano group is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic compound having at least one cyano group in the molecule, but is preferably a formula (3-4-1) or a formula (3-4- 2) and a compound represented by formula (3-4-3), more preferably a compound represented by formula (3-4-1) and formula (3-4-2), and more preferably And a compound represented by the formula (3-4-2).
- the organic compound having a cyano group is also a cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds, it belongs to the cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency is improved in a battery using this electrolytic solution.
- the charge / discharge efficiency after storage can be improved.
- the molecular weight of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-1) is not particularly limited.
- the molecular weight is preferably 55 or more, more preferably 65 or more, still more preferably 80 or more, preferably 310 or less, more preferably 185 or less, and further preferably 155 or less. Within this range, it is easy to ensure the solubility of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-1) in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution, and the effects of the present invention are easily exhibited.
- the method for producing the compound represented by the formula (3-4-1) is not particularly limited, and can be produced by arbitrarily selecting a known method.
- examples of the hydrocarbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, and the like, such as an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, and an iso-propyl group.
- a straight chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms and an alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms are more preferable from the viewpoint that the ratio of the cyano group to the whole molecule is large and the effect of improving battery characteristics is high.
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms is more preferable, and a linear or branched alkyl group having 4 to 11 carbon atoms is particularly preferable.
- Examples of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-1) include propionitrile, butyronitrile, pentanenitrile, hexanenitrile, heptanenitrile, octanenitrile, pelargononitrile, decanenitrile, undecanenitrile, dodecanenitrile, cyclopentanecarbox.
- Examples include -2-pentenenitrile and 2-hexenenitrile.
- pentanenitrile, octanenitrile, decanenitrile, dodecanenitrile and crotononitrile are preferable from the viewpoint of stability of the compound, battery characteristics, and production, pentanenitrile, decanenitrile, dodecanenitrile and crotononitrile are more preferable, Pentanenitrile, decanenitrile and crotononitrile are preferred.
- the amount of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-1) (the total amount in the case of two or more types) can be 0.001% by mass or more in 100% by mass of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution, preferably It can be 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, and further preferably 2% by mass.
- it is particularly preferably 1% by mass or less, and most preferably 0.5% by mass or less.
- the organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms composed of one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom and a halogen atom is a carbon atom and
- an organic group that may contain a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom, or a halogen atom is included.
- organic group which may contain a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom or a halogen atom
- a part of the skeleton carbon atom in the group composed of the carbon atom and the hydrogen atom is substituted with these atoms.
- an organic group having a substituent composed of these atoms is substituted with these atoms.
- the molecular weight of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-2) is not particularly limited.
- the molecular weight is preferably 65 or more, more preferably 80 or more, still more preferably 90 or more, preferably 270 or less, more preferably 160 or less, and still more preferably 135 or less. Within this range, it is easy to ensure the solubility of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-2) in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution, and the effects of the present invention are easily exhibited.
- the method for producing the compound represented by formula (3-4-2) is not particularly limited, and can be produced by arbitrarily selecting a known method.
- a 2 in the compound represented by the formula (3-4-2) is an alkylene group or a derivative thereof, an alkenylene group or a derivative thereof, a cycloalkylene group or a derivative thereof, an alkynylene group or a derivative thereof, a cycloalkenylene group or a derivative thereof.
- Arylene group or derivative thereof carbonyl group or derivative thereof, sulfonyl group or derivative thereof, sulfinyl group or derivative thereof, phosphonyl group or derivative thereof, phosphinyl group or derivative thereof, amide group or derivative thereof, imide group or derivative thereof, ether Groups or derivatives thereof, thioether groups or derivatives thereof, borinic acid groups or derivatives thereof, borane groups or derivatives thereof, and the like.
- an alkylene group or a derivative thereof an alkenylene group or a derivative thereof, a cycloalkylene group or a derivative thereof, an alkynylene group or a derivative thereof, an arylene group or a derivative thereof is preferable.
- a 2 is more preferably an alkylene group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- Examples of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-2) include malononitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimonitrile, suberonitrile, azeronitrile, sebacononitrile, undecandinitrile, dodecandinitrile, methylmalononitrile, ethylmalononitrile.
- malononitrile succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimonitrile, suberonitrile, azeronitrile, sebacononitrile, undecandinitrile, dodecandinitrile and 3,9-bis (2-cyanoethyl) -2,4,8,10 -Tetraoxaspiro [5,5] undecane and fumaronitrile are preferred from the viewpoint of improving storage characteristics.
- succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimonitrile, suberonitrile, glutaronitrile and 3,9-bis (2-cyanoethyl) -2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro [5,5] undecane are The effect of improving the storage characteristics is particularly excellent, and the deterioration due to the side reaction at the electrode is small, which is more preferable.
- dinitrile compounds the smaller the molecular weight, the larger the proportion of cyano groups in one molecule and the higher the viscosity of the molecule, while the higher the molecular weight, the higher the boiling point of the compound. Therefore, succinosuccinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, and pimelonitrile are more preferable from the viewpoint of improving working efficiency.
- the compound represented by the formula (3-4-2) one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in any combination and in any ratio.
- the amount of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-2) (the total amount in the case of 2 or more types) can be 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution. 01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass. It is contained at a concentration of not more than mass%. When the above range is satisfied, effects such as output characteristics, load characteristics, low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high temperature storage characteristics are further improved.
- An organic group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms composed of one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom, and a halogen atom is a carbon atom.
- n 43 is an integer of 0 or more and 5 or less, preferably 0 or more and 3 or less, more preferably 0 or more and 1 or less, and particularly preferably 0.
- a 3 is preferably an organic group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms composed of one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom. More preferably, it is an organic group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms composed of one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom and an oxygen atom, and may have a substituent. It is more preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having a number of 1 or more and 12 or less.
- the substituent represents a group composed of one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of carbon atom, hydrogen atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, phosphorus atom and halogen atom.
- Substituents include halogen atoms; unsubstituted or halogen-substituted alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, aryl groups, alkoxy groups; isocyanato groups; alkoxycarbonyloxy groups; acyl groups; carboxyl groups; alkoxycarbonyl groups; An alkylsulfonyl group; an alkoxysulfonyl group; a dialkoxyphosphantriyl group; a dialkoxyphosphoryl group and a dialkoxyphosphoryloxy group, preferably a halogen atom; an alkoxy group or an unsubstituted or halogen-substituted alkyl group; More preferably a halogen atom or an
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group is not particularly limited, but may have 1 or more carbon atoms, preferably 2 or more, more preferably 3 or more, and 12 or less, preferably 8 Below, more preferably 6 or less.
- saturated hydrocarbon groups such as alkanetriyl groups, alkanetetrayl groups, alkanepentyl groups, and alkanetetrayl groups are more preferable, and alkanetriyl groups are more preferable.
- the compound represented by the formula (3-4-3) is more preferably a compound represented by the formula (3-4-3 ′).
- a 4 and A 5 are divalent groups corresponding to A 3 above.
- the above A 4 and A 5 are more preferably a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- the hydrocarbon group include a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetraethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a vinylene group, a 1-propenylene group, a 2-propenylene group, a 1-butenylene group, a 2-butenylene group, and a 1-pentenylene group.
- a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetraethylene group, and a pentamethylene group are preferable, and a methylene group, an ethylene group, and a trimethylene group are more preferable.
- a 4 and A 5 are preferably not the same as each other but different.
- the molecular weight of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-3) is not particularly limited.
- the molecular weight is preferably 90 or more, more preferably 120 or more, further preferably 150 or more, preferably 450 or less, more preferably 300 or less, and further preferably 250 or less. Within this range, it is easy to ensure the solubility of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-3) in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution, and the effects of the present invention are easily exhibited.
- the method for producing the compound represented by the formula (3-4-3) is not particularly limited, and can be produced by arbitrarily selecting a known method.
- Examples of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-3) include the following compounds.
- An organic compound having a cyano group may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the amount of the compound represented by the formula (3-4-3) (total amount in the case of two or more types) can be 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution. 01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass. It is contained at a concentration of not more than mass%, particularly preferably not more than 2 mass%. Within this range, it is easy to control output characteristics, load characteristics, low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, high temperature storage characteristics, and the like.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the organic compound having a cyano group is such that the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2): the organic compound having a cyano group is 1: It is preferably 99 to 99: 1, more preferably 5:95 to 95: 5, still more preferably 10:90 to 90:10, particularly preferably 20:80 to 80:20, and 30:70 to 70: 30 is very preferred. If it is this range, a battery characteristic, especially an initial stage characteristic can be improved significantly. Although this principle is not clear, it is considered that the side reaction of the additive on the electrode can be minimized by mixing at this ratio.
- the organic compound which has an isocyanate group can contain the organic compound which has an isocyanate group.
- the organic compound having an isocyanate group is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic compound having at least one isocyanate group in the molecule, but the number of isocyanate groups is preferably 1 or more and 4 or less, more preferably 2 in one molecule. Above 3 or less, more preferably 2.
- the combined use of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) and the compound having an isocyanate group can suppress generation of initial gas in a battery using this electrolytic solution.
- the organic compound having an isocyanate group is preferably a linear or branched alkylene group, a cycloalkylene group, a structure in which a cycloalkylene group and an alkylene group are linked, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group and an alkylene group.
- the molecular weight of the organic compound having an isocyanate group is not particularly limited.
- the molecular weight is preferably 80 or more, more preferably 115 or more, still more preferably 170 or more, and 300 or less, more preferably 230 or less.
- the production method of the organic compound having an isocyanate group is not particularly limited, and can be produced by arbitrarily selecting a known method. Moreover, you may use a commercial item.
- organic compound having an isocyanate group examples include methyl isocyanate, ethyl isocyanate, propyl isocyanate, isopropyl isocyanate, butyl isocyanate, tertiary butyl isocyanate, pentyl isocyanate hexyl isocyanate, cyclohexyl isocyanate, vinyl isocyanate, allyl isocyanate, ethynyl isocyanate, propargyl isocyanate, phenyl.
- Organic compounds having one isocyanate group such as isocyanate and fluorophenyl isocyanate;
- the organic compound having an isocyanate group may be a trimer compound derived from a compound having at least two isocyanate groups in the molecule, or an aliphatic polyisocyanate obtained by adding a polyhydric alcohol thereto.
- examples thereof include biurets, isocyanurates, adducts and bifunctional type modified polyisocyanates represented by the basic structures of the formulas (3-5-1) to (3-5-4).
- R 51 to R 54 and R 54 ′ are independently a divalent hydrocarbon group (eg, tetramethylene group, hexamethylene group), and R 53 ′ is independently a trivalent group. Hydrocarbon group.)
- the organic compound having at least two isocyanate groups in the molecule includes so-called blocked isocyanates that are blocked with a blocking agent to improve storage stability.
- the blocking agent include alcohols, phenols, organic amines, oximes, and lactams. Specific examples include n-butanol, phenol, tributylamine, diethylethanolamine, methyl ethyl ketoxime, and ⁇ -caprolactam. Etc.
- a metal catalyst such as dibutyltin dilaurate or an amine such as 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undecene-7 It is also preferable to use a system catalyst or the like in combination.
- the organic compound having an isocyanate group may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the amount of the organic compound having an isocyanate group (the total amount in the case of two or more) can be 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution. Is 0.3% by mass or more and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less. Within this range, it is easy to control output characteristics, load characteristics, low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, high temperature storage characteristics, and the like.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the organic compound having an isocyanate group is such that the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2): the organic compound having an isocyanate group is 1: It is preferably 99 to 99: 1, more preferably 5:95 to 95: 5, still more preferably 10:90 to 90:10, particularly preferably 20:80 to 80:20, and 30:70 to 70: 30 is very preferred. If it is this range, a battery characteristic, especially an initial stage characteristic can be improved significantly. Although this principle is not clear, it is considered that the side reaction of the additive on the electrode can be minimized by mixing at this ratio. *
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention may contain a silicon-containing compound.
- the silicon-containing compound is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having at least one silicon atom in the molecule.
- the initial high-rate discharge capacity can be improved while the capacity after storage can be improved. it can.
- a compound represented by the formula (3-6) is preferable.
- R 61 , R 62 and R 63 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 10 or less carbon atoms
- X 61 is an organic group containing at least one atom of oxygen atom, selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atom and a silicon atom.
- R 61 , R 62 and R 63 are preferably hydrogen atom, fluorine atom, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, i-butyl group, tert. -A butyl group and a phenyl group, more preferably a methyl group.
- X 61 is an organic group containing at least one atom selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom and a silicon atom, and preferably an organic group containing at least an oxygen atom or a silicon atom.
- the organic group refers to a group composed of one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, silicon atoms, sulfur atoms, phosphorus atoms and halogen atoms.
- Examples of the organic group include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a CN group, an isocyanato group, a fluoro group, an alkylsulfonic acid group, and a trialkylsilyl group.
- a part of the monovalent organic group may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- the carbon number of the organic group can be 1 or more, preferably 3 or more, more preferably 5 or more, and 15 or less, preferably 12 or less, more preferably 8 or less. It is.
- alkylsulfonic acid groups, trialkylsilyl groups, boric acid groups, phosphoric acid groups and phosphorous acid groups are preferred.
- the silicon-containing compound include the following compounds. Tris borate (trimethylsilyl), tris borate (trimethoxysilyl), tris borate (triethylsilyl), tris borate (triethoxysilyl), tris borate (dimethylvinylsilyl) and tris borate (diethylvinylsilyl) Boric acid compounds such as: Tris phosphate (trimethylsilyl), Tris phosphate (triethylsilyl), Tris phosphate (tripropylsilyl), Tris phosphate (triphenylsilyl), Tris phosphate (trimethoxysilyl), Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid compounds such as tris (triethoxysilyl), tris (triphenoxysilyl) phosphate, tris (dimethyl)
- Tris phosphite (trimethylsilyl), Tris phosphite (triethylsilyl), Tris phosphite (tripropylsilyl), Tris phosphite (triphenylsilyl), Tris phosphite (trimethoxysilyl), Phosphorous acid Phosphite compounds such as tris (triethoxysilyl), tris phosphite (triphenoxysilyl), tris phosphite (dimethylvinylsilyl) and tris phosphite (diethylvinylsilyl); Sulfonic acid compounds such as trimethylsilyl methanesulfonate and trimethylsilyl tetrafluoromethanesulfonate; Hexamethyldisilane, hexaethyldisilane, 1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane, 1,1,2,2-tetraethyldis
- silicon-containing compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the silicon-containing compound (the total amount in the case of two or more) can be 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution. % Or more, and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less. Within this range, it is easy to control output characteristics, load characteristics, low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, high temperature storage characteristics, and the like.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the silicon-containing compound (the total amount in the case of two or more) is the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2): the silicon-containing compound.
- Aromatic compounds other than formula (2) The electrolyte solution of the present invention may contain an aromatic compound other than formula (2).
- the aromatic compound other than the formula (2) is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic compound other than the formula (2) having at least one aromatic ring in the molecule, but preferably the formula (3-7- 1) and an aromatic compound represented by the formula (3-7-2).
- Aromatic compound represented by formula (3-7-1) (In the formula, the substituent X 71 represents a halogen atom, a halogen atom or an organic group which may have a hetero atom.
- the organic group which may have a hetero atom is a group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- a linear, branched or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group, a group having a carboxylic ester structure, a group having a carbonate structure, a group having a phosphorus atom, a group having a sulfur atom, and a group having a silicon atom are shown.
- substituents may further halogen atom, a hydrocarbon group, an aromatic group, a halogen-containing hydrocarbon group may be substituted with a halogen-containing aromatic group.
- the number n 71 of the substituents X 71 1 to 6 In the case of having a plurality of substituents, each substituent may be the same or different, and may form a ring.
- a linear, branched or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a group having a carboxylic acid ester structure, and a group having a carbonate structure are preferable from the viewpoint of battery characteristics. More preferably, it is a group having a straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms and a carboxylate structure.
- the number n 71 of the substituents X 71 is preferably 1 or more 5 or less, more preferably 1 to 3, still more preferably 1 to 2, particularly preferably 1.
- X 71 represents a halogen atom, a halogen atom or an organic group which may have a hetero atom.
- the halogen atom include chlorine, fluorine and the like, preferably fluorine.
- the organic group having no hetero atom include linear, branched, and cyclic saturated hydrocarbon groups having 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the linear and branched groups include those having a ring structure. It is. Specific examples of straight-chain, branched, and cyclic saturated hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and pentyl.
- the number of carbon atoms is preferably 3 or more and 12 or less, more preferably 3 or more and 10 or less, still more preferably 3 or more and 8 or less, still more preferably 3 or more and 6 or less, and most preferably 3 or more and 5 or less.
- the hetero atom constituting the organic group having a hetero atom include an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom, and a silicon atom.
- the group having an oxygen atom include a group having a carboxylic ester structure and a group having a carbonate structure.
- Examples of those having a sulfur atom include groups having a sulfonate structure.
- Examples of those having a phosphorus atom include a group having a phosphate ester structure, a group having a phosphonate ester structure, and the like.
- Examples of the group having a silicon atom include a group having a silicon-carbon structure.
- Examples of the aromatic compound represented by the formula (3-7-1) include the following.
- X71 is a halogen atom or an organic group optionally having a halogen atom
- Examples include chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, difluorobenzene, trifluorobenzene, tetrafluorobenzene, pentafluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene, benzotrifluoride, and the like, preferably fluorobenzene and hexafluorobenzene. More preferred is fluorobenzene.
- X71 is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, 2,2-diphenylpropane, 1,4-diphenylcyclohexane, cyclopentylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, cis-1-propyl-4-phenylcyclohexane, trans-1-propyl-4-phenylcyclohexane, cis-1-butyl-4- Phenylcyclohexane, trans-1-butyl-4-phenylcyclohexane, propylbenzene, butylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, tert-amylbenzene and the like, preferably 2,2-diphenylpropane, 1,4-diphenylcyclohexane, Cyclopentylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, cis-1-propyl-4-phenylcyclohexane, trans-1-propy
- X71 is a group having a carboxylate structure
- Phenylbutyl, phenyl butyrate, benzyl butyrate, 2-phenylethyl butyrate, 3-phenylpropyl butyrate, 4-phenylbutyl butyrate, phenethyl phenylacetate, 2,2-bis (4-acetoxyphenyl) propane, and the like are preferable.
- X 71 is a group having a carbonate structure, 2,2-bis (4-methoxycarbonyloxyphenyl) propane, 1,1-bis (4-methoxycarbonyloxyphenyl) cyclohexane, diphenyl carbonate, methylphenyl carbonate, ethylphenyl carbonate, 2-tert-butylphenylmethyl carbonate, 2-tert-butylphenylethyl carbonate, bis (2-tert-butylphenyl) carbonate, 4-tert-butylphenylmethyl carbonate, 4-tert-butylphenylethyl carbonate, bis (4-tert-butylphenyl) carbonate, benzyl And methyl carbonate, benzyl ethyl carbonate, dibenzyl carbonate and the like, preferably 2,2-bis (4-methoxycarbonyloxyphenyl) propane, , 1,1-bis (4-methoxycarbonyloxyphenyl) cyclohexane
- X71 is a group having a sulfonate structure
- examples include methyl phenyl sulfonate, ethyl phenyl sulfonate, diphenyl sulfonate, phenyl methyl sulfonate, 2-tert-butyl phenyl methyl sulfonate, 4-tert-butyl phenyl methyl sulfonate, cyclohexyl phenyl methyl sulfonate, and the like, preferably methyl phenyl sulfonate, diphenyl sulfonate 2-tert-butylphenylmethylsulfonate, 4-tert-butylphenylmethylsulfonate, cyclohexylphenylmethylsulfonate, more preferably methylphenylsulfonate, 2-tert-butylphenylmethylsulfonate, 4-tert-butylpheny
- X71 is a group having a silicon-carbon structure
- examples include trimethylphenylsilane, diphenylsilane, diphenyltetramethyldisilane, and the like, preferably trimethylphenylsilane.
- X71 is a group having a phosphate structure, Triphenyl phosphate, tris (2-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, tris (3-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, tris (4-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, tris (2-tert-amylphenyl) phosphate, tris ( 3-tert-amylphenyl) phosphate, tris (4-tert-amylphenyl) phosphate, tris (2-cyclohexylphenyl) phosphate, tris (3-cyclohexylphenyl) phosphate, tris (4-cyclohexylphenyl) phosphate, diethyl (4 -Methylbenzyl) phosphonate and the like, preferably triphenyl phosphate, tris (2-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, tris (3-tert-butylphenyl) ) Phos
- X 71 is a group having a phosphonic acid ester structure, Dimethylphenylphosphonate, diethylphenylphosphonate, methylphenylphenylphosphonate, ethylphenylphenylphosphonate, diphenylphenylphosphonate, dimethyl- (4-fluorophenyl) -phosphonate, dimethylbenzylphosphonate, diethylbenzylphosphonate, methylphenylbenzylphosphonate, ethylphenylbenzylphosphonate , Diphenylbenzyl phosphonate, dimethyl- (4-fluorobenzyl) phosphonate, diethyl- (4-fluorobenzyl) phosphonate and the like, preferably dimethylphenylphosphonate, diethylphenylphosphonate, dimethyl- (4-fluorophenyl) -phosphonate, Dimethyl benzyl phosphonate, diethyl benzyl
- the aromatic compound represented by the formula (3-7-1) also includes a fluorinated product of the above aromatic compound.
- Partially fluorinated compounds having hydrocarbon groups such as trifluoromethylbenzene, 2-fluorotoluene, 3-fluorotoluene, 4-fluorotoluene, trifluoromethylbenzene, o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene, p-cyclohexylfluorobenzene; 2- Partially fluorinated products of carboxylic acid ester structures such as fluorophenyl acetate and 4-fluorophenyl acetate; trifluoromethoxybenzene, 2-fluoroanisole, 3-fluoroanisole, 4-fluoroanisole, 2,4-difluoroanisole, 2 , 5-difluoroanisole, 2,6-difluoroanisole, 3,5-difluoroanisole, partially fluorinated compounds having an ether structure such as 4-trifluo
- Preferably partially fluorinated compounds having hydrocarbon groups such as trifluoromethylbenzene, 2-fluorotoluene, 3-fluorotoluene, 4-fluorotoluene, o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene, p-cyclohexylfluorobenzene; 2-fluorophenylacetate , Partially fluorinated products of carboxylic acid ester structures such as 4-fluorophenylacetate; ether structures such as trifluoromethoxybenzene 2-fluoroanisole, 4-fluoroanisole, 2,4-difluoroanisole, 4-trifluoromethoxyanisole A partially fluorinated compound having a hydrocarbon group, more preferably a partially fluorinated compound having a hydrocarbon group such as 2-fluorotoluene, 3-fluorotoluene, 4-fluorotoluene and the like; Partially fluorinated products of carboxylic acid ester structures such
- the aromatic compound represented by the formula (3-7-1) one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in any combination and in any ratio.
- the amount of the aromatic compound represented by the formula (3-7-1) (the total amount in the case of two or more types) can be 0.001% by mass or more in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution, preferably 0.01 mass% or more, more preferably 0.1 mass% or more, still more preferably 0.4 mass% or more, and can be 10 mass% or less, preferably 8 mass% or less, more preferably Is 5% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 4% by mass or less.
- the effect of this invention is easy to express and it is easy to prevent the increase in resistance of a battery.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the aromatic compound represented by the formula (3-7-1) (total amount in the case of two or more) is 1:99 to 99 : 1 is preferable, 10:90 to 90:10 is more preferable, and 20:80 to 80:20 is particularly preferable. Within this range, overcharge characteristics can be improved without deterioration of battery characteristics.
- Aromatic compound represented by formula (3-7-2) (Wherein R 11 to R 15 are independently hydrogen, halogen, or an unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and R 16 and R 17 are independently carbon atoms. A hydrocarbon group having a number of 1 or more and 12 or less, and at least two of R 11 to R 17 may be combined to form a ring, provided that the formula (3-7-2) is represented by (A) And (B): (A) At least one of R 11 to R 15 is a halogen or an unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- R 11 to R 17 The total number of carbon atoms of R 11 to R 17 is 3 or more and 20 or less, satisfying at least one condition) It is an aromatic compound represented by these. If at least two of R 11 ⁇ R 17 but that together form a ring, it is preferred that two of R 11 ⁇ R 17 form a ring together.
- R 16 and R 17 are each independently a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms (for example, an alkyl group or an aryl group), and R 16 and R 17 are combined to form a ring (for example, a hydrocarbon group).
- a cyclic group may be formed.
- R 16 and R 17 are preferably hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or hydrocarbons formed by combining R 16 and R 17 together.
- a cyclic group more preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, or a hydrocarbon group formed by combining R 16 and R 17 5
- An 8-membered cyclic group more preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, a cyclohexyl group formed by combining R 16 and R 17 and a cyclopentyl group, and most preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, R A cyclohexyl group formed by combining 16 and R 17 together.
- R 11 to R 15 are independently hydrogen, halogen, or an unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (for example, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group). They may be joined together to form a ring (for example, a cyclic group which is a hydrocarbon group). From the viewpoint of improving initial efficiency, solubility and storage characteristics, hydrogen, fluorine, unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is preferable, and hydrogen, fluorine, unsubstituted or fluorine-substituted is more preferable.
- a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms more preferably hydrogen, fluorine, tert-butyl group, tert-pentyl group, tert-hexyl group, tert-heptyl group, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, Butyl group, trifluoromethyl group, nonafluoro tert-butyl group, 1-methyl-1-phenyl-ethyl group, 1-ethyl-1-phenyl-propyl group, particularly preferably hydrogen, fluorine, tert-butyl group, 1-methyl-1-phenyl-ethyl group, most preferably hydrogen, tert-butyl group, 1-methyl-1- Eniru - an ethyl group.
- R 11 to R 15 and R 16 may be combined to form a ring (for example, a cyclic group which is a hydrocarbon group).
- R 11 and R 16 are combined to form a ring (for example, a cyclic group that is a hydrocarbon group).
- R 17 is preferably an alkyl group.
- Compounds in which R 17 is a methyl group and R 11 and R 16 together form a ring include 1-phenyl-1,3,3-trimethylindane, 2,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1- (2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl) -3-phenyl-1H-indane and the like.
- Formula (3-7-2) is represented by (A) and (B): (A) At least one of R 11 to R 15 is a halogen or an unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. (B) The total number of carbon atoms of R 11 to R 17 is 3 or more and 20 or less. Satisfies at least one of the conditions.
- Formula (3-7-2) preferably satisfies (A) from the viewpoint of suppressing oxidation on the positive electrode within the normal battery operating voltage range, and from the viewpoint of solubility in the electrolyte, B) is preferably satisfied.
- Formula (3-7-2) may satisfy both (A) and (B).
- the carbon number of the unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group is preferably 1 or more and 10 or less, more preferably 1 or more and 5 or less, still more preferably 1 or more and 3 or less, and still more preferably. 1 or 2, most preferably 1.
- R 11 to R 17 may be combined to form a ring.
- at least two of R 11 to R 17 may be combined to form a ring.
- carbon that does not correspond to R 11 to R 17 among the carbons forming the ring R 11 to R 15 are not counted as carbon constituting the benzene ring to which they are bonded, and R 16 and R 17 are carbons at the benzyl position.
- the total number of carbon atoms is preferably 3 or more and 14 or less, more preferably 3 or more and 10 or less, from the viewpoint of solubility in the electrolytic solution.
- compounds in which R 17 is a methyl group and R 11 and R 16 together form a ring include 1-phenyl-1,3,3-trimethylindane, 2,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl -1- (2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl) -3-phenyl-1H-indane and the like, which satisfy the condition (B).
- Examples of the aromatic compound represented by the formula (3-7-2) include the following.
- R 16 and R 17 are each independently a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (provided that the total of R 16 and R 17 is 3 to 20 carbon atoms), and R 11 to R 15 are A compound that is hydrogen (fills (B)).
- a compound in which R 16 and R 17 are combined to form a ring, and R 11 to R 15 are hydrogen (satisfying (B)).
- R 11 to R 15 is a halogen or an unsubstituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (which satisfies (A)).
- R 17 is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably a methyl group), and R 11 and R 16 together form a ring.
- More preferred is 2,2-diphenylbutane, 1,1-diphenylcyclohexane, 1,1-diphenyl-4-methylcyclohexane, 1,3-bis (1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) -benzene, 1,4-bis (1 -Methyl-1-phenylethyl) -benzene, 1-phenyl-1,3,3-trimethylindane.
- 1,1-diphenylcyclohexane 1,1-diphenyl-4-methylcyclohexane
- 1,3-bis 1,3-bis (1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) -benzene
- 1,4-bis 1,4-bis (1-methyl- 1-phenylethyl) -benzene
- 1-phenyl-1,3,3-trimethylindane 1,1-diphenylcyclohexane, 1,1-diphenyl-4-methylcyclohexane, 1,3-bis (1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) -benzene
- 1,4-bis 1,2-methyl- 1-phenylethyl
- 1,1-diphenylcyclohexane 1,3-bis (1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) -benzene, 1,4-bis (1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) -benzene, 1-phenyl. -1,3,3-trimethylindane, which is represented by the following structural formula.
- the aromatic compound represented by the formula (3-7-2) may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the aromatic compound represented by the formula (3-7-2) (the total amount in the case of two or more types) is 0.001% by mass or more.
- it is 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.05% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 8% by mass. % Or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, still more preferably 3% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 2.5% by mass or less.
- Carboxylic acid ester represented by formula (3) (In Formula (3), R 5 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R 6 is an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, or an n-butyl group.)
- the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in R 5 is not particularly limited, but the carbon number is usually 1 or more, preferably 2 or more, and usually 4 or less, preferably 3 or less.
- Specific examples of the hydrocarbon group include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, and an alkynyl group.
- alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, i-butyl group, and tert-butyl group, Vinyl group, 1-propenyl group, 2-propenyl group, isopropenyl group, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group and the like alkenyl group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms, ethynyl group, 1-propynyl group, Alkynyl groups having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as 2-propynyl group, 1-butynyl group, 2-butynyl group and 3-butynyl group are preferable, and are methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n- Alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as butyl group
- R 6 is an ethyl group, an n-propyl group or an n-butyl group, preferably an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, more preferably an ethyl group.
- Examples of the carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (3) include ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, n-butyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, n-butyrate.
- the carboxylic acid ester represented by Formula (3) may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and ratios.
- the amount of the carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (3) (the total amount in the case of two or more) is 100% by mass in the electrolytic solution, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more. More preferably, it is 0.4% by mass or more, preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, further preferably 3% by mass or less, and still more preferably 2%. It is at most 1 mass%, particularly preferably at most 1 mass%.
- the carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (3) is used as a non-aqueous solvent
- the blending amount is preferably 1% by volume or more, more preferably 5% by volume or more, further preferably 100% by volume in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (3) is from 1:99 to the point of forming a composite interface protective film on the negative electrode. 99: 1 is preferable, 5:95 to 95: 5 is more preferable, 10:90 to 90:10 is more preferable, 20:80 to 80:20 is particularly preferable, and 30:70 to 70:30 is preferable. Highly preferred. When it mix
- Cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds The cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds is not particularly limited as long as it is a cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds in the molecule, but is preferably represented by the formula (3-9). It is a compound.
- the cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds contributes to the improvement of the high temperature storage characteristics of the battery.
- the cyclic compound is used in combination with the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2). Good initial characteristics can be maintained. (Where A 15 to A 20 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- n 101 is an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less, and when n 101 is an integer of 2 or more, the plurality of A 17 and A 18 may be the same or different.
- Two members selected from A 15 to A 20 may be bonded to each other to form a ring. In this case, it is preferable to form a ring structure with A 17 and A 18 .
- the total number of carbon atoms of A 15 to A 20 is preferably 0 or more and 8 or less, more preferably 0 or more and 4 or less, still more preferably 0 or more and 2 or less, and particularly preferably 0 or more and 1 or less.
- a halogen atom which may be substituted with a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, and a cyano group, an isocyanato group, an ether group, a carbonate group, a carbonyl group, Examples thereof include a carboxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphantriyl group, and a phosphoryl group.
- a halogen atom an alkoxy group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, which may be substituted with a halogen atom, an isocyanato group, a cyano group, an ether group, a carbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an acyloxy group More preferably an alkyl group not substituted with a halogen atom, a cyano group, and an ether group.
- n 101 is preferably an integer of 1 or more, 3 or less, more preferably an integer of 1 or more and 2 or less, and even more preferably n 101 is 2.
- the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms in A 15 to A 20 is a monovalent hydrocarbon group such as an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group and an aryl group; And divalent hydrocarbon groups such as an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, an alkynylene group, and an arylene group.
- a monovalent hydrocarbon group such as an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group and an aryl group
- divalent hydrocarbon groups such as an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, an alkynylene group, and an arylene group.
- an alkyl group and an alkylene group are preferable, and an alkyl group is more preferable.
- An alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as a group, 1-methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group; Vinyl group, 1-propenyl group, 2-propenyl group, isopropenyl group, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 1-pentenyl group, 2-pentenyl group, 3-pentenyl group, 4-pentenyl group An alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, such as a group; Carbon such as ethyn
- alkynyl group having a number of 2 or more and 5 or less Alkylene groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as methylene group, ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group, pentamethylene group; Alkenylene groups having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, such as vinylene group, 1-propenylene group, 2-propenylene group, 1-butenylene group, 2-butenylene group, 1-pentenylene group, 2-pentenylene group, etc .; Examples thereof include alkynylene groups having 2 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethynylene group, propynylene group, 1-butynylene group, 2-butynylene group, 1-pentynylene group and 2-pentynylene group.
- an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, and a pentamethylene group is preferable, and an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, and a pentane are more preferable.
- the hydrogen atom, fluorine atom or hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms in A 15 to A 20 is a group in which a hydrogen atom, fluorine atom or the above substituent and the above hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms are combined.
- it is a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which does not have a substituent, and an alkylene group having an ether structure in which part of the carbon chain of the alkylene group is substituted with an ether group. More preferably a hydrogen atom.
- Examples of the cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds include the following compounds.
- a cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the amount of the cyclic compound having a plurality of ether bonds (the total amount in the case of two or more types) can be 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.01% by mass or more, in 100% by mass of the electrolytic solution. More preferably, it is 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, and further Preferably it is 2 mass% or less.
- it is easy to control output characteristics, load characteristics, low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, high temperature storage characteristics, and the like.
- Electrolyte There is no restriction
- a lithium salt is usually used.
- inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4, LiClO 4 , LiAlF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiTaF 6 , LiWF 7 ; lithium tungstates such as LiWOF 5 ; HCO 2 Li, CH 3 CO 2 Li, CH 2 FCO 2 Li, CHF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CH 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 Carboxylic acid lithium salts such as CF 2 CO 2 Li; FSO 3 Li, CH 3 SO 3 Li, CH 2 FSO 3 Li, CHF 2 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3
- the concentration of these electrolytes in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired, but the electric conductivity of the electrolyte solution is in a good range, and good battery performance is ensured.
- the total molar concentration of lithium in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.3 mol / L or more, more preferably 0.4 mol / L or more, still more preferably 0.5 mol / L or more, and preferably Is 3 mol / L or less, more preferably 2.5 mol / L or less, still more preferably 2.0 mol / L or less. If it is this range, since there is not too little lithium which is a charged particle and a viscosity can be made into an appropriate range, it will become easy to ensure favorable electrical conductivity.
- a salt selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate, borate, oxalate and fluorosulfonate More preferably, it is a salt selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate, oxalate and fluorosulfonate. Of these, lithium salts are preferred.
- the salt selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate, borate, oxalate and fluorosulfonate can be 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass. % Or more, and can be 20% by mass or less, preferably 10% by mass or less.
- the electrolyte preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of monofluorophosphates, difluorophosphates, borates, oxalates and fluorosulfonates and at least one of the other salts.
- Other salts include the lithium salts exemplified above, and in particular LiPF 6 , LiN (FSO 2 ) (CF 3 SO 2 ), LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , lithium cyclic 1,2-perfluoroethanedisulfonylimide, lithium cyclic 1,3-perfluoropropanedisulfonylimide, LiC (FSO 2 ) 3 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 , LiBF 3 CF 3 , LiBF 3 C 2 F 5 , LiPF 3 (CF 3 ) 3 , and LiPF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 are preferable, and
- the other salt may be 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and 20% by mass from the viewpoint of ensuring an appropriate balance between the conductivity and viscosity of the electrolytic solution. Or less, preferably 15% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less.
- the total amount of the electrolyte is preferably 0.3 mol / L or more, more preferably 0.4 mol / L or more, still more preferably 0.5 mol / L or more in the non-aqueous electrolyte from the viewpoint of ensuring good battery performance. Moreover, it is preferably 3 mol / L or less, more preferably 2.5 mol / L or less, still more preferably 2.0 mol / L or less, and particularly preferably 1.5 mol / L or less.
- Monofluorophosphate, difluorophosphate and difluorophosphate are not particularly limited as long as each has at least one monofluorophosphate or difluorophosphate structure in the molecule.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention by using together the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and one or more selected from monofluorophosphate and difluorophosphate, the initial charge / discharge of the battery Subsequent volume changes can be remarkably suppressed, and safety during overcharge can be further improved.
- the combined use can reduce the initial irreversible capacity of the battery and improve the discharge storage characteristics. At the same time, the battery can have excellent high temperature cycling characteristics.
- the counter cation in the monofluorophosphate and the difluorophosphate is not particularly limited, and lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, NR 121 R 122 R 123 R 124 (wherein R 121 to R 124 are independently And ammonium represented by a hydrogen atom or an organic group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the organic group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms represented by R 121 to R 124 of ammonium is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group.
- a cycloalkyl group that may be substituted an aryl group that may be substituted with a halogen atom or an alkyl group, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group that may have a substituent, and the like.
- R 121 to R 124 are preferably independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic group, or the like.
- As a counter cation lithium, sodium, and potassium are preferable, and lithium is particularly preferable.
- monofluorophosphate and difluorophosphate examples include lithium monofluorophosphate, sodium monofluorophosphate, potassium monofluorophosphate, lithium difluorophosphate, sodium difluorophosphate, and potassium difluorophosphate. Lithium monofluorophosphate and lithium difluorophosphate are preferred, and lithium difluorophosphate is more preferred.
- Monofluorophosphate and difluorophosphate may be used singly or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the amount of one or more selected from monofluorophosphate and difluorophosphate can be 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.01% by mass or more. More preferably, it is 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.2% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and can be 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass. Hereinafter, it is more preferably 2% by mass or less, further preferably 1.5% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 1% by mass or less. Within this range, the effect of improving the initial irreversible capacity is remarkably exhibited.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and one or more selected from monofluorophosphates and salts (the total amount in the case of two or more) is 1:99 to 99: 1. 10:90 to 90:10 is more preferable, and 20:80 to 80:20 is particularly preferable. Within this range, the intended characteristics can be improved without degrading other battery characteristics.
- Examples of the counter cation in the borate include lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, rubidium, cesium, and barium, and lithium is particularly preferable.
- a lithium salt is preferable, and a lithium borate salt can also be suitably used.
- LiBF 4 LiBF 3 CF 3 , LiBF 3 C 2 F 5 , LiBF 3 C 3 F 7 , LiBF 2 (CF 3 ) 2 , LiBF 2 (C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiBF 2 (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiBF 2 (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 and the like.
- LiBF 4 is more preferable because it has an effect of improving initial charge / discharge efficiency, high-temperature cycle characteristics, and the like.
- Borates may be used alone or in combinations of two or more in any combination.
- the amount of borate (total amount in the case of two or more types) can be 0.05% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.2% by mass or more, and still more preferably. Is 0.3% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.4% by mass or more, and can be 10.0% by mass or less, preferably 5.0% by mass or less, more preferably 3.0% by mass. % Or less, more preferably 2.0% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 1.0% by mass or less. Within this range, side reactions of the battery negative electrode are suppressed and resistance is hardly increased.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) to the borate is preferably 1:99 to 99: 1, more preferably 10:90 to 90:10, and 20:80 to 80: 20 is particularly preferred. Within this range, side reactions on the positive and negative electrodes in the battery are suppressed, and the resistance of the battery is difficult to increase. Further, when borate and LiPF 6 are used as the electrolyte, the ratio of the molar content of borate to the molar content of LiPF 6 in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.001 or more and 12 or less, 0.01 to 1.1 is more preferable, 0.01 to 1.0 is still more preferable, and 0.01 to 0.7 is more preferable. Within this range, side reactions on the positive and negative electrodes in the battery are suppressed, and the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery is improved.
- oxalate is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having at least one oxalic acid structure in the molecule.
- a battery having improved initial characteristics and storage characteristics can be obtained by using the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) and oxalate together.
- a metal salt represented by the formula (9) is preferable.
- This salt is a salt having an oxalato complex as an anion.
- M 1 is an element selected from the group consisting of Group 1, Group 2 and aluminum (Al) in the periodic table
- M 2 is an element selected from the group consisting of transition metals, groups 13, 14 and 15 of the periodic table
- R 91 is a group selected from the group consisting of halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 11 carbon atoms and a halogen-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 11 carbon atoms
- a and b are positive integers
- c is 0 or a positive integer
- d is an integer of 1 to 3.
- M 1 is preferably lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, or calcium, and particularly preferably lithium, from the viewpoint of battery characteristics when the electrolytic solution of the present invention is used for a lithium secondary battery.
- M 2 is particularly preferably boron or phosphorus from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability when used in a lithium secondary battery.
- R 91 include fluorine, chlorine, methyl group, trifluoromethyl group, ethyl group, pentafluoroethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, and the like. A trifluoromethyl group is preferred.
- Examples of the metal salt represented by the formula (9) include the following. Lithium oxalate salts such as lithium difluorooxalatoborate and lithium bis (oxalato) borate; Lithium oxalate phosphate salts such as lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate, lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate, lithium tris (oxalato) phosphate; Of these, lithium bis (oxalato) borate and lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate are preferred, and lithium bis (oxalato) borate is more preferred.
- Lithium oxalate salts such as lithium difluorooxalatoborate and lithium bis (oxalato) borate
- Lithium oxalate phosphate salts such as lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate, lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate, lithium tri
- Oxalates may be used alone or in combinations of two or more in any combination.
- the amount of oxalate (the total amount in the case of two or more types) can be 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably. Is 0.3% by mass or more and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, still more preferably 2% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 1% by mass. % Or less. Within this range, it is easy to control output characteristics, load characteristics, low temperature characteristics, cycle characteristics, high temperature storage characteristics, and the like.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the oxalate is preferably 1:99 to 99: 1, more preferably 10:90 to 90:10, and 20:80 to 80: 20 is particularly preferred. Within this range, side reactions on the positive and negative electrodes of the battery are suppressed in a balanced manner, and the battery characteristics are easily improved.
- Fluorosulfonate is not particularly limited as long as it is a salt having at least one fluorosulfonic acid structure in the molecule.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention by using the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the fluorosulfonate together, a battery having improved initial characteristics and storage characteristics can be obtained.
- the counter cation in the fluorosulfonate is not particularly limited, and lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, barium, and NR 131 R 132 R 133 R 134 (wherein R 131 to R 134 are And each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an organic group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R 131 ⁇ R 134 is, R 131 ⁇ R 134 in the above 1-2-2 is applied.
- As a counter cation lithium, sodium, and potassium are preferable, and lithium is particularly preferable.
- fluorosulfonate examples include lithium fluorosulfonate, sodium fluorosulfonate, potassium fluorosulfonate, rubidium fluorosulfonate, cesium fluorosulfonate, and the like, preferably lithium fluorosulfonate.
- An imide salt having a fluorosulfonic acid structure such as lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide can also be used as the fluorosulfonic acid salt.
- Fluorosulfonates may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the content of fluorosulfonate (total amount in the case of two or more) can be 0.05% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.2% by mass or more, More preferably, it is 0.3% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.4% by mass or more, and can be 10% by mass or less, preferably 8% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, Preferably it is 2 mass% or less, Most preferably, it is 1 mass% or less. Within this range, there are few side reactions in the battery and resistance is hardly increased.
- the mass ratio of the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the above formula (2) and the fluorosulfonate is preferably 1:99 to 99: 1, more preferably 10:90 to 90:10, and 20:80 to 80 : 20 is particularly preferable. Within this range, side reactions in the battery are appropriately suppressed, and high temperature durability characteristics are unlikely to deteriorate.
- Nonaqueous solvent there is no restriction
- the volume of the non-aqueous solvent is a measured value at 25 ° C., but the measured value at the melting point is used for a solid at 25 ° C. such as ethylene carbonate.
- Cyclic carbonate having no fluorine atom examples include cyclic carbonates having an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
- cyclic carbonate having an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms and having no fluorine atom examples include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate.
- ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of improving battery characteristics resulting from an improvement in the degree of lithium ion dissociation.
- the cyclic carbonate which does not have a fluorine atom may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and ratios.
- the blending amount of the cyclic carbonate not having a fluorine atom is not particularly limited, and is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the blending amount when one kind is used alone is 100 volumes of a non-aqueous solvent. %, 5% by volume or more, more preferably 10% by volume or more.
- the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is set to an appropriate range, a decrease in ionic conductivity is suppressed, and as a result, the load characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery are easily set in a favorable range.
- Chain carbonate As the chain carbonate, a chain carbonate having 3 to 7 carbon atoms is preferable, and a dialkyl carbonate having 3 to 7 carbon atoms is more preferable.
- Chain carbonates include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, di-n-propyl carbonate, diisopropyl carbonate, n-propyl isopropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl n-propyl carbonate, n-butyl methyl carbonate, isobutyl methyl carbonate, tert -Butyl methyl carbonate, ethyl-n-propyl carbonate, n-butyl ethyl carbonate, isobutyl ethyl carbonate, tert-butyl ethyl carbonate and the like.
- dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, di-n-propyl carbonate, diisopropyl carbonate, n-propyl isopropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and methyl-n-propyl carbonate are preferable, and dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate are particularly preferable. is there.
- chain carbonates having a fluorine atom hereinafter sometimes referred to as “fluorinated chain carbonate” can also be suitably used.
- the number of fluorine atoms contained in the fluorinated chain carbonate is not particularly limited as long as it is 1 or more, but is usually 6 or less, preferably 4 or less.
- the fluorinated chain carbonate has a plurality of fluorine atoms, they may be bonded to the same carbon or may be bonded to different carbons.
- the fluorinated chain carbonate include fluorinated dimethyl carbonate and derivatives thereof, fluorinated ethyl methyl carbonate and derivatives thereof, and fluorinated diethyl carbonate and derivatives thereof.
- Fluorinated dimethyl carbonate and derivatives thereof include fluoromethyl methyl carbonate, difluoromethyl methyl carbonate, trifluoromethyl methyl carbonate, bis (fluoromethyl) carbonate, bis (difluoro) methyl carbonate, bis (trifluoromethyl) carbonate, and the like. It is done.
- Fluorinated ethyl methyl carbonate and its derivatives include 2-fluoroethyl methyl carbonate, ethyl fluoromethyl carbonate, 2,2-difluoroethyl methyl carbonate, 2-fluoroethyl fluoromethyl carbonate, ethyl difluoromethyl carbonate, 2,2,2 -Trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate, 2,2-difluoroethyl fluoromethyl carbonate, 2-fluoroethyl difluoromethyl carbonate, ethyl trifluoromethyl carbonate and the like.
- Fluorinated diethyl carbonate and its derivatives include ethyl- (2-fluoroethyl) carbonate, ethyl- (2,2-difluoroethyl) carbonate, bis (2-fluoroethyl) carbonate, ethyl- (2,2,2- Trifluoroethyl) carbonate, 2,2-difluoroethyl-2′-fluoroethyl carbonate, bis (2,2-difluoroethyl) carbonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-2′-fluoroethyl carbonate, 2, Examples include 2,2-trifluoroethyl-2 ′, 2′-difluoroethyl carbonate, bis (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, and the like.
- the chain carbonate one kind may be used alone, and two kinds or more may be used in optional combination and ratio.
- the blending amount of the chain carbonate is preferably 5% by volume or more, more preferably 10% by volume or more, and further preferably 15% by volume or more in 100% by volume of the non-aqueous solvent.
- the chain carbonate is preferably 90% by volume or less, more preferably 85% by volume or less, in 100% by volume of the nonaqueous solvent.
- Cyclic carboxylic acid ester As the cyclic carboxylic acid ester, those having 3 to 12 carbon atoms are preferable. Specific examples include gamma butyrolactone, gamma valerolactone, gamma caprolactone, epsilon caprolactone, and the like. Among these, gamma butyrolactone is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of improving battery characteristics resulting from an improvement in the degree of lithium ion dissociation.
- a cyclic carboxylic acid ester may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the amount of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester is usually 5% by volume or more, more preferably 10% by volume or more, in 100% by volume of the non-aqueous solvent. If it is this range, it will become easy to improve the electrical conductivity of a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, and to improve the large current discharge characteristic of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the compounding quantity of cyclic carboxylic acid ester becomes like this. Preferably it is 50 volume% or less, More preferably, it is 40 volume% or less.
- the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is set to an appropriate range, a decrease in electrical conductivity is avoided, an increase in negative electrode resistance is suppressed, and a large current discharge of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is performed. It becomes easy to make a characteristic into a favorable range.
- Ether compound As the ether compound, a chain ether having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and a cyclic ether having 3 to 6 carbon atoms in which part of hydrogen may be substituted with fluorine is preferable.
- the chain ether having 3 to 10 carbon atoms Diethyl ether, di (2-fluoroethyl) ether, di (2,2-difluoroethyl) ether, di (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether, ethyl (2-fluoroethyl) ether, ethyl (2, 2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether, ethyl (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) ether, (2-fluoroethyl) (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether, (2-fluoroethyl) ) (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) ether, (2,2,2-trifluoroeth
- Examples of the cyclic ether having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 3-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, and the like, and fluorinated compounds thereof.
- dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, ethoxymethoxymethane, ethylene glycol di-n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether have high solvating ability to lithium ions and improve ion dissociation.
- dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, and ethoxymethoxymethane are preferable because they have low viscosity and give high ionic conductivity.
- An ether type compound may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the compounding amount of the ether compound is usually in 100% by volume of the non-aqueous solvent, preferably 5% by volume or more, more preferably 10% by volume or more, further preferably 15% by volume or more, and preferably 70% by volume or less. More preferably, it is 60 volume% or less, More preferably, it is 50 volume% or less.
- Sulfone compound As the sulfone compound, a cyclic sulfone having 3 to 6 carbon atoms and a chain sulfone having 2 to 6 carbon atoms are preferable.
- the number of sulfonyl groups in one molecule is preferably 1 or 2.
- Examples of the cyclic sulfone having 3 to 6 carbon atoms include trimethylene sulfones, tetramethylene sulfones and hexamethylene sulfones which are monosulfone compounds; Examples include disulfone compounds such as trimethylene disulfones, tetramethylene disulfones, and hexamethylene disulfones.
- tetramethylene sulfones from the viewpoint of dielectric constant and viscosity, tetramethylene sulfones, tetramethylene disulfones, hexamethylene sulfones, and hexamethylene disulfones are more preferable, and tetramethylene sulfones (sulfolanes) are particularly preferable.
- sulfolanes sulfolane and / or sulfolane derivatives (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “sulfolanes” including sulfolane) are preferable.
- sulfolane derivative one in which one or more hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom constituting the sulfolane ring are substituted with a fluorine atom or an alkyl group is preferable.
- a sulfone compound may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the compounding amount of the sulfone compound is usually 0.3% by volume or more, more preferably 1% by volume or more, still more preferably 5% by volume or more in 100% by volume of the non-aqueous solvent, and preferably 40%. Volume% or less, More preferably, it is 35 volume% or less, More preferably, it is 30 volume% or less.
- durability improvement effects such as cycle characteristics and storage characteristics can be easily obtained, and the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be set to an appropriate range to avoid a decrease in electrical conductivity.
- composition of non-aqueous solvent As the non-aqueous solvent of the present invention, one of the above-exemplified non-aqueous solvents may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in any combination and ratio.
- a combination mainly composed of a cyclic carbonate having no fluorine atom and a chain carbonate can be mentioned.
- the total of the cyclic carbonate having no fluorine atom and the chain carbonate in the nonaqueous solvent is preferably 70% by volume or more, more preferably 80% by volume or more, and still more preferably 90% by volume or more
- the ratio of the cyclic carbonate having no fluorine atom to the total of the cyclic carbonate and the chain carbonate is preferably 5% by volume or more, more preferably 10% by volume or more, and further preferably 15% by volume or more.
- it is 50 volume% or less, More preferably, it is 35 volume% or less, More preferably, it is 30 volume% or less, Most preferably, it is 25 volume% or less.
- the balance between the cycle characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics (particularly, the remaining capacity and high-load discharge capacity after high-temperature storage) of a battery produced using the non-aqueous solvent may be improved.
- a cyclic carbonate having no fluorine atom and a chain carbonate Ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate And dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate.
- those containing asymmetric chain alkyl carbonates as chain carbonates are more preferable, in particular, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, Those containing ethylene carbonate, symmetric chain carbonates and asymmetric chain carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate have cycle characteristics and large current discharge characteristics. This is preferable because of a good balance.
- the asymmetric chain carbonate is preferably ethyl methyl carbonate, and the alkyl group of the chain carbonate preferably has 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
- a combination in which propylene carbonate is further added to the combination of these ethylene carbonates and chain carbonates is also a preferable combination.
- the volume ratio of ethylene carbonate to propylene carbonate is preferably 99: 1 to 40:60, particularly preferably 95: 5 to 50:50.
- the proportion of propylene carbonate in the entire non-aqueous solvent is preferably 0.1% by volume or more, more preferably 1% by volume or more, still more preferably 2% by volume or more, and preferably 20% by volume or less, more preferably Is 8% by volume or less, more preferably 5% by volume or less.
- the proportion of dimethyl carbonate in the total non-aqueous solvent is preferably 10% by volume or more, more preferably 20% by volume or more, and even more preferably 25% by volume or more. Preferably it is 30% by volume or more, preferably 90% by volume or less, more preferably 80% by volume or less, still more preferably 75% by volume or less, and particularly preferably 70% by volume or less.
- the load characteristics of the battery may be improved.
- the volume ratio of dimethyl carbonate to ethyl methyl carbonate in all non-aqueous solvents is 1.1 or more in terms of improving the electric conductivity of the electrolyte and improving the battery characteristics after storage. Is preferably 1.5 or more, more preferably 2.5 or more.
- the volume ratio (dimethyl carbonate / ethyl methyl carbonate) is preferably 40 or less, more preferably 20 or less, still more preferably 10 or less, and particularly preferably 8 or less, from the viewpoint of improving battery characteristics at low temperatures.
- an auxiliary agent may be appropriately used in addition to the above compound depending on the purpose.
- the auxiliary agent include cyclic carbonates having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond shown below and other auxiliary agents.
- Cyclic carbonate having carbon-carbon unsaturated bond Cyclic carbonate having carbon-carbon unsaturated bond (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “unsaturated cyclic carbonate”) includes a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond. Any cyclic carbonate having a bond is not particularly limited, and any unsaturated carbonate can be used. The cyclic carbonate having an aromatic ring is also included in the unsaturated cyclic carbonate.
- unsaturated cyclic carbonates examples include vinylene carbonates, aromatic carbonates, ethylene carbonates substituted with a substituent having a carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond, phenyl carbonates, vinyl carbonates, allyl carbonates, Catechol carbonates etc. are mentioned.
- the vinylene carbonates include vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethyl vinylene carbonate, phenyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-divinyl vinylene carbonate, allyl vinylene carbonate, 4 , 5-diallyl vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methyl vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenyl vinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinyl vinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluoro Examples include vinylene carbonate.
- ethylene carbonates substituted with an aromatic ring or a substituent having a carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond include vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5- Vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-vinyl ethylene carbonate, ethynyl ethylene carbonate, 4,5-diethynyl ethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-ethynyl ethylene carbonate, 4-vinyl-5-ethynyl ethylene carbonate, 4-allyl -5-ethynylethylene carbonate, phenylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenylethylene carbonate, 4-phenyl-5-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-phenylethylene carbonate, allylethylene carbonate , 4,5 diallyl carbonate, 4-methyl-5-allyl carbonate and the like.
- unsaturated cyclic carbonates to be used in combination are vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-vinyl vinylene carbonate, allyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5- Diallyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4,5-divinyl ethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-vinyl ethylene carbonate, allyl ethylene carbonate, 4,5-diallyl ethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-allyl ethylene carbonate, 4- Allyl-5-vinylethylene carbonate, ethynylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diethynylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-ethynylethylene carbonate, 4 Vinyl-5-ethynyl-ethylene carbonate. Vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and ethynyl ethylene carbonate are preferable because they form a more stable interface protective film, and vinylene carbonate carbonate, and
- the molecular weight of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited and is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the molecular weight is preferably 80 or more, more preferably 85 or more, and preferably 250 or less, more preferably 150 or less. If it is this range, it will be easy to ensure the solubility of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate with respect to a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, and the effect of this invention will fully be expressed easily.
- the production method of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not particularly limited, and can be produced by arbitrarily selecting a known method.
- Unsaturated cyclic carbonates may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio. Moreover, the compounding quantity of unsaturated cyclic carbonate is not restrict
- the blending amount of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is preferably 0.001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, in 100% by mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Further, it is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, still more preferably 4% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 3% by mass or less. Within this range, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is likely to exhibit a sufficient cycle characteristics improvement effect, and the high temperature storage characteristics are reduced, the amount of gas generation is increased, and the discharge capacity maintenance rate is reduced. Easy to avoid the situation.
- auxiliaries include carbonate compounds such as erythritan carbonate, spiro-bis-dimethylene carbonate, methoxyethyl-methyl carbonate; succinic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, glutaconic anhydride, anhydrous Carboxylic anhydrides such as itaconic acid, diglycolic anhydride, cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride, cyclopentanetetracarboxylic dianhydride and phenylsuccinic anhydride; 3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetra Spiro compounds such as oxaspiro [5.5] undecane; sulfur-containing compounds such as N, N-dimethylmethanesulfonamide, N, N-diethylmethanesulfonamide; trimethyl phos
- the compounding amount of other auxiliary agents is not particularly limited, and is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the other auxiliary agent is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less in 100% by mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Within this range, the effects of other auxiliaries can be sufficiently exhibited, and it is easy to avoid a situation in which battery characteristics such as high-load discharge characteristics deteriorate.
- the blending amount of other auxiliaries is more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, further preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 3% by mass or less, still more preferably 1% by mass or less. .
- the electrolyte battery of the present invention is suitable for use as an electrolyte for a secondary battery, for example, a lithium secondary battery, among nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the electrolyte of the present invention will be described.
- the electrolyte battery of the present invention can take a known structure, and typically includes a negative electrode and a positive electrode capable of occluding and releasing metal ions (for example, lithium ions), and the above-described electrolyte of the present invention. Prepare.
- Negative electrode The negative electrode active material used for the negative electrode is described below.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can electrochemically occlude and release metal ions (for example, lithium ions). Specific examples include carbonaceous materials, alloy materials, lithium-containing metal composite oxide materials, and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used together combining 2 or more types arbitrarily.
- the negative electrode active material examples include carbonaceous materials, alloy materials, lithium-containing metal composite oxide materials, and the like.
- a carbonaceous material used as a negative electrode active material (1) natural graphite, (2) a carbonaceous material obtained by heat-treating an artificial carbonaceous material and an artificial graphite material at least once in the range of 400 to 3200 ° C; (3) a carbonaceous material in which the negative electrode active material layer is made of carbonaceous materials having at least two or more different crystallinities and / or has an interface in contact with the different crystalline carbonaceous materials, (4) A carbonaceous material in which the negative electrode active material layer is made of carbonaceous materials having at least two or more different orientations and / or has an interface in contact with the carbonaceous materials having different orientations, Is preferably a good balance between initial irreversible capacity and high current density charge / discharge characteristics.
- the carbonaceous materials (1) to (4) may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio
- artificial carbonaceous material and artificial graphite material of (2) above natural graphite, coal-based coke, petroleum-based coke, coal-based pitch, petroleum-based pitch, and those obtained by oxidizing these pitches, needle coke, pitch coke, and Carbon materials that are partially graphitized, furnace black, acetylene black, organic pyrolysis products such as pitch-based carbon fibers, carbonizable organic materials and their carbides, or carbonizable organic materials are benzene, toluene, xylene, quinoline And a solution dissolved in a low-molecular organic solvent such as n-hexane, and carbides thereof.
- the negative electrode active material As an alloy material used as the negative electrode active material, as long as lithium can be occluded / released, lithium alone, simple metals and alloys forming lithium alloys, or oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, sulfides thereof Any of compounds such as products or phosphides may be used and is not particularly limited.
- the single metal and alloy forming the lithium alloy are preferably materials containing group 13 and group 14 metal / metalloid elements (that is, excluding carbon), more preferably aluminum, silicon and tin (hereinafter referred to as “ Elemental metals) and alloys or compounds containing these atoms. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- a negative electrode active material having at least one kind of atom selected from a specific metal element, a metal simple substance of any one specific metal element, an alloy composed of two or more specific metal elements, one type or two or more specific types Alloys composed of metal elements and one or more other metal elements, as well as compounds containing one or more specific metal elements, and oxides, carbides, nitrides and silicides of the compounds And composite compounds such as sulfides or phosphides.
- these simple metals, alloys or metal compounds as the negative electrode active material, the capacity of the battery can be increased.
- compounds in which these complex compounds are complexly bonded to several elements such as simple metals, alloys or non-metallic elements are also included.
- silicon and tin an alloy of these elements and a metal that does not operate as a negative electrode can be used.
- tin a complex compound containing 5 to 6 kinds of elements in combination with a metal that acts as a negative electrode other than tin and silicon, a metal that does not operate as a negative electrode, and a nonmetallic element may be used. it can.
- any one simple metal of a specific metal element, an alloy of two or more specific metal elements, oxidation of a specific metal element In particular, silicon and / or tin metal simple substance, alloy, oxide, carbide, nitride and the like are preferable from the viewpoint of capacity per unit mass and environmental load.
- the lithium-containing metal composite oxide material used as the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can occlude and release lithium, but a material containing titanium and lithium is preferable from the viewpoint of high current density charge / discharge characteristics, A lithium-containing composite metal oxide material containing titanium is more preferable, and a composite oxide of lithium and titanium (hereinafter also referred to as “lithium titanium composite oxide”). That is, it is particularly preferable to use a lithium titanium composite oxide having a spinel structure in a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery because the output resistance is greatly reduced.
- lithium or titanium of the lithium titanium composite oxide is at least selected from the group consisting of other metal elements such as Na, K, Co, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ga, Cu, Zn, and Nb. Those substituted with one element are also preferred.
- the metal oxide is a lithium titanium composite oxide represented by the formula (A), and in the formula (A), 0.7 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5, 1.5 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.3, 0 ⁇ It is preferable that z ⁇ 1.6 because the structure upon doping and dedoping of lithium ions is stable.
- Particularly preferred representative compositions of the above compounds are Li 4/3 Ti 5/3 O 4 in (a), Li 1 Ti 2 O 4 in (b), and Li 4/5 Ti 11/5 O in (c). 4 .
- the d value (interlayer distance) of the lattice plane (002 plane) determined by X-ray diffraction by the Gakushin method of carbonaceous materials is preferably 0.335 nm or more, and is usually 0.360 nm or less. 350 nm or less is preferable, and 0.345 nm or less is more preferable. Further, the crystallite size (Lc) of the carbonaceous material obtained by X-ray diffraction by the Gakushin method is preferably 1.0 nm or more, and more preferably 1.5 nm or more.
- the mass-based average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is a volume-based average particle diameter (median diameter) determined by a laser diffraction / scattering method, and is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and 7 ⁇ m.
- the above is particularly preferable, and is usually 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 25 ⁇ m or less.
- volume-based average particle size is below the above range, the irreversible capacity may increase, leading to loss of initial battery capacity.
- the above range is exceeded, when an electrode is produced by coating, an uneven coating surface tends to be formed, which may be undesirable in the battery production process.
- the volume-based average particle size is measured by dispersing carbon powder in a 0.2% by weight aqueous solution (about 10 mL) of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, which is a surfactant, and laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution. This is carried out using a total (LA-700 manufactured by Horiba Ltd.).
- the Raman R value of the carbonaceous material is a value measured using an argon ion laser Raman spectrum method, and is usually 0.01 or more, preferably 0.03 or more, more preferably 0.1 or more, and usually 1.5 or less, preferably 1.2 or less, more preferably 1 or less, and particularly preferably 0.5 or less.
- the Raman half-width in the vicinity of 1580 cm ⁇ 1 of the carbonaceous material is not particularly limited, but is usually 10 cm ⁇ 1 or more, preferably 15 cm ⁇ 1 or more, and usually 100 cm ⁇ 1 or less, and 80 cm ⁇ 1 or less. 60 cm ⁇ 1 or less is more preferable, and 40 cm ⁇ 1 or less is particularly preferable.
- the Raman R value and the Raman half width are indices indicating the crystallinity of the surface of the carbonaceous material, but the carbonaceous material has appropriate crystallinity from the viewpoint of chemical stability, and Li enters through charge and discharge. It is preferable that the crystallinity is such that the sites between the layers are not lost, that is, the charge acceptability is not lowered.
- the density of the negative electrode is increased by press after applying to the current collector, it is preferable to take account of this because crystals tend to be oriented in a direction parallel to the electrode plate.
- the Raman R value or the Raman half width is in the above range, a suitable film can be formed on the negative electrode surface to improve the storage characteristics, cycle characteristics, and load characteristics, and the efficiency associated with the reaction with the nonaqueous electrolyte solution Reduction and gas generation can be suppressed.
- the measurement of the Raman spectrum using a Raman spectrometer (manufactured by JASCO Corporation Raman spectrometer), the sample is naturally dropped into the measurement cell and filled, and while irradiating the sample surface in the cell with argon ion laser light, This is done by rotating the cell in a plane perpendicular to the laser beam.
- said Raman measurement conditions are as follows. Argon ion laser wavelength: 514.5nm ⁇ Laser power on the sample: 15-25mW ⁇ Resolution: 10-20cm -1 Measurement range: 1100 cm ⁇ 1 to 1730 cm ⁇ 1 ⁇ Raman R value, Raman half width analysis: Background processing ⁇ Smoothing processing: Simple average, 5 points of convolution
- BET specific surface area of the carbonaceous material is a value of the measured specific surface area using the BET method is usually 0.1 m 2 ⁇ g -1 or more, 0.7 m 2 ⁇ g -1 or more, 1. 0 m 2 ⁇ g -1 or more, and particularly preferably 1.5 m 2 ⁇ g -1 or more, generally not more than 100 m 2 ⁇ g -1, preferably 25 m 2 ⁇ g -1 or less, 15 m 2 ⁇ More preferably, g ⁇ 1 or less is preferable, and 10 m 2 ⁇ g ⁇ 1 or less is particularly preferable.
- the value of the BET specific surface area is in the above range, precipitation of lithium on the electrode surface can be suppressed, while gas generation due to reaction with the non-aqueous electrolyte can be suppressed.
- the specific surface area was measured by the BET method using a surface area meter (a fully automated surface area measuring device manufactured by Okura Riken), preliminarily drying the sample at 350 ° C. for 15 minutes under nitrogen flow, Using a nitrogen helium mixed gas accurately prepared so that the value of the relative pressure is 0.3, the nitrogen adsorption BET one-point method by the gas flow method is used.
- the circularity is measured as the degree of the sphere of the carbonaceous material, it is preferably within the following range.
- the degree of circularity of the particles having a carbonaceous material particle size in the range of 3 to 40 ⁇ m is desirably close to 1, and is preferably 0.1 or more, more preferably 0.5 or more, and more preferably 0.8 or more, 0.85 or more is more preferable, and 0.9 or more is particularly preferable.
- the filling property is improved and the resistance between the particles can be suppressed as the circularity is larger, so that the high current density charge / discharge characteristics are improved. Therefore, it is preferable that the circularity is as high as the above range.
- the circularity is measured using a flow type particle image analyzer (FPIA manufactured by Sysmex Corporation). About 0.2 g of a sample was dispersed in a 0.2% by mass aqueous solution (about 50 mL) of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate as a surfactant, and irradiated with 28 kHz ultrasonic waves at an output of 60 W for 1 minute.
- the detection range is specified as 0.6 to 400 ⁇ m, and the particle size is measured in the range of 3 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the method for improving the degree of circularity is not particularly limited, but a spheroidized sphere is preferable because the shape of the interparticle void when the electrode body is formed is preferable.
- spheroidizing treatment include a method of mechanically approaching a sphere by applying a shearing force and a compressive force, a mechanical / physical processing method of granulating a plurality of fine particles by the binder or the adhesive force of the particles themselves, etc. Is mentioned.
- the tap density of the carbonaceous material is usually 0.1 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or more, preferably 0.5 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or more, more preferably 0.7 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or more, and 1 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or more. particularly preferred, and is preferably 2 g ⁇ cm -3 or less, more preferably 1.8 g ⁇ cm -3 or less, 1.6 g ⁇ cm -3 or less are particularly preferred.
- the tap density is in the above range, battery capacity can be ensured and increase in resistance between particles can be suppressed.
- the tap density is measured by passing through a sieve having an opening of 300 ⁇ m, dropping the sample onto a 20 cm 3 tapping cell and filling the sample to the upper end surface of the cell, and then measuring a powder density measuring device (for example, manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.). Using a tap denser, tapping with a stroke length of 10 mm is performed 1000 times, and the tap density is calculated from the mass at that time and the mass of the sample.
- a powder density measuring device for example, manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.
- the orientation ratio of the carbonaceous material is usually 0.005 or more, preferably 0.01 or more, more preferably 0.015 or more, and usually 0.67 or less. When the orientation ratio is in the above range, excellent high-density charge / discharge characteristics can be ensured.
- the upper limit of the above range is the theoretical upper limit value of the orientation ratio of the carbonaceous material.
- the orientation ratio is measured by X-ray diffraction after pressure-molding the sample.
- the molded body obtained by compressing in a packed 58.8MN ⁇ m -2 in molding machine having a diameter of 17mm sample 0.47 g, was set to be flush with the surface of the measurement sample holder using a clay X-ray diffraction is measured. From the (110) diffraction and (004) diffraction peak intensities of the obtained carbon, a ratio represented by (110) diffraction peak intensity / (004) diffraction peak intensity is calculated.
- the X-ray diffraction measurement conditions are as follows. “2 ⁇ ” indicates a diffraction angle.
- ⁇ Target Cu (K ⁇ ray) graphite monochromator
- Light receiving slit 0.15
- Scattering slit 0.5 degree / measurement range and step angle / measurement time: (110) plane: 75 degrees ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 80 degrees 1 degree / 60 seconds (004) plane: 52 degrees ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 57 degrees 1 degree / 60 seconds
- the aspect ratio of the carbonaceous material is usually 1 or more and usually 10 or less, preferably 8 or less, and more preferably 5 or less. Within the above range, streaking during electrode plate formation is suppressed, and more uniform coating is possible, so that excellent high current density charge / discharge characteristics can be ensured.
- the lower limit of the above range is the theoretical lower limit value of the aspect ratio of the carbonaceous material.
- Carbonaceous material particles when three-dimensional observation is performed by selecting arbitrary 50 graphite particles fixed to the end face of a metal having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m or less and rotating and tilting the stage on which the sample is fixed. The longest diameter A and the shortest diameter B orthogonal thereto are measured, and the average value of A / B is obtained.
- any known method can be used for producing the electrode as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. For example, it is formed by adding a binder, a solvent, and, if necessary, a thickener, a conductive material, a filler, etc. to a negative electrode active material to form a slurry, which is applied to a current collector, dried and then pressed. Can do.
- a method of forming a thin film layer (negative electrode active material layer) containing the above-described negative electrode active material by a technique such as vapor deposition, sputtering, or plating is also used.
- the current collector for holding the negative electrode active material As the current collector for holding the negative electrode active material, a known material can be arbitrarily used. Examples of the current collector for the negative electrode include metal materials such as aluminum, copper, nickel, stainless steel, and nickel-plated steel. Copper is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of ease of processing and cost.
- the shape of the current collector may be, for example, a metal foil, a metal cylinder, a metal coil, a metal plate, a metal thin film, an expanded metal, a punch metal, a foam metal, or the like when the current collector is a metal material.
- a metal thin film is preferable, and a copper foil is more preferable, and a rolled copper foil by a rolling method and an electrolytic copper foil by an electrolytic method are more preferable, and both can be used as a current collector.
- the thickness of the current collector is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and usually 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of securing battery capacity and handling properties.
- the ratio of the thickness of the current collector to the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but the value of “(the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer on one side immediately before the nonaqueous electrolyte injection) / (thickness of the current collector)”
- 150 or less is preferable, 20 or less is more preferable, 10 or less is particularly preferable, 0.1 or more is preferable, 0.4 or more is further preferable, and 1 or more is particularly preferable.
- the ratio of the thickness of the current collector to the negative electrode active material layer is in the above range, battery capacity can be secured and heat generation of the current collector during high current density charge / discharge can be suppressed.
- the binder for binding the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that is stable with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution and the solvent used in manufacturing the electrode.
- resin-based polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, aromatic polyamide, polyimide, cellulose, and nitrocellulose
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- isoprene rubber butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber
- Rubber polymers such as NBR (acrylonitrile / butadiene rubber) and ethylene / propylene rubber
- EPDM ethylene / propylene / diene terpolymer
- styrene / Thermoplastic elastomeric polymers such as ethylene / butadiene / styrene cop
- the ratio of the binder to the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.6% by mass or more, and preferably 20% by mass or less, 15% by mass. The following is more preferable, 10 mass% or less is still more preferable, and 8 mass% or less is especially preferable. When the ratio of the binder to the negative electrode active material is within the above range, the battery capacity and the strength of the negative electrode can be sufficiently secured.
- the ratio of the binder to the negative electrode active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and 0 .6% by mass or more is more preferable, and is usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less, and more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the main component contains a fluorine-based polymer typified by polyvinylidene fluoride
- the ratio to the negative electrode active material is usually 1% by mass or more, preferably 2% by mass or more, and more preferably 3% by mass or more. Preferably, it is usually 15% by mass or less, preferably 10% by mass or less, and more preferably 8% by mass or less.
- the solvent for forming the slurry is not particularly limited as long as it is a solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing the negative electrode active material, the binder, and the thickener and conductive material used as necessary.
- aqueous solvent or an organic solvent may be used.
- the aqueous solvent include water and alcohol.
- organic solvent examples include N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, methyl acrylate, diethyltriamine, N, N- Examples include dimethylaminopropylamine, tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, acetone, diethyl ether, hexamethylphosphalamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, benzene, xylene, quinoline, pyridine, methylnaphthalene, hexane and the like.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- dimethylformamide dimethylacetamide
- methyl ethyl ketone cyclohexanone
- methyl acetate methyl acrylate
- diethyltriamine N
- N- Examples include dimethylaminopropylamine, tetrahydrofuran (THF),
- aqueous solvent when used, it is preferable to add a dispersant or the like in addition to the thickener and slurry it using a latex such as SBR.
- these solvents may be used individually by 1 type, or may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- a thickener is usually used to adjust the viscosity of the slurry.
- the thickener is not particularly limited, and specific examples include carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, casein, and salts thereof. These may be used individually by 1 type, or may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and ratios.
- the ratio of the thickener to the negative electrode active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 0.6% by mass or more, Moreover, it is 5 mass% or less normally, 3 mass% or less is preferable, and 2 mass% or less is still more preferable.
- the ratio of the thickener to the negative electrode active material is in the above range, it is possible to suppress a decrease in battery capacity and an increase in resistance, and it is possible to ensure good coatability.
- the electrode structure when the negative electrode active material is made into an electrode is not particularly limited, but the density of the negative electrode active material present on the current collector is preferably 1 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or more, and 1.2 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or more. but more preferably, particularly preferably 1.3 g ⁇ cm -3 or more, preferably 2.2 g ⁇ cm -3 or less, more preferably 2.1 g ⁇ cm -3 or less, 2.0 g ⁇ cm -3 or less Further preferred is 1.9 g ⁇ cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the density of the negative electrode active material existing on the current collector is in the above range, the negative electrode active material particles are prevented from being destroyed, and an increase in initial irreversible capacity or to the vicinity of the current collector / negative electrode active material interface. While the deterioration of the high current density charge / discharge characteristics due to the reduced permeability of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution can be suppressed, the decrease in battery capacity and the increase in resistance can be suppressed.
- the thickness of the negative electrode plate is designed according to the positive electrode plate to be used, and is not particularly limited.
- the thickness of the composite layer obtained by subtracting the thickness of the metal foil of the core is usually 15 ⁇ m or more, preferably 20 ⁇ m or more. More preferably, it is 30 ⁇ m or more, and usually 300 ⁇ m or less, preferably 280 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less.
- Surface adhering substances include aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate And sulfates such as aluminum sulfate and carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.
- Positive electrode ⁇ Positive electrode active material>
- the positive electrode active material used for the positive electrode is described below.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can electrochemically occlude and release metal ions (for example, lithium ions).
- metal ions for example, lithium ions
- a material containing lithium and at least one transition metal is preferable. Specific examples include lithium transition metal composite oxides and lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compounds.
- V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc. are preferable as the transition metal of the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- Specific examples include lithium-cobalt composite oxides such as LiCoO 2 and LiNiO 2 .
- LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 LiNi 0.85 Co 0.10 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 , LiNi 0 .45 Co 0.10 Al 0.45 O 2 , LiMn 1.8 Al 0.2 O 4 , LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 and the like.
- transition metal of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and the like are preferable, and specific examples include LiFePO 4 , Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Iron phosphates such as LiFeP 2 O 7, cobalt phosphates such as LiCoPO 4 , and some of the transition metal atoms that are the main components of these lithium transition metal phosphate compounds are Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe , Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Nb, Si and the like substituted with other elements.
- lithium phosphate in the positive electrode active material because continuous charging characteristics are improved.
- the lower limit of the amount of lithium phosphate used is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and further preferably 0.5% by mass with respect to the total of the positive electrode active material and lithium phosphate. %, And the upper limit is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, and still more preferably 5% by mass or less.
- Surface adhering substances include aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate And sulfates such as aluminum sulfate, carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate, and carbon.
- these surface adhering substances are dissolved or suspended in a solvent, impregnated and added to the positive electrode active material, and dried.
- the surface adhering substance precursor is dissolved or suspended in a solvent and impregnated and added to the positive electrode active material, It can be made to adhere to the surface of the positive electrode active material by a method of reacting by heating or the like, a method of adding to the positive electrode active material precursor and firing simultaneously.
- the method of making carbonaceous adhere mechanically later in the form of activated carbon etc. can also be used, for example.
- the amount of the surface adhering substance is, by mass, with respect to the positive electrode active material, preferably 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably 1 ppm or more, still more preferably 10 ppm or more, and the upper limit, preferably 20% or less, more preferably as the lower limit. Is used at 10% or less, more preferably 5% or less.
- the surface adhering substance can suppress the oxidation reaction of the electrolyte solution on the surface of the positive electrode active material and can improve the battery life. However, when the amount of the adhering quantity is too small, the effect is not sufficiently manifested. If it is too high, the resistance may increase in order to inhibit the entry and exit of lithium ions.
- a material having a composition different from that attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material is also referred to as a “positive electrode active material”.
- shape Examples of the shape of the particles of the positive electrode active material include a lump shape, a polyhedron shape, a sphere shape, an oval sphere shape, a plate shape, a needle shape, and a column shape as conventionally used.
- primary particles may aggregate to form secondary particles.
- the tap density of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.5 g / cm 3 or more, more preferably 0.8 g / cm 3 or more, and further preferably 1.0 g / cm 3 or more.
- the tap density of the positive electrode active material is within the above range, the amount of the dispersion medium and the necessary amount of the conductive material and the binder necessary for forming the positive electrode active material layer can be suppressed. As a result, the filling rate of the positive electrode active material and the battery Capacity can be secured.
- a complex oxide powder having a high tap density a high-density positive electrode active material layer can be formed.
- the tap density is preferably as high as possible, and there is no particular upper limit.
- the tap density is preferably 4.0 g / cm 3 or less, more preferably 3.7 g / cm 3 or less, and still more preferably 3.5 g / cm 3 or less. When it is within the above range, it is possible to suppress a decrease in load characteristics.
- the tap density is defined as the powder packing density (tap density) g / cc when 5 to 10 g of the positive electrode active material powder is put in a 10 ml glass graduated cylinder and tapped 200 times with a stroke of about 20 mm. Ask.
- the median diameter d50 of the positive electrode active material particles is preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably. Is 0.8 ⁇ m or more, most preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 27 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 22 ⁇ m or less. Within the above range, a high tap density product can be obtained and battery performance degradation can be suppressed.
- the median diameter d50 is measured by a known laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring apparatus.
- LA-920 manufactured by HORIBA is used as a particle size distribution meter
- a 0.1% by mass sodium hexametaphosphate aqueous solution is used as a dispersion medium for measurement, and a measurement refractive index of 1.24 is set after ultrasonic dispersion for 5 minutes. Measured.
- the average primary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and still more preferably 0.8.
- the upper limit is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the primary particle diameter is measured by observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, in a photograph at a magnification of 10000 times, the longest value of the intercept by the left and right boundary lines of the primary particles with respect to the horizontal straight line is obtained for any 50 primary particles and obtained by taking the average value. It is done.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- BET specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.1 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 0.2 m 2 / g or more, further preferably 0.3 m 2 / g or more, the upper limit is 50 m 2 / g or less , Preferably 40 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 30 m 2 / g or less.
- the BET specific surface area is in the above range, the battery performance can be secured and the applicability of the positive electrode active material can be kept good.
- the BET specific surface area is determined by using a surface area meter (for example, a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Okura Riken), preliminarily drying the sample at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes under nitrogen flow, and then atmospheric pressure. It is defined by a value measured by a nitrogen adsorption BET one-point method using a gas flow method using a nitrogen-helium mixed gas accurately prepared so that the value of the relative pressure of nitrogen to 0.3 is 0.3.
- a surface area meter for example, a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Okura Riken
- Method for producing positive electrode active material As a manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material, a general method is used as a manufacturing method of the inorganic compound. In particular, various methods are conceivable for producing a spherical or elliptical active material. For example, a transition metal raw material is dissolved or ground and dispersed in a solvent such as water, and the pH is adjusted while stirring. And a spherical precursor is prepared and recovered, dried as necessary, and then added with a Li source such as LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 and the like, and then fired at a high temperature to obtain an active material. .
- a Li source such as LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 and the like
- the positive electrode active material may be used alone, or one or more of the different compositions may be used in any combination or ratio.
- a combination of LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 such as LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 or a part of this Mn substituted with another transition metal or the like Or a combination with LiCoO 2 or a part of this Co substituted with another transition metal or the like.
- the positive electrode can be produced by forming a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material and a binder on a current collector. Manufacture of the positive electrode using a positive electrode active material can be performed by a conventional method.
- a positive electrode active material and a binder, and if necessary, a conductive material and a thickener mixed in a dry form are pressure-bonded to a positive electrode current collector, or these materials are liquid media
- a positive electrode can be obtained by forming a positive electrode active material layer on the current collector by applying it to a positive electrode current collector and drying it as a slurry by dissolving or dispersing in a slurry.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 82% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 84% by mass or more. Moreover, an upper limit becomes like this. Preferably it is 99 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 98 mass% or less. Within the above range, the electric capacity of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer can be secured, and the strength of the positive electrode can be maintained.
- the positive electrode active material layer obtained by coating and drying is preferably consolidated by a hand press, a roller press or the like in order to increase the packing density of the positive electrode active material.
- Density of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 1.5 g / cm 3 or more as a lower limit, more preferably 2 g / cm 3, and even more preferably at 2.2 g / cm 3 or more, the upper limit is preferably 5 g / cm It is 3 or less, more preferably 4.5 g / cm 3 or less, and still more preferably 4 g / cm 3 or less. Within the above range, good charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained, and an increase in electrical resistance can be suppressed.
- a known conductive material can be arbitrarily used as the conductive material. Specific examples include metal materials such as copper and nickel; graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite (graphite); carbon black such as acetylene black; and carbon materials such as amorphous carbon such as needle coke. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the conductive material is usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more in the positive electrode active material layer, and the upper limit is usually 50% by mass or less, preferably It is used so as to contain 30% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less. Sufficient electrical conductivity and battery capacity can be ensured within the above range.
- the binder used in the production of the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, and in the case of the coating method, any material that can be dissolved or dispersed in the liquid medium used during electrode production may be used.
- Resin polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyimide, aromatic polyamide, cellulose, nitrocellulose; SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), fluorine rubber, isoprene rubber , Rubber polymers such as butadiene rubber and ethylene-propylene rubber; styrene / butadiene / styrene block copolymer or hydrogenated product thereof, EPDM (ethylene / propylene / diene terpolymer), styrene / ethylene / butadiene / Ethylene copolymer, styrene Thermoplastic elastomeric
- the ratio of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more, and the upper limit is usually 80% by mass or less, preferably Is 60% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, and most preferably 10% by mass or less.
- the ratio of the binder is too low, the positive electrode active material cannot be sufficiently retained and the positive electrode has insufficient mechanical strength, which may deteriorate battery performance such as cycle characteristics. On the other hand, if it is too high, battery capacity and conductivity may be reduced.
- the solvent for forming the slurry is not particularly limited as long as it is a solvent that can dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, the binder, and the thickener used as necessary.
- aqueous solvent or an organic solvent may be used.
- the aqueous medium include water and a mixed medium of alcohol and water.
- organic medium examples include aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and methylnaphthalene; heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline and pyridine; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone; Esters such as methyl acetate and methyl acrylate; Amines such as diethylenetriamine and N, N-dimethylaminopropylamine; Ethers such as diethyl ether, propylene oxide and tetrahydrofuran (THF); N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethyl Examples include amides such as formamide and dimethylacetamide; aprotic polar solvents such as hexamethylphosphalamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.
- aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene
- a thickener is usually used to adjust the viscosity of the slurry.
- the thickener is not particularly limited, and specific examples include carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, casein, and salts thereof. These may be used individually by 1 type, or may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and ratios.
- the ratio of the thickener to the active material is 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the material of the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited, and a known material can be arbitrarily used. Specific examples include metal materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, nickel plating, titanium, and tantalum; and carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Of these, metal materials, particularly aluminum, are preferred.
- the shape of the current collector examples include metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, metal thin film, expanded metal, punch metal, and foam metal in the case of a metal material.
- a thin film, a carbon cylinder, etc. are mentioned. Of these, metal thin films are preferred.
- the thickness of the thin film is arbitrary, from the viewpoint of strength and handleability as a current collector, it is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit is usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less. More preferably, it is 50 ⁇ m or less.
- a conductive additive is applied to the surface of the current collector.
- the conductive assistant include noble metals such as carbon, gold, platinum, and silver.
- the ratio of the thickness of the current collector to the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but the value of (thickness of the positive electrode active material layer on one side immediately before electrolyte injection) / (thickness of the current collector) is 20
- the lower limit is preferably 15 or less, most preferably 10 or less, and the lower limit is preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 0.8 or more, and most preferably 1 or more.
- the current collector may generate heat due to Joule heat during high current density charge / discharge. Within the above range, heat generation of the current collector during high current density charge / discharge can be suppressed, and battery capacity can be secured.
- the area of the positive electrode active material layer is larger than the outer surface area of the battery outer case from the viewpoint of increasing the stability at high output and high temperature.
- the sum of the electrode areas of the positive electrode with respect to the surface area of the exterior of the secondary battery is preferably 15 times or more, more preferably 40 times or more.
- the outer surface area of the outer case is the total area obtained by calculation from the vertical, horizontal, and thickness dimensions of the case part filled with the power generation element excluding the protruding part of the terminal in the case of a bottomed square shape. .
- the geometric surface area approximates the case portion filled with the power generation element excluding the protruding portion of the terminal as a cylinder.
- the total electrode area of the positive electrode is the geometric surface area of the positive electrode mixture layer facing the mixture layer containing the negative electrode active material, and in the structure in which the positive electrode mixture layer is formed on both sides via the current collector foil. , The sum of the areas where each surface is calculated separately.
- the thickness of the positive electrode plate is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of high capacity and high output, the thickness of the composite layer obtained by subtracting the metal foil thickness of the core material is preferably as a lower limit with respect to one side of the current collector. Is 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit is preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less.
- Electrode surface coating (Positive electrode surface coating) Moreover, you may use what adhered the substance of the composition different from this to the surface of the said positive electrode plate.
- Surface adhering substances include aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate And sulfates such as aluminum sulfate, carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate, and carbon.
- a separator is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode in order to prevent a short circuit.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention is usually used by impregnating this separator.
- the material and shape of the separator are not particularly limited, and known ones can be arbitrarily adopted as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- a resin, glass fiber, inorganic material, etc. which is formed of a material that is stable with respect to the electrolytic solution of the present invention is used, and it is preferable to use a porous sheet or a nonwoven fabric-like material excellent in liquid retention.
- materials for the resin and glass fiber separator polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, aromatic polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, glass filters and the like can be used.
- glass filters and polyolefins are preferred, polyolefins are more preferred, and polypropylenes are particularly preferred.
- One of these materials may be used alone, or two or more of these materials may be used in any combination and ratio, or those laminated may be used.
- a specific example of a laminate of two or more kinds in any combination includes a three-layer separator in which polypropylene, polyethylene, and polypropylene are laminated in this order.
- the thickness of the separator is arbitrary, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more, and usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less.
- insulation and mechanical strength can be secured, while battery performance such as rate characteristics and energy density can be secured.
- the porosity of the separator is arbitrary, but is usually 20% or more, preferably 35% or more, more preferably 45% or more, Moreover, it is 90% or less normally, 85% or less is preferable and 75% or less is still more preferable.
- insulation and mechanical strength can be secured, while film resistance can be suppressed and good rate characteristics can be obtained.
- the average pore diameter of the separator is also arbitrary, but is usually 0.5 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or less, and usually 0.05 ⁇ m or more. If the average pore diameter exceeds the above range, a short circuit tends to occur. When the average pore diameter is in the above range, the film resistance can be suppressed and good rate characteristics can be obtained while preventing a short circuit.
- oxides such as alumina and silicon dioxide, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, and sulfates such as barium sulfate and calcium sulfate are used, and those having a particle shape or fiber shape are used. .
- a thin film shape such as a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, or a microporous film is used.
- the thin film shape those having a pore diameter of 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m and a thickness of 5 to 50 ⁇ m are preferably used.
- a separator formed by forming a composite porous layer containing the inorganic particles on the surface layer of the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode using a resin binder can be used.
- a porous layer may be formed by using alumina particles having a 90% particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m on both surfaces of the positive electrode and using a fluororesin as a binder.
- the electrode group has a laminated structure in which the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are interposed through the separator, and a structure in which the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are wound in a spiral shape through the separator. Either is acceptable.
- the ratio of the mass of the electrode group to the internal volume of the battery (hereinafter referred to as the electrode group occupation ratio) is usually 40% or more, preferably 50% or more, and usually 90% or less, preferably 80% or less. .
- the current collecting structure is not particularly limited, but is preferably a structure that reduces the resistance of the wiring portion and the joint portion.
- a structure formed by bundling the metal core portions of the electrode layers and welding them to the terminals is preferably used.
- the internal resistance increases. Therefore, it is also preferable to provide a plurality of terminals in the electrode to reduce the resistance.
- the electrode group has the winding structure described above, the internal resistance can be lowered by providing a plurality of lead structures for the positive electrode and the negative electrode, respectively, and bundling the terminals.
- the material of the outer case is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance that is stable with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte used. Specifically, a nickel-plated steel plate, stainless steel, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, a metal such as a magnesium alloy, or a laminated film (laminate film) of a resin and an aluminum foil is used. From the viewpoint of weight reduction, an aluminum or aluminum alloy metal or a laminate film is preferably used.
- the metal is welded together by laser welding, resistance welding, or ultrasonic welding to form a sealed sealed structure, or a caulking structure using the above metals via a resin gasket. Things.
- the outer case using the laminate film include a case where a resin-sealed structure is formed by heat-sealing resin layers.
- a resin different from the resin used for the laminate film may be interposed between the resin layers.
- a metal and a resin are joined, so that a resin having a polar group or a modified group having a polar group introduced as an intervening resin is used.
- Resins are preferably used.
- the shape of the exterior body is also arbitrary, and may be any of a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a laminate shape, a coin shape, a large size, and the like.
- a protective element PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) whose resistance increases when abnormal heat generation or excessive current flows, temperature fuse, thermistor, shuts off the current flowing through the circuit due to sudden increase in battery internal pressure or internal temperature at abnormal heat generation A valve (current cutoff valve) or the like can be used. It is preferable to select a protective element that does not operate under normal use at a high current, and it is more preferable that the protective element is designed so as not to cause abnormal heat generation or thermal runaway even without the protective element.
- Example 1-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte]
- mixed solvent mixture volume ratio 3: 4: 3 consisting of ethylene carbonate (also referred to as “EC”), ethyl methyl carbonate (also referred to as “EMC”) and dimethyl carbonate (also referred to as “DMC”).
- the basic electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 as an electrolyte at a rate of 1.0 mol / L. Furthermore, 1.0% by mass of the compound (1-1) was added as an additive to the basic electrolytic solution to prepare a nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 1-1.
- Amorphous coated graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as thickener (concentration of 1% by weight of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber) 50% by mass) and mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and a polypropylene separator were laminated in the order of the negative electrode, the separator, and the positive electrode to prepare a battery element.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution is injected into the bag, Vacuum sealing was performed to produce a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the initial battery characteristics evaluation was CC-CV charged (0.05 C cut) up to 4.2 V at a constant current of 1/3 C at 25 ° C. Thereafter, overcharging with a constant current was performed at 45C for 1 minute at 1C. Thereafter, the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the sufficiently cooled battery was measured, and this was regarded as OCV after overcharging.
- OCV open circuit voltage
- the initial battery characteristic evaluation and overcharge characteristic evaluation were performed using the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery produced above.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 1 as relative values when Comparative Example 1-1 is 100.0%.
- the OCV after overcharge is shown as a difference from Comparative Example 1-1. The same applies to the following.
- Example 1-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (1-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 1-1. Carried out.
- Example 1-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except that 1.0% by mass of the compound (3-2) was used in place of the compound (1-1) in the electrolyte of Example 1-1 And the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 1-1 when the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 1-1 according to the present invention is used, the initial 1/3 C capacity is obtained as compared with the case where the ester of the formula (1) is not added (Comparative Example 1-1). Excellent and low initial gas volume. Moreover, since the OCV after overcharge is lower than that of Comparative Example 1-1, the safety is further improved. That is, it is possible to provide a battery excellent in initial battery characteristics and safety after an overcharge durability test. When an aromatic compound not included in the ester range of the formula (1) is used (Comparative Example 1-2), the initial rate 1/3 capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 1-1. Is small and inferior to Example 1-1. Further, the initial gas amount is increased as compared with Comparative Example 1-1. Further, the OCV after overcharge is lower than that of Comparative Example 1-1, but is inferior to that of Example 1-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- Example 2-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.0 mol / L to a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- Amorphous coated graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as thickener (concentration of 1% by weight of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber) 50% by mass) and mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and a polypropylene separator were laminated in the order of the negative electrode, the separator, and the positive electrode to prepare a battery element.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution is injected into the bag, Vacuum sealing was performed to produce a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Constant current-constant voltage charging also referred to as “CC-CV charging” up to 4.1 V at a current corresponding to 0.2 C at 25 ° C. with a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery sandwiched between glass plates and pressurized.
- CC-CV charging constant current discharge was performed at 1/3 C to 3.0 V, the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity at this time was determined, and this was defined as the initial efficiency (%).
- CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) was performed to 4.1 V with a current corresponding to 1/3 C, and the mixture was allowed to stand at 60 ° C. for 12 hours.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the initial battery characteristic evaluation was CC-CV charged (cut to 0.05 C) to 4.2 V at a constant current of 1/3 C at 25 ° C., and then immersed in an ethanol bath.
- the battery volume before overcharge was calculated from the buoyancy of the time (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, overcharging with a constant current was performed at 45C for 1 minute at 1C.
- the sufficiently cooled battery was immersed in an ethanol bath to measure the volume, and the amount of change from the battery volume before overcharge was defined as the amount of overcharge gas.
- Example 2-2 Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that 4.1% by mass of the compound (1-2) was used in place of the compound (1-1) in the electrolytic solution of Example 2-1. And the above evaluation was performed.
- the compound (1-1) added in Example 2-1 and the compound (1-2) added in Example 2-2 have the same amount of substance.
- Example 2-3 Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that 4.8% by mass of the compound (1-3) was used in place of the compound (1-1) in the electrolytic solution of Example 2-1. And the above evaluation was performed.
- the compound (1-1) added in Example 2-1 and the compound (1-2) added in Example 2-2 have the same amount of substance.
- Example 2-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (1-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 2-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 2-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that 4.1% by mass of (3-3) was used instead of the compound (1-1) in the electrolyte solution of Example 2-1. It produced and said evaluation was implemented.
- the compound (1-1) added in Example 2-1 and the compound (3-3) added in Comparative Example 2-2 have the same amount of substance.
- Example 2-3 Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 2-1, except that 3.4% by mass of the compound (3-4) was used in place of the compound (1-1) in the electrolytic solution of Example 2-1. And the above evaluation was performed.
- the compound (1-1) added in Example 2-1 and the compound (3-4) added in Comparative Example 2-3 have the same amount of substance.
- Example 3-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte]
- LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added to 1.4 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 15: 5: 80) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the polyethylene separator were laminated in the order of the negative electrode, the separator, the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode to produce a battery element.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution is injected into the bag, Vacuum sealing was performed to produce a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) at 0.2 C to 4.2 V at 25 ° C., and then immersed in an ethanol bath.
- the battery volume before overcharge was calculated from the buoyancy of the time (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, the battery was charged at a constant current of 1 C at 45 ° C. for 15 minutes. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, the volume was measured by immersing in an ethanol bath, and the amount of change from the battery volume before overcharge was defined as the amount of overcharge gas.
- Example 3-2 In the electrolytic solution of Example 3-1, non-use was performed in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that 2.5% by mass of the compound (1-4) was used instead of 1.5% by mass of the compound (1-4). A water-based electrolyte secondary battery was prepared, and initial battery characteristic evaluation and overcharge characteristic evaluation were performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3 as relative values when Comparative Example 3-1 is 100.0%. The same applies to the following.
- Example 3-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 3-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (1-4) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 3-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 4-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte]
- LiPF 6 as an electrolyte is added to a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (also referred to as “DEC”). It was dissolved at a rate of 2 mol / L.
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.4V at 0.2C the battery was discharged again to 3.0V at 0.2C to stabilize the initial battery characteristics. Then, CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.4 V at 0.2 C was performed, and then discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C, which was defined as the initial 1 C capacity.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.4 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C., and then immersed in an ethanol bath.
- the battery volume before the high temperature storage durability test was determined from the buoyancy (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, high-temperature storage was performed at 60 ° C. for 7 days. After sufficiently cooling the battery, the volume was measured by immersion in an ethanol bath, and the amount of storage gas was determined from the volume change before and after the high temperature storage durability test.
- the initial battery characteristic evaluation and the high-temperature storage durability test evaluation were performed using the produced non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 4 as relative values when Comparative Example 4-1 is 100.0%. The same applies to the following.
- Example 4-2 In the same manner as in Example 4-1, except that 1.0% by mass of the compound (1-1) was used instead of 0.5% by mass of the compound (1-1) in the electrolytic solution of Example 4-1.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared and evaluated as described above.
- Example 4-3 In the electrolytic solution of Example 4-1, instead of 0.5% by mass of the compound (1-1), 1.0% by mass of the compound (1-1) and 1-phenyl-1,3,3-trimethylindane (A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 4-1, except that 3.0% by mass) (also referred to as “MP12”) was used, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 4-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 4-1, except that an electrolyte not containing the compound (1-1) was used in the electrolyte of Example 4-1, and the above evaluation was performed. did.
- Example 4-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 4-3, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (1-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 4-3. Carried out.
- Example 4-3 In the electrolytic solution of Example 4-1, non-treatment was performed in the same manner as in Example 4-1, except that 1.0% by mass of the compound (3-2) was used instead of 0.5% by mass of the compound (1-1). A water-based electrolyte secondary battery was prepared and evaluated as described above.
- Table 4 shows that when the non-aqueous electrolytes of Examples 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3 according to the present invention were used, the ester of formula (1) was not added (Comparative Example 4). Compared to -1), the initial 0.2 C capacity is excellent, and the amount of stored gas after the high temperature storage durability test is small. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test.
- an aromatic compound other than the formula (1) and an aromatic compound not included in the ester range of the formula (2) are used alone (Comparative Example 4-2 and Comparative Example 4-3), The 2C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 4-1, but the amount of stored gas is increased as compared with Comparative Example 4-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- Example 5-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 12 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) to 2.4V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the battery characteristics evaluation after the high-temperature storage durability test was CC-CV charged (0.05 C cut) up to 4.4 V at a constant current of 0.2 C at 25 ° C. Thereafter, overcharging was performed at a constant current up to 5.0 V at 0.2 C at 45 ° C. Thereafter, the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the sufficiently cooled battery was measured, and this was regarded as OCV after overcharging.
- OCV of the battery after the overcharge test mainly reflects the potential of the positive electrode. That is, when the OCV after overcharge is low, it indicates that the charge depth of the positive electrode is low.
- the initial battery characteristics evaluation, the high temperature storage durability test and the overcharge characteristics evaluation after the high temperature storage durability test were performed using the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery produced above.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 5 as relative values when Comparative Example 5-1 is 100.0%.
- the OCV after overcharge is indicated by a difference from the comparative example 5-1. The same applies to the following.
- Example 5-2 In the electrolytic solution of Example 5-1, except that an electrolytic solution to which 2.0% by mass of monofluoroethylene carbonate (also referred to as “MP2”) was added in addition to the compound (1-1) was used, Example 5- In the same manner as in Example 1, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared and evaluated as described above.
- MP2 monofluoroethylene carbonate
- Example 5-1 except that the electrolyte solution of Example 5-1 was added with 2.0% by mass of vinylene carbonate (also referred to as “VC”) in addition to the compound (1-1) and MP2.
- VC vinylene carbonate
- Example 5-4 In the electrolytic solution of Example 5-3, non-removal was performed in the same manner as in Example 5-3 except that an electrolytic solution to which 1.0% by mass of the compound (1-4) was added instead of the compound (1-1) was used. A water-based electrolyte secondary battery was prepared and evaluated as described above.
- Example 5-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 5-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (1-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 5-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 5-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 5-2, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (1-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 5-2. Carried out.
- Example 5-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 5-4 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (1-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 5-4. Carried out.
- Example 5-1 when the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 5-1 according to the present invention is used, the initial 0.2 C capacity and the case where the ester of formula (1) is not added (Comparative Example 5-1) and Excellent initial rate characteristics. Further, since the OCV after overcharge after the high temperature storage durability test is lower than that of Comparative Example 5-1, the safety is further improved. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics / safety after a high-temperature storage durability test. Further, when the ester of the formula (1) and the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate or the cyclic carbonate having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond are used simultaneously (Examples 5-2 to 5-4), the ester of the formula (1) is added.
- the initial 0.2C capacity and the initial rate characteristics are superior to those in the case where the sample is not (Comparative Examples 5-2 to 5-3). Further, since the OCV after overcharge after the high temperature storage durability test is lower than those of Comparative Examples 5-2 to 5-3, the safety is further improved. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics / safety after a high-temperature storage durability test. From this, it can be confirmed that by simultaneously using the ester of formula (1) and the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate or the cyclic carbonate having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect.
- Example 6-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was immersed in an ethanol bath, and the initial battery volume was determined from the buoyancy at that time (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, in a state of being pressed by being sandwiched between glass plates, a constant current charge was performed at 25 ° C. with a current corresponding to 0.05 C for 6 hours, and then a constant current discharge was performed to 0.2 V at 0.2 C. Furthermore, after a constant current-constant voltage charge (also referred to as “CC-CV charge”) (0.05C cut) to 4.1V with a current corresponding to 0.2C, the battery was discharged to 3V with a constant current of 0.2C. .
- CC-CV charge constant current-constant voltage charge
- CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.40V at 0.2C it was discharged again to 3V at 0.2C to stabilize the initial battery characteristics. Thereafter, the battery was immersed in an ethanol bath to measure the volume, and the amount of change from the initial battery volume was taken as the initial gas amount. Then, CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.40 V at 0.2 C was performed, and then discharged to 3 V at 0.2 C, which was set to an initial 0.2 C capacity. Further, after CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.40 V at 0.2 C, the battery was discharged to 3 V at 0.5 C, and this was set to an initial 0.5 C capacity.
- the ratio of the initial 0.5C capacity to the initial 0.2C capacity was determined, and this was used as the initial rate characteristic (%).
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) at 25 ° C to 4.40V at 0.2C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- Example 6-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6-1 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP1 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 6-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 6-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 6-1 except that the electrolyte solution containing no MP1 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 6-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 6-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6-1 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 6-1. Carried out.
- the recovery 0.2 C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 6-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 6-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- the phosphonate is used alone (Comparative Example 6-3)
- the initial rate characteristics are improved as compared with Comparative Example 6-1, but the initial gas amount is increased as compared with Example 6-1.
- the recovery 0.2 C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 6-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 6-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. From this, it can be confirmed that by simultaneously using the ester of the formula (2) and the phosphonic acid ester, the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect.
- Example 7-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Example 7-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared.
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was immersed in an ethanol bath, and the initial battery volume was determined from the buoyancy at that time (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, in a state of being pressed by being sandwiched between glass plates, a constant current charge was performed at 25 ° C. with a current corresponding to 0.05 C for 6 hours, and then a constant current discharge was performed to 0.2 V at 0.2 C. Furthermore, constant current-constant voltage charge (also referred to as “CC-CV charge”) (0.05C cut) to 4.1V with a current corresponding to 0.2C, then to 3.0V with a constant current of 0.2C Discharged.
- CC-CV charge constant current-constant voltage charge
- CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.4V at 0.2C the battery was discharged again to 3.0V at 0.2C to stabilize the initial battery characteristics. Then, after CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.4V at 0.2C, the volume was measured by immersing the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in an ethanol bath, and the change from the initial battery volume was measured. The initial gas amount was used.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) to 2.4V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high-temperature storage durability test was CC-CV charged to 0.05V at a constant current of 0.2C at 25 ° C (0.05C cut) and then immersed in an ethanol bath.
- the battery volume before overcharge was determined from the buoyancy. Thereafter, overcharging was performed at a constant current up to 5.0 V at 0.2 C at 45 ° C.
- the sufficiently cooled battery was immersed in an ethanol bath to measure the volume, and the amount of change from the battery volume before overcharge was defined as the amount of overcharge gas.
- Example 7-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 7-1 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP2 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 7-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 7-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 7-1 except that an electrolyte solution containing no MP2 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 7-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 7-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 7-1 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 7-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 7-1 using the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of Example 7-1 according to the present invention, compared to the case where the ester of formula (2) and the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate are not added simultaneously (Comparative Example 7-1), The initial gas amount is small, and the amount of overcharge gas after the high-temperature storage durability test is large. That is, it is possible to provide a battery excellent in initial battery characteristics and evaluation of overcharge characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test.
- the ester of formula (2) is used alone (Comparative Example 7-2)
- the initial gas amount is increased as compared with Comparative Example 7-1.
- the amount of overcharged gas is increased as compared with Comparative Example 7-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 7-1.
- the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate is used alone (Comparative Example 7-3)
- the initial gas amount is reduced as compared with Comparative Example 7-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 7-1.
- the amount of overcharged gas is smaller than that in Comparative Example 7-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. From this, it can be confirmed that by simultaneously using the ester of the formula (2) and the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect.
- Example 8-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Example 8-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared.
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.4 V at 0.2 C was performed, and then discharged to 3.0 V at 1 C, which was set as the initial 1 C capacity.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) to 2.4V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high temperature storage endurance test is CC-CV charged to 0.05 V at a constant current of 0.2 C at 25 ° C. (0.05 C cut), and then to 3.0 V at 0.2 C. It was discharged again, and this was set to a recovery 0.2 C capacity.
- Example 8-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 8-1 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP3 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 8-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 8-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 8-1, except that an electrolyte solution containing no MP3 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 8-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 8-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 8-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 8-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 8-1 using the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of Example 8-1 according to the present invention, compared to the case where the ester of formula (2) and the fluorosulfonate are not added simultaneously (Comparative Example 8-1), The initial 1 C capacity is excellent, and the recovery 0.2 C capacity after the high temperature storage durability test is also excellent. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test.
- the ester of the formula (2) was used alone (Comparative Example 8-2)
- the initial 1C capacity was improved as compared with Comparative Example 8-1, but the improvement effect was small, compared with Example 8-1. Inferior.
- the recovery 0.2C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 8-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 8-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. Further, when the fluorosulfonate is used alone (Comparative Example 8-3), the initial 1C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 8-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 8-1. . Further, the recovery 0.2C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 8-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 8-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. From this, it can be confirmed that the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect by simultaneously using the ester of formula (2) and the fluorosulfonate.
- Example 9-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Example 9-1 the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 9-1 was prepared.
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was immersed in an ethanol bath, and the initial battery volume was determined from the buoyancy at that time (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, in a state of being pressed by being sandwiched between glass plates, a constant current charge was performed at 25 ° C. with a current corresponding to 0.05 C for 6 hours, and then a constant current discharge was performed to 0.2 V at 0.2 C. Furthermore, constant current-constant voltage charge (also referred to as “CC-CV charge”) (0.05C cut) to 4.1V with a current corresponding to 0.2C, then to 3.0V with a constant current of 0.2C Discharged.
- CC-CV charge constant current-constant voltage charge
- CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.4V at 0.2C the battery was discharged again to 3.0V at 0.2C to stabilize the initial battery characteristics. Thereafter, after CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.4 V at 0.2 C, the volume was measured by immersing the battery in an ethanol bath, and the change from the initial battery volume was defined as the initial gas amount.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) to 2.4V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high temperature storage endurance test is CC-CV charged to 0.05 V at a constant current of 0.2 C at 25 ° C. (0.05 C cut), and then to 3.0 V at 0.2 C. It was discharged again, and this was set to a recovery 0.2 C capacity.
- Example 9-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 9-1 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP4 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 9-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 9-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 9-1 except that the electrolyte solution containing no MP4 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 9-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 9-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 9-1 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 9-1. Carried out.
- Example 9-1 when the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of Example 9-1 according to the present invention is used, when the organic compound having the ester and isocyanate group of formula (2) is not added simultaneously (Comparative Example 9-1).
- the initial gas amount is small, and the recovery 0.2 C capacity after the high temperature storage durability test is also excellent. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test.
- the ester of the formula (2) is used alone (Comparative Example 9-2)
- the initial gas amount increases as compared with Comparative Example 9-1.
- the recovery 0.2C capacity is increased as compared with Comparative Example 9-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 9-1.
- the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- an organic compound having an isocyanate group is used alone (Comparative Example 9-3)
- the initial gas amount is reduced as compared with Comparative Example 9-1 but is inferior to that of Example 9-1.
- the recovery 0.2 C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 9-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 9-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. From this, it can be confirmed that the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect by simultaneously using the ester of the formula (2) and the organic compound having an isocyanate group.
- Example 10-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Example 10-1 0.5% by mass of the compound (2-1) and 0.5% by mass of adiponitrile (also referred to as “MP5”) were added as additives to the basic electrolytic solution, and the nonaqueous system of Example 10-1 was added. An electrolyte solution was prepared.
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) to 2.4V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high temperature storage endurance test is CC-CV charged to 0.05 V at a constant current of 0.2 C at 25 ° C. (0.05 C cut), and then to 3.0 V at 0.05 C. The battery was discharged again, the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity at this time was determined, and this was taken as the recovery 0.05C efficiency (%).
- Example 10-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP5 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 10-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 10-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 10-1, except that an electrolyte solution containing no MP5 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 10-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 10-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 10-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 10-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- an organic compound having a cyano group is used alone (Comparative Example 10-3), the initial 0.5C efficiency is lower than that of Comparative Example 10-1. Further, the recovery 0.05C efficiency is improved as compared with Comparative Example 10-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 10-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. From this, it can be confirmed that the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect by simultaneously using the ester of formula (2) and the organic compound having a cyano group.
- Example 11-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Example 11-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared.
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.4 V at 0.2 C was performed, and then discharged to 3.0 V at 1 C, which was set as the initial 1 C capacity.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) to 2.4V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high temperature storage endurance test is CC-CV charged to 0.05 V at a constant current of 0.2 C at 25 ° C. (0.05 C cut), and then to 3.0 V at 0.05 C. It was discharged again to recover 0.05 C capacity. Moreover, the ratio of the discharge capacity with respect to the charge capacity at this time was calculated
- Example 11-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 11-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP6 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 11-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 11-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 11-1, except that an electrolyte solution containing no MP6 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 11-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 11-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 11-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 11-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 11-1 when the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 11-1 according to the present invention was used, the initial value was compared with the case where the ester of formula (2) and the silicon-containing compound were not added simultaneously (Comparative Example 11-1). 1C capacity is excellent, and recovery 0.05 capacity and recovery 0.05C efficiency after high temperature storage durability test are also excellent. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test. When the ester of the formula (2) was used alone (Comparative Example 11-2), the initial 1C capacity was improved as compared with Comparative Example 11-1, but the improvement effect was small, compared with Example 11-1. Inferior.
- the recovery 0.05 C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 11-1, but inferior to that of Example 11-1. Further, the recovery 0.05C efficiency is lower than that of Comparative Example 11-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- the silicon-containing compound is used alone (Comparative Example 11-3)
- the initial 1C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 11-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 11-1.
- the recovery 0.05 C capacity is lower than that of Comparative Example 11-1.
- the recovery 0.05C efficiency is improved as compared with Comparative Example 11-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 11-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. From this, it can be confirmed that by simultaneously using the ester of formula (2) and the silicon-containing compound, the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect.
- Example 12-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Example 12-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared.
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.40V at 0.2C was performed, and then discharged to 3.0V at 1C, which was set as the initial 1C capacity.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) to 2.4V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high temperature storage endurance test is CC-CV charged to 0.05 V at a constant current of 0.2 C at 25 ° C. (0.05 C cut), and then to 3.0 V at 0.2 C. The battery was discharged again, the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity at this time was determined, and this was taken as the recovery 0.2C efficiency (%).
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the battery characteristics evaluation after the high-temperature storage durability test was CC-CV charged (0.05 C cut) up to 4.4 V at a constant current of 0.2 C at 25 ° C. Thereafter, overcharging was performed at a constant current up to 5.0 V at 0.2 C at 45 ° C. Thereafter, the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the sufficiently cooled battery was measured, and this was regarded as OCV after overcharging.
- OCV of the battery after the overcharge test mainly reflects the potential of the positive electrode. That is, when the OCV after overcharge is low, it indicates that the charge depth of the positive electrode is low.
- the initial battery characteristics evaluation, the high temperature storage durability test, the battery characteristics evaluation after the high temperature storage durability test, and the overcharge characteristics evaluation after the high temperature storage durability test were performed using the prepared nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 12 as relative values with Comparative Example 12-1 as 100.0%.
- the OCV after overcharge is shown as a difference from Comparative Example 12-1. The same applies to the following.
- Example 12-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 12-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP7 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 12-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 12-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 12-1, except that an electrolyte solution containing no MP7 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 12-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 12-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 12-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 12-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 12-1 when the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 12-1 according to the present invention was used, the initial value was compared with the case where the ester of formula (2) and the borate were not added simultaneously (Comparative Example 12-1). Excellent 1C capacity and excellent recovery 0.2C efficiency after high temperature storage durability test. Further, since the OCV after overcharge after the high temperature storage durability test is lower than that of Comparative Example 12-1, the safety is further improved. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics / safety after a high-temperature storage durability test. When the ester of the formula (2) was used alone (Comparative Example 12-2), the initial 1C capacity was improved as compared with Comparative Example 12-1, but the improvement effect was small, compared with Example 12-1. Inferior.
- the OCV after overcharge is lower than that of Comparative Example 12-1, but is inferior to that of Example 12-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- borate used alone (Comparative Example 12-3)
- the initial 1C capacity is improved as compared with Comparative Example 12-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 12-1.
- the recovery 0.2C efficiency is lower than that of Comparative Example 12-1.
- the OCV after overcharge is lower than that of Comparative Example 12-1, but is inferior to that of Example 12-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. From this, it can be confirmed that the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect by simultaneously using the ester of formula (2) and the borate.
- Example 13-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.0 mol / L to a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 0.2V at 25C at 25C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high-temperature storage durability test was CC-CV charged to 0.2V at a constant current of 0.2C at 25 ° C (0.05C cut), and then immersed in an ethanol bath.
- the battery volume before overcharge was calculated from the buoyancy of the battery (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, overcharge was performed at a constant current of up to 5.0 V at 0.5 C at 45 ° C.
- the sufficiently cooled battery was immersed in an ethanol bath to measure the volume, and the amount of change from the battery volume before overcharge was defined as the amount of overcharge gas.
- Example 13-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 13-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP8 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 13-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 13-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 13-1, except that an electrolyte solution containing no MP8 was used as the electrolyte solution of Example 13-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 13-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 13-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 13-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 13-1 using the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of Example 13-1 according to the present invention, compared with the case where the ester of formula (2) and the sulfur-containing organic compound are not added simultaneously (Comparative Example 13-1), The initial 0.2C efficiency is excellent, and the amount of overcharge gas after the high temperature storage durability test is large. That is, it is possible to provide a battery excellent in initial battery characteristics and evaluation of overcharge characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test. When the ester of formula (2) is used alone (Comparative Example 13-2), the initial 0.2C efficiency is not different from that of Comparative Example 13-1. Further, the amount of overcharged gas is increased as compared with Comparative Example 13-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 13-1.
- the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- the sulfur-containing organic compound is used alone (Comparative Example 13-3)
- the initial 0.2C efficiency is higher than that of Comparative Example 13-1, but the improvement effect is small, compared with Example 13-1. Inferior.
- the amount of overcharged gas is increased as compared with Comparative Example 13-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 13-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. From this, it can be confirmed that the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect by simultaneously using the ester of the formula (2) and the sulfur-containing organic compound.
- Example 14-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.0 mol / L to a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.4V at 0.2C was performed, and then discharged to 3.0V at 0.2C to obtain an initial 0.2C capacity.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) to 2.4V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high-temperature storage durability test was CC-CV charged to 0.2V at a constant current of 0.2C at 25 ° C (0.05C cut), and then immersed in an ethanol bath.
- the battery volume before overcharge was calculated from the buoyancy of the battery (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, overcharge was performed at a constant current of up to 5.0 V at 0.5 C at 45 ° C.
- the sufficiently cooled battery was immersed in an ethanol bath to measure the volume, and the amount of change from the battery volume before overcharge was defined as the amount of overcharge gas.
- Example 14-2 The electrolytic solution of Example 14-1 was the same as that of Example 14-1, except that an electrolytic solution to which 0.5% by mass of n-propyl propionate (also referred to as “MP9 ′”) was added instead of MP9 was used. Thus, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced and the above evaluation was performed.
- MP9 ′ n-propyl propionate
- Example 14-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 14-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP9 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 14-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 14-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 14-1, except that an electrolyte solution containing no MP9 was used as the electrolyte solution of Example 14-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 14-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 14-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 14-1. Carried out.
- Example 14-4 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 14-2 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 14-2. Carried out.
- Example 14-5 In the electrolytic solution of Example 14-1, a non-aqueous system was used in the same manner as in Example 9-1 except that 0.5% by mass of methyl propionate (also referred to as “MP”) was used instead of MP9. An electrolyte secondary battery was prepared and evaluated as described above.
- MP methyl propionate
- Comparative Example 14-6 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 14-5, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Comparative Example 14-5. Carried out.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (2) and the carboxylic acid represented by the formula (3) are obtained by using the non-aqueous electrolytes of Examples 14-1 to 14-2 according to the present invention.
- the initial 0.2C capacity is excellent, and the amount of overcharge gas after the high-temperature storage durability test is large. That is, it is possible to provide a battery excellent in initial battery characteristics and evaluation of overcharge characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (1) is used alone (Comparative Example 14-2)
- the initial 0.2 C capacity is lower than that of Comparative Example 14-1.
- the amount of overcharged gas is increased as compared with Comparative Example 14-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Examples 14-1 to 14-2. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- the carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (3) was used alone (Comparative Examples 14-3 to 14-4), the amount of overcharged gas was smaller than that of Comparative Example 14-1, Obviously inferior to 14-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- Example 15-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.0 mol / L to a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- Example 15-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared.
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was immersed in an ethanol bath, and the initial battery volume was determined from the buoyancy at that time (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, in a state of being pressed by being sandwiched between glass plates, a constant current charge was performed at 25 ° C. with a current corresponding to 0.05 C for 6 hours, and then a constant current discharge was performed to 0.2 V at 0.2 C. Furthermore, constant current-constant voltage charge (also referred to as “CC-CV charge”) (0.05C cut) to 4.1V with a current corresponding to 0.2C, then to 3.0V with a constant current of 0.2C Discharged.
- CC-CV charge constant current-constant voltage charge
- CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.2 V at 0.2 C the battery was discharged again to 3.0 V at 0.2 C to stabilize the initial battery characteristics. Then, after CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.2V at 0.2C, measure the volume by immersing the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in an ethanol bath, and measure the change from the initial battery volume. The initial gas amount was used.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 0.2V at 25C at 25C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high-temperature storage durability test was CC-CV charged to 0.2V at a constant current of 0.2C at 25 ° C (0.05C cut), and then immersed in an ethanol bath.
- the battery volume before overcharge was calculated from the buoyancy of the battery (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, overcharge was performed at a constant current of up to 5.0 V at 0.5 C at 45 ° C.
- the sufficiently cooled battery was immersed in an ethanol bath to measure the volume, and the amount of change from the battery volume before overcharge was defined as the amount of overcharge gas.
- the initial battery characteristics evaluation, the high temperature storage durability test and the overcharge characteristics evaluation after the high temperature storage durability test were performed using the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery produced above.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 15 as relative values when the comparative example 15-1 is 100.0%. The same applies to the following.
- Example 15-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 15-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP10 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 15-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 15-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 15-1, except that an electrolyte solution containing no MP10 was used as the electrolyte solution of Example 15-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 15-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 15-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 15-1. Carried out
- Example 15-1 using the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of Example 15-1 according to the present invention, compared with the case where the ester of formula (2) and lithium difluorophosphate are not added simultaneously (Comparative Example 15-1), The initial gas amount is small, and the amount of overcharge gas after the high-temperature storage durability test is large. That is, it is possible to provide a battery excellent in initial battery characteristics and evaluation of overcharge characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test.
- the ester of formula (2) is used alone (Comparative Example 15-2)
- the initial gas amount is increased as compared with Comparative Example 15-1.
- the amount of overcharged gas is increased as compared with Comparative Example 15-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 15-1.
- the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- the initial gas amount is smaller than that of Comparative Example 15-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 15-1.
- the amount of overcharged gas is smaller than that in Comparative Example 15-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics. From this, it can be confirmed that by simultaneously using the ester of formula (2) and lithium difluorophosphate, the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect.
- Example 16-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.0 mol / L to a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was immersed in an ethanol bath, and the initial battery volume was determined from the buoyancy at that time (Archimedes principle). Thereafter, in a state of being pressed by being sandwiched between glass plates, a constant current charge was performed at 25 ° C. with a current corresponding to 0.05 C for 6 hours, and then a constant current discharge was performed to 0.2 V at 0.2 C. Furthermore, constant current-constant voltage charge (also referred to as “CC-CV charge”) (0.05C cut) to 4.1V with a current corresponding to 0.2C, then to 3.0V with a constant current of 0.2C Discharged.
- CC-CV charge constant current-constant voltage charge
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charging (0.05C cut) to 0.20C at 4.25V at 25 ° C, then at 85 ° C for 1 day. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after high-temperature storage endurance test is CC-CV charged to 0.2V at a constant current of 0.2C at 25 ° C (0.05C cut), then to 3.0V at 0.2C The battery was discharged again, the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity at this time was determined, and this was taken as the recovery 0.2C efficiency (%).
- Example 16-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 16-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) and MP11 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 16-1. Evaluation was performed.
- Example 16-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 16-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no MP11 was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 16-1, and the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 16-3 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 16-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 16-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 16-1 when the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 16-1 according to the present invention was used, the initial value was compared with the case where the ester of formula (2) and the oxalate were not added simultaneously (Comparative Example 16-1). Excellent 0.2C efficiency and excellent recovery 0.2C efficiency after high temperature storage durability test. That is, it is possible to provide a battery excellent in initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics evaluation after a high-temperature storage durability test.
- the ester of formula (2) is used alone (Comparative Example 16-2)
- the initial 0.2C efficiency is not different from that of Comparative Example 16-1.
- the recovery 0.2C efficiency is not different from that of Comparative Example 16-1. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- Example 17-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 10 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.35V at 0.2C the battery was discharged again to 3.0V at 0.2C to stabilize the initial battery characteristics. Then, CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.35 V at 0.2 C was performed, and then discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C, which was set to an initial 0.2 C capacity. Further, after CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.35V at 0.2C, the battery was discharged to 3.0V at 0.5C to obtain an initial 0.5C capacity. Then, the ratio of the initial 0.5C capacity to the initial 0.2C capacity was determined, and this was used as the initial rate characteristic (%).
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.35V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, and then the conditions for 60 ° C for 7 days. And stored at high temperature. After the battery was sufficiently cooled, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high temperature storage endurance test is CC-CV charged to 0.055 V at a constant current of 0.2 C at 25 ° C. (0.05 C cut), and then to 3.0 V at 0.2 C. It was discharged again, and this was set to a recovery 0.2 C capacity. Furthermore, after CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.35 V at 0.2 C, the battery was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.5 C, and this was restored to a 0.5 C capacity. Then, the ratio of the recovery 0.5 C capacity to the recovery 0.2 C capacity was determined, and this was defined as the post-storage rate characteristic (%).
- Example 17-2 Example 17-1 except that the electrolyte solution of Example 17-1 was further added with 3.0 mass% of 1-phenyl-1,3,3-trimethylindane (also referred to as “MP12”). In the same manner as above, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced and evaluated as described above.
- MP12 1-phenyl-1,3,3-trimethylindane
- Example 17-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 17-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 17-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 17-2 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 17-2 except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-1) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 17-2. Carried out.
- Example 17-3 Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 17-1, except that 1.0% by mass of compound (3-1) was used instead of compound (2-1) in the electrolyte solution of Example 17-1. And the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 17-4 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 17-2 except that 1.0% by mass of the compound (3-1) was used in place of the compound (2-1) in the electrolytic solution of Example 17-2 And the above evaluation was performed.
- Example 17-1 when the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 17-1 according to the present invention is used, the initial rate characteristics are excellent as compared with the case where the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate is used alone (Comparative Example 17-1). In addition, the rate characteristics after storage after the high temperature storage durability test are also excellent. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test. Furthermore, when the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of Example 17-2 according to the present invention is used, the ester of formula (2) and the aromatic compound other than formula (2) are not added simultaneously (Comparative Example 17-1). Compared with, the initial rate characteristics are excellent, and the post-storage rate characteristics after the high-temperature storage durability test are also excellent.
- Example 17-1 the improvement effect is superior to that of Example 17-1. That is, it is possible to provide a battery that is further excellent in initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test.
- an aromatic compound other than formula (2) is used alone (Comparative Example 17-2)
- the initial rate characteristics are lower than those of Comparative Example 17-1.
- the post-storage rate characteristic is improved as compared with Comparative Example 17-1, but the improvement effect is small and inferior to Example 17-2. Therefore, it is clear that the battery using the electrolytic solution according to the present invention has superior characteristics.
- Example 18-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 12 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the polyethylene separator were laminated in the order of the negative electrode, the separator, the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode to produce a battery element.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution is injected into the bag, Vacuum sealing was performed to produce a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.35V at 0.2C the battery was discharged again to 3.0V at 0.2C to stabilize the initial battery characteristics. Then, CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.35 V at 0.2 C was performed, and then discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C, which was set to an initial 0.2 C capacity.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) at 25 ° C. to 4.35 V, and then immersed in an ethanol bath.
- the battery volume before the high temperature storage endurance test was determined from the buoyancy. (Principle of Archimedes) Thereafter, high temperature storage was carried out at 60 ° C. for 7 days. After sufficiently cooling the battery, the volume was measured by immersion in an ethanol bath, and the amount of storage gas was determined from the volume change before and after the high temperature storage durability test. Next, it was discharged to 3.0 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C., the capacity remaining after the high temperature storage endurance test was measured, the ratio to the initial 0.2 C capacity was determined, and this was defined as the residual ratio (%) .
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery after the high temperature storage endurance test is CC-CV charged to 0.055 V at a constant current of 0.2 C at 25 ° C. (0.05 C cut), and then to 3.0 V at 0.2 C. The battery was discharged again, the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity at this time was determined, and this was taken as the recovery 0.2C efficiency (%).
- Example 18-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 18-1, except that the electrolyte solution containing no compound (2-2) was used in the electrolyte solution of Example 18-1, and the above evaluation was performed. Carried out.
- Example 18-1 when the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 18-1 according to the present invention is used, the initial 0.2 C capacity is excellent compared to the case where the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate is used alone (Comparative Example 18-1).
- the storage gas amount, the residual ratio, and the recovery 0.2C efficiency after the high temperature storage durability test are excellent. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test. From this, it can be confirmed that by simultaneously using the ester of formula (2) and the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, the battery characteristics are specifically improved by the synergistic effect.
- Example 19-1 [Preparation of non-aqueous electrolyte] Under a dry argon atmosphere, LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was added at 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent (mixing volume ratio 3: 4: 3) composed of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC). It was made to melt
- a mixed solvent mixture volume ratio 3: 4: 3
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Example 19-1 5.0% by mass of monofluoroethylene carbonate (MP2), 2.0% by mass of 1,3-propane sultone (MP8) and 3.0% by mass of adiponitrile (MP5) are dissolved as additives to obtain a basic electrolyte solution. did. Furthermore, 2.0% by mass of the compound (2-2) was added to prepare a nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 19-1.
- MP2 monofluoroethylene carbonate
- MP8 1,3-propane sultone
- MP5 3.0% by mass of adiponitrile
- Natural graphite powder as negative electrode active material aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as thickener (carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration 1 mass%), aqueous dispersion of styrene butadiene rubber as binder (concentration of styrene butadiene rubber 50 mass%) ) And mixed with a disperser to form a slurry.
- This slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a 12 ⁇ m thick copper foil, dried, and then pressed to obtain a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the polyethylene separator were laminated in the order of the negative electrode, the separator, the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode to produce a battery element.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution is injected into the bag, Vacuum sealing was performed to produce a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- CC-CV charge (0.05 C cut) to 4.35 V at 0.2 C the battery was discharged again to 3 V at 0.2 C to stabilize the initial battery characteristics. Then, after CCCV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.35V at 0.2C, it discharged to 3V at 0.2C, and this was made into initial 0.2C capacity.
- 1C represents a current value for discharging the reference capacity of the battery in one hour, and for example, 0.2C represents a current value of 1/5 thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was subjected to CC-CV charge (0.05C cut) to 4.35V at 0.2C at 25 ° C, and then the conditions for 60 ° C for 7 days And stored at high temperature. After sufficiently cooling the battery, it was discharged to 3 V at 0.2 C at 25 ° C., the remaining capacity was measured after the high-temperature storage durability test, and the ratio to the initial 0.2 C capacity was obtained. %).
- Example 19-1 A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 19-1, except that 2.4% by mass of the compound (3-1) was used in place of the compound (2-2) in the electrolyte of Example 19-1. And the above evaluation was performed.
- the compound (2-2) added in Example 19-1 and the compound (3-1) added in Comparative Example 19-1 have the same amount of substance.
- Example 19-1 when the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 19-1 according to the present invention is used, an aromatic compound, a fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate, a sulfur-containing organic compound, and a cyano group that are not included in the range of the ester of the formula (2) Compared to the case of using an organic compound having the same (Comparative Example 19-1), the initial 0.2 C capacity is excellent, and the residual rate and the recovery rate after the high temperature storage durability test are excellent. That is, it is possible to provide a battery having excellent initial battery characteristics and battery characteristics after a high-temperature storage durability test.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution which can bring about the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in the initial battery characteristic and the battery characteristic after an endurance test can be provided, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be provided. Can be reduced in size, performance and safety.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention can be used for various known applications. Specific examples include notebook computers, pen input computers, mobile computers, electronic book players, mobile phones, mobile faxes, mobile copy, mobile printers, headphone stereos, video movies, LCD TVs, handy cleaners, portable CDs, minidiscs, and transceivers.
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、上記の問題を解決すべくされたものであり、非水系電解液二次電池において、初期の電池特性及び耐久試験後の電池特性を同時に改善させる非水系電解液と、この非水系電解液を用いた非水系電解液二次電池を提供することを課題とする。
また、特定の芳香族カルボン酸エステル及び特定の添加剤を電解液中に含有させることによって、上記課題を解決できることを見出し、本発明を完成させるに至った。
(a)金属イオンを吸蔵・放出しうる正極及び負極を備える非水系電解液二次電池用の非水系電解液であって、該非水系電解液が電解質及び非水溶媒とともに、式(1):
(式中、
A1は、置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、
n1は、1以上の整数であり、
R2及びR3は、独立して、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、これらは互いに結合して環を形成していてもよく、R2が複数存在する場合、それらは、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、R3が複数存在する場合、それらは、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、
a1は、1又は2の整数であり、
a1が1の場合、R1は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、
a1が2の場合、R1は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基を表し、複数存在するA1は、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、
ただし、n1が1の場合、R2及びR3のうち少なくとも1つは置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、
n1が2であり、かつ複数のR2及び複数のR3が全て水素原子の場合、R1は置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基である)
で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを含有することを特徴とする非水系電解液。
(b)前記式(1)中、a1が1である、(a)の非水系電解液。
(c)前記式(1)中、A1がフェニル基である、(a)又は(b)の非水系電解液。
(d)前記非水系電解液が、前記式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを、0.001質量%以上10質量%以下で含有する、(a)~(c)のいずれかの非水系電解液。
(e)前記非水系電解液が、更に、フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、前記式(1)以外の芳香族化合物、炭素-炭素不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネート、前記式(1)以外のカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、イソシアヌル酸骨格を有する化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を含有する、(a)~(d)のいずれかの非水系電解液。
(f)前記非水系電解液が、フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、前記式(1)以外の芳香族化合物、炭素-炭素不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネート、前記式(1)以外のカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、イソシアヌル酸骨格を有する化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を、0.001質量%以上20質量%以下で含有する、(a)~(e)のいずれかの非水系電解液。
(f)金属イオンを吸蔵・放出しうる正極及び負極を備える非水系電解液二次電池用の非水系電解液であって、該非水系電解液が電解質及び非水溶媒とともに、
(I)式(2):
(式中、
A2は、置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、
n2は、1又は2の整数であり、
a2は、1又は2の整数であり、
a2が1の場合、R4は、水素原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、ただし、n2が2の場合、R4は置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、
a2が2の場合、R4は、単結合、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよいアリーレン基であり、複数存在するA2は、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、ただし、n2が2の場合、R4は置換基を有していてもよいアリーレン基である)
で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルと、
(II)フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、式(2)以外の芳香族化合物、式(3):
式中、
R5は、炭素数1以上4以下の炭化水素基であり、
R6は、エチル基、n-プロピル基又はn-ブチル基である
で表されるカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物とを含有することを特徴とする非水系電解液。
(g)前記式(2)中、a2が1である、(f)の非水系電解液。
(h)前記式(2)中、A2がフェニル基である、(f)又は(g)の非水系電解液。
(i)前記非水系電解液が、前記式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを、0.001質量%以上10質量%以下で含有する、(f)~(h)のいずれかの非水系電解液。
(j)前記非水系電解液が、フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、前記式(2)以外の芳香族化合物、前記式(3)で表されるカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を、0.001質量%以上20質量%以下で含有する、(f)~(i)のいずれかの非水系電解液。
(k)リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能な負極及び正極、並びに電解質及び非水溶媒を含む非水系電解液を具備する非水系電解液二次電池であって、該非水系電解液が(a)~(j)のいずれかの非水系電解液であることを特徴とする非水系電解液二次電池。
本発明の非水系電解液を用いて作製された非水系電解液二次電池、及び本発明の非水系電解液二次電池が、初期の電池特性と耐久試験後の電池特性を同時に向上させる作用・原理は明確ではないが、以下のように考えられる。ただし、本発明は、以下に記述する作用・原理に限定されるものではない。
通常、特許文献1~13に代表される芳香族カルボン酸エステル及びカルボン酸芳香族エステルは、正極上で被膜状の構造物を形成することにより電池特性の向上をもたらす。しかし、特許文献1~10に記載されている芳香環に直接オキシカルボニル基が結合した芳香族カルボン酸エステルや芳香環に直接カルボニルオキシ基が結合したカルボン酸芳香族エステルは、芳香環とカルボニル基の空軌道が重なりあうことで負極での還元副反応が顕著に進行し、Li+伝導性の低い被膜が多量に形成される。その結果、高電流密度下の充放電特性や充放電効率が大きく低下しうる。更に、還元副反応が顕著に進行することで、放電容量が大きく低下しうる。
また、特許文献11及び12に記載されているフェニル酢酸エステルは、メチレン基を介してカルボニル基と芳香環が近距離に位置するため、前述の化合物と同様、空軌道が重なり合う。その結果、負極での還元副反応が進行し、特許文献1~10に記載されている化合物と同様に電池特性が低下しうる。
また、特許文献13では、耐還元性に劣る芳香族カルボン酸エステルと特定の添加剤を併用することで、前述の問題点を改善させようとしているが、記載されている芳香族カルボン酸エステルの耐酸化性が低く、通常使用電圧において正極上で副反応を起こし、電池特性が大きく低下しうる。
一方、フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、上記式(2)以外の芳香族化合物、上記式(3)で表されるカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物(「(II)群の化合物」ともいう)は、負極上において被膜を形成し、性能を向上させる。しかし、同時に正極上での酸化副反応による劣化も進行するため、これらを添加のみによる電池特性の向上は不十分であった。
そのような課題に対し、本発明の第一の態様では、式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを非水系電解液中に含有させることによって、上記課題を解決できることを見出した。
式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルは、前述のように、カルボン酸骨格の芳香環とカルボニル基の空軌道の重なりにより、それ単独使用では負極での還元副反応が進行し、Li+伝導性の低い被膜が多量に形成されると考えられる。それに対し、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルと(II)群の化合物を同時に用いた場合、(II)群の化合物が負極上に形成する被膜が式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルの還元副反応を抑制する。更に、(II)群の化合物が負極上に被膜を形成する際、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルの一部が取り込まれることで、Li+伝導性が高く安定な複合被膜を形成する。また、正極上においては、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルが被膜状の構造物を形成することにより、(II)群の化合物の酸化副反応を抑制する。その結果、電池特性を低下させることなく初期の電池特性と耐久試験後の電池特性を同時に向上させることができる。
<本発明の第一の態様>
1-1.式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステル
本発明の第一の態様は、式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを非水系電解液中に含有することを特徴とする。なお、式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルにおいては光学異性体の区別はつけないものとし、異性体単独又はこれらの混合として適用することもできる。
(式中、
A1は、置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、
n1は、1以上の整数であり、
R2及びR3は、独立して、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、これらは互いに結合して環を形成していてもよく、R2が複数存在する場合、それらは、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、R3が複数存在する場合、それらは、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、
a1は、1又は2の整数であり、
a1が1の場合、R1は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、
a2が2の場合、R1は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、複数存在するA1は、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、
ただし、n1が1の場合、R2及びR3のうち少なくとも1つは炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、
n1が2であり、かつ複数のR2及び複数のR3が全て水素原子の場合、R1は炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基である。)
置換基としては、ハロゲン原子(好ましくはフッ素原子);アルコキシ基;ハロゲン原子(好ましくはフッ素原子)で置換されている、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基又はアルコキシ基;シアノ基;イソシアナト基;アルコキシカルボニルオキシ基;アシル基;カルボキシ基;アルコキシカルボニル基;アシルオキシ基;アルキルスルホニル基;アルコキシスルホニル基;ジアルコキシホスファントリイル基;ジアルコキシホスホリル基及びジアルコキシホスホリルオキシ基等が挙げられ、好ましくはハロゲン原子又はハロゲン原子で置換されているアルキル基であり、より好ましくはハロゲン原子又はハロゲン原子で置換されているアルキル基である。上記置換基におけるアルキル基、アルコキシ基(これらは置換基の一部を構成するものも含む)としては、例えば炭素数1以上6以下のものが挙げられ、アルケニル基、アルキニル基としては、炭素数2以上6以下のものが挙げられ、アリール基としては、例えば炭素数6以上12以下のものが挙げられる。
これらのうち、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、sec-ペンチル基、ネオペンチル基、1-メチルブチル基、2-メチルブチル基、1,1-ジメチルプロピル基、1,2-ジメチルプロピル基等の炭素数1~5のアルキル基;ビニル基、1-プロペニル基、2-プロペニル基、イソプロペニル基、1-ブテニル基、2-ブテニル基、3-ブテニル基、1-ペンテニル基、2-ペンテニル基、3-ペンテニル基、4-ペンテニル基等の炭素数2~5のアルケニル基;エチニル基、1-プロピニル基、2-プロピニル基、1-ブチニル基、2-ブチニル基、3-ブチニル基、1-ペンチニル基、2-ペンチニル基、3-ペンチニル基、4-ペンチニル基等の炭素数2~5のアルキニル基;フェニル基、トリル基、キシリル基、エチルフェニル基、n-プロピルフェニル基、i-プロピルフェニル基、n-ブチルフェニル基、sec-ブチルフェニル基、i-ブチルフェニル基、tert-ブチルフェニル基等のアリール基;ベンジル基、α―メチルベンジル基、1-メチル-1-フェニルエチル基、フェネチル基、2-フェニルプロピル基、2-メチル-2-フェニルプロピル基、3-フェニルプロピル基、3-フェニルブチル基、3-メチル-3-フェニルブチル基、4-フェニルブチル基、5-フェニルペンチル基、6-フェニルヘキシル基等の炭素数7~12のアラルキル基等が好ましい。より好ましくは、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、sec-ペンチル基、ネオペンチル基、1-メチルブチル基、2-メチルブチル基、1,1-ジメチルプロピル基、1,2-ジメチルプロピル基等の炭素数1~5のアルキル基;及びベンジル基、α―メチルベンジル基、1-メチル-1-フェニルエチル基、フェネチル基、2-フェニルプロピル基、2-メチル-2-フェニルプロピル基、3-フェニルプロピル基、3-フェニルブチル基、3-メチル-3-フェニルブチル基、4-フェニルブチル基、5-フェニルペンチル基、6-フェニルヘキシル基等の炭素数7~12のアラルキル基であり、更に好ましくは、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、ベンジル基、フェネチル基、3-フェニルプロピル基、4-フェニルブチル基であり、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、n-ブチル基が特に好ましい。
≪a1=1の場合≫
a1=1の場合、具体例として挙げられる以下の化合物中、Rは、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、sec-ペンチル基、ネオペンチル基、1-メチルブチル基、2-メチルブチル基、1,1-ジメチルプロピル基、1,2-ジメチルプロピル基、ベンジル基、α―メチルベンジル基、1-メチル-1-フェニルエチル基、フェネチル基、2-フェニルプロピル基、2-メチル-2-フェニルプロピル基、3-フェニルプロピル基、3-フェニルブチル基、3-メチル-3-フェニルブチル基、4-フェニルブチル基、5-フェニルペンチル基、6-フェニルヘキシル基から選ばれる炭化水素基であり、R’は、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、sec-ペンチル基、ネオペンチル基、1-メチルブチル基、2-メチルブチル基、1,1-ジメチルプロピル基、1,2-ジメチルプロピル基から選ばれる炭化水素基である。
a1=2の場合、具体例として挙げられる以下の化合物中、Rは、メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基、ビニレン基、1-プロペニレン基、2-プロペニレン基、1-ブテニレン基、2-ブテニレン基、1-ペンテニレン基、2-ペンテニレン基、エチニレン基、プロピニレン基、1-ブチニレン基、2-ブチニレン基、1-ペンチニレン基及び2-ペンチニレン基から選ばれる炭化水素基である。
1-2.式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステル
本発明の第二の態様は、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを非水系電解液中に含有することを特徴とする。なお、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルにおいては光学異性体の区別はつけないものとし、異性体単独又はこれらの混合として適用することもできる。
(式中、
A2は、置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、
n2は、1又は2の整数であり、
a2は、1又は2の整数であり、
a2が1の場合、R4は、水素原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、ただし、n2が2の場合、R4は置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、
a2が2の場合、R4は、単結合、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよいアリーレン基であり、複数のA2は同一であっても異なっていてもよく、ただし、n2が2の場合、R4は、置換基を有していてもよいアリーレン基である。)
これらのうち、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、sec-ペンチル基、ネオペンチル基、1-メチルブチル基、2-メチルブチル基、1,1-ジメチルプロピル基、1,2-ジメチルプロピル基等の炭素数1~5のアルキル基、ビニル基、1-プロペニル基、2-プロペニル基、イソプロペニル基、1-ブテニル基、2-ブテニル基、3-ブテニル基、1-ペンテニル基、2-ペンテニル基、3-ペンテニル基、4-ペンテニル基等の炭素数2~5のアルケニル基、エチニル基、1-プロピニル基、2-プロピニル基、1-ブチニル基、2-ブチニル基、3-ブチニル基、1-ペンチニル基、2-ペンチニル基、3-ペンチニル基、4-ペンチニル基等の炭素数2~5のアルキニル基等が好ましく、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、sec-ペンチル基、ネオペンチル基、1-メチルブチル基、2-メチルブチル基、1,1-ジメチルプロピル基、1,2-ジメチルプロピル基等の炭素数1~5のアルキル基がより好ましく、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、n-ブチル基が更に好ましく、メチル基、エチル基が特に好ましい。
≪a2=1の場合≫
a2=1の場合、具体例として挙げられる以下の化合物中、Rは、水素原子、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、sec-ペンチル基、ネオペンチル基、1-メチルブチル基、2-メチルブチル基、1,1-ジメチルプロピル基、1,2-ジメチルプロピル基、、フニル基、トリル基、tert-ブチルフェニル基、メトキシフェニル基、モノフルオロフェニル基から選ばれる基であり、R’は、フェニル基、トリル基、tert-ブチルフェニル基、メトキシフェニル基、モノフルオロフェニル基から選ばれるアリール基である。
a2=2の場合、具体例として挙げられる以下の化合物中、Rは、メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基、ビニレン基、エチニレン基から選ばれる炭化水素基である。
本発明の第二の態様は、上記式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルとともに、フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、式(2)以外の芳香族化合物、式(3)で表されるカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物((II)群の化合物)を非水系電解液中に含有することを特徴としている。これらを併用することで、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルが引き起こしうる副反応を効率よく抑制できるためである。
フッ素含有環状カーボネートとしては、炭素数2以上6以下のアルキレン基を有する環状カーボネートのフッ素化物、及びその誘導体が挙げられ、例えばエチレンカーボネートのフッ素化物(以下、「フッ素化エチレンカーボネート」と記載する場合がある)、及びその誘導体が挙げられる。エチレンカーボネートのフッ素化物の誘導体としては、アルキル基(例えば、炭素数1以上4以下のアルキル基)で置換されたエチレンカーボネートのフッ素化物が挙げられる。中でもフッ素数1以上8以下のフッ素化エチレンカーボネート、及びその誘導体が好ましい。
本発明の電解液において、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルとフッ素含有環状カーボネートとを併用することによって、この電解液を用いた電池において、初期ガス量が抑制できる一方で、過充電ガス量が増加することで電池安全性を一層向上させることができる。
フッ素化ビニレンカーボネート誘導体としては、4-フルオロビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-メチルビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-フェニルビニレンカーボネート、4-アリル-5-フルオロビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-ビニルビニレンカーボネート等が挙げられる。
本発明の電解液は、更に硫黄含有有機化合物を含むことができる。硫黄含有有機化合物は、分子内に硫黄原子を少なくとも1つ有している有機化合物であれば、特に制限されないが、好ましくは分子内にS=O基を有している有機化合物であり、鎖状スルホン酸エステル、環状スルホン酸エステル、鎖状硫酸エステル、環状硫酸エステル、鎖状亜硫酸エステル及び環状亜硫酸エステルが挙げられる。ただしフルオロスルホン酸塩に該当するものは、1-3-2.硫黄含有有機化合物ではなく、後述する電解質であるフルオロスルホン酸塩に包含されるものとする。
本発明の電解液において、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルと硫黄含有有機化合物とを併用することによって、この電解液を用いた電池において、初期効率を向上させることができる一方で、過充電ガス量が増加することで電池安全性を一層向上させることができる。
これらのエステルは、置換基を有していてもよい。ここで置換基とは、炭素原子、水素原子、窒素原子、酸素原子、硫黄原子、リン原子及びハロゲン原子からなる群から選ばれる1以上の原子で構成された基であり、好ましくは、炭素原子、水素原子、酸素原子及びハロゲン原子からなる群から選ばれる1以上の原子で構成された基であり、より好ましくは、炭素原子、水素原子及び酸素原子からなる群から選ばれる1以上の原子で構成された基である。置換基としては、ハロゲン原子;非置換又はハロゲン置換の、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基又はアルコキシ基;シアノ基;イソシアナト基;アルコキシカルボニルオキシ基;アシル基;カルボキシ基;アルコキシカルボニル基;アシルオキシ基;アルキルスルホニル基;アルコキシスルホニル基;ジアルコキシホスファントリイル基;ジアルコキシホスホリル基及びジアルコキシホスホリルオキシ基等が挙げられる。これらのうち、好ましくはハロゲン原子;アルコキシ基;非置換又はハロゲン置換の、アルキル基、アルケニル基又はアルキニル基;イソシアナト基;シアノ基;アルコキシカルボニルオキシ基;アシル基;アルコキシカルボニル基;アシルオキシ基であり、より好ましくは、ハロゲン原子、非置換アルキル基、アルコキシカルボニルオキシ基;アシル基;アルコキシカルボニル基又はアシルオキシ基であり、より好ましくは、ハロゲン原子、非置換アルキル基及びアルコキシカルボニル基である。これらの置換基に関する例示及び好ましい例は、後述する式(3-2-1)におけるA12及びA13、ならびに式(3-2-2)におけるA14の定義中の置換基に適用される。
(式中、
A12は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下のn21価の炭化水素基であり、
A13は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、
n21は、1以上4以下の整数であり、
n21が2の場合、A12及びA13は、同一であっても、異なっていてもよい。)
アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基及びアリール基等の1価の炭化水素基;
アルキレン基、アルケニレン基、アルキニレン基及びアリーレン基等の2価の炭化水素基;
アルカントリイル基、アルケントリイル基、アルキントリイル基及びアレーントリイル基等の3価の炭化水素基;
アルカンテトライル基、アルケンテトライル基、アルキンテトライル基及びアレーンテトライル基等の4価の炭化水素基;
等が挙げられる。
2価の炭化水素基としては、メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数1以上5以下のアルキレン基;ビニレン基、1-プロペニレン基、2-プロペニレン基、1-ブテニレン基、2-ブテニレン基、1-ペンテニレン基、2-ペンテニレン基等の炭素数2以上5以下のアルケニレン基;エチニレン基、プロピニレン基、1-ブチニレン基、2-ブチニレン基、1-ペンチニレン基及び2-ペンチニレン基等の炭素数2以上5以下のアルキニレン基等が挙げられ、好ましくはメチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数1~5のアルキレン基であり、より好ましくはエチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数2以上5以下のアルキレン基であり、更に好ましくはトリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数3以上5以下のアルキレン基である。
3価及び4価の炭化水素基としては、上記1価の炭化水素基に対応する、3価及び4価の炭化水素基が挙げられる。
炭素数1以上12以下の2価の炭化水素基としては、メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数1~5のアルキレン基;ビニレン基、1-プロペニレン基、2-プロペニレン基、1-ブテニレン基、2-ブテニレン基、1-ペンテニレン基、2-ペンテニレン基等の炭素数2~5のアルケニレン基;
エチニレン基、プロピニレン基、1-ブチニレン基、2-ブチニレン基、1-ペンチニレン基及び2-ペンチニレン基等の炭素数2~5のアルキニレン基等が挙げられる。
これらのうち、好ましくはメチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数1~5のアルキレン基及びビニレン基、1-プロペニレン基、2-プロペニレン基、1-ブテニレン基、2-ブテニレン基、1-ペンテニレン基、2-ペンテニレン基等の炭素数2~5のアルケニレン基であり、より好ましくはトリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数3~5のアルキレン基及び1-プロペニレン基、2-プロペニレン基、1-ブテニレン基、2-ブテニレン基、1-ペンテニレン基、2-ペンテニレン基等の炭素数3~5のアルケニレン基であり、更に好ましくはトリメチレン基、1-プロペニレン基、2-プロペニレン基である。
なお、A14における置換基を有していいる炭素数1以上12以下の2価の炭化水素基とは、上記置換基と上記炭素数1以上12以下の2価の炭化水素基を組み合わせた基のことを意味する。A14は、好ましくは置換基を有さない炭素数1以上5以下の2価の炭化水素基である。
フルオロスルホン酸メチル及びフルオロスルホン酸エチル等のフルオロスルホン酸エステル;
メタンスルホン酸メチル、メタンスルホン酸エチル、メタンスルホン酸2-プロピニル、メタンスルホン酸3-ブチニル、ブスルファン、2-(メタンスルホニルオキシ)プロピオン酸メチル、2-(メタンスルホニルオキシ)プロピオン酸エチル、2-(メタンスルホニルオキシ)プロピオン酸2-プロピニル、2-(メタンスルホニルオキシ)プロピオン酸3-ブチニル、メタンスルホニルオキシ酢酸メチル、メタンスルホニルオキシ酢酸エチル、メタンスルホニルオキシ酢酸2-プロピニル及びメタンスルホニルオキシ酢酸3-ブチニル等のメタンスルホン酸エステル;
ビニルスルホン酸メチル、ビニルスルホン酸エチル、ビニルスルホン酸アリル、ビニルスルホン酸プロパルギル、アリルスルホン酸メチル、アリルスルホン酸エチル、アリルスルホン酸アリル、アリルスルホン酸プロパルギル及び1,2-ビス(ビニルスルホニロキシ)エタン等のアルケニルスルホン酸エステル;
メタンジスルホン酸メトキシカルボニルメチル、メタンジスルホン酸エトキシカルボニルメチル、メタンジスルホン酸1-メトキシカルボニルエチル、メタンジスルホン酸1-エトキシカルボニルエチル、1,2-エタンジスルホン酸メトキシカルボニルメチル、1,2-エタンジスルホン酸エトキシカルボニルメチル、1,2-エタンジスルホン酸1-メトキシカルボニルエチル、1,2-エタンジスルホン酸1-エトキシカルボニルエチル、1,3-プロパンジスルホン酸メトキシカルボニルメチル、1,3-プロパンジスルホン酸エトキシカルボニルメチル、1,3-プロパンジスルホン酸1-メトキシカルボニルエチル、1,3-プロパンジスルホン酸1-エトキシカルボニルエチル、1,3-ブタンジスルホン酸メトキシカルボニルメチル、1,3-ブタンジスルホン酸エトキシカルボニルメチル、1,3-ブタンジスルホン酸1-メトキシカルボニルエチル、1,3-ブタンジスルホン酸1-エトキシカルボニルエチル等のアルキルジスルホン酸エステル;
1,3-プロパンスルトン、1-フルオロ-1,3-プロパンスルトン、2-フルオロ-1,3-プロパンスルトン、3-フルオロ-1,3-プロパンスルトン、1-メチル-1,3-プロパンスルトン、2-メチル-1,3-プロパンスルトン、3-メチル-1,3-プロパンスルトン、1-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、2-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、1-フルオロ-1-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、2-フルオロ-1-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、3-フルオロ-1-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、1-フルオロ-2-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、2-フルオロ-2-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、3-フルオロ-2-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、1-メチル-1-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、2-メチル-1-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、3-メチル-1-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、1-メチル-2-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、2-メチル-2-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、3-メチル-2-プロペン-1,3-スルトン、1,4-ブタンスルトン及び1,5-ペンタンスルトン等のスルトン化合物;
メチレンメタンジスルホネート、エチレンメタンジスルホネート等のジスルホネート化合物;
ジメチルスルフェート、エチルメチルスルフェート及びジエチルスルフェート等のジアルキルスルフェート化合物。
1,2-エチレンスルフェート、1,2-プロピレンスルフェート、1,3-プロピレンスルフェート、1,2-ブチレンスルフェート、1,3-ブチレンスルフェート、1,4-ブチレンスルフェート、1,2-ペンチレンスルフェート、1,3-ペンチレンスルフェート、1,4-ペンチレンスルフェート及び1,5-ペンチレンスルフェート等のアルキレンスルフェート化合物。
ジメチルスルファイト、エチルメチルスルファイト及びジエチルスルファイト等のジアルキルスルファイト化合物。
1,2-エチレンスルファイト、1,2-プロピレンスルファイト、1,3-プロピレンスルファイト、1,2-ブチレンスルファイト、1,3-ブチレンスルファイト、1,4-ブチレンスルファイト、1,2-ペンチレンスルファイト、1,3-ペンチレンスルファイト、1,4-ペンチレンスルファイト及び1,5-ペンチレンスルファイト等のアルキレンスルファイト化合物。
式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステル:硫黄含有有機化合物が、1:99~99:1であることが好ましく、5:95~95:5がより好ましく、10:90~90:10が更に好ましく、20:80~80:20が特に好ましく、30:70~70:30が極めて好ましい。この範囲であれば、電池特性、特に初期特性を著しく向上させることができる。この原理については定かではないが、この比率で混合させることで、電極上での添加剤の副反応を最小限に抑えられるためと考えられる。
本発明の電解液は、更にホスホン酸エステルを含むことができる。ホスホン酸エステルは、分子内に少なくともホスホン酸エステル構造を有している有機化合物であれば、特に制限されない。
本発明の電解液において、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルとホスホン酸エステルとを併用することによって、この電解液を用いた電池において、初期レート特性が向上できる一方で、保存後の電池容量を向上させることができる。
(式中、
A9、A10及びA11は、独立して、非置換又はハロゲン置換の、炭素数1~5のアルキル基、アルケニル基又はアルキニル基であり、
n32は、0~6の整数である。)
トリメチル ホスホノフォルメート、メチル ジエチルホスホノフォルメート、メチル ジプロピルホスホノフォルメート、メチル ジブチルホスホノフォルメート、トリエチル ホスホノフォルメート、エチル ジメチルホスホノフォルメート、エチル ジプロピルホスホノフォルメート、エチル ジブチルホスホノフォルメート、トリプロピル ホスホノフォルメート、プロピル ジメチルホスホノフォルメート、プロピル ジエチルホスホノフォルメート、プロピル ジブチルホスホノフォルメート、トリブチル ホスホノフォルメート、ブチル ジメチルホスホノフォルメート、ブチル ジエチルホスホノフォルメート、ブチル ジプロピルホスホノフォルメート、メチル ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノフォルメート、エチル ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノフォルメート、プロピル ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノフォルメート、ブチル ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノフォルメート等。
トリメチル ホスホノアセテート、メチル ジエチルホスホノアセテート、メチル ジプロピルホスホノアセテート、メチル ジブチルホスホノアセテート、トリエチル ホスホノアセテート、エチル ジメチルホスホノアセテート、エチル ジエチルホスホノアセテート、エチル ジプロピルホスホノアセテート、エチル ジブチルホスホノアセテート、トリプロピル ホスホノアセテート、プロピル ジメチルホスホノアセテート、プロピル ジエチルホスホノアセテート、プロピル ジブチルホスホノアセテート、トリブチル ホスホノアセテート、ブチル ジメチルホスホノアセテート、ブチル ジエチルホスホノアセテート、ブチル ジプロピルホスホノアセテート、メチル ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノアセテート、エチル ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノアセテート、プロピル ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノアセテート、ブチル ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノアセテート、アリル ジメチルホスホノアセテート、アリル ジエチルホスホノアセテート、2-プロピニル ジメチルホスホノアセテート、2-プロピニル ジエチルホスホノアセテート等。
トリメチル 3-ホスホノプロピオネート、メチル 3-(ジエチルホスホノ)プロピオネート、メチル 3-(ジプロピルホスホノ)プロピオネート、メチル 3-(ジブチルホスホノ)プロピオネート、トリエチル 3-ホスホノプロピオネート、エチル 3-(ジメチルホスホノ)プロピオネート、エチル 3-(ジプロピルホスホノ)プロピオネート、エチル 3-(ジブチルホスホノ)プロピオネート、トリプロピル 3-ホスホノプロピオネート、プロピル 3-(ジメチルホスホノ)プロピオネート、プロピル 3-(ジエチルホスホノ)プロピオネート、プロピル 3-(ジブチルホスホノ)プロピオネート、トリブチル 3-ホスホノプロピオネート、ブチル 3-(ジメチルホスホノ)プロピオネート、ブチル 3-(ジエチルホスホノ)プロピオネート、ブチル 3-(ジプロピルホスホノ)プロピオネート、メチル 3-(ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノ)プロピオネート、エチル 3-(ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノ)プロピオネート、プロピル 3-(ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノ)プロピオネート、ブチル 3-(ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)ホスホノ)プロピオネート等。
トリメチル 4-ホスホノブチレート、メチル 4-(ジエチルホスホノ)ブチレート、メチル 4-(ジプロピルホスホノ)ブチレート、メチル 4-(ジブチルホスホノ)ブチレート、トリエチル 4-ホスホノブチレート、エチル 4-(ジメチルホスホノ)ブチレート、エチル 4-(ジプロピルホスホノ)ブチレート、エチル 4-(ジブチルホスホノ)ブチレート、トリプロピル 4-ホスホノブチレート、プロピル 4-(ジメチルホスホノ)ブチレート、プロピル 4-(ジエチルホスホノ)ブチレート、プロピル 4-(ジブチルホスホノ)ブチレート、トリブチル 4-ホスホノブチレート、ブチル 4-(ジメチルホスホノ)ブチレート、ブチル 4-(ジエチルホスホノ)ブチレート、ブチル 4-(ジプロピルホスホノ)ブチレート等。
本発明の電解液は、シアノ基を有する有機化合物を含むことができる。シアノ基を有する有機化合物としては、分子内にシアノ基を少なくとも1つ有している有機化合物であれば、特に制限されないが、好ましくは式(3-4-1)、式(3-4-2)及び式(3-4-3)で表される化合物であり、より好ましくは式(3-4-1)及び式(3-4-2)で表される化合物であり、更に好ましくは、式(3-4-2)で表される化合物である。なお、シアノ基を有する有機化合物が、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物でもある場合、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物に属するものとする。
本発明の電解液において、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルとシアノ基を有する有機化合物とを併用することによって、この電解液を用いた電池において、初期の充放電効率が向上する一方で、保存後の充放電効率を向上させることができる。
A1-CN (3-4-1)
(式中、A1は炭素数2以上20以下の炭化水素基を示す。)
中でも、分子全体に対するシアノ基の割合が多く、電池特性向上効果が高いという観点から、炭素数2以上15以下の直鎖又は分岐状のアルキル基及び炭素数2以上4以下のアルケニル基がより好ましく、炭素数2以上12以下の直鎖又は分岐状のアルキル基が更に好ましく、炭素数4以上11以下の直鎖又は分岐状のアルキル基が特に好ましい。
中でも、化合物の安定性、電池特性、製造面の観点から、ペンタンニトリル、オクタンニトリル、デカンニトリル、ドデカンニトリル及びクロトノニトリルが好ましく、ペンタンニトリル、デカンニトリル、ドデカンニトリル及びクロトノニトリルがより好ましく、ペンタンニトリル、デカンニトリル及びクロトノニトリルが好ましい。
NC-A2-CN (3-4-2)
(式中、
A2は、水素原子、炭素原子、窒素原子、酸素原子、硫黄原子、リン原子及びハロゲン原子からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の原子で構成された炭素数1以上10以下の有機基である。)
(式中、
A3は、水素原子、炭素原子、窒素原子、酸素原子、硫黄原子、リン原子及びハロゲン原子からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の原子で構成された炭素数1以上12以下の有機基であり、n43は0以上5以下の整数である。)
上記n43は0以上5以下、好ましくは0以上3以下、より好ましくは0以上1以下の整数であり、特に好ましくは0である。
また、上記A3は、水素原子、炭素原子、窒素原子、酸素原子及び硫黄原子からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の原子で構成された炭素数1以上12以下の有機基であることが好ましく、水素原子、炭素原子及び酸素原子からなる群より選ばれる1種以上の原子で構成された炭素数1以上12以下の有機基であることがより好ましく、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基であることが更に好ましい。
ここで置換基とは、炭素原子、水素原子、窒素原子、酸素原子、硫黄原子、リン原子及びハロゲン原子からなる群より選ばれる1以上の原子で構成された基のことを表す。
置換基としては、ハロゲン原子;非置換又はハロゲン置換の、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、アルコキシ基;イソシアナト基;アルコキシカルボニルオキシ基;アシル基;カルボキシル基;アルコキシカルボニル基;アシルオキシ基;アルキルスルホニル基;アルコキシスルホニル基;ジアルコキシホスファントリイル基;ジアルコキシホスホリル基及びジアルコキシホスホリルオキシ基等が挙げられ、好ましくはハロゲン原子;アルコキシ基又は非置換もしくはハロゲン置換のアルキル基であり、より好ましくはハロゲン原子又は非置換もしくはハロゲン置換のアルキル基であり、更に好ましくは非置換のアルキル基である。
上記脂肪族炭化水素基は、特に制限されないが、炭素数は1以上であることができ、好ましくは2以上、より好ましくは3以上であり、また、12以下であることができ、好ましくは8以下、より好ましくは6以下である。
脂肪族炭化水素基としては、n43に応じて、アルカントリイル基、アルカンテトライル基、アルカンペンタイル基、アルカンテトライル基、アルケントリイル基、アルケンテトライル基、アルケンペンタイル基、アルケンテトライル基、アルキントリイル基、アルキンテトライル基、アルキンペンタイル基及びアルキンテトライル基等が挙げられる。
これらのうち、アルカントリイル基、アルカンテトライル基、アルカンペンタイル基及びアルカンテトライル基等の飽和炭化水素基がより好ましく、アルカントリイル基が更に好ましい。
(式中、A4及びA5は、上記A3に対応する2価の基である。)
また、上記A4及びA5は、置換基を有していていもよい炭素数1以上5以下の炭化水素基であることがより好ましい。
炭化水素基としては、メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラエチレン基、ペンタメチレン基、ビニレン基、1-プロペニレン基、2-プロペニレン基、1-ブテニレン基、2-ブテニレン基、1-ペンテニレン基、2-ペンテニレン基、エチニレン基、プロピニレン基、1-ブチニレン基、2-ブチニレン基、1-ペンチニレン基及び2-ペンチニレン基等が挙げられる。
これらのうち、メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラエチレン基、ペンタメチレン基が好ましく、メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基がより好ましい。
上記A4及びA5は、互いに同一でなく、異なることが好ましい。
本発明の電解液は、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物を含むことができる。イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物は、分子内に少なくとも1つのイソシアネート基を有する有機化合物であれば、特に制限されないが、イソシアネート基の数は、一分子中、好ましくは1以上4以下、より好ましくは2以上3以下、更に好ましくは2である。
イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物は、好ましくは、直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキレン基、シクロアルキレン基、シクロアルキレン基とアルキレン基が連結した構造、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族炭化水素基とアルキレン基が連結した構造、エーテル構造(-O-)、エーテル構造(-O-)とアルキレン基が連結した構造、カルボニル基(-C(=O)-)、カルボニル基とアルキレン基とが連結した構造、スルホニル基(-S(=O)-)、スルホニル基とアルキレン基とが連結した構造又はこれらがハロゲン化された構造等を有する化合物にイソシアネート基が結合した化合物であり、より好ましくは、直鎖状或いは分岐状のアルキレン基、シクロアルキレン基、シクロアルキレン基とアルキレン基が連結した構造、芳香族炭化水素基又は芳香族炭化水素基とアルキレン基が連結した構造にイソシアネート基が結合した化合物であり、更に好ましくは、シクロアルキレン基とアルキレン基が連結した構造にイソシアネート基が結合した化合物である。イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物の分子量は特に制限されない。分子量は、好ましくは80以上であり、より好ましくは115以上、更に好ましくは170以上であり、また、300以下であり、より好ましくは230以下である。この範囲であれば、非水系電解液に対するイソシアネート基を有する有機化合物の溶解性を確保しやすく、本発明の効果が発現されやすい。イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物の製造方法は、特に制限されず、公知の方法を任意に選択して製造することが可能である。また、市販品を用いてもよい。
等が挙げられる。
本発明の電解液は、ケイ素含有化合物を含むことができる。ケイ素含有化合物は、分子内に少なくとも1つのケイ素原子を有する化合物であれば、特に制限されない。本発明の電解液において、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステル絵とケイ素含有化合物を併用することによって、初期ハイレート放電容量を向上させる一方で、保存後の容量を向上させることができる。
R61、R62及びR63は、独立して、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は炭素数10以下の炭化水素基であり、
X61は、酸素原子、窒素原子及びケイ素原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1個の原子を含む有機基である。)
ケイ素含有化合物としては、以下の化合物が挙げられる。
ホウ酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、ホウ酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)、ホウ酸トリス(トリエチルシリル)、ホウ酸トリス(トリエトキシシリル)、ホウ酸トリス(ジメチルビニルシリル)及びホウ酸トリス(ジエチルビニルシリル)等のホウ酸化合物;リン酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリエチルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリプロピルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリフェニルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリエトキシシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリフエノキシシリル)、リン酸トリス(ジメチルビニルシリル)及びリン酸トリス(ジエチルビニルシリル)等のリン酸化合物;
メタンスルホン酸トリメチルシリル、テトラフルオロメタンスルホン酸トリメチルシリル等のスルホン酸化合物;
ヘキサメチルジシラン、ヘキサエチルジシラン、1,1,2,2-テトラメチルジシラン、1,1,2,2-テトラエチルジシラン、1,2-ジフェニルテトラメチルジシラン及び1,1,2,2-テトラフェニルジシラン等のジシラン化合物;
等が挙げられる。
本発明の電解液は、式(2)以外の芳香族化合物を含むことができる。式(2)以外の芳香族化合物としては、分子内に芳香環を少なくとも1つ有している式(2)以外の有機化合物であれば、特に制限されないが、好ましくは式(3-7-1)及び式(3-7-2)で表される芳香族化合物である。
(式中、置換基X71はハロゲン原子、ハロゲン原子又はヘテロ原子を有していてもよい有機基を表す。ヘテロ原子を有していてもよい有機基とは、炭素数1以上12以下の直鎖又は分岐鎖又は環状の飽和炭化水素基、カルボン酸エステル構造を有する基、カーボネート構造を有する基、リン原子を有する基、硫黄原子を有する基、ケイ素原子を有する基を示す。また、それぞれの置換基は更にハロゲン原子、炭化水素基、芳香族基、ハロゲン含有炭化水素基、ハロゲン含有芳香族基等で置換されていてもよい。また置換基X71の数n71は1以上6以下であり、複数の置換基を有する場合それぞれの置換基は同一でも異なっていてもよく、また環を形成していてもよい。)
置換基X71の数n71は好ましくは1以上5以下であり、より好ましくは1以上3以下であり、更に好ましくは1以上2以下であり、特に好ましくは1である。
ハロゲン原子として、塩素、フッ素等が挙げられ、好ましくはフッ素である。
ヘテロ原子を有さない有機基として、炭素数3以上12以下の直鎖状、分岐状、環状の飽和炭化水素基が挙げられ、直鎖状、分岐状のものは環構造を持つものも含まれる。炭素数1以上12以下の直鎖状、分岐状、環状の飽和炭化水素基として具体的には、メチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、イソプロピル基、ブチル基、イソブチル基、tert-ブチル基、ペンチル基、tert-ペンチル基、シクロペンチル基、シクロヘキシル基、ブチルシクロヘキシル基、等が挙げられる。炭素数は好ましくは3以上12以下、より好ましくは3以上10以下、更に好ましくは3以上8以下、更により好ましくは3以上6以下、最も好ましくは3以上5以下である。
ヘテロ原子を有する有機基を構成するヘテロ原子として、酸素原子、硫黄原子、リン原子、ケイ素原子等が挙げられる。酸素原子を有するものとして、カルボン酸エステル構造を有する基、カーボネート構造を有する基等が挙げられる。硫黄原子を有するものとして、スルホン酸エステル構造を有する基等が挙げられる。リン原子を有するものとして、リン酸エステル構造を有する基、ホスホン酸エステル構造を有する基等が挙げられる。ケイ素原子を有するものとして、ケイ素-炭素構造を有する基等が挙げられる。
X71がハロゲン原子又はハロゲン原子を有していてもよい有機基であるものとして、
クロロベンゼン、フルオロベンゼン、ジフルオロベンゼン、トリフルオロベンゼン、テトラフルオロベンゼン、ペンタフルオロベンゼン、ヘキサフルオロベンゼン、ベンゾトリフルオライド等が挙げられ、好ましくはフルオロベンゼン、ヘキサフルオロベンゼンである。より好ましくはフルオロベンゼンである。
2,2-ジフェニルプロパン、1,4-ジフェニルシクロヘキサン、シクロペンチルベンゼン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン、シス-1-プロピル-4-フェニルシクロヘキサン、トランス-1-プロピル-4-フェニルシクロヘキサン、シス-1-ブチル-4-フェニルシクロヘキサン、トランス-1-ブチル-4-フェニルシクロヘキサン、プロピルベンゼン、ブチルベンゼン、tert-ブチルベンゼン、tert-アミルベンゼン等が挙げられ、好ましくは2,2-ジフェニルプロパン、1,4-ジフェニルシクロヘキサン、シクロペンチルベンゼン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン、シス-1-プロピル-4-フェニルシクロヘキサン、トランス-1-プロピル-4-フェニルシクロヘキサン、シス-1-ブチル-4-フェニルシクロヘキサン、トランス-1-ブチル-4-フェニルシクロヘキサン、トルエン、エチルベンゼン、プロピルベンゼン、ブチルベンゼン、tert-ブチルベンゼン、tert-アミルベンゼンであり、より好ましくは2,2-ジフェニルプロパン、シクロペンチルベンゼン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン、1,1-ジフェニルシクロヘキサン、tert-ブチルベンゼン、tert-アミルベンゼンであり、更に好ましくはシクロヘキシルベンゼン、tert-ブチルベンゼン、tert-アミルベンゼンである。
酢酸フェニル、酢酸ベンジル、酢酸2-フェニルエチル、酢酸3-フェニルプロピル、酢酸4-フェニルブチル、プロピオン酸フェニル、プロピオン酸ベンジル、プロピオン酸2-フェニルエチル、プロピオン酸3-フェニルプロピル、プロピオン酸4-フェニルブチル、酪酸フェニル、酪酸ベンジル、酪酸2-フェニルエチル、酪酸3-フェニルプロピル、酪酸4-フェニルブチル、フェニル酢酸フェネチル、2,2-ビス(4-アセトキシフェニル)プロパン等が挙げられ、好ましくは酢酸2-フェニルエチル、酢酸3-フェニルプロピル、プロピオン酸2-フェニルエチル、プロピオン酸3-フェニルプロピル、2,2-ビス(4-アセトキシフェニル)プロパンであり、より好ましくは酢酸2-フェニルエチル、酢酸3-フェニルプロピルである。
2,2-ビス(4-メトキシカルボニルオキシフェニル)プロパン、1,1-ビス(4-メトキシカルボニルオキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン、ジフェニルカーボネート、メチルフェニルカーボネート、エチルフェニルカーボネート、2-tert-ブチルフェニルメチルカーボネート、2-tert-ブチルフェニルエチルカーボネート、ビス(2-tert-ブチルフェニル)カーボネート、4-tert-ブチルフェニルメチルカーボネート、4-tert-ブチルフェニルエチルカーボネート、ビス(4-tert-ブチルフェニル)カーボネート、ベンジルメチルカーボネート、ベンジルエチルカーボネート、ジベンジルカーボネート等が挙げられ、好ましくは2,2-ビス(4-メトキシカルボニルオキシフェニル)プロパン、1,1-ビス(4-メトキシカルボニルオキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン体、ジフェニルカーボネート、メチルフェニルカーボネートであり、より好ましくはジフェニルカーボネート、メチルフェニルカーボネートであり、更に好ましくはメチルフェニルカーボネートである。
メチルフェニルスルホネート、エチルフェニルスルホネート、ジフェニルスルホネート、フェニルメチルスルホネート、2-tert-ブチルフェニルメチルスルホネート、4-tert-ブチルフェニルメチルスルホネート、シクロヘキシルフェニルメチルスルホネート等が挙げられ、好ましくはメチルフェニルスルホネート、ジフェニルスルホネート、2-tert-ブチルフェニルメチルスルホネート、4-tert-ブチルフェニルメチルスルホネート、シクロヘキシルフェニルメチルスルホネートであり、より好ましくはメチルフェニルスルホネート、2-tert-ブチルフェニルメチルスルホネート、4-tert-ブチルフェニルメチルスルホネート、シクロヘキシルフェニルメチルスルホネートである。
トリメチルフェニルシラン、ジフェニルシラン、ジフェニルテトラメチルジシラン等が挙げられ、好ましくはトリメチルフェニルシランである。
トリフェニルホスフェート、トリス(2-tert-ブチルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(3-tert-ブチルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(4-tert-ブチルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(2-tert-アミルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(3-tert-アミルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(4-tert-アミルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(2-シクロヘキシルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(3-シクロヘキシルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(4-シクロヘキシルフェニル)ホスフェート、ジエチル(4-メチルベンジル)ホスホネート等が挙げられ、好ましくはトリフェニルホスフェート、トリス(2-tert-ブチルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(3-tert-ブチルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(4-tert-ブチルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(2-tert-アミルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(3-tert-アミルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(4-tert-アミルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(2-シクロヘキシルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(3-シクロヘキシルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(4-シクロヘキシルフェニル)ホスフェート、であり、より好ましくはトリス(2-tert-ブチルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(4-tert-ブチルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(2-シクロヘキシルフェニル)ホスフェート、トリス(4-シクロヘキシルフェニル)ホスフェートである。
ジメチルフェニルホスホネート、ジエチルフェニルホスホネート、メチルフェニルフェニルホスホネート、エチルフェニルフェニルホスホネート、ジフェニルフェニルホスホネート、ジメチル-(4-フルオロフェニル)-ホスホネート、ジメチルベンジルホスホネート、ジエチルベンジルホスホネート、メチルフェニルベンジルホスホネート、エチルフェニルベンジルホスホネート、ジフェニルベンジルホスホネート、ジメチル-(4-フルオロベンジル)ホスホネート、ジエチル-(4-フルオロベンジル)ホスホネート等が挙げられ、好ましくはジメチルフェニルホスホネート、ジエチルフェニルホスホネート、ジメチル-(4-フルオロフェニル)-ホスホネート、ジメチルベンジルホスホネート、ジエチルベンジルホスホネート、ジメチル-(4-フルオロベンジル)ホスホネート、ジエチル-(4-フルオロベンジル)ホスホネートであり、より好ましくはジメチルフェニルホスホネート、ジエチルフェニルホスホネート、ジメチルベンジルホスホネート、ジエチルベンジルホスホネート、ジメチル-(4-フルオロベンジル)ホスホネート、ジエチル-(4-フルオロベンジル)ホスホネートである。
トリフルオロメチルベンゼン、2-フルオロトルエン、3-フルオロトルエン、4-フルオロトルエン、トリフルオロメチルベンゼン、o-シクロヘキシルフルオロベンゼン、p-シクロヘキシルフルオロベンゼン等の炭化水素基を有するものの部分フッ素化物;2-フルオロフェニルアセテート、4-フルオロフェニルアセテート等のカルボン酸エステル構造を有するものの部分フッ素化物;トリフルオロメトキシベンゼン、2-フルオロアニソール、3-フルオロアニソール、4-フルオロアニソール、2,4-ジフルオロアニソール、2,5-ジフルオロアニソール、2,6-ジフルオロアニソール、3,5-ジフルオロアニソール、4-トリフルオロメトキシアニソール等のエーテル構造を有するものの部分フッ素化物等が挙げられ、好ましくはトリフルオロメチルベンゼン、2-フルオロトルエン、3-フルオロトルエン、4-フルオロトルエン、o-シクロヘキシルフルオロベンゼン、p-シクロヘキシルフルオロベンゼン等の炭化水素基を有するものの部分フッ素化物;2-フルオロフェニルアセテート、4-フルオロフェニルアセテート等のカルボン酸エステル構造を有するものの部分フッ素化物;トリフルオロメトキシベンゼン2-フルオロアニソール、4-フルオロアニソール、2,4-ジフルオロアニソール、4-トリフルオロメトキシアニソール等のエーテル構造を有するものの部分フッ素化物等であり、より好ましくは2-フルオロトルエン、3-フルオロトルエン、4-フルオロトルエン、等の炭化水素基を有するものの部分フッ素化物;2-フルオロフェニルアセテート、4-フルオロフェニルアセテート等のカルボン酸エステル構造を有するものの部分フッ素化物;トリフルオロメトキシベンゼン、2-フルオロアニソール、4-フルオロアニソール、2,4-ジフルオロアニソール、4-トリフルオロメトキシアニソール等のエーテル構造を有するものの部分フッ素化物等である。
(式中、R11~R15は、独立して、水素、ハロゲン又は非置換もしくはハロゲン置換の炭素数1以上20以下の炭化水素基であり、R16及びR17は、独立して、炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、R11~R17のうち少なくとも2つが一緒になって環を形成していてもよく、ただし、式(3-7-2)は、(A)及び(B):
(A)R11~R15のうち少なくとも1つは、ハロゲン又は非置換もしくはハロゲン置換の炭素数1以上20以下の炭化水素基である、
(B)R11~R17の炭素数の合計は、3以上20以下である、のうち少なくとも一方の条件を満たす)
で表される芳香族化合物である。R11~R17のうち少なくとも2つが一緒になって環を形成している場合、R11~R17のうち2つが一緒になって環を形成していることが好ましい。
(A)R11~R15のうち少なくとも1つは、ハロゲン又は非置換もしくはハロゲン置換の炭素数1以上20以下の炭化水素基である、
(B)R11~R17の炭素数の合計は、3以上20以下である、
のうち少なくとも一方の条件を満たす。
式(3-7-2)は、通常の電池動作電圧範囲内における正極上での酸化抑制の点から、(A)を満たしていることが好ましく、電解液への溶解性の点から、(B)を満たしていることが好ましい。式(3-7-2)は、(A)と(B)の両方を満たしていてもよい。
(B)について、R11~R17の炭素数の合計は3以上20以下であれば、R11~R17のうち少なくとも2つが一緒になって環を形成していてもよい。R11~R17のうち少なくとも2つが一緒になって環を形成している場合、炭素数の合計の算出にあたっては、環を形成する炭素のうち、R11~R17に相当しない炭素(R11~R15については、これらが結合しているベンゼン環を構成する炭素、R16及びR17については、ベンジル位の炭素)はカウントしないこととする。炭素数の合計は、電解液への溶解度の点から、好ましくは3以上14以下であり、より好ましくは3以上10以下である。例えば、R17がメチル基で、R11とR16が一緒になって環を形成している化合物として1-フェニル-1,3,3-トリメチルインダン、2,3-ジヒドロ1,3-ジメチル-1-(2-メチル-2-フェニルプロピル)-3-フェニル-1H-インダン等が挙げられるが、これは(B)の条件を満たす。
R16及びR17が、独立して、炭素数1以上20以下の炭化水素基であり(ただし、R16及びR17の合計は炭素数3以上20以下である)、R11~R15が水素である化合物((B)を満たす)。
2,2-ジフェニルブタン、3,3-ジフェニルペンタン、3,3-ジフェニルヘキサン、4,4-ジフェニルヘプタン、5,5-ジフェニルオクタン、6,6-ジフェニルノナン、1,1-ジフェニル-1,1-ジtert-ブチル-メタン。
1,1-ジフェニルシクロヘキサン、1,1-ジフェニルシクロペンタン、1,1-ジフェニル-4-メチルシクロヘキサン。
1,3-ビス(1-メチル-1-フェニルエチル)-ベンゼン、1,4-ビス(1-メチル-1-フェニルエチル)-ベンゼン。
1-フェニル-1,3,3-トリメチルインダン。
2,2-ジフェニルブタン、3,3-ジフェニルペンタン、1,1-ジフェニル-1,1-ジtert-ブチル-メタン、1,1-ジフェニルシクロヘキサン、1,1-ジフェニルシクロペンタン、1,1-ジフェニル-4-メチルシクロヘキサン、1,3-ビス(1-メチル-1-フェニルエチル)-ベンゼン、1,4-ビス(1-メチル-1-フェニルエチル)-ベンゼン、1-フェニル-1,3,3-トリメチルインダンである。
2,2-ジフェニルブタン、1,1-ジフェニルシクロヘキサン、1,1-ジフェニル-4-メチルシクロヘキサン、1,3-ビス(1-メチル-1-フェニルエチル)-ベンゼン、1,4-ビス(1-メチル-1-フェニルエチル)-ベンゼン、1-フェニル-1,3,3-トリメチルインダンである。
上記R6はエチル基、n-プロピル基又はn-ブチル基であり、好ましくはエチル基、n-プロピル基、より好ましくはエチル基である。
上記式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルと式(3)で表されるカルボン酸エステルの質量比は、負極上での複合的な界面保護被膜形成の点から、1:99~99:1であることが好ましく、5:95~95:5がより好ましく、10:90~90:10が更に好ましく、20:80~80:20が特に好ましく、30:70~70:30が極めて好ましい。この範囲で配合した場合、各添加剤の正負極での副反応を効率よく抑制でき、電池特性が向上する。特に、初期抑制及び過充電時の安全性向上に有用である。
複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物としては、分子内に複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物であれば、特に限定されないが、好ましくは式(3-9)で表される化合物である。複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物は、電池の高温保存特性の向上に寄与するものであり、本発明の電解液においては、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルと併用することで、良好な初期特性を保持することができる。
(式中、
A15~A20は、独立して、水素原子、フッ素原子又は置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上5以下の炭化水素基を表す。n101は1以上4以下の整数であり、n101が2以上の整数の場合は、複数のA17及びA18は同一であっても異なっていてもよい。)
尚、A15~A20から選ばれる2つが互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。この場合、A17及びA18で環構造を形成することが好ましい。また、A15~A20の炭素数の総和が、好ましくは0以上8以下、より好ましくは0以上4以下、更に好ましくは0以上2以下、特に好ましくは0以上1以下である。
アルキレン基、アルケニレン基、アルキニレン基及びアリーレン基等の2価の炭化水素基;等が挙げられる。これらのうち、アルキル基、アルキレン基が好ましく、アルキル基がより好ましい。具体例としては、
メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、sec-ペンチル基、ネオペンチル基、1-メチルブチル基、2-メチルブチル基、1,1-ジメチルプロピル基、1,2-ジメチルプロピル基等の炭素数1以上5以下のアルキル基;
ビニル基、1-プロペニル基、2-プロペニル基、イソプロペニル基、1-ブテニル基、2-ブテニル基、3-ブテニル基、1-ペンテニル基、2-ペンテニル基、3-ペンテニル基、4-ペンテニル基等の炭素数2以上5以下のアルケニル基;
エチニル基、1-プロピニル基、2-プロピニル基、1-ブチニル基、2-ブチニル基、3-ブチニル基、1-ペンチニル基、2-ペンチニル基、3-ペンチニル基、4-ペンチニル基等の炭素数2以上5以下のアルキニル基;
メチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数1以上5以下のアルキレン基;
ビニレン基、1-プロペニレン基、2-プロペニレン基、1-ブテニレン基、2-ブテニレン基、1-ペンテニレン基、2-ペンテニレン基等の炭素数2以上5以下のアルケニレン基;
エチニレン基、プロピニレン基、1-ブチニレン基、2-ブチニレン基、1-ペンチニレン基及び2-ペンチニレン基等の炭素数2以上5以下のアルキニレン基等が挙げられる。これらのうち、好ましくはメチレン基、エチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数1以上5以下のアルキレン基であり、より好ましくはエチレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数2以上5以下のアルキレン基であり、更に好ましくはトリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等の炭素数3以上5以下のアルキレン基である。
電解質は特に制限なく、電解質として公知のものを任意に用いることができる。リチウム二次電池の場合は、通常リチウム塩が用いられる。具体的には、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAlF4、LiSbF6、LiTaF6、LiWF7等の無機リチウム塩;LiWOF5等のタングステン酸リチウム類;HCO2Li、CH3CO2Li、CH2FCO2Li、CHF2CO2Li、CF3CO2Li、CF3CH2CO2Li、CF3CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2CO2Li等のカルボン酸リチウム塩類;FSO3Li、CH3SO3Li、CH2FSO3Li、CHF2SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、CF3CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2SO3Li等のスルホン酸リチウム塩類;LiN(FCO)2、LiN(FCO)(FSO2)、LiN(FSO2)2、LiN(FSO2)(CF3SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、リチウム環状1,2-パーフルオロエタンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,3-パーフルオロプロパンジスルホニルイミド、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)等のリチウムイミド塩類;LiC(FSO2)3、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiC(C2F5SO2)3等のリチウムメチド塩類;リチウムビス(マロナト)ボレート、リチウムジフルオロ(マロナト)ボレート等のリチウム(マロナト)ボレート塩類;リチウムトリス(マロナト)ホスフェート、リチウムジフルオロビス(マロナト)ホスフェート、リチウムテトラフルオロ(マロナト)ホスフェート等のリチウム(マロナト)ホスフェート塩類;その他、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF4(C2F5)2、LiPF4(CF3SO2)2、LiPF4(C2F5SO2)2、LiBF3CF3、LiBF3C2F5、LiBF3C3F7、LiBF2(CF3)2、LiBF2(C2F5)2、LiBF2(CF3SO2)2、LiBF2(C2F5SO2)2等の含フッ素有機リチウム塩類;リチウムジフルオロオキサラトボレート、リチウムビス(オキサラト)ボレート等のリチウムオキサラトボレート塩類;
リチウムテトラフルオロオキサラトホスフェート、リチウムジフルオロビス(オキサラト)ホスフェート、リチウムトリス(オキサラト)ホスフェート等のリチウムオキサラトホスフェート塩類;等が挙げられる。
モノフルオロリン酸塩及びジフルオロリン酸塩は、それぞれ、分子内に少なくとも1つのモノフルオロリン酸又はジフルオロリン酸構造を有する塩であれば、特に制限されない。本発明の電解液において、上記式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルとモノフルオロリン酸塩及びジフルオロリン酸塩から選ばれる1種以上とを併用することにより、電池の初期充放電後の体積変化を著しく抑制し、過充電時安全性の一層の向上を図ることができる。また、併用によって、電池の初期不可逆容量を小さくし、放電保存特性を向上させることもできる。これと同時に、電池は優れた高温サイクル特性を有することができる。
ホウ酸塩は、分子内にホウ素原子を少なくとも1つ有している塩であれば、特に制限されない。ただしシュウ酸塩に該当するものは、1-4-2.ホウ酸塩ではなく、後述する1-4-3.シュウ酸塩に包含されるものとする。本発明の電解液において、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルとホウ酸塩とを併用することによって、初期特性及び保存特性も改善され、更に、過充電時安全性に優れた電池が得られる。
また、電解質としてホウ酸塩とLiPF6を用いた場合、非水電解液中のLiPF6のモル含有量に対するホウ酸塩のモル含有量の比は、0.001以上12以下が好ましく、、0.01~1.1がより好ましく、0.01~1.0が更に好ましく、0.01~0.7がより好ましい。この範囲であると、電池中での正負極上副反応を抑制し、電池の充放電効率が向上する。
シュウ酸塩は、分子内に少なくとも1つのシュウ酸構造を有する化合物であれば、特に制限されない。本発明の電解液において、式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルとシュウ酸塩とを併用することによって、初期特性及び保存特性も改善された電池が得られる。
(式中、
M1は、周期表における1族、2族及びアルミニウム(Al)からなる群より選ばれる元素であり、
M2は、遷移金属、周期表の13族、14族及び15族からなる群より選ばれる元素であり、
R91は、ハロゲン、炭素数1以上11以下のアルキル基及び炭素数1以上11以下のハロゲン置換アルキル基からなる群より選ばれる基であり、
a及びbは正の整数であり、
cは0又は正の整数であり、
dは1~3の整数である。)
M2は、リチウム二次電池に用いる場合の電気化学的安定性の点で、ホウ素及びリンが特に好ましい。
R91としては、フッ素、塩素、メチル基、トリフルオロメチル基、エチル基、ペンタフルオロエチル基、プロピル基、イソプロピル基、ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基等が挙げられ、フッ素、トリフルオロメチル基が好ましい。
リチウムジフルオロオキサラトボレート及びリチウムビス(オキサラト)ボレート等のリチウムオキサラトボレート塩類;
リチウムテトラフルオロオキサラトホスフェート、リチウムジフルオロビス(オキサラト)ホスフェート、リチウムトリス(オキサラト)ホスフェート等のリチウムオキサラトホスフェート塩類;
これらのうち、リチウムビス(オキサラト)ボレート及びリチウムジフルオロビス(オキサラト)ホスフェートが好ましく、リチウムビス(オキサラト)ボレートがより好ましい。
フルオロスルホン酸塩としては、分子内に少なくとも1つのフルオロスルホン酸構造を有している塩であれば、特に制限されない。本発明の電解液において、上記式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルとフルオロスルホン酸塩とを併用することにより、初期特性及び保存特性も改善された電池が得られる。
本発明における非水溶媒について特に制限はなく、公知の有機溶媒を用いることが可能である。具体的には、フッ素原子を有していない環状カーボネート、鎖状カーボネート、環状及び鎖状カルボン酸エステル、エーテル系化合物、スルホン系化合物等が挙げられる。
また、本明細書において、非水溶媒の体積は25℃での測定値であるが、エチレンカーボネートのように25℃で固体のものは融点での測定値を用いる。
フッ素原子を有していない環状カーボネートとしては、炭素数2~4のアルキレン基を有する環状カーボネートが挙げられる。
フッ素原子を有していない環状カーボネートは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
鎖状カーボネートとしては、炭素数3~7の鎖状カーボネートが好ましく、炭素数3~7のジアルキルカーボネートがより好ましい。
鎖状カーボネートとしては、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジ-n-プロピルカーボネート、ジイソプロピルカーボネート、n-プロピルイソプロピルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、メチル-n-プロピルカーボネート、n-ブチルメチルカーボネート、イソブチルメチルカーボネート、tert-ブチルメチルカーボネート、エチル-n-プロピルカーボネート、n-ブチルエチルカーボネート、イソブチルエチルカーボネート、tert-ブチルエチルカーボネート等が挙げられる。
また、フッ素原子を有する鎖状カーボネート類(以下、「フッ素化鎖状カーボネート」と記載する場合がある)も好適に用いることができる。
フッ素化鎖状カーボネートとしては、フッ素化ジメチルカーボネート及びその誘導体、フッ素化エチルメチルカーボネート及びその誘導体、フッ素化ジエチルカーボネート及びその誘導体等が挙げられる。
フッ素化エチルメチルカーボネート及びその誘導体としては、2-フルオロエチルメチルカーボネート、エチルフルオロメチルカーボネート、2,2-ジフルオロエチルメチルカーボネート、2-フルオロエチルフルオロメチルカーボネート、エチルジフルオロメチルカーボネート、2,2,2-トリフルオロエチルメチルカーボネート、2,2-ジフルオロエチルフルオロメチルカーボネート、2-フルオロエチルジフルオロメチルカーボネート、エチルトリフルオロメチルカーボネート等が挙げられる。
環状カルボン酸エステルとしては、炭素数が3~12のものが好ましい。
具体的には、ガンマブチロラクトン、ガンマバレロラクトン、ガンマカプロラクトン、イプシロンカプロラクトン等が挙げられる。中でも、ガンマブチロラクトンがリチウムイオン解離度の向上に由来する電池特性向上の点から特に好ましい。
環状カルボン酸エステルの配合量は、通常、非水溶媒100体積%中、好ましくは5体積%以上、より好ましくは10体積%以上である。この範囲であれば、非水系電解液の電気伝導率を改善し、非水系電解液二次電池の大電流放電特性を向上させやすくなる。また、環状カルボン酸エステルの配合量は、好ましくは50体積%以下、より好ましくは40体積%以下である。このように上限を設定することにより、非水系電解液の粘度を適切な範囲とし、電気伝導率の低下を回避し、負極抵抗の増大を抑制し、非水系電解液二次電池の大電流放電特性を良好な範囲としやすくなる。
エーテル系化合物としては、一部の水素がフッ素にて置換されていてもよい炭素数3~10の鎖状エーテル、及び炭素数3~6の環状エーテルが好ましい。
炭素数3~10の鎖状エーテルとしては、
ジエチルエーテル、ジ(2-フルオロエチル)エーテル、ジ(2,2-ジフルオロエチル)エーテル、ジ(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)エーテル、エチル(2-フルオロエチル)エーテル、エチル(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)エーテル、エチル(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル)エーテル、(2-フルオロエチル)(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)エーテル、(2-フルオロエチル)(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル)エーテル、(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル)エーテル、エチル-n-プロピルエーテル、エチル(3-フルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、エチル(3,3,3-トリフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、エチル(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、エチル(2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、2-フルオロエチル-n-プロピルエーテル、(2-フルオロエチル)(3-フルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(2-フルオロエチル)(3,3,3-トリフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(2-フルオロエチル)(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(2-フルオロエチル)(2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル-n-プロピルエーテル、(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)(3-フルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)(3,3,3-トリフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)(2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル-n-プロピルエーテル、(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル)(3-フルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル)(3,3,3-トリフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル)(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル)(2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、ジ-n-プロピルエーテル、(n-プロピル)(3-フルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(n-プロピル)(3,3,3-トリフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(n-プロピル)(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(n-プロピル)(2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、ジ(3-フルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(3-フルオロ-n-プロピル)(3,3,3-トリフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(3-フルオロ-n-プロピル)(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(3-フルオロ-n-プロピル)(2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、ジ(3,3,3-トリフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(3,3,3-トリフルオロ-n-プロピル)(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(3,3,3-トリフルオロ-n-プロピル)(2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、ジ(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-n-プロピル)(2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、ジ(2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-n-プロピル)エーテル、ジ-n-ブチルエーテル、ジメトキシメタン、メトキシエトキシメタン、メトキシ(2-フルオロエトキシ)メタン、メトキシ(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)メタンメトキシ(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)メタン、ジエトキシメタン、エトキシ(2-フルオロエトキシ)メタン、エトキシ(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)メタン、エトキシ(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)メタン、ジ(2-フルオロエトキシ)メタン、(2-フルオロエトキシ)(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)メタン、(2-フルオロエトキシ)(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)メタンジ(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)メタン、(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)メタン、ジ(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)メタン、ジメトキシエタン、メトキシエトキシエタン、メトキシ(2-フルオロエトキシ)エタン、メトキシ(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)エタン、メトキシ(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)エタン、ジエトキシエタン、エトキシ(2-フルオロエトキシ)エタン、エトキシ(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)エタン、エトキシ(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)エタン、ジ(2-フルオロエトキシ)エタン、(2-フルオロエトキシ)(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)エタン、(2-フルオロエトキシ)(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)エタン、ジ(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)エタン、(2,2,2-トリフルオロエトキシ)(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)エタン、ジ(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエトキシ)エタン、エチレングリコールジ-n-プロピルエーテル、エチレングリコールジ-n-ブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル等が挙げられる。
中でも、ジメトキシメタン、ジエトキシメタン、エトキシメトキシメタン、エチレングリコールジ-n-プロピルエーテル、エチレングリコールジ-n-ブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルが、リチウムイオンへの溶媒和能力が高く、イオン解離性を向上させる点で好ましく、特に好ましくは、粘性が低く、高いイオン伝導度を与えることから、ジメトキシメタン、ジエトキシメタン、エトキシメトキシメタンである。
エーテル系化合物の配合量は、通常、非水溶媒100体積%中、好ましくは5体積%以上、より好ましくは10体積%以上、更に好ましくは15体積%以上、また、好ましくは70体積%以下、より好ましくは60体積%以下、更に好ましくは50体積%以下である。この範囲であれば、鎖状エーテルのリチウムイオン解離度の向上と粘度低下に由来するイオン伝導度の向上効果を確保しやすく、負極活物質が炭素質材料の場合、鎖状エーテルがリチウムイオンと共に共挿入されて容量が低下するといった事態を回避しやすい。
スルホン系化合物としては、炭素数3~6の環状スルホン、及び炭素数2~6の鎖状スルホンが好ましい。1分子中のスルホニル基の数は、1又は2であることが好ましい。
炭素数3~6の環状スルホンとしては、モノスルホン化合物であるトリメチレンスルホン類、テトラメチレンスルホン類、ヘキサメチレンスルホン類;
ジスルホン化合物であるトリメチレンジスルホン類、テトラメチレンジスルホン類、ヘキサメチレンジスルホン類等が挙げられる。
スルホラン類としては、スルホラン及び/又はスルホラン誘導体(以下、スルホランも含めて「スルホラン類」と記載する場合がある)が好ましい。スルホラン誘導体としては、スルホラン環を構成する炭素原子上に結合した水素原子の1以上がフッ素原子やアルキル基で置換されたものが好ましい。
ジメチルスルホン、エチルメチルスルホン、ジエチルスルホン、n-プロピルメチルスルホン、n-プロピルエチルスルホン、ジ-n-プロピルスルホン、イソプロピルメチルスルホン、イソプロピルエチルスルホン、ジイソプロピルスルホン、n-ブチルメチルスルホン、n-ブチルエチルスルホン、tert-ブチルメチルスルホン、tert-ブチルエチルスルホン、モノフルオロメチルメチルスルホン、ジフルオロメチルメチルスルホン、トリフルオロメチルメチルスルホン、モノフルオロエチルメチルスルホン、ジフルオロエチルメチルスルホン、トリフルオロエチルメチルスルホン、ペンタフルオロエチルメチルスルホン、エチルモノフルオロメチルスルホン、エチルジフルオロメチルスルホン、エチルトリフルオロメチルスルホン、パーフルオロエチルメチルスルホン、エチルトリフルオロエチルスルホン、エチルペンタフルオロエチルスルホン、ジ(トリフルオロエチル)スルホン、パーフルオロジエチルスルホン、フルオロメチル-n-プロピルスルホン、ジフルオロメチル-n-プロピルスルホン、トリフルオロメチル-n-プロピルスルホン、フルオロメチルイソプロピルスルホン、ジフルオロメチルイソプロピルスルホン、トリフルオロメチルイソプロピルスルホン、トリフルオロエチル-n-プロピルスルホン、トリフルオロエチルイソプロピルスルホン、ペンタフルオロエチル-n-プロピルスルホン、ペンタフルオロエチルイソプロピルスルホン、トリフルオロエチル-n-ブチルスルホン、トリフルオロエチル-tert-ブチルスルホン、ペンタフルオロエチル-n-ブチルスルホン、ペンタフルオロエチル-tert-ブチルスルホン等が挙げられる。
スルホン系化合物の配合量は、通常、非水溶媒100体積%中、好ましくは0.3体積%以上、より好ましくは1体積%以上、更に好ましくは5体積%以上であり、また、好ましくは40体積%以下、より好ましくは35体積%以下、更に好ましくは30体積%以下である。この範囲であれば、サイクル特性や保存特性等の耐久性の向上効果が得られやすく、また、非水系電解液の粘度を適切な範囲とし、電気伝導率の低下を回避することができ、非水系電解液二次電池の充放電を高電流密度で行う場合に、充放電容量維持率が低下するといった事態を回避しやすい。
本発明の非水溶媒として、上記例示した非水溶媒1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
例えば、非水溶媒の好ましい組合せの1つとして、フッ素原子を有していない環状カーボネートと鎖状カーボネートを主体とする組合せが挙げられる。
例えば、フッ素原子を有していない環状カーボネートと鎖状カーボネートの好ましい組み合わせとしては、
エチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネート、エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネート、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネート、エチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとジエチルカーボネート、エチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネート、エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネート、エチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネート等が挙げられる。
これらのエチレンカーボネートと鎖状カーボネート類との組み合わせに、更にプロピレンカーボネートを加えた組み合わせも、好ましい組み合わせとして挙げられる。
プロピレンカーボネートを含有する場合には、エチレンカーボネートとプロピレンカーボネートの体積比は、99:1~40:60が好ましく、特に好ましくは95:5~50:50である。更に、非水溶媒全体に占めるプロピレンカーボネートの割合は、好ましくは0.1体積%以上、より好ましくは1体積%以上、更に好ましくは2体積%以上、また、好ましくは20体積%以下、より好ましくは8体積%以下、更に好ましくは5体積%以下である。
非水溶媒中にジメチルカーボネートを含有する場合は、全非水溶媒中に占めるジメチルカーボネートの割合が、好ましくは10体積%以上、より好ましくは20体積%以上、更に好ましくは25体積%以上、特に好ましくは30体積%以上であり、また、好ましくは90体積%以下、より好ましくは80体積%以下、更に好ましくは75体積%以下、特に好ましくは、70体積%以下となる範囲で含有させると、電池の負荷特性が向上することがある。
全非水溶媒中に占めるジメチルカーボネートのエチルメチルカーボネートに対する体積比(ジメチルカーボネート/エチルメチルカーボネート)は、電解液の電気伝導度の向上と保存後の電池特性を向上させる点で、1.1以上が好ましく、1.5以上がより好ましく、2.5以上が更に好ましい。上記体積比(ジメチルカーボネート/エチルメチルカーボネート)は、低温での電池特性を向上の点で、40以下が好ましく、20以下がより好ましく、10以下が更に好ましく、8以下が特に好ましい。
本発明の電解液電池において、上記化合物以外に、目的に応じて適宜助剤を用いてもよい。助剤としては、以下に示される炭素-炭素不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネート及びその他の助剤等が挙げられる。
炭素-炭素不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネート(以下、「不飽和環状カーボネート」と記載する場合がある)としては、炭素-炭素二重結合又は炭素-炭素三重結合を有する環状カーボネートであれば、特に制限はなく、任意の不飽和カーボネートを用いることができる。なお、芳香環を有する環状カーボネートも、不飽和環状カーボネートに包含されることとする。
ビニレンカーボネート類としては、ビニレンカーボネート、メチルビニレンカーボネート、4,5-ジメチルビニレンカーボネート、フェニルビニレンカーボネート、4,5-ジフェニルビニレンカーボネート、ビニルビニレンカーボネート、4,5-ジビニルビニレンカーボネート、アリルビニレンカーボネート、4,5-ジアリルビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-メチルビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-フェニルビニレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-ビニルビニレンカーボネート、4-アリル-5-フルオロビニレンカーボネート等が挙げられる。
不飽和環状カーボネートの製造方法は、特に制限されず、公知の方法を任意に選択して製造することが可能である。
本発明の電解液には、公知のその他の助剤を用いることができる。その他の助剤としては、エリスリタンカーボネート、スピロ-ビス-ジメチレンカーボネート、メトキシエチル-メチルカーボネート等のカーボネート化合物;無水コハク酸、無水グルタル酸、無水マレイン酸、無水シトラコン酸、無水グルタコン酸、無水イタコン酸、無水ジグリコール酸、シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸無水物、シクロペンタンテトラカルボン酸二無水物及びフェニルコハク酸無水物等のカルボン酸無水物;3,9-ジビニル-2,4,8,10-テトラオキサスピロ[5.5]ウンデカン等のスピロ化合物;N,N-ジメチルメタンスルホンアミド、N,N-ジエチルメタンスルホンアミド等の含硫黄化合物;亜リン酸トリメチル、亜リン酸トリエチル、亜リン酸トリフェニル、リン酸トリメチル、リン酸トリエチル、リン酸トリフェニル、ジメチルホスフィン酸メチル、ジエチルホスフィン酸エチル、トリメチルホスフィンオキシド、トリエチルホスフィンオキシド等の含燐化合物;1-メチル-2-ピロリジノン、1-メチル-2-ピペリドン、3-メチル-2-オキサゾリジノン、1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノン及びN-メチルスクシンイミド等の含窒素化合物;ヘプタン、オクタン、ノナン、デカン、シクロヘプタン等の炭化水素化合物等が挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を併用してもよい。これらの助剤を添加することにより、高温保存後の容量維持特性やサイクル特性を向上させることができる。
本発明の電解液電池は、非水系電解液二次電池の中でも二次電池用、例えばリチウム
二次電池用の電解液として用いるのに好適である。以下、本発明の電解液を用いた非水系電解液二次電池について説明する。
本発明の電解液電池は、公知の構造を採ることができ、典型的には、金属イオン(例えば、リチウムイオン)を吸蔵・放出可能な負極及び正極と、上記の本発明の電解液とを備える。
以下に負極に使用される負極活物質について述べる。負極活物質としては、電気化学的に金属イオン(例えば、リチウムイオン)を吸蔵・放出可能なものであれば、特に制限はない。具体例としては、炭素質材料、合金系材料、リチウム含有金属複合酸化物材料等が挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で用いてもよく、また2種以上を任意に組み合わせて併用してもよい。
負極活物質としては、炭素質材料、合金系材料、リチウム含有金属複合酸化物材料等が
挙げられる。
負極活物質として用いられる炭素質材料としては、
(1)天然黒鉛、
(2)人造炭素質物質及び人造黒鉛質物質を400~3200℃の範囲で1回以上熱処
理した炭素質材料、
(3)負極活物質層が少なくとも2種以上の異なる結晶性を有する炭素質からなり、かつ
/又はその異なる結晶性の炭素質が接する界面を有している炭素質材料、
(4)負極活物質層が少なくとも2種以上の異なる配向性を有する炭素質からなり、かつ
/又はその異なる配向性の炭素質が接する界面を有している炭素質材料、
から選ばれるものが、初期不可逆容量、高電流密度充放電特性のバランスがよく好ましい。また、(1)~(4)の炭素質材料は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
上記金属酸化物が、式(A)で表されるリチウムチタン複合酸化物であり、式(A)中、0.7≦x≦1.5、1.5≦y≦2.3、0≦z≦1.6であることが、リチウムイオンのドープ・脱ドープの際の構造が安定であることから好ましい。
[式(A)中、Mは、Na、K、Co、Al、Fe、Ti、Mg、Cr、Ga、Cu、Zn及びNbからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を表わす。]
上記の式(A)で表される組成の中でも、
(a)1.2≦x≦1.4、1.5≦y≦1.7、z=0
(b)0.9≦x≦1.1、1.9≦y≦2.1、z=0
(c)0.7≦x≦0.9、2.1≦y≦2.3、z=0
の構造が、電池性能のバランスが良好なため特に好ましい。
負極活物質として炭素質材料を用いる場合、以下の物性を有するものであることが望ましい。
炭素質材料の学振法によるX線回折で求めた格子面(002面)のd値(層間距離)が、0.335nm以上であることが好ましく、また、通常0.360nm以下であり、0.350nm以下が好ましく、0.345nm以下が更に好ましい。また、学振法によるX線回折で求めた炭素質材料の結晶子サイズ(Lc)は、1.0nm以上であることが好ましく、中でも1.5nm以上であることが更に好ましい。
炭素質材料の質量基準平均粒径は、レーザー回折・散乱法により求めた体積基準の平均粒径(メジアン径)であり、通常1μm以上であり、3μm以上が好ましく、5μm以上が更に好ましく、7μm以上が特に好ましく、また、通常100μm以下であり、50μm以下が好ましく、40μm以下がより好ましく、30μm以下が更に好ましく、25μm以下が特に好ましい。
体積基準平均粒径の測定は、界面活性剤であるポリオキシエチレン(20)ソルビタンモノラウレートの0.2質量%水溶液(約10mL)に炭素粉末を分散させて、レーザー回折・散乱式粒度分布計(堀場製作所社製LA-700)を用いて行なう。
炭素質材料のラマンR値は、アルゴンイオンレーザーラマンスペクトル法を用いて測定した値であり、通常0.01以上であり、0.03以上が好ましく、0.1以上が更に好ましく、また、通常1.5以下であり、1.2以下が好ましく、1以下が更に好ましく、0.5以下が特に好ましい。
ラマンR値及びラマン半値幅は、炭素質材料表面の結晶性を示す指標であるが、炭素質材料は、化学的安定性の観点から適度な結晶性が有し、かつ充放電によってLiが入り込む層間のサイトを消失しない、即ち充電受入性が低下しない程度の結晶性であることが好ましい。なお、集電体に塗布した後のプレスによって負極を高密度化する場合には、電極板と平行方向に結晶が配向しやすくなるため、それを考慮することが好ましい。ラマンR値又はラマン半値幅が上記範囲であると、負極表面に好適な被膜を形成して保存特性やサイクル特性、負荷特性を向上させることができるとともに、非水系電解液との反応に伴う効率の低下やガス発生を抑制することができる。
・アルゴンイオンレーザー波長 :514.5nm
・試料上のレーザーパワー :15~25mW
・分解能 :10~20cm-1
・測定範囲 :1100cm-1~1730cm-1
・ラマンR値、ラマン半値幅解析:バックグラウンド処理
・スムージング処理 :単純平均、コンボリューション5ポイント
炭素質材料のBET比表面積は、BET法を用いて測定した比表面積の値であり、通常0.1m2・g-1以上であり、0.7m2・g-1以上が好ましく、1.0m2・g-1以上が更に好ましく、1.5m2・g-1以上が特に好ましく、また、通常100m2・g-1以下であり、25m2・g-1以下が好ましく、15m2・g-1以下が更に好ましく、10m2・g-1以下が特に好ましい。
BET法による比表面積の測定は、表面積計(大倉理研製全自動表面積測定装置)を用いて、試料に対して窒素流通下350℃で15分間、予備乾燥を行なった後、大気圧に対する窒素の相対圧の値が0.3となるように正確に調製した窒素ヘリウム混合ガスを用いて、ガス流動法による窒素吸着BET1点法によって行なう。
炭素質材料の球形の程度として円形度を測定した場合、以下の範囲に収まることが好ましい。なお、円形度は、「円形度=(粒子投影形状と同じ面積を持つ相当円の周囲長)/(粒子投影形状の実際の周囲長)」で定義され、円形度が1のときに理論的真球となる。炭素質材料の粒径が3~40μmの範囲にある粒子の円形度は1に近いほど望ましく、また、0.1以上が好ましく、中でも0.5以上が好ましく、0.8以上がより好ましく、0.85以上が更に好ましく、0.9以上が特に好ましい。高電流密度充放電特性は、円形度が大きいほど、充填性が向上し、粒子間の抵抗を抑えることができるため、高電流密度充放電特性は向上する。従って、円形度が上記範囲のように高いほど好ましい。
炭素質材料のタップ密度は、通常0.1g・cm-3以上であり、0.5g・cm-3以上が好ましく、0.7g・cm-3以上が更に好ましく、1g・cm-3以上が特に好ましく、また、2g・cm-3以下が好ましく、1.8g・cm-3以下が更に好ましく、1.6g・cm-3以下が特に好ましい。タップ密度が上記範囲であると、電池容量を確保することができるとともに、粒子間の抵抗の増大を抑制することができる。
炭素質材料の配向比は、通常0.005以上であり、0.01以上が好ましく、0.015以上が更に好ましく、また、通常0.67以下である。配向比が、上記範囲であると、優れた高密度充放電特性を確保することができる。なお、上記範囲の上限は、炭素質材料の配向比の理論上限値である。
・ターゲット:Cu(Kα線)グラファイトモノクロメーター
・スリット :
発散スリット=0.5度
受光スリット=0.15mm
散乱スリット=0.5度
・測定範囲及びステップ角度/計測時間:
(110)面:75度≦2θ≦80度 1度/60秒
(004)面:52度≦2θ≦57度 1度/60秒
炭素質材料のアスペクト比は、通常1以上、また、通常10以下であり、8以下が好ましく、5以下が更に好ましい。上記範囲であると、極板化時のスジ引きを抑制し、更に均一な塗布が可能となるため、優れた高電流密度充放電特性を確保することができる。なお、上記範囲の下限は、炭素質材料のアスペクト比の理論下限値である。
電極の製造は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り、公知のいずれの方法を用いることができる。例えば、負極活物質に、バインダー、溶媒、必要に応じて、増粘剤、導電材、充填材等を加えてスラリーとし、これを集電体に塗布、乾燥した後にプレスすることによって形成することができる。
また、合金系材料を用いる場合には、蒸着法、スパッタ法、メッキ法等の手法により、上述の負極活物質を含有する薄膜層(負極活物質層)を形成する方法も用いられる。
負極活物質を保持させる集電体としては、公知のものを任意に用いることができる。負極の集電体としては、アルミニウム、銅、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼、ニッケルメッキ鋼等の金属材料が挙げられるが、加工し易さとコストの点から特に銅が好ましい。
また、集電体の形状は、集電体が金属材料の場合は、例えば、金属箔、金属円柱、金属コイル、金属板、金属薄膜、エキスパンドメタル、パンチメタル、発泡メタル等が挙げられる。中でも、好ましくは金属薄膜、より好ましくは銅箔であり、更に好ましくは圧延法による圧延銅箔と、電解法による電解銅箔があり、どちらも集電体として用いることができる。
集電体の厚さは、電池容量の確保、取扱い性の観点から、通常1μm以上、好ましくは5μm以上であり、通常100μm以下、好ましくは50μm以下である。
集電体と負極活物質層の厚さの比は特に制限されないが、「(非水系電解液注液直前の片面の負極活物質層厚さ)/(集電体の厚さ)」の値が、150以下が好ましく、20以下が更に好ましく、10以下が特に好ましく、また、0.1以上が好ましく、0.4以上が更に好ましく、1以上が特に好ましい。集電体と負極活物質層の厚さの比が、上記範囲であると、電池容量を確保することができるとともに、高電流密度充放電時における集電体の発熱を抑制することができる。
負極活物質を結着するバインダーとしては、非水系電解液や電極製造時に用いる溶媒に対して安定な材料であれば、特に制限されない。
具体例としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリメチルメタクリレート、芳香族ポリアミド、ポリイミド、セルロース、ニトロセルロース等の樹脂系高分子;SBR(スチレン・ブタジエンゴム)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、フッ素ゴム、NBR(アクリロニトリル・ブタジエンゴム)、エチレン・プロピレンゴム等のゴム状高分子;スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物;EPDM(エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン三元共重合体)、スチレン・エチレン・ブタジエン・スチレン共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物等の熱可塑性エラストマー状高分子;シンジオタクチック-1,2-ポリブタジエン、ポリ酢酸ビニル、エチレン・酢酸ビニル共重合体、プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体等の軟質樹脂状高分子;ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、フッ素化ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン・エチレン共重合体等のフッ素系高分子;アルカリ金属イオン(特にリチウムイオン)のイオン伝導性を有する高分子組成物等が挙げられる。これらは、1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
スラリーを形成するための溶媒としては、負極活物質、バインダー、ならびに必要に応じて使用される増粘剤及び導電材を溶解又は分散することが可能な溶媒であれば、その種類に特に制限はなく、水系溶媒と有機系溶媒のどちらを用いてもよい。
水系溶媒としては、水、アルコール等が挙げられ、有機系溶媒としてはN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、酢酸メチル、アクリル酸メチル、ジエチルトリアミン、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアミン、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)、トルエン、アセトン、ジエチルエーテル、ヘキサメチルホスファルアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ベンゼン、キシレン、キノリン、ピリジン、メチルナフタレン、ヘキサン等が挙げられる。
増粘剤は、通常、スラリーの粘度を調製するために使用される。増粘剤としては、特に制限されないが、具体的には、カルボキシメチルセルロース、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシメチルセルロース、エチルセルロース、ポリビニルアルコール、酸化スターチ、リン酸化スターチ、カゼイン及びこれらの塩等が挙げられる。これらは、1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
負極活物質を電極化した際の電極構造は特に制限されないが、集電体上に存在している負極活物質の密度は、1g・cm-3以上が好ましく、1.2g・cm-3以上が更に好ましく、1.3g・cm-3以上が特に好ましく、また、2.2g・cm-3以下が好ましく、2.1g・cm-3以下がより好ましく、2.0g・cm-3以下が更に好ましく、1.9g・cm-3以下が特に好ましい。集電体上に存在している負極活物質の密度が、上記範囲であると、負極活物質粒子の破壊を防止して、初期不可逆容量の増加や、集電体/負極活物質界面付近への非水系電解液の浸透性低下による高電流密度充放電特性悪化を抑制することができる一方、電池容量の低下や抵抗の増大を抑制することができる。
負極板の厚さは用いられる正極板に合わせて設計されるものであり、特に制限されないが、芯材の金属箔厚さを差し引いた合材層の厚さは通常15μm以上、好ましくは20μm以上、より好ましくは30μm以上、また、通常300μm以下、好ましくは280μm以下、より好ましくは250μm以下が望ましい。
また、上記負極板の表面に、これとは異なる組成の物質が付着したものを用いてもよい。表面付着物質としては酸化アルミニウム、酸化ケイ素、酸化チタン、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化カルシウム、酸化ホウ素、酸化アンチモン、酸化ビスマス等の酸化物、硫酸リチウム、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸カリウム、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸カルシウム、硫酸アルミニウム等の硫酸塩、炭酸リチウム、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウム等の炭酸塩等が挙げられる。
<正極活物質>
以下に正極に使用される正極活物質について述べる。
(組成)
正極活物質としては、電気化学的に金属イオン(例えば、リチウムイオン)を吸蔵・放出可能なものであれば特に制限されないが、例えば、リチウムと少なくとも1種の遷移金属を含有する物質が好ましい。具体例としては、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物、リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物が挙げられる。
また、上記正極活物質の表面に、これとは異なる組成の物質が付着したものを用いてもよい。表面付着物質としては酸化アルミニウム、酸化ケイ素、酸化チタン、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化カルシウム、酸化ホウ素、酸化アンチモン、酸化ビスマス等の酸化物、硫酸リチウム、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸カリウム、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸カルシウム、硫酸アルミニウム等の硫酸塩、炭酸リチウム、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウム等の炭酸塩、炭素等が挙げられる。
(形状)
正極活物質の粒子の形状は、従来用いられるような、塊状、多面体状、球状、楕円球状、板状、針状、柱状等が挙げられる。また、一次粒子が凝集して、二次粒子を形成していてもよい。
正極活物質のタップ密度は、好ましくは0.5g/cm3以上、より好ましくは0.8g/cm3以上、更に好ましくは1.0g/cm3以上である。該正極活物質のタップ密度が上記範囲であると、正極活物質層形成時に必要な分散媒量及び導電材や結着剤の必要量を抑えることができ、結果正極活物質の充填率及び電池容量を確保することができる。タップ密度の高い複合酸化物粉体を用いることにより、高密度の正極活物質層を形成することができる。タップ密度は一般に大きいほど好ましく、特に上限はないが、好ましくは4.0g/cm3以下、より好ましくは3.7g/cm3以下、更に好ましくは3.5g/cm3以下である。上記範囲であると負荷特性の低下を抑制することができる。
正極活物質の粒子のメジアン径d50(一次粒子が凝集して二次粒子を形成している場合には二次粒子径)は好ましくは0.3μm以上、より好ましくは0.5μm以上、更に好ましくは0.8μm以上、最も好ましくは1.0μm以上であり、上限は、好ましくは30μm以下、より好ましくは27μm以下、更に好ましくは25μm以下、最も好ましくは22μm以下である。上記範囲であると、高タップ密度品が得られ、電池性能の低下を抑制できる一方、電池の正極作製、即ち活物質と導電材やバインダー等を溶媒でスラリー化して薄膜状に塗布する際に、スジ引き等の問題を防止することができる。ここで、異なるメジアン径d50をもつ該正極活物質を2種以上混合することで、正極作製時の充填性を更に向上させることができる。
一次粒子が凝集して二次粒子を形成している場合には、該正極活物質の平均一次粒子径としては、好ましくは0.05μm以上、より好ましくは0.1μm以上、更に好ましくは0.2μm以上であり、上限は、好ましくは5μm以下、より好ましくは4μm以下、更に好ましくは3μm以下、最も好ましくは2μm以下である。上記範囲であると、粉体充填性及び比表面積を確保し、電池性能の低下を抑制することができる一方、適度な結晶性が得られることによって、充放電の可逆性を確保することができる。
正極活物質のBET比表面積は、好ましくは0.1m2/g以上、より好ましくは0.2m2/g以上、更に好ましくは0.3m2/g以上であり、上限は50m2/g以下、好ましくは40m2/g以下、更に好ましくは30m2/g以下である。BET比表面積が上記範囲であると、電池性能を確保できるとともに、正極活性物質の塗布性を良好に保つことができる。
なお、本発明では、BET比表面積は、表面積計(例えば、大倉理研製全自動表面積測定装置)を用い、試料に対して窒素流通下150℃で30分間、予備乾燥を行なった後、大気圧に対する窒素の相対圧の値が0.3となるように正確に調製した窒素ヘリウム混合ガスを用い、ガス流動法による窒素吸着BET1点法によって測定した値で定義される。
正極活物質の製造法としては、無機化合物の製造法として一般的な方法が用いられる。特に球状ないし楕円球状の活物質を作製するには種々の方法が考えられるが、例えば、遷移金属の原料物質を水等の溶媒中に溶解ないし粉砕分散して、攪拌をしながらpHを調節して球状の前駆体を作製回収し、これを必要に応じて乾燥した後、LiOH、Li2CO3、LiNO3等のLi源を加えて高温で焼成して活物質を得る方法等が挙げられる。
以下に、正極の構成について述べる。本発明において、正極は、正極活物質と結着剤とを含有する正極活物質層を、集電体上に形成して作製することができる。正極活物質を用いる正極の製造は、常法により行うことができる。即ち、正極活物質と結着剤、ならびに必要に応じて導電材及び増粘剤等を乾式で混合してシート状にしたものを正極集電体に圧着するか、又はこれらの材料を液体媒体に溶解又は分散させてスラリーとして、これを正極集電体に塗布し、乾燥することにより、正極活物質層を集電体上に形成されることにより正極を得ることができる。
導電材としては、公知の導電材を任意に用いることができる。具体例としては、銅、ニッケル等の金属材料;天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛等の黒鉛(グラファイト);アセチレンブラック等のカーボンブラック;ニードルコークス等の無定形炭素等の炭素材料等が挙げられる。なお、これらは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。導電材は、正極活物質層中に、通常0.01質量%以上、好ましくは0.1質量%以上、より好ましくは1質量%以上であり、また上限は、通常50質量%以下、好ましくは30質量%以下、より好ましくは15質量%以下含有するように用いられる。上記範囲であると、十分な導電性と電池容量を確保することができる。
正極活物質層の製造に用いる結着剤としては、特に限定されず、塗布法の場合は、電極製造時に用いる液体媒体に対して溶解又は分散される材料であればよいが、具体例としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリメチルメタクリレート、ポリイミド、芳香族ポリアミド、セルロース、ニトロセルロース等の樹脂系高分子;SBR(スチレン-ブタジエンゴム)、NBR(アクリロニトリル-ブタジエンゴム)、フッ素ゴム、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン-プロピレンゴム等のゴム状高分子;スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物、EPDM(エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン三元共重合体)、スチレン・エチレン・ブタジエン・エチレン共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物等の熱可塑性エラストマー状高分子;シンジオタクチック-1,2-ポリブタジエン、ポリ酢酸ビニル、エチレン・酢酸ビニル共重合体、プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体等の軟質樹脂状高分子;ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、フッ素化ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン・エチレン共重合体等のフッ素系高分子;アルカリ金属イオン(特にリチウムイオン)のイオン伝導性を有する高分子組成物等が挙げられる。なお、これらの物質は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
スラリーを形成するための溶媒としては、正極活物質、導電材、結着剤及び必要に応じて使用される増粘剤を溶解又は分散することが可能な溶媒であれば、その種類に特に制限はなく、水系溶媒と有機系溶媒のどちらを用いてもよい。水系媒体としては、水、アルコールと水との混合媒等が挙げられる。有機系媒体としては、ヘキサン等の脂肪族炭化水素類;ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、メチルナフタレン等の芳香族炭化水素類;キノリン、ピリジン等の複素環化合物;アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等のケトン類;酢酸メチル、アクリル酸メチル等のエステル類;ジエチレントリアミン、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピルアミン等のアミン類;ジエチルエーテル、プロピレンオキシド、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)等のエーテル類;N-メチルピロリドン(NMP)、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド等のアミド類;ヘキサメチルホスファルアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド等の非プロトン性極性溶媒等が挙げられる。
正極集電体の材質としては特に制限されず、公知のものを任意に用いることができる。具体例としては、アルミニウム、ステンレス鋼、ニッケルメッキ、チタン、タンタル等の金属材料;カーボンクロス、カーボンペーパー等の炭素材料が挙げられる。中でも金属材料、特にアルミニウムが好ましい。
集電体と正極活物質層の厚さの比は特には限定されないが、(電解液注液直前の片面の正極活物質層の厚さ)/(集電体の厚さ)の値が20以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは15以下、最も好ましくは10以下であり、下限は、0.5以上が好ましく、より好ましくは0.8以上、最も好ましくは1以上の範囲である。この範囲を上回ると、高電流密度充放電時に集電体がジュール熱による発熱を生じる場合がある。上記範囲であると、高電流密度充放電時の集電体の発熱を抑制し、電池容量を確保することができる。
本発明の電解液を用いる場合、高出力かつ高温時の安定性を高める観点から、正極活物質層の面積は、電池外装ケースの外表面積に対して大きくすることが好ましい。具体的には、二次電池の外装の表面積に対する正極の電極面積の総和が面積比で15倍以上とすることが好ましく、更に40倍以上とすることがより好ましい。外装ケースの外表面積とは、有底角型形状の場合には、端子の突起部分を除いた発電要素が充填されたケース部分の縦と横と厚さの寸法から計算で求める総面積をいう。有底円筒形状の場合には、端子の突起部分を除いた発電要素が充填されたケース部分を円筒として近似する幾何表面積である。正極の電極面積の総和とは、負極活物質を含む合材層に対向する正極合材層の幾何表面積であり、集電体箔を介して両面に正極合材層を形成してなる構造では、それぞれの面を別々に算出する面積の総和をいう。
正極板の厚さは特に限定されないが、高容量かつ高出力の観点から、芯材の金属箔厚さを差し引いた合材層の厚さは、集電体の片面に対して下限として、好ましくは10μm以上、より好ましくは20μm以上で、上限としては、好ましくは500μm以下、より好ましくは450μm以下である。
また、上記正極板の表面に、これとは異なる組成の物質が付着したものを用いてもよい。表面付着物質としては酸化アルミニウム、酸化ケイ素、酸化チタン、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化カルシウム、酸化ホウ素、酸化アンチモン、酸化ビスマス等の酸化物、硫酸リチウム、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸カリウム、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸カルシウム、硫酸アルミニウム等の硫酸塩、炭酸リチウム、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウム等の炭酸塩、炭素等が挙げられる。
正極と負極との間には、短絡を防止するために、通常はセパレータを介在させる。この場合、本発明の電解液は、通常はこのセパレータに含浸させて用いる。
樹脂、ガラス繊維セパレータの材料としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン、芳香族ポリアミド、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリエーテルスルホン、ガラスフィルター等を用いることができる。中でも好ましくはガラスフィルター、ポリオレフィンであり、更に好ましくはポリオレフィン、特に好ましくはポリプロピレンである。これらの材料は1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用したり、積層されたものを使用してもよい。2種以上を任意の組み合わせで積層したものの具体例としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンの順で積層された三層セパレータ等が挙げられる。
更に、セパレータとして多孔性シートや不織布等の多孔質のものを用いる場合、セパレータの空孔率は任意であるが、通常20%以上であり、35%以上が好ましく、45%以上が更に好ましく、また、通常90%以下であり、85%以下が好ましく、75%以下が更に好ましい。空孔率が、上記範囲であると、絶縁性及び機械的強度を確保できる一方、膜抵抗を抑え良好なレート特性を得ることができる。
<電極群>
電極群は、上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介してなる積層構造のもの、及び上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介して渦巻き状に捲回した構造のもののいずれでもよい。電極群の質量が電池内容積に占める割合(以下、電極群占有率と称する)は、通常40%以上であり、50%以上が好ましく、また、通常90%以下であり、80%以下が好ましい。電極群占有率が、上記範囲であると、電池容量を確保できるとともに内部圧力の上昇に伴う充放電繰り返し性能や高温保存等の特性低下を抑制し、更にはガス放出弁の作動を防止することができる。
集電構造は、特に制限されないが、配線部分や接合部分の抵抗を低減する構造にすることが好ましい。電極群が上記の積層構造のものでは、各電極層の金属芯部分を束ねて端子に溶接して形成される構造が好適に用いられる。一枚の電極面積が大きくなる場合には、内部抵抗が大きくなるので、電極内に複数の端子を設けて抵抗を低減することも好適に用いられる。電極群が上記の捲回構造のものでは、正極及び負極にそれぞれ複数のリード構造を設け、端子に束ねることにより、内部抵抗を低くすることができる。
外装ケースの材質は用いられる非水系電解液に対して安定な物質であれば特に制限されない。具体的には、ニッケルめっき鋼板、ステンレス、アルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金、マグネシウム合金等の金属類、又は、樹脂とアルミ箔との積層フィルム(ラミネートフィルム)が用いられる。軽量化の観点から、アルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金の金属、ラミネートフィルムが好適に用いられる。
保護素子として、異常発熱や過大電流が流れた時に抵抗が増大するPTC(PositiveTemperature Coefficient)、温度ヒューズ、サーミスター、異常発熱時に電池内部圧力や内部温度の急激な上昇により回路に流れる電流を遮断する弁(電流遮断弁)等を使用することができる。上記保護素子は高電流の通常使用で作動しない条件のものを選択することが好ましく、保護素子がなくても異常発熱や熱暴走に至らない設計にすることがより好ましい。
本実施例に使用した式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルの構造を以下に示す。
[実施例1-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(「EC」ともいう)、エチルメチルカーボネート(「EMC」ともいう)及びジメチルカーボネート(「DMC」ともいう)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.0mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(1-1)1.0質量%を添加して実施例1-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてリチウムコバルトニッケルマンガン酸化物(LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2)90質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック7質量%と、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)3質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として非晶質被覆黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、非晶質被覆黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=97.5:1.5:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をエタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から初期電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、ガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、1/3Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。その後、1/3Cに相当する電流で4.1VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、60℃、12時間の条件下で放置した。電池を十分に冷却させた後、1/3Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、1/3Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、1/3Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、1/3Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期1/3C容量とした。その後、電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、初期電池体積からの変化分を初期ガス量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において1/3Cの定電流で4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した。その後、45℃において1Cで48分間、定電流による過充電を行った。その後、十分に冷却させた電池の開回路電圧(OCV)を測定し、これを過充電後OCVとした。
なお、過充電試験後の電池のOCVは、主に正極の電位を反映している。すなわち、過充電時後のOCVが低いと、正極の充電深度が低い状態であることを表す。通常、正極の充電深度が深くなると正極からの金属溶出や酸素放出が起こり、電池の熱暴走の起点となる。よって、過充電後のOCVを低くすることで、過充電時の電池安全性を担保できる。
実施例1-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例1-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例1-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)の代わりに化合物(3-2)1.0質量%用いた以外、実施例1-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(1)のエステルの範囲に含まれない芳香族化合物を用いた場合(比較例1-2)、初期レート1/3容量は比較例1-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例1-1に比べて劣る。また、初期ガス量は比較例1-1よりも増加する。更に、過充電後OCVは比較例1-1よりも低下するが、実施例1-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
[実施例2-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジメチルカーボネート(DMC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.0mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(1-1)4.5質量%を添加して実施例2-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてリチウムコバルトニッケルマンガン酸化物(LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2)90質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック7質量%と、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)3質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として非晶質被覆黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、非晶質被覆黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=97.5:1.5:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、1/3Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行い、この時の充電容量に対する放電容量の割合を求め、これを初回効率(%)とした。その後、1/3Cに相当する電流で4.1VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、60℃、12時間の条件下で放置した。電池を十分に冷却させた後、1/3Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、1/3Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、1/3Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において1/3Cの定電流で4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、エタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から過充電前電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、45℃において1Cで48分間、定電流による過充電を行った。十分に冷却させた電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、過充電前電池体積からの変化分を過充電ガス量とした。
なお、過充電ガス量が多いほど、過充電等の異常により内圧が異常に上昇したときにこれを感知して安全弁を作動させる電池では、安全弁を早めに作動させることができる。その結果、過充電時の電池安全性を担保できる。
実施例2-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)の代わりに化合物(1-2)4.1質量%用いた以外、実施例2-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。なお、実施例2-1で添加した化合物(1-1)と実施例2-2で添加した化合物(1-2)は等物質量である。
実施例2-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)の代わりに化合物(1-3)4.8質量%用いた以外、実施例2-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。なお、実施例2-1で添加した化合物(1-1)と実施例2-2で添加した化合物(1-2)は等物質量である。
実施例2-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例2-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例2-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)の代わりに(3-3)4.1質量%用いた以外、実施例2-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。なお、実施例2-1で添加した化合物(1-1)と比較例2-2で添加した化合物(3-3)は等物質量である。
実施例2-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)の代わりに化合物(3-4)3.4質量%用いた以外、実施例2-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。なお、実施例2-1で添加した化合物(1-1)と比較例2-3で添加した化合物(3-4)は等物質量である。
なお、式(1)以外の芳香族化合物を単独で用いた場合(比較例2-2~2-3)、過充電ガス量は比較例2-1よりも増加するが、初期効率は比較例2-1に比べて大幅に劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
[実施例3-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジメチルカーボネート(DMC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比15:5:80)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.4mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(1-4)1.5質量%を添加して実施例3-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてニッケル含有遷移金属酸化物97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリエチレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で4時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで2.5Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.1Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流充電した後、0.2Cの定電流で2.5Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.1VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で2.5Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.1VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、45℃、72時間の条件下で放置した。その後、25℃において0.2Cで2.5Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。ここまで充放電における全4回の充電容量の総和と、全4回の放電容量の総和の差を初期容量ロスとした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、エタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から過充電前電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、45℃において1Cの定電流で15分充電した。電池を十分に冷却させた後、エタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、過充電前電池体積からの変化分を過充電ガス量とした。
なお、過充電ガス量が多いほど、過充電等の異常により内圧が異常に上昇したときにこれを感知して安全弁を作動させる電池では、安全弁を早めに作動させることができる。その結果、過充電時の電池安全性を担保できる。
実施例3-1の電解液において、化合物(1-4)1.5質量%の代わりに化合物(1-4)2.5質量%を用いた以外、実施例3-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、初期の電池特性評価及び過充電特性評価を実施した。評価結果を、比較例3-1を100.0%としたときの相対値で表3に示す。以下も同様とする。
実施例3-1の電解液において、化合物(1-4)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例3-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
[実施例4-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(「DEC」ともいう)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させた。そして、添加剤としてモノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(「MP2」ともいう)2.0質量%及びビニレンカーボネート(「VC」ともいう)2.0質量%を溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、化合物(1-1)0.5質量%を添加して実施例4-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、45℃、72時間の条件下で放置した。その後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期1C容量とした。ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、エタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から高温保存耐久試験前電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、60℃、7日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、エタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、高温保存耐久試験前後の体積変化から保存ガス量を求めた。
実施例4-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)0.5質量%の代わりに、化合物(1-1)1.0質量%を用いた以外、実施例4-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例4-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)0.5質量%の代わりに、化合物(1-1)1.0質量%及び1-フェニル-1,3,3-トリメチルインダン(「MP12」ともいう)3.0質量%を用いた以外、実施例4-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例4-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例4-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例4-3の電解液において、化合物(1-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例4-3と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例4-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)0.5質量%の代わりに化合物(3-2)1.0質量%を用いた以外、実施例4-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
また、式(1)以外の芳香族化合物及び式(2)のエステルの範囲に含まれない芳香族化合物を単独で用いた場合(比較例4-2及び比較例4-3)、初期0.2C容量は比較例4-1よりも向上するが、保存ガス量は比較例4-1よりも増加する。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
[実施例5-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、化合物(1-1)1.0質量%を添加して実施例5-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ21μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ12μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、45℃、72時間の条件下で放置した。その後、0.2Cの定電流で3Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.4VまでCCCV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期0.2C容量とした。更に、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.5Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期0.5C容量とした。そして、初期0.2C容量に対する初期0.5C容量の割合を求め、これを初期レート特性(%)とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した。その後、45℃において0.2Cで5.0Vまで定電流による過充電を行った。その後、十分に冷却させた電池の開回路電圧(OCV)を測定し、これを過充電後OCVとした。
なお、過充電試験後の電池のOCVは、主に正極の電位を反映している。すなわち、過充電時後のOCVが低いと、正極の充電深度が低い状態であることを表す。通常、正極の充電深度が深くなると正極からの金属溶出や酸素放出が起こり、電池の熱暴走の起点となる。よって、過充電後のOCVを低くすることで、過充電時の電池安全性を担保できる。
実施例5-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)に加えて更にモノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(「MP2」ともいう)2.0質量%を添加した電解液を用いた以外、実施例5-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例5-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)及びMP2に加えてビニレンカーボネート(「VC」ともいう)2.0質量%を添加した電解液を用いた以外、実施例5-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例5-3の電解液において、化合物(1-1)の代わりに化合物(1-4)1.0質量%を添加した電解液を用いた以外、実施例5-3と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例5-1の電解液において、化合物(1-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例5-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例5-2の電解液において、化合物(1-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例5-2と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例5-4の電解液において、化合物(1-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例5-4と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
また、式(1)のエステルとフッ素含有環状カーボネートまたは炭素-炭素不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネートを同時に用いた場合(実施例5-2~5-4)、式(1)のエステルが添加されていない場合(比較例5-2~5-3)に比べ、初期0.2C容量および初期レート特性に優れる。また、高温保存耐久試験後の過充電後OCVは比較例5-2~5-3に比べて低いことから、より安全性に優れている。すなわち、初期の電池特性及び高温保存耐久試験後の電池特性・安全性に優れた電池を提供することができる。
このことから、式(1)のエステルとフッ素含有環状カーボネートまたは炭素-炭素不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネートを同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例6-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及びトリエチルホスホノアセテート(「MP1」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例6-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をエタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から初期電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、ガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.40VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、初期電池体積からの変化分を初期ガス量とした。その後、0.2Cで4.40VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3Vまで放電し、これを初期0.2C容量とした。更に、0.2Cで4.40VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.5Cで3Vまで放電し、これを初期0.5C容量とした。そして、初期0.2C容量に対する初期0.5C容量の割合を求め、これを初期レート特性(%)とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.40VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3Vまで再度放電し、これを回復0.2C容量とした。
実施例6-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP1を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例6-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例6-1の電解液において、MP1を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例6-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例6-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例6-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例6-2)、初期レート特性は比較例6-1よりも向上するが、初期ガス量が実施例6-1よりも増加する。更に、回復0.2C容量は比較例6-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例6-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、ホスホン酸エステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例6-3)、初期レート特性は比較例6-1よりも向上するが、初期ガス量が実施例6-1よりも増加する。更に、回復0.2C容量は比較例6-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例6-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとホスホン酸エステルを同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例7-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及びモノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(「MP2」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例7-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をエタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から初期電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、ガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、非水系電解液二次電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、初期電池体積からの変化分を初期ガス量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、エタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から過充電前電池体積を求めた。その後、45℃において0.2Cで5.0Vまで定電流による過充電を行った。十分に冷却させた電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、過充電前電池体積からの変化分を過充電ガス量とした。
なお、過充電ガス量が多いほど、過充電等の異常により内圧が異常に上昇したときにこれを感知して安全弁を作動させる電池では、安全弁を早めに作動させることができる。その結果、過充電時の電池安全性を担保できる。
実施例7-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP2を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例7-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例7-1の電解液において、MP2を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例7-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例7-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例7-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例7-2)、初期ガス量は比較例7-1よりも増加する。更に、過充電ガス量は比較例7-1よりも増加するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例7-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、フッ素含有環状カーボネートを単独で用いた場合(比較例7-3)、初期ガス量は比較例7-1よりも減少するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例7-1に比べて劣る。更に、過充電ガス量は、比較例7-1よりも減少する。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとフッ素含有環状カーボネートを同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例8-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及びフルオロスルホン酸リチウム(「MP3」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例8-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、1Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期1C容量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、これを回復0.2C容量とした。
実施例8-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP3を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例8-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例8-1の電解液において、MP3を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例8-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例8-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例8-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例8-2)、初期1C容量は比較例8-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例8-1に比べて劣る。更に、回復0.2C容量は比較例8-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例8-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、フルオロスルホン酸塩を単独で用いた場合(比較例8-3)、初期1C容量は比較例8-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例8-1に比べて劣る。更に、回復0.2C容量は比較例8-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例8-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとフルオロスルホン酸塩を同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例9-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及び1,3-ビス(イソシアナトメチル)シクロヘキサン(「MP4」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例9-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をエタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から初期電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、ガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、初期電池体積からの変化分を初期ガス量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、これを回復0.2C容量とした。
実施例9-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP4を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例9-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例9-1の電解液において、MP4を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例9-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例9-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例9-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例9-2)、初期ガス量は比較例9-1よりも増加する。更に、回復0.2C容量は比較例9-1よりも増加するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例9-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物を単独で用いた場合(比較例9-3)、初期ガス量は比較例9-1よりも減少するが、実施例9-1に比べて劣る。更に、回復0.2C容量は比較例9-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例9-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとイソシアネート基を有する有機化合物を同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例10-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及びアジポニトリル(「MP5」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例10-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.5Cで3.0Vまで放電し、この時の充電容量に対する放電容量の割合を求め、これを初期0.5C効率(%)とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.05Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、この時の充電容量に対する放電容量の割合を求め、これを回復0.05C効率(%)とした。
実施例10-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP5を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例10-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例10-1の電解液において、MP5を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例10-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例10-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例10-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例10-2)、初期0.5C効率は比較例10-1よりも低下する。更に、回復0.05C効率は比較例10-1よりも低下する。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、シアノ基を有する有機化合物を単独で用いた場合(比較例10-3)、初期0.5C効率は比較例10-1よりも低下する。更に、回復0.05C効率は比較例10-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例10-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとシアノ基を有する有機化合物を同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例11-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及びヘキサメチルジシラン(「MP6」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例11-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、1Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期1C容量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.05Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、これを回復0.05C容量とした。また、この時の充電容量に対する放電容量の割合を求め、これを回復0.05C効率(%)とした。
実施例11-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP6を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例11-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例11-1の電解液において、MP6を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例11-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例11-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例11-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例11-2)、初期1C容量は比較例11-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例11-1に比べて劣る。更に、回復0.05C容量は比較例11-1よりも向上するが、実施例11-1に比べて劣る。また、回復0.05C効率は比較例11-1よりも低下する。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、ケイ素含有化合物を単独で用いた場合(比較例11-3)、初期1C容量は比較例11-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例11-1に比べて劣る。更に、回復0.05C容量は比較例11-1よりも低下する。また、回復0.05C効率は比較例11-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例11-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとケイ素含有化合物を同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例12-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及びリチウムテトラフルオロボレート(「MP7」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例12-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.40VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、1Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期1C容量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、この時の充電容量に対する放電容量の割合を求め、これを回復0.2C効率(%)とした。
高温保存耐久試験後の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した。その後、45℃において0.2Cで5.0Vまで定電流による過充電を行った。その後、十分に冷却させた電池の開回路電圧(OCV)を測定し、これを過充電後OCVとした。
なお、過充電試験後の電池のOCVは、主に正極の電位を反映している。すなわち、過充電時後のOCVが低いと、正極の充電深度が低い状態であることを表す。通常、正極の充電深度が深くなると正極からの金属溶出や酸素放出が起こり、電池の熱暴走の起点となる。よって、過充電後のOCVを低くすることで、過充電時の電池安全性を担保できる。
実施例12-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP7を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例12-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例12-1の電解液において、MP7を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例12-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例12-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例12-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例12-2)、初期1C容量は比較例12-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例12-1に比べて劣る。更に、過充電後OCVは比較例12-1よりも低下するが、実施例12-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、ホウ酸塩を単独で用いた場合(比較例12-3)、初期1C容量は比較例12-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例12-1に比べて劣る。更に、回復0.2C効率は比較例12-1よりも低下する。また、過充電後OCVは比較例12-1よりも低下するが、実施例12-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとホウ酸塩を同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例13-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジメチルカーボネート(DMC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.0mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及び1,3-プロパンスルトン(「MP8」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例13-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電し、この時の充電容量に対する放電容量の割合を求め、これを初期0.2C効率(%)とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、エタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から過充電前電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、45℃において0.5Cで5.0Vまで定電流による過充電を行った。十分に冷却させた電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、過充電前電池体積からの変化分を過充電ガス量とした。
なお、過充電ガス量が多いほど、過充電等の異常により内圧が異常に上昇したときにこれを感知して安全弁を作動させる電池では、安全弁を早めに作動させることができる。その結果、過充電時の電池安全性を担保できる。
実施例13-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP8を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例13-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例13-1の電解液において、MP8を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例13-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例13-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例13-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例13-2)、初期0.2C効率は比較例13-1と変化は無い。更に、過充電ガス量は比較例13-1よりも増加するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例13-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、硫黄含有有機化合物を単独で用いた場合(比較例13-3)、初期0.2C効率は比較例13-1よりも増加するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例13-1に比べて劣る。更に、過充電ガス量は比較例13-1よりも増加するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例13-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルと硫黄含有有機化合物を同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例14-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジメチルカーボネート(DMC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.0mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及びプロピオン酸エチル(「MP9」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例14-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期0.2C容量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、エタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から過充電前電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、45℃において0.5Cで5.0Vまで定電流による過充電を行った。十分に冷却させた電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、過充電前電池体積からの変化分を過充電ガス量とした。
なお、過充電ガス量が多いほど、過充電等の異常により内圧が異常に上昇したときにこれを感知して安全弁を作動させる電池では、安全弁を早めに作動させることができる。その結果、過充電時の電池安全性を担保できる。
実施例14-1の電解液において、MP9の代わりにプロピオン酸n-プロピル(「MP9’」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加した電解液を用いた以外、実施例14-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例14-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP9を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例14-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例14-1の電解液において、MP9を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例14-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例14-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例14-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例14-2の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例14-2と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例14-1の電解液において、MP9の代わりにプロピオン酸メチル(「MP」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加した電解液を用いた以外、実施例9-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
比較例14-5の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、比較例14-5と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例14-2)、初期0.2C容量は比較例14-1よりも低下する。更に、過充電ガス量は比較例14-1よりも増加するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例14-1~14-2に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、式(3)で表されるカルボン酸エステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例14-3~14-4)、過充電ガス量は比較例14-1よりも減少してしまい、実施例14-1に比べて明らかに劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
なお、式(3)で表されるカルボン酸エステルの範囲に含まれない芳香族化合物及び式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを同時に添加した場合(比較例14-5)、初期0.2C容量は比較例14-1よりも減少してしまい、実施例14-1~14-2に比べて明らかに劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルと式(3)で表されるカルボン酸エステルを同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例15-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジメチルカーボネート(DMC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.0mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及びジフルオロリン酸リチウム(「MP10」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例15-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をエタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から初期電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、ガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、非水系電解液二次電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、初期電池体積からの変化分を初期ガス量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、エタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から過充電前電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、45℃において0.5Cで5.0Vまで定電流による過充電を行った。十分に冷却させた電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、過充電前電池体積からの変化分を過充電ガス量とした。
なお、過充電ガス量が多いほど、過充電等の異常により内圧が異常に上昇したときにこれを感知して安全弁を作動させる電池では、安全弁を早めに作動させることができる。その結果、過充電時の電池安全性を担保できる。
実施例15-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP10を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例15-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例15-1の電解液において、MP10を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例15-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例15-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例15-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例15-2)、初期ガス量は比較例15-1よりも増加する。更に、過充電ガス量は比較例15-1よりも増加するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例15-1に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、ジフルオロリン酸リチウムを単独で用いた場合(比較例15-3)、初期ガス量は比較例15-1よりも減少するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例15-1に比べて劣る。更に、過充電ガス量は比較例15-1よりも減少する。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとジフルオロリン酸リチウムを同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例16-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジメチルカーボネート(DMC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.0mol/Lの割合で溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、かかる基本電解液に対して、添加剤として化合物(2-1)0.5質量%及びリチウムビス(オキサラト)ボレート(「MP11」ともいう)0.5質量%を添加して実施例16-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をエタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から初期電池体積を求めた(アルキメデスの原理)。その後、ガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電し、この時の充電容量に対する放電容量の割合を求め、これを初期0.2C効率(%)とした。その後、0.2Cで4.4VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、非水系電解液二次電池をエタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、初期電池体積からの変化分を初期ガス量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.20VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、85℃、1日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.2VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、この時の充電容量に対する放電容量の割合を求め、これを回復0.2C効率(%)とした。
実施例16-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)及びMP11を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例16-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例16-1の電解液において、MP11を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例16-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例16-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例16-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
なお、式(2)のエステルを単独で用いた場合(比較例16-2)、初期0.2C効率は比較例16-1と変化は無い。更に、回復0.2C効率は比較例16-1と変化は無い。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、シュウ酸塩を単独で用いた場合(比較例16-3)、初期0.2C効率は比較例16-1と変化は無い。更に、回復0.2C効率は比較例16-1と変化は無い。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとシュウ酸塩を同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例17-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させた。そして、添加剤としてモノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(MP2)5.0質量%を溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、化合物(2-1)1.0質量%を添加して実施例17-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリプロピレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、45℃、72時間の条件下で放置した。その後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期0.2C容量とした。更に、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.5Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期0.5C容量とした。そして、初期0.2C容量に対する初期0.5C容量の割合を求め、これを初期レート特性(%)とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、60℃、7日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させた。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、これを回復0.2C容量とした。更に、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.5Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを回復0.5C容量とした。そして、回復0.2C容量に対する回復0.5C容量の割合を求め、これを保存後レート特性(%)とした。
実施例17-1の電解液において、更に1-フェニル-1,3,3-トリメチルインダン(「MP12」ともいう)3.0質量%を加えた電解液を用いた以外、実施例17-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例17-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例17-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例17-2の電解液において、化合物(2-1)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例17-2と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例17-1の電解液において、化合物(2-1)の代わりに化合物(3-1)1.0質量%用いた以外、実施例17-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
実施例17-2の電解液において、化合物(2-1)の代わりに化合物(3-1)1.0質量%用いた以外、実施例17-2と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
更に、本発明にかかる実施例17-2の非水系電解液を用いると、式(2)のエステル及び式(2)以外の芳香族化合物が同時に添加されていない場合(比較例17-1)に比べ、初期レート特性に優れており、かつ高温保存耐久試験後の保存後レート特性も優れる。また、その改善効果は実施例17-1よりも優れている。すなわち、初期の電池特性及び高温保存耐久試験後の電池特性が更に優れた電池を提供することができる。
なお、式(2)以外の芳香族化合物を単独で用いた場合(比較例17-2)、初期レート特性は比較例17-1よりも低下する。更に、保存後レート特性は比較例17-1よりも向上するが、その改善効果は小さく、実施例17-2に比べて劣る。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
また、式(2)のエステルの範囲に含まれない芳香族化合物を単独及び式(2)以外の芳香族化合物と同時に用いた場合(比較例17-3)、初期レート特性は比較例17-1よりも向上するが、保存後のレート特性が低下する。よって、本発明にかかる電解液を用いた電池の方が優れた特性であることは明らかである。
このことから、式(2)のエステルと式(2)以外の芳香族化合物を同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例18-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させた。そして、添加剤としてモノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(MP2)5.0質量%を溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、化合物(2-2)3.0質量%を添加して実施例18-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ21μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ12μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリエチレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、45℃、72時間の条件下で放置した。その後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電し、これを初期0.2C容量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、エタノール浴中に浸し、そのときの浮力から高温保存耐久試験前電池体積を求めた。(アルキメデスの原理)その後、60℃、7日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、エタノール浴中に浸して体積を測定し、高温保存耐久試験前後の体積変化から保存ガス量を求めた。次に、25℃において0.2Cで3.0Vまで放電させ、高温保存耐久試験後に残存している容量を測定し、初期0.2C容量に対する割合を求め、これを残存率(%)とした。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで再度放電し、この時の充電容量に対する放電容量の割合を求め、これを回復0.2C効率(%)とした。
実施例18-1の電解液において、化合物(2-2)を含まない電解液を用いた以外、実施例18-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとフッ素含有環状カーボネート同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
[実施例19-1]
[非水系電解液の調製]
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)からなる混合溶媒(混合体積比3:4:3)に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.2mol/Lの割合で溶解させた。そして、添加剤としてモノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(MP2)5.0質量%、1,3-プロパンスルトン(MP8)2.0質量%及びアジポニトリル(MP5)3.0質量%を溶解させて基本電解液とした。更に、化合物(2-2)2.0質量%を添加して実施例19-1の非水系電解液を調製した。
正極活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)97質量%と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック1.5質量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。これを厚さ21μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして正極とした。
負極活物質として天然黒鉛粉末、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレンブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。このスラリーを厚さ12μmの銅箔の片面に均一に塗布、乾燥した後、プレスして負極とした。なお、乾燥後の負極において、天然黒鉛:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム:スチレンブタジエンゴム=98:1:1の質量比となるように作製した。
上記の正極、負極、及びポリエチレン製のセパレータを、負極、セパレータ、正極、セパレータ、負極の順に積層して電池要素を作製した。この電池要素をアルミニウム(厚さ40μm)の両面を樹脂層で被覆したラミネートフィルムからなる袋内に正・負極の端子を突設させながら挿入した後、非水系電解液を袋内に注入し、真空封止を行ない、シート状の非水系電解液二次電池を作製した。
非水系電解液二次電池をガラス板で挟んで加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.05Cに相当する電流で6時間定電流充電した後、0.2Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。更に、0.2Cに相当する電流で4.1Vまで定電流―定電圧充電(「CC-CV充電」ともいう)(0.05Cカット)した後、45℃、72時間の条件下で放置した。その後、0.2Cの定電流で3Vまで放電した。次いで、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3Vまで再度放電し、初期の電池特性を安定させた。その後、0.2Cで4.35VまでCCCV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3Vまで放電し、これを初期0.2C容量とした。
ここで、1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。
初期の電池特性評価後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において、0.2Cで4.35VまでCC-CV充電(0.05Cカット)を行った後、60℃、7日間の条件で高温保存を行った。電池を十分に冷却させた後、25℃において0.2Cで3Vまで放電させ、高温保存耐久試験後に残存している容量を測定し、初期0.2C容量に対する割合を求め、これを残存率(%)とした。
高温保存耐久試験後の非水系電解液二次電池を、25℃において0.2Cの定電流で4.35VまでCCCV充電(0.05Cカット)した後、0.2Cで3Vまで再度放電し、高温保存耐久試験後の電池容量を測定し、初期0.2C容量に対する割合を求め、これを回復率(%)とした。
実施例19-1の電解液において、化合物(2-2)の代わりに化合物(3-1)2.4質量%用いた以外、実施例19-1と同様にして非水系電解液二次電池を作製し、上記の評価を実施した。なお、実施例19-1で添加した化合物(2-2)と比較例19-1で添加した化合物(3-1)は等物質量である。
このことから、式(2)のエステルとフッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物又はシアノ基を有する有機化合物を同時に用いることで、その相乗効果により電池特性が特異的に改善されることが確認できる。
Claims (12)
- 金属イオンを吸蔵・放出しうる正極及び負極を備える非水系電解液二次電池用の非水系電解液であって、該非水系電解液が電解質及び非水溶媒とともに、式(1):
(式中、
A1は、置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、
n1は、1以上の整数であり、
R2及びR3は、独立して、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、これらは互いに結合して環を形成していてもよく、R2が複数存在する場合、それらは、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、R3が複数存在する場合、それらは、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、
a1は、1又は2の整数であり、
a1が1の場合、R1は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、
a1が2の場合、R1は、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基を表し、複数存在するA1は、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、
ただし、n1が1の場合、R2及びR3のうち少なくとも1つは置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の炭化水素基であり、
n1が2であり、かつ複数のR2及び複数のR3が全て水素原子の場合、R1は置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基である)
で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを含有することを特徴とする非水系電解液。 - 前記式(1)中、a1が1である、請求項1に記載の非水系電解液。
- 前記式(1)中、A1がフェニル基である、請求項1又は2に記載の非水系電解液。
- 前記非水系電解液が、前記式(1)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを、0.001質量%以上10質量%以下で含有する、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解液。
- 前記非水系電解液が、更に、フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、前記式(1)以外の芳香族化合物、炭素-炭素不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネート、前記式(1)以外のカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を含有する、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解液。
- 前記非水系電解液が、フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、前記式(1)以外の芳香族化合物、炭素-炭素不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネート、前記式(1)以外のカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を、0.001質量%以上20質量%以下で含有する、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解液。
- 金属イオンを吸蔵・放出しうる正極及び負極を備える非水系電解液二次電池用の非水系電解液であって、該非水系電解液が電解質及び非水溶媒とともに、
(I)式(2):
(式中、
A2は、置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、
n2は、1又は2の整数であり、
a2は、1又は2の整数であり、
a2が1の場合、R4は、水素原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、ただし、n2が2の場合、R4は置換基を有していてもよいアリール基であり、
a2が2の場合、R4は、単結合、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1以上12以下の脂肪族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよいアリーレン基であり、複数存在するA2は、同一であっても異なっていてもよく、ただし、n2が2の場合、R4は置換基を有していてもよいアリーレン基である)
で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルと、
(II)フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、式(2)以外の芳香族化合物、式(3):
式中、
R5は、炭素数1以上4以下の炭化水素基であり、
R6は、エチル基、n-プロピル基又はn-ブチル基である
で表されるカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物とを含有することを特徴とする非水系電解液。 - 前記式(2)中、a2が1である、請求項7に記載の非水系電解液。
- 前記式(2)中、A2がフェニル基である、請求項7又は8に記載の非水系電解液。
- 前記非水系電解液が、前記式(2)で表される芳香族カルボン酸エステルを、0.001質量%以上10質量%以下で含有する、請求項7~9のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解液。
- 前記非水系電解液が、フッ素含有環状カーボネート、硫黄含有有機化合物、ホスホン酸エステル、シアノ基を有する有機化合物、イソシアネート基を有する有機化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、前記式(2)以外の芳香族化合物、前記式(3)で表されるカルボン酸エステル、複数のエーテル結合を有する環状化合物、モノフルオロリン酸塩、ジフルオロリン酸塩、ホウ酸塩、シュウ酸塩及びフルオロスルホン酸塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を、0.001質量%以上20質量%以下で含有する、請求項7~10のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解液。
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能な負極及び正極、並びに電解質及び非水溶媒を含む非水系電解液を具備する非水系電解液二次電池であって、該非水系電解液が請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解液であることを特徴とする非水系電解液二次電池。
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WO2021187625A1 (ja) | 2020-03-19 | 2021-09-23 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 非水系電解液二次電池及び非水系電解液 |
WO2022054471A1 (ja) | 2020-09-10 | 2022-03-17 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 非水系電解液及び該非水系電解液を含む非水系電解液二次電池 |
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WO2023013759A1 (ja) | 2021-08-06 | 2023-02-09 | Muアイオニックソリューションズ株式会社 | 非水系電解液及び該非水系電解液を用いた非水系電解液電池 |
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CN106415910A (zh) | 2017-02-15 |
KR101860247B1 (ko) | 2018-05-21 |
US20190051941A1 (en) | 2019-02-14 |
KR20160107262A (ko) | 2016-09-13 |
US10777850B2 (en) | 2020-09-15 |
US20160322669A1 (en) | 2016-11-03 |
US10177414B2 (en) | 2019-01-08 |
EP3098893A1 (en) | 2016-11-30 |
CN106415910B (zh) | 2019-05-03 |
EP3098893A4 (en) | 2017-02-22 |
EP3098893B1 (en) | 2017-11-29 |
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