WO2014115800A1 - Led素子 - Google Patents
Led素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014115800A1 WO2014115800A1 PCT/JP2014/051363 JP2014051363W WO2014115800A1 WO 2014115800 A1 WO2014115800 A1 WO 2014115800A1 JP 2014051363 W JP2014051363 W JP 2014051363W WO 2014115800 A1 WO2014115800 A1 WO 2014115800A1
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- led element
- semiconductor layer
- ingan
- semiconductor
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 157
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 580
- 229910002704 AlGaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 97
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 76
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 64
- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 43
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 41
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 38
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
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- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 19
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 18
- XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylgallium Chemical compound C[Ga](C)C XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 230000005533 two-dimensional electron gas Effects 0.000 description 16
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- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 15
- JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylaluminium Chemical compound C[Al](C)C JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 14
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- QBJCZLXULXFYCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;cyclopenta-1,3-diene Chemical compound [Mg+2].C1C=CC=[C-]1.C1C=CC=[C-]1 QBJCZLXULXFYCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
- H10H20/81—Bodies
- H10H20/811—Bodies having quantum effect structures or superlattices, e.g. tunnel junctions
- H10H20/812—Bodies having quantum effect structures or superlattices, e.g. tunnel junctions within the light-emitting regions, e.g. having quantum confinement structures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
- H10H20/81—Bodies
- H10H20/817—Bodies characterised by the crystal structures or orientations, e.g. polycrystalline, amorphous or porous
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
- H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H10H20/80—Constructional details
- H10H20/81—Bodies
- H10H20/822—Materials of the light-emitting regions
- H10H20/824—Materials of the light-emitting regions comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaP
- H10H20/825—Materials of the light-emitting regions comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaP containing nitrogen, e.g. GaN
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an LED element, and more particularly to an LED element composed of a nitride semiconductor.
- a semiconductor layer structure (laminated semiconductor substrate) is formed on a sapphire substrate by epitaxial growth.
- a technique is disclosed in, for example, Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 below.
- an n-type contact layer made of gallium nitride (GaN) as an n-type nitride semiconductor, an n-type cladding layer made of n-AlGaN, and an active layer made of n-InGaN are formed on a sapphire substrate.
- An LED having a structure in which a p-type cladding layer made of p-AlGaN and a p-type contact layer made of p-GaN are sequentially laminated is disclosed.
- the active layer is realized by a single quantum well structure or a multiple quantum well structure.
- a buffer layer made of GaN, AlGaN or AlN is formed between the sapphire substrate and the n-type contact layer.
- the n-InGaN forming the active layer is doped with donor impurities such as Si and Ge and / or acceptor impurities such as Zn and Mg.
- Patent Document 2 in a laminated semiconductor substrate for forming an LED, a GaN layer having a lattice constant larger than that and having a plane orientation aligned in the c-axis direction is grown on AlN having a plane orientation aligned in the c-axis direction.
- the contents of forming an n-AlGaN layer having a smaller lattice constant, an active layer having a multiple quantum well structure, and a p-AlGaN layer in this order are disclosed.
- Nitride semiconductors such as GaN and AlGaN have a wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal crystal structure).
- the plane of the wurtzite crystal structure is expressed in terms of a crystal plane and orientation using basic vectors represented by a1, a2, a3, and c in a four-index notation (hexagonal crystal index).
- the basic vector c extends in the [0001] direction, and this direction is called “c-axis”.
- a plane perpendicular to the c-axis is called “c-plane” or “(0001) plane”.
- a substrate having a c-plane substrate as a main surface is used as a substrate on which a nitride semiconductor crystal is grown.
- an undoped GaN layer is grown on this substrate, and an n-type nitride semiconductor layer is further grown thereon.
- FIG. 23 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of a conventional LED element 190.
- the actual dimensional ratio does not necessarily match the dimensional ratio on the drawing.
- the LED element 190 includes an undoped layer 113 in which an undoped GaN layer is formed with a thickness of 3 ⁇ m, for example, on an upper layer of a support substrate 111 such as sapphire, and an n-AlGaN layer, for example, with a thickness of 1.5 ⁇ m on the upper layer.
- the n-type cladding layer 115 is formed.
- the LED element 190 is configured such that, for example, an InGaN layer having a thickness of 2 nm constituting a well layer and an AlGaN layer having a thickness of 5 nm constituting a barrier layer are alternately stacked on the n-type cladding layer 115.
- Well an active layer 117 in which a multiple quantum well is formed.
- the LED element 190 has a p-type cladding layer 119 formed of, for example, a p-AlGaN layer on the active layer 117, and a p-type contact layer 121 formed of a p + -GaN layer on the upper layer.
- the LED element 190 includes a last barrier layer formed of AlGaN between the active layer 117 and the p-type cladding layer 119 as necessary.
- AlGaN constituting the n-type cladding layer 115 has a lattice constant smaller than that of GaN constituting the underlying undoped layer 113. For this reason, a tensile stress 181 due to lattice mismatch occurs in the n-type cladding layer 115.
- the arrow indicated by the tensile stress 181 represents the direction of the stress. This tensile stress 181 increases as the film thickness of the n-type cladding layer 115 increases, and if it exceeds a certain threshold, misfit dislocations accompanying surface roughness, cracks, and crystal defects occur, leading to a decrease in luminous efficiency.
- the film thickness of the n-type cladding layer 115 is made too thin, when a voltage is applied between a power supply terminal (not shown) formed on the upper surface of the p-type contact layer 121 and the n-type cladding layer 115, the power supply terminal Current flows through the n-type cladding layer 115 via the p-type contact layer 121, the p-type cladding layer 119, and the active layer 117 located immediately below. For this reason, the current flows only in a part of the region in the active layer 117, and the light emitting region is reduced, resulting in a decrease in light emission efficiency. Furthermore, since a current flows through a part of the active layer 117, current concentration occurs locally, carrier nonuniformity occurs in the active layer 117, and high emission intensity cannot be obtained.
- Nitride semiconductors such as GaN and AlGaN have a wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal crystal structure).
- the plane of the wurtzite crystal structure is expressed in terms of a crystal plane and orientation using basic vectors represented by a1, a2, a3, and c in a four-index notation (hexagonal crystal index).
- the basic vector c extends in the [0001] direction, and this direction is called “c-axis”.
- a plane perpendicular to the c-axis is called “c-plane” or “(0001) plane”.
- a substrate having a c-plane substrate as a main surface is used as a substrate on which a nitride semiconductor crystal is grown.
- an undoped GaN layer is grown on this substrate, and an n-type nitride semiconductor layer is further grown thereon.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of a conventional LED element 290.
- the actual dimensional ratio does not necessarily match the dimensional ratio on the drawing.
- the LED element 290 includes an undoped layer 213 in which an undoped GaN layer is formed with a thickness of 3 ⁇ m, for example, on an upper layer of a support substrate 211 such as sapphire, and an n-AlGaN layer, for example, with a thickness of 1.5 ⁇ m on the upper layer.
- An n-type cladding layer 215 is formed.
- the LED element 290 is formed by alternately laminating, for example, 2 nm-thick InGaN constituting the well layer and 5 nm-thick AlGaN constituting the well layer on the n-type clad layer 215 to provide a MQW (Multi-quantum).
- Well an active layer 217 in which a multiple quantum well is formed.
- the LED element 290 has a p-type cladding layer 219 formed of, for example, a p-AlGaN layer on the active layer 217, and a p-type contact layer 221 formed of a p + -GaN layer on the upper layer.
- the LED element 290 includes a last barrier layer formed of AlGaN between the active layer 217 and the p-type cladding layer 219 as necessary.
- AlGaN constituting the n-type cladding layer 215 has a smaller lattice constant than GaN constituting the undoped layer 213 below it. For this reason, a tensile stress 281 due to lattice mismatch occurs in the n-type cladding layer 215.
- the arrow indicated by the tensile stress 281 represents the direction of the stress. This tensile stress 281 increases with an increase in the film thickness of the n-type cladding layer 215, and when a certain threshold value is exceeded, misfit dislocations associated with surface roughness, cracks, and crystal defects occur, leading to a decrease in luminous efficiency.
- the film thickness of the n-type cladding layer 215 is made too thin, when a voltage is applied between a power supply terminal (not shown) formed on the upper surface of the p-type contact layer 221 and the n-type cladding layer 215, the power supply terminal Current flows through the n-type cladding layer 215 via the p-type contact layer 221, the p-type cladding layer 219, and the active layer 217 located in the immediate vicinity thereof. For this reason, the current flows only in a part of the region in the active layer 217, and the light emitting region is reduced, resulting in a decrease in light emission efficiency. Furthermore, since current flows through a part of the active layer 217, current concentration occurs locally, carrier non-uniformity occurs in the active layer 217, and high emission intensity cannot be obtained.
- the present invention secures a horizontal current spread in the active layer without causing a problem due to lattice mismatch of the n-type semiconductor layer adjacent to the active layer, thereby improving the luminous efficiency.
- An object is to realize an improved LED element.
- the LED element of the present invention is an LED element obtained by growing a nitride semiconductor layer on a support substrate in the c-axis direction, and includes a first semiconductor layer composed of an n-type nitride semiconductor and an upper layer of the first semiconductor layer.
- the In ratio of In x Ga 1-x N is higher than 10%, distortion of the energy band caused by the piezoelectric field is generated, and the light emission efficiency is lowered by the quantum Stark effect.
- the active layer is a multi-quantum structure in which a well layer made of In a Ga 1-a N (0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1) and a barrier layer made of Al b Ga 1-b N (0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1) are repeated.
- the ratio of the In composition is a factor that determines the wavelength of the emitted light.
- the light that can be extracted when the In ratio of In x Ga 1-x N constituting the current spreading layer and In a Ga 1-a N (0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1) constituting the active layer is 10% or less. That is, the present invention is particularly useful as an LED element that generates near-ultraviolet light having a wavelength of, for example, about 365 nm.
- the thickness of the third semiconductor layer made of N common multi-quantum well structure of a well layer thickness of the In x Ga 1-x N formed in order to configure (e.g. Is sufficiently thicker than 10 nm and 25 nm or less.
- the thickness of In x Ga 1-x N is set to about 2 nm, at most 3 nm or less, in order to prevent a decrease in the emission ratio due to the quantum Stark effect.
- the film thickness of In x Ga 1-x N constituting the current diffusion layer is set to 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less.
- the substantially flat band region formed by In x Ga 1-x N can be widened, and the capacity for securing electrons can be increased.
- the electrons cannot exceed the barrier formed by the fourth semiconductor layer (n-Al y1 Ga y2 In y3 N).
- the electrons diffuse in the horizontal direction.
- the electrons when the electrons diffuse sufficiently in the horizontal direction and a sufficient amount of electrons are accumulated in the band bending region and the substantially flat band region, the electrons exceed the barrier of n-Al y1 Ga y2 In y3 N. Move to the p-layer side. That is, before the current flows from the p layer side to the n layer side, the spread of electrons is once realized in the horizontal direction. Thereby, since the current flowing in the active layer spreads in the horizontal direction, the entire active layer can emit light, and the light emission efficiency can be increased.
- the film thickness of In x Ga 1-x N is preferably set to a critical film thickness that does not cause crystal defects.
- the film thickness of In x Ga 1-x N is 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less, the effect of improving the light output can be obtained as compared with the conventional LED element.
- an effect of improving the breakdown voltage against ESD (Electro Static Discharge) of the element can be obtained.
- the In composition contained in the fourth semiconductor layer made of n-Al y1 Ga y2 In y3 N may be zero.
- the effect of further improving the light output can be obtained by including In in the fourth semiconductor layer within 5%.
- the LED element of the present invention has another feature that the band gap energy of the third semiconductor layer is smaller than the band gap energy of each of the first semiconductor layer and the fourth semiconductor layer. With this configuration, a two-dimensional electron gas layer can be formed at the interface between the third semiconductor layer and the fourth semiconductor layer.
- the Si doping concentration of the fourth semiconductor layer n-Al y1 Ga y2 In y3 N is 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more and 5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or less.
- the Si doping concentration is set to a value smaller than 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 , such as 5 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 , carrier nonuniformity in the active layer due to absolute carrier shortage occurs.
- it was set to a value higher than 5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 , such as 9 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 it was found that a droop phenomenon occurred and none of them could provide a high light output.
- the film thickness of In x Ga 1-x N is set to 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less, and the Si doping concentration of n-Al y1 Ga y2 In y3 N is further set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more and 5 ⁇ 10.
- the Si doping concentration of n-Al y1 Ga y2 In y3 N is further set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more and 5 ⁇ 10.
- the current spreading layer may be realized as a configuration having a plurality of heterojunctions by stacking a plurality of sets of the third semiconductor layer and the fourth semiconductor layer.
- the LED element of the present invention is an LED element formed by growing a nitride semiconductor layer on the support substrate in the c-axis direction, An undoped layer formed on the support substrate; A fifth semiconductor layer formed on the undoped layer and made of an n-type nitride semiconductor; An n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N (0 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x2) having a Si doping concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 or less is formed on the fifth semiconductor layer.
- x1 + x2 + x3 1) and a seventh semiconductor layer composed of In y Ga 1-y N having a thickness of 10 nm to 25 nm.
- a heterostructure formed of a laminated structure;
- An eighth semiconductor layer formed on the heterostructure and made of a p-type nitride semiconductor;
- the peak emission wavelength is 362 nm or more and 395 nm or less.
- the sixth semiconductor layer is abbreviated as “n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N” as appropriate.
- the In ratio of In y Ga 1-y N determines the peak emission wavelength of the LED element.
- the In ratio of In y Ga 1-y N is decreased, the peak emission wavelength from the LED element shifts to the short wavelength side. Conversely, when the In ratio is increased, the peak emission wavelength shifts to the long wavelength side.
- the peak emission wavelength when the peak emission wavelength is longer than 395 nm, for example, 400 nm, the In ratio of In y Ga 1-y N becomes too high. As a result, distortion of the energy band caused by the piezoelectric field occurs, and the light emission efficiency is lowered by the quantum Stark effect. In addition, lattice relaxation occurs in the In y Ga 1-y N layer, so that misfit dislocations are generated and light emission occurs. A decrease in efficiency occurs.
- the peak emission wavelength is set to a value shorter than 362 nm, for example, 357 nm, the In ratio of In y Ga 1-y N must be extremely low.
- the film thickness of In y Ga 1-y N is 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less. For this reason, it is difficult to add a small amount of In, and it is difficult to realize light having a short wavelength of 357 nm.
- the LED element of the present invention is suitable for an element having a peak emission wavelength of 362 nm or more and 395 nm or less.
- the In y Ga 1-y N layer is formed of In y Ga 1-y N to form a well layer having a general MQW structure (for example, Is sufficiently thicker than 10 nm and 25 nm or less.
- a general MQW structure the thickness of In y Ga 1-y N is set to about 2 nm, at most 7 nm or less, in order to prevent a decrease in the emission ratio due to the quantum Stark effect.
- the film thickness of In y Ga 1-y N constituting the heterostructure is 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less.
- the substantially flat band region formed by In y Ga 1-y N can be widened, and the capacity for securing electrons can be increased.
- the electrons cannot exceed the barrier formed by n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N.
- the electrons diffuse in the horizontal direction.
- the electrons when the electrons are sufficiently diffused in the horizontal direction and a sufficient amount of electrons are accumulated in the band bending region and the substantially flat band region, the electrons exceed the barrier of n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N. Move to the p-layer side. That is, before the current flows from the p layer side to the n layer side, the spread of electrons is once realized in the horizontal direction. Thereby, since the electric current which flows through a heterostructure spreads in a horizontal direction, it can be made to light-emit the whole heterostructure, and luminous efficiency can be improved.
- the film thickness of In y Ga 1-y N is preferably set to a critical film thickness that does not cause crystal defects.
- the In composition contained in the sixth semiconductor layer made of n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N may be zero.
- the effect of further improving the optical output can be obtained by including In in the sixth semiconductor layer within 5%.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research to make the Si doping concentration of n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 or less. It was found that the effect of improving the light output can be secured. For example, when the Si doping concentration is set to a value lower than 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 , such as 5 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 , the absolute Si concentration is low, so that n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 The screening effect of the conduction band of the N layer is small, and a sufficient amount of carriers cannot be taken into the band bending region and the substantially flat band region.
- the film thickness of In y Ga 1-y N is set to 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less, and the Si doping concentration of n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N is further set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more, 1 ⁇ 10 5.
- the effect of further improving the light output can be obtained as compared with the conventional LED element.
- the inventors have intensively studied, and the Si doping concentration can be increased as compared with the conventional LED element provided with MQW, so that the operating voltage at the time of high current injection is reduced. It was found that the effect of making it possible is also obtained.
- the eighth semiconductor layer may be formed on the heterostructure located in the uppermost layer of the multilayer structure.
- the current spread in the horizontal direction can be realized while the n-type cladding layer is formed with a film thickness within a range in which crystal defects are not caused, so that an LED element with high luminous efficiency is realized. be able to.
- In composition of In x Ga 1-x N is a graph showing the relationship between the light output obtained from current and LED element through the active layer.
- the ideal energy band figure of a current spreading layer is shown typically.
- the energy band diagram of the current diffusion layer is schematically shown reflecting the influence of the piezoelectric field.
- the energy band diagram of the conduction band of the current diffusion layer is schematically shown by reflecting the interaction of the semiconductor material.
- When changing the thickness of the In x Ga 1-x N is a graph showing the relationship between the light output obtained from current and LED element through the active layer. 6 is a table showing the relationship between the film thickness of In x Ga 1-x N and the yield of LED elements.
- the energy band diagram of the conduction band of the heterostructure schematically shows the interaction of the semiconductor material.
- 6 is a table showing the relationship between the film thickness of an In y Ga 1-y N layer and the yield of LED elements. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the electric current which flows through an LED element, and the light output obtained from an LED element when changing Si dope density
- the energy band diagram of the conduction band of the heterostructure schematically shows the interaction of the semiconductor material. It is a graph of current-voltage characteristics of LED elements. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the electric current supplied with respect to the LED element produced by varying In composition contained in a 6th semiconductor layer, and light output. It is a schematic sectional drawing which shows the structure of the conventional LED element. It is a schematic sectional drawing which shows the structure of the conventional LED element.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of the LED element 101 of the present invention.
- symbol is attached
- the actual dimensional ratio does not necessarily match the dimensional ratio on the drawing.
- the LED element 101 is different from the LED element 190 in that the current diffusion layer 103 is additionally provided. That is, the LED element 101 includes an undoped layer 113, an n-type cladding layer 115 (corresponding to a “first semiconductor layer”), a current diffusion layer 103, an active layer 117, p on an upper layer of a support substrate 111 such as sapphire.
- the structure includes a type cladding layer 119 (corresponding to a “second semiconductor layer”) and a p-type contact layer 121. Further, similarly to the LED element 190, a last barrier layer (not shown) is provided between the active layer 117 and the p-type cladding layer 119 as necessary.
- the support substrate 111 is composed of a sapphire substrate. In addition to sapphire, Si, SiC, GaN, YAG, or the like may be used.
- the undoped layer 113 is made of GaN. More specifically, it is formed of a low-temperature buffer layer made of GaN and an underlying layer made of GaN on the upper layer.
- the n-type cladding layer 115 is composed of n-Al n Ga 1-n N (0 ⁇ n ⁇ 1). Note that a region (protective layer) made of n-GaN may be included in the region in contact with the undoped layer 113. In this case, the protective layer is doped with n-type impurities such as Si, Ge, S, Se, Sn, and Te, and it is particularly preferable that Si is doped.
- the n-type cladding layer 115 is formed of n-Al 0.1 Ga 0.9 N.
- the active layer 117 is, for example, a multiple quantum layer in which a well layer made of In a Ga 1-a N (0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1) and a barrier layer made of Al b Ga 1-b N (0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1) are repeated. It is formed of a semiconductor layer having a well structure (MQW). These layers may be non-doped or p-type or n-type doped.
- the well layer of the active layer 117 is In 0.04 Ga 0.96 N
- the barrier layer is Al 0.06 Ga 0.94 N
- the well layer and the barrier layer have five cycles.
- the active layer 117 is formed by being repeated. In the LED element 101, the number of repetition periods is not limited to five.
- the p-type cladding layer 119 is made of, for example, p-Al c Ga 1-c N (0 ⁇ c ⁇ 1), and is doped with p-type impurities such as Mg, Be, Zn, and C.
- the p-type cladding layer 119 is formed with a stacked structure of p-Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N and p-Al 0.07 Ga 0.93 N.
- the region in contact with the p-type contact layer 121 may include a layer (protective layer) made of GaN. In this case, the protective layer is doped with p-type impurities such as Mg, Be, Zn, and C.
- the p-type contact layer 121 is made of, for example, p-GaN.
- p-type impurities such as Mg, Be, Zn, and C are doped at a high concentration to form a p + -GaN layer.
- the film thickness of In x Ga 1-x N constituting the third semiconductor layer is not less than 10 nm and not more than 25 nm.
- FIG. 2 shows the current flowing through the active layer 117 and the LED element 101 when the In composition of In x Ga 1-x N (third semiconductor layer) constituting the current spreading layer 103, that is, the x value is changed. It is a graph which shows the relationship of the output of the light to be obtained. For comparison, data of a conventional LED element 190 not provided with the current diffusion layer 103 is also shown.
- FIG. 3A and 3B schematically show energy band diagrams of the current diffusion layer 103.
- the third semiconductor layer is represented as InGaN
- the fourth semiconductor layer is represented as AlGaN. This means that the ratio of atoms other than nitrogen is 1: 1. Is not stipulated. Here, description will be made assuming that the In composition contained in the fourth semiconductor layer is 0% (n-Al y Ga 1-y N), but the fourth semiconductor layer containing In within 5% is used. A similar argument is possible even if it exists.
- AlGaN has a larger band gap than InGaN. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3A, if the influence of the polarization electric field described later is not taken into account, the substantially flat InGaN layer is formed between the n-AlGaN constituting the n-type cladding layer 115 and the AlGaN of the current diffusion layer 103. A band region is formed.
- the film thickness of InGaN constituting the current spreading layer 103 is much larger than the film thickness of InGaN constituting the active layer 117 (for example, 2 nm) and is composed of 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less. A region is formed widely.
- piezoelectric polarization occurs in the c-axis direction perpendicular to the plane of the flat band region formed by the InGaN layer.
- FIG. 3B schematically shows the energy band of the current diffusion layer 103 drawn in consideration of the influence of the piezoelectric field. Due to the piezo electric field, the energy band is distorted.
- the In composition is 2% and 5%, the light output is higher than that of the conventional LED element 190.
- the following contents can be considered as this reason.
- FIG. 3A shows a conduction band 130, a valence band 131, an InGaN Fermi level 132, and an AlGaN Fermi level 133.
- the interaction between InGaN and AlGaN is not considered.
- FIG. 3C schematically shows the state of the conduction band 130 reflecting the interaction between two semiconductor materials.
- the Fermi levels 132 and 133 are equal to each other, the conduction band of the AlGaN layer close to the p layer is pulled downward due to the discontinuity of the energy bands of AlGaN and InGaN, and a band bending region 141 is generated.
- a band bending region 141 In the band bending region 141, a two-dimensional electron gas layer having high mobility in the horizontal direction is formed.
- the substantially flat band region 142 is expanded and a large number of electrons can be accumulated.
- the band bending region 141 formed at the interface between AlGaN and InGaN and Until the electrons are accumulated in the substantially flat band region 142 of InGaN, the electrons do not overflow beyond the potential of AlGaN. That is, the movement of electrons in the horizontal direction is achieved, and as a result, the current spread in the horizontal direction can be realized. That is, the current diffusion layer 103 is realized by AlGaN and InGaN.
- the effect of improving the light output of the LED element 101 can be obtained by making the In ratio of InGaN higher than 0% and 5% or lower.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the current flowing through the active layer and the light output obtained from the LED element when the film thickness of InGaN is changed.
- the In composition was 2%.
- the InGaN film thickness is 10 nm, an optical output equivalent to that of the conventional LED element 190 without the current diffusion layer 103 is obtained.
- the InGaN film thickness is 15 nm, 20 nm, and 25 nm, It can be seen that a higher light output than before is obtained.
- the film thickness of InGaN is 15 nm, the highest light output is obtained in a wide range of applied current values.
- the film thickness of InGaN is 30 nm
- the light output is lower than that of the conventional LED element 190. This is presumably because when the film thickness is 30 nm, the crystal defects due to the lattice relaxation described above occur, and the in-plane current uniformity decreases, resulting in a decrease in light output.
- the light output was lower than that of the conventional LED element 190 even when the film thickness of InGaN was 5 nm, which was smaller than 10 nm. This is because, as described above with reference to FIG. 3B, due to the large influence of the piezoelectric field, an almost flat band region 142 formed of InGaN is also tilted, and the ability to accumulate electrons is reduced. Is considered to be the reason.
- the effect of improving the light output of the LED element 101 can be obtained by setting the film thickness of InGaN to 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less.
- FIG. 5 is a table showing the relationship between the film thickness of InGaN and the yield of LED elements.
- a reverse current that flows when ⁇ 5 V is applied as a reverse bias is measured.
- the yield was measured by using a device having an absolute value of the reverse current of 5 ⁇ A or less (or less) as a good element and a device having an absolute value of the reverse current exceeding 5 ⁇ A as a defective device.
- the yield is highest when the InGaN film thickness is 20 nm, and the yield is lowest when the InGaN film thickness is 3 nm. Note that the yield increases as the thickness of InGaN increases in order of 3 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, and 20 nm, and when the thickness of InGaN increases to 10 nm or more, the yield improvement trend slows down.
- the film thickness of the third semiconductor layer (InGaN) constituting the current diffusion layer 103 is increased, so that the gap between the third semiconductor layer (InGaN) and the fourth semiconductor layer (AlGaN) is increased.
- a two-dimensional electron gas layer is likely to be generated.
- the two-dimensional electron gas layer has an effect of spreading the current in the horizontal direction, but with this, the current is less likely to concentrate in a narrow region, and the electric field is relaxed. As a result, even when a high voltage is instantaneously applied, the electric field is diffused in the current diffusion layer 103, so that the electric field is less likely to concentrate and the element is less likely to be destroyed. .
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the current flowing through the active layer and the light output obtained from the LED element when the Si doping concentration of the fourth semiconductor (AlGaN) constituting the current diffusion layer 103 is changed.
- the In composition of InGaN was 2% and the film thickness was 15 nm.
- the highest light output is shown when the Si doping concentration is 3 ⁇ 10 18 (/ cm 3 ). Further, in the case of 1 ⁇ 10 18 (/ cm 3 ), 3 ⁇ 10 18 (/ cm 3 ), and 5 ⁇ 10 18 (/ cm 3 ), all show higher light output than the conventional LED element 190. (See FIG. 4). In contrast, Si-doped and when the concentration is 1 ⁇ 10 18 (/ cm 3 ) is lower than 5 ⁇ 10 17 (/ cm 3 ), 5 ⁇ 10 18 (/ cm 3) higher than 9 ⁇ 10 18 ( / Cm 3 ), it can be seen that the light output is lower than that of the conventional LED element 190 (see FIG. 4).
- the light output of the LED element 101 is further improved by setting the Si concentration of AlGaN constituting the current diffusion layer 103 to 1 ⁇ 10 18 (/ cm 3 ) or more and 5 ⁇ 10 18 (/ cm 3 ) or less. It turns out that an effect is acquired.
- FIG. 7A shows a case where the AlGaN constituting the current diffusion layer 103 is not doped with Si.
- FIG. 7B shows a case where the Si doping concentration of the AlGaN constituting the current diffusion layer 103 is 3 ⁇ 10 18 /
- the conduction band 130 of the current diffusion layer 103 in the case of cm 3 is schematically shown.
- the electric field acts in a direction that cancels the piezoelectric field, so that the effect of pushing down the conduction band 130 works.
- the inclination of the conduction band 130 is relaxed (region 152), and electrons are easily injected from the n layer side into the band bending region 141 and the substantially flat band region 142.
- the LED element 101 when the LED element 101 is designed as a high injection device of about 100 A / cm 2 , it is preferable to have a configuration in which more electrons can be injected. Also from this result, it is preferable to increase the Si concentration to be doped in the AlGaN layer. However, if it is too high, the droop phenomenon occurs as described above, so that the light output can be improved by setting the Si doping concentration to 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more and 5 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or less. It becomes possible.
- Step S1> the undoped layer 113 is formed on the support substrate 111. For example, the following steps are performed.
- the c-plane sapphire substrate is cleaned. More specifically, for this cleaning, for example, a c-plane sapphire substrate is placed in a processing furnace of a MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) apparatus, and hydrogen gas with a flow rate of 10 slm is placed in the processing furnace. The temperature in the furnace is raised to, for example, 1150 ° C. while flowing.
- MOCVD Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
- a low-temperature buffer layer made of GaN is formed on the surface of the support substrate 111 (c-plane sapphire substrate), and an underlayer made of GaN is further formed thereon. These low-temperature buffer layer and underlayer correspond to the undoped layer 113.
- a more specific method for forming the undoped layer 113 is as follows. First, the furnace pressure of the ⁇ CVD apparatus is 100 kPa, and the furnace temperature is 480 ° C. Then, while flowing nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas with a flow rate of 5 slm respectively as carrier gas into the processing furnace, trimethylgallium (TMG) with a flow rate of 50 ⁇ mol / min and ammonia with a flow rate of 250,000 ⁇ mol / min are used as the raw material gas in the processing furnace. For 68 seconds. Thereby, a low-temperature buffer layer made of GaN having a thickness of 20 nm is formed on the surface of the support substrate 111.
- TMG trimethylgallium
- the furnace temperature of the MOCVD apparatus is raised to 1150 ° C. Then, while flowing nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 20 slm and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of 15 slm as a carrier gas in the processing furnace, TMG having a flow rate of 100 ⁇ mol / min and ammonia having a flow rate of 250,000 ⁇ mol / min are introduced into the processing furnace as source gases. Feed for 30 minutes. As a result, a base layer made of GaN having a thickness of 1.7 ⁇ m is formed on the surface of the first buffer layer.
- an n-type cladding layer 115 made of n-Al n Ga 1-n N (0 ⁇ n ⁇ 1) is formed on the undoped layer 113.
- a more specific method for forming the n-type cladding layer 115 is, for example, as follows. First, the furnace pressure of the MOCVD apparatus is set to 30 kPa. Then, while flowing nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 20 slm and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of 15 slm as a carrier gas into the processing furnace, TMG having a flow rate of 94 ⁇ mol / min, trimethylaluminum (TMA) having a flow rate of 6 ⁇ mol / min, Ammonia with a flow rate of 250,000 ⁇ mol / min and tetraethylsilane with a flow rate of 0.025 ⁇ mol / min are supplied into the treatment furnace for 30 minutes.
- TMG trimethylaluminum
- tetraethylsilane with a flow rate of 0.025 ⁇ mol / min are supplied into the treatment furnace for 30 minutes.
- a high concentration electron supply layer having a composition of Al 0.06 Ga 0.94 N, a Si concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 and a thickness of 1.7 ⁇ m is formed on the undoped layer 113. That is, by this process, the n-type cladding layer 115 having a high concentration electron supply layer having a Si concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 and a thickness of 1.7 ⁇ m is formed at least in the upper surface region.
- silicon (Si) is used as the n-type impurity contained in the n-type cladding layer 115 here, germanium (Ge), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), and tellurium are used. (Te) or the like can also be used. Of these, silicon (Si) is particularly preferable.
- a third semiconductor layer made of In x Ga 1-x N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05) and n-Al y Ga 1-y N (0 ⁇ y ⁇ ) are formed on the n-type cladding layer 115.
- the current diffusion layer 103 is formed by forming the fourth semiconductor layer made of 1).
- a more specific method for forming the current diffusion layer 103 is as follows. First, the furnace pressure of the MOCVD apparatus is 100 kPa, and the furnace temperature is 830 ° C. Then, while flowing nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 15 slm and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of 1 slm as a carrier gas in the processing furnace, TMG having a flow rate of 10 ⁇ mol / min, trimethylindium (TMI) having a flow rate of 12 ⁇ mol / min, and A step of supplying ammonia at a flow rate of 300,000 ⁇ mol / min into the processing furnace for 360 seconds is performed.
- TMG having a flow rate of 10 ⁇ mol / min
- TMA having a flow rate of 1.6 ⁇ mol / min
- tetraethylsilane having a flow rate of 0.009 ⁇ mol / min
- ammonia having a flow rate of 300,000 ⁇ mol / min
- Step S4> a well layer made of In a Ga 1-a N (0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1) and a barrier layer made of Al b Ga 1-b N (0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1) are repeated on the current diffusion layer 103.
- An active layer 117 having a multiple quantum well structure is formed.
- a more specific method for forming the active layer 117 is, for example, as follows. First, the furnace pressure of the MOCVD apparatus is 100 kPa, and the furnace temperature is 830 ° C. Then, while flowing nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 15 slm and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of 1 slm as a carrier gas in the processing furnace, TMG having a flow rate of 10 ⁇ mol / min, TMI having a flow rate of 12 ⁇ mol / min, and a flow rate of 300,000 ⁇ mol / min. A step of supplying min of ammonia into the processing furnace for 48 seconds is performed.
- TMG having a flow rate of 10 ⁇ mol / min
- TMA having a flow rate of 1.6 ⁇ mol / min
- tetraethylsilane having a flow rate of 0.002 ⁇ mol / min
- ammonia having a flow rate of 300,000 ⁇ mol / min
- an active layer 117 having a multi-quantum well structure of five periods with a well layer made of InGaN having a thickness of 2 nm and a barrier layer made of n-AlGaN having a thickness of 7 nm is formed into a current diffusion. It is formed in the upper layer of the layer 103.
- a p-type cladding layer 119 composed of p-Al c Ga 1-c N (0 ⁇ c ⁇ 1) is formed on the active layer 117, and a high-concentration p-type contact layer is formed on the upper layer. 121 is formed.
- a more specific method for forming the p-type cladding layer 119 and the p-type contact layer 121 is, for example, as follows. First, the furnace pressure of the MOCVD apparatus is maintained at 100 kPa, and the furnace temperature is raised to 1050 ° C. while nitrogen gas with a flow rate of 15 slm and hydrogen gas with a flow rate of 25 slm are allowed to flow into the processing furnace.
- TMG having a flow rate of 35 ⁇ mol / min
- TMA having a flow rate of 20 ⁇ mol / min
- ammonia having a flow rate of 250,000 ⁇ mol / min
- biscyclopentadienylmagnesium (Cp 2 Mg) having a flow rate of 0.1 ⁇ mol / min are used as source gases.
- a hole supply layer having a composition of Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N having a thickness of 20 nm is formed on the surface of the active layer 117.
- a hole supply layer having a composition of Al 0.07 Ga 0.93 N having a thickness of 120 nm is formed.
- a p-type cladding layer 119 is formed by these hole supply layers.
- magnesium (Mg) is used as the p-type impurity contained in the p-type cladding layer 119 and the p-type contact layer 121, but beryllium (Be), zinc (Zn), carbon (C), and the like. Can also be used.
- Step S6 an activation process is performed on the wafer obtained through steps S1 to S5. More specifically, activation is performed at 650 ° C. for 15 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere using an RTA (Rapid Thermal Anneal) device.
- RTA Rapid Thermal Anneal
- an electrode is formed at a place where the support substrate 111 was present to form an n-side electrode.
- etching is performed from the p side until the n type semiconductor layer is exposed to form an n side electrode.
- an electrode such as a transparent electrode may be formed as necessary.
- a power supply terminal or the like is formed on each electrode, and if necessary, the exposed element side surface or upper surface is covered with a highly light-transmitting insulating layer and connected to the substrate by wire bonding or the like.
- FIG. 8A schematically shows the energy band diagram of the conduction band of the current diffusion layer 103 in the configuration of FIG. 8A, following FIG. 3C.
- the current diffusion layer 103 is configured by periodically forming In x Ga 1-x N and n-Al y1 Ga y2 In y3 N from the side closest to the n-type cladding layer 115. It does not matter.
- n-Al y1 Ga y2 In y3 N and In x Ga 1-x N are periodically formed from the side closest to the n-type cladding layer 115. It does not matter even if it is constituted by. As shown in FIGS.
- the layer formed closest to the n-type cladding layer and the closest to the p-type cladding layer may be In x Ga 1-x N or n-Al y1 Ga y2 In y3 N.
- the fourth semiconductor layer constituting the current diffusion layer 103 has been described as n-AlGaN.
- n-Al y1 Ga y2 obtained by adding In with a composition within a range of 5% or less.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the current supplied to the LED elements manufactured with different In compositions contained in the fourth semiconductor layer and the light output.
- the light output value indicated by the vertical axis in FIG. 9 is defined by the relative value with respect to the light output when 0.1 A is supplied to the LED element in which the fourth semiconductor layer is formed of n-AlGaN not containing In. Yes.
- TMI is supplied at a predetermined flow rate together with these gases. It can be realized by supplying with.
- the light output was not much different from the case where the fourth semiconductor layer was configured without including In.
- the light output was improved as compared with the case where the fourth semiconductor layer was formed without including In. This is considered to be due to the fact that the inclusion of In in AlGaN alleviates strain caused by lattice mismatch between AlGa (In) N and InGaN, and the surface state thereof is improved.
- FIG. 9 shows that when In contained in the fourth semiconductor layer is 4%, the optical output is almost the same as when In is not contained, but even when it is about 5%, It has been confirmed that the difference is not very large. However, if the In composition exceeds 5%, for the above reason, the light output will be significantly lower than the case where the fourth semiconductor layer is made of AlGaN not containing In, so it is included in the fourth semiconductor layer.
- the composition of In to be added is preferably 0% or more and 5% or less.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of the LED element 201 of the present invention.
- symbol is attached
- the actual dimensional ratio does not necessarily match the dimensional ratio on the drawing.
- the LED element 201 is different from the LED element 290 in that the heterostructure 202 is provided instead of the active layer 217.
- the LED element 201 has an undoped layer 213 on an upper layer of a support substrate 211 such as sapphire, an n-type cladding layer 215 (corresponding to a “fifth semiconductor layer”) on the upper layer, and an n-type cladding layer 215.
- the upper layer is formed of a stacked structure of an n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N layer 203 (corresponding to “sixth semiconductor layer”) and an In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 (corresponding to “seventh semiconductor layer”).
- the LED element 201 includes a p-type cladding layer 219 (corresponding to an “eighth semiconductor layer”) and a p-type contact layer 221 in the upper layer of the heterostructure 202.
- the LED element 201 includes a last barrier layer between the heterostructure 202 and the p-type cladding layer 219 as necessary (not shown).
- 0 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x3 ⁇ 0.05, x1 + x2 + x3 1.
- the support substrate 211 is composed of a sapphire substrate. In addition to sapphire, Si, SiC, GaN, YAG, or the like may be used.
- the undoped layer 213 is made of GaN. More specifically, it is formed of a low-temperature buffer layer made of GaN and an underlying layer made of GaN on the upper layer.
- the n-type cladding layer 215 is composed of n-Al n Ga 1-n N (0 ⁇ n ⁇ 1). Note that a region (protective layer) made of n-GaN may be included in a region in contact with the undoped layer 213. In this case, the protective layer is doped with n-type impurities such as Si, Ge, S, Se, Sn, and Te, and it is particularly preferable that Si is doped.
- the n-type cladding layer 215 is formed of n-Al 0.1 Ga 0.9 N.
- the p-type cladding layer 219 is made of, for example, p-Al c Ga 1-c N (0 ⁇ c ⁇ 1), and is doped with a p-type impurity such as Mg, Be, Zn, or C.
- the p-type cladding layer 219 is formed with a stacked structure of p-Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N and p-Al 0.07 Ga 0.93 N.
- a structure including a layer (protective layer) made of GaN in a region in contact with the p-type contact layer 221 may be used.
- the protective layer is doped with p-type impurities such as Mg, Be, Zn, and C.
- the p-type contact layer 221 is made of, for example, p-GaN.
- p-type impurities such as Mg, Be, Zn, and C are doped at a high concentration to form a p + -GaN layer.
- the heterostructure 202 is formed by a stacked structure of the n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N layer 203 and the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204.
- the n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N layer 203 has a Si doping concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 or less.
- the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 has a film thickness of 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less, and an In composition ratio such that the peak emission wavelength of the LED element 201 is 362 nm or more and 395 nm or less.
- the LED element 201 may be configured to include a multilayer structure portion 202A formed by repeating the heterostructure 202 a plurality of periods. At this time, the LED element 201 is configured to include a p-type cladding layer 219 and a p-type contact layer 221 on the upper layer of the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 positioned at the uppermost layer of the multilayer structure portion 202A. Also in this case, a last barrier layer may be provided between the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 and the p-type cladding layer 219 located at the uppermost layer of the multilayer structure portion 202A as necessary ( Not shown).
- the positional relationship between the n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N layer 203 and the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 constituting the heterostructure 202 is such that if they are alternately stacked, which is the upper layer and which is the lower layer You may be located in
- a configuration including a multilayer structure 202A in which the heterostructure 202 is repeated a plurality of periods as shown in FIG. 12
- an n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N layer is formed on the In y Ga 1 -y N layer 204 as shown in FIG.
- a structure in which the layer 203 is stacked may be used.
- 11 and 12 each disclose a configuration including the multilayer structure 202A in which the heterostructures 202 are repeatedly stacked for three periods, the number of repetition periods is not limited to three. For example, five periods may be used, or other number of periods may be used.
- the LED element 290 used for comparative verification is formed by alternately stacking five periods of InGaN with a thickness of 2 nm and AlGaN with a thickness of 5 nm as the active layer 217 formed by MQW. Adopted.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between the peak emission wavelength of the LED element 201 and the light output when the In composition of the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 constituting the heterostructure 202, that is, the y value is changed. is there.
- the LED element 201 an In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 with a film thickness of 15 nm is formed on the upper layer of the n-type cladding layer 215, and an n layer with a film thickness of 20 nm is formed on the upper layer of the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204.
- the LED element 290 has an active layer 217 in which InGaN having a thickness of 2 nm and AlGaN having a thickness of 5 nm are alternately stacked for five periods.
- a 350 ⁇ m square element is used for both the LED element 201 and the conventional LED element 290, and the light output when a current of 0.1 A is injected into this element is measured. This corresponds to a case where the current density of the element is 100 A / cm 2 . This current density corresponds to the target value when designing as a high injection device. Note that the current density when designed as a low injection device is about 20 to 30 A / cm 2 .
- FIG. 13 shows that the light output of the LED element 201 of the present invention is improved over the conventional LED element 290 in the range D1 where the emission wavelength is 362 nm or more and 395 nm or less.
- the emission wavelength is 357 nm shorter than 362 nm, and at 400 nm, 410 nm, and 420 nm longer than 395 nm, the conventional LED element 290 has higher light output than the LED element 201. This result is considered to suggest the following.
- FIG. 14A and 14B schematically show energy band diagrams of the heterostructure 202.
- FIG. In the following, when attention is not paid to the composition of each atom, the sixth semiconductor layer is represented by “AlGaN” and the seventh semiconductor layer is represented by “InGaN”, respectively, which has a ratio of atoms other than nitrogen of 1: It is not stipulated that it is 1.
- AlGaN has a larger band gap than InGaN.
- the InGaN layer between the n-AlGaN constituting the n-type cladding layer 215 and the AlGaN layer 203 constituting the heterostructure 202 is used.
- a substantially flat band region is formed by the layer 204.
- the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is set to 15 nm, which is much thicker than the thickness of 2 nm of InGaN constituting the active layer 217 of the conventional LED element 290. For this reason, a substantially flat band region is widely formed in the region of the InGaN layer 204.
- the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 constituting the heterostructure 202 included in the LED element 201 of the present invention is in the range of 10 nm to 25 nm and activates MQW.
- the conventional LED element 290 having the layer 217 is configured to be extremely thick.
- piezoelectric polarization occurs in the c-axis direction perpendicular to the plane of the flat band region formed by the InGaN layer 204.
- FIG. 14B schematically shows the energy band of the heterostructure 202 drawn in consideration of the influence of the piezoelectric field. Due to the piezo electric field, the energy band is distorted.
- the so-called quantum Stark effect occurs in which the overlap of wave functions of electrons and holes decreases and the rate of light emission decreases due to recombination of electrons and holes.
- This strain increases as the In composition ratio of the InGaN layer 204 increases.
- the LED element 201 having a peak emission wavelength of 400 nm or more the light output is lower than that of the conventional LED element 290. It is considered that the quantum Stark effect due to the high In composition ratio has become apparent. In addition, it is considered that the influence of the above-described misfit dislocation resulting from the lattice constant difference cannot be ignored.
- the In ratio of the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 needs to be extremely reduced.
- the film thickness of InGaN is about 2 nm, it is possible to add a small amount of In, and it is possible to realize an optimum In ratio for realizing light of such a short wavelength. It is.
- the LED element 201 including the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 having a thickness of 15 nm the In content increases because the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 is thicker, and is about 357 nm. It is difficult to realize short wavelength light. Therefore, when an LED element having a peak emission wavelength of 357 nm is realized, the light output of the conventional LED element 290 is higher than that of the LED element 201.
- the LED element 201 of the present invention has a higher light output than the conventional LED element 290 in the range D1 where the peak emission wavelength is in the range of 362 nm or more and 395 nm or less.
- the following contents can be considered as this reason.
- the AlGaN layer 203 has a larger electronic band gap than the InGaN layer 204.
- FIG. 14A shows the conduction band 230, the valence band 231, the Fermi level 232 of the InGaN layer 204, and the Fermi level 233 of the AlGaN layer 203.
- the interaction between InGaN and AlGaN is not considered.
- FIG. 14C schematically shows the state of the conduction band 230 reflecting the interaction between two semiconductor materials.
- the Fermi levels 232 and 233 are mutually equivalent, the conduction band of the AlGaN layer 203 close to the p layer is pulled downward due to the discontinuity of the energy bands of AlGaN and InGaN, and a band bending region 241 is generated.
- a band bending region 241 is generated in the band bending region 241, a two-dimensional electron gas layer having high mobility in the horizontal direction is formed.
- the substantially flat band region 242 expands and a large amount of electrons can be accumulated. Therefore, a band formed at the interface between the AlGaN layer 203 and the InGaN layer 204 is obtained.
- the electrons do not overflow beyond the potential of the AlGaN layer 203 until the electrons are accumulated in the bending region 241 and the substantially flat band region 242 of the InGaN layer 204. That is, movement of electrons in the horizontal direction is achieved, and as a result, current spreading in the horizontal direction can be realized. That is, the function of spreading the current in the horizontal direction (current diffusion function) is realized by the heterojunction of the InGaN layer 204 and the AlGaN layer 203.
- the effect of improving the light output as compared with the conventional one can be obtained in the range where the peak emission wavelength is 362 nm or more and 395 nm or less.
- FIGS. 11 and 12 when the heterostructure 202 is configured to have a plurality of periods, in FIGS. 14A to 14C, the AlGaN layer 15 constituting the heterostructure 202 having the immediately preceding period in FIGS. 14A to 14C.
- FIG. 14D schematically shows the energy band diagram of the conduction band 230 of the heterostructure 202 in a configuration having a plurality of periods of the heterostructure 202 (see FIGS. 11 and 12), following FIG. 14C.
- the current spreading effect can be enhanced, further contributing to the improvement of the light output. This point will be described next.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the relationship between the film thickness and the obtained light output when the film thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is changed in the LED element 201. Note that the In ratio of the InGaN layer 204 is adjusted so that the peak emission wavelength is 365 nm.
- This region D2 is considered to be a region that contributes to the light emission of the conventional LED element 290 within the range of the film thickness in which light emission recombination is promoted by utilizing the quantum effect by the so-called quantum well.
- the light output starts to increase when the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 becomes thick again, and the light output decreases when the film thickness becomes thicker than about 15 nm.
- This region D3 is considered to be within the thickness range in which light emission is promoted by the quantum effect using the band bending region 241 at the heterojunction interface between the InGaN layer 204 and the AlGaN layer 203.
- the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less (region D4) as the configuration of the LED element 201 as compared with D2 within the thickness range conventionally used as the MQW configuration.
- region D4 the configuration of the LED element 201
- the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is greater than 25 nm, misfit dislocations due to the crystal defects due to the lattice relaxation described above are manifested, and the in-plane current uniformity is reduced. It is considered that the light output is lower than the configuration.
- FIG. 16 schematically shows the state of the conduction band 230 according to FIG. 14C.
- 16A shows the state of the conduction band 230 when the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is 15 nm which is within the range of the region D4 in FIG. 15, and
- FIG. 16B shows the state of the conduction band 230 when 7 nm is removed from the region D4. Is shown.
- the band region 242 is substantially flat because of the large influence of the piezoelectric field as described above (region 242A). , Less ability to accumulate electrons.
- FIG. 16A when the film thickness is increased to 15 nm, the flat band region 242 expands and the ability to accumulate electrons increases.
- the effect of improving the light output of the LED element 201 can be obtained by setting the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 to 10 nm or more and 25 nm or less.
- FIG. 17 is a table showing the relationship between the film thickness of InGaN and the yield of LED elements.
- the LED element 201 was manufactured by fixing the thickness of the AlGaN layer 203 to 20 nm and changing the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 to 3 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, and 20 nm. Then, after applying a forward voltage and a reverse voltage of 500 V to each LED element 201, a reverse current that flows when ⁇ 5 V is applied as a reverse bias is measured. At this time, the yield was measured by using a device having an absolute value of the reverse current of 5 ⁇ A or less (or less) as a good element and a device having an absolute value of the reverse current exceeding 5 ⁇ A as a defective device.
- the yield is highest when the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is 20 nm, and the yield is lowest when the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is 3 nm. Note that the yield increases as the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is increased in order of 3 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, and 20 nm, and when the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is 10 nm or more, the yield improvement trend slows down. ing.
- the reason why such a phenomenon occurs is that the thickness of the InGaN layer 204 is increased, so that the InGaN layer 204 (In y Ga 1-y N layer 204) and the AlGaN layer 203 (n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 N) This is probably because a two-dimensional electron gas layer is likely to be formed between the layers 203).
- the two-dimensional electron gas layer has an effect of spreading the current in the horizontal direction, but with this, the current is less likely to concentrate in a narrow region, and the electric field is relaxed.
- the electric field is diffused in the heterostructure 202, so that the electric field is less likely to concentrate and the element is less likely to be destroyed. .
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the relationship between the current flowing through the LED element 201 and the light output obtained from the LED element 201 when the Si doping concentration of the AlGaN layer 203 constituting the heterostructure 202 is changed.
- the InGaN layer 204 the In ratio is set so that the peak emission wavelength is 365 nm (value in the range of 362 nm to 395 nm), and the film thickness is 15 nm (value in the range of 10 nm to 25 nm). did.
- FIG. 18 the result of the conventional LED element 290 provided with MQW (quantum well) is also shown for the comparison.
- This element 290 employs an active layer 217 formed by MQW formed by alternately laminating 5 cycles of InGaN with a thickness of 2 nm and AlGaN with a thickness of 5 nm.
- the In ratio of InGaN was set so that the wavelength was 365 nm.
- InGaN constituting the active layer 217 of the LED element 290 has an extremely thin film thickness as compared with the LED element 201, so that Si that can be doped is about 5 to 8 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 at most, and is doped further. In such a case, the light output is reduced. For this reason, in the example of FIG. 18, a Si doping concentration of 7 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 was used.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing the relationship between the current flowing through the LED element 290 and the obtained light output when the Si doping concentration of AlGaN constituting the MQW is changed in the LED element 290 having the conventional structure. .
- This graph shows that the highest light output is obtained when the Si doping concentration of AlGaN is 7 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 .
- the Si doping concentration at which the highest light output is obtained is 7 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 .
- the highest light output is shown when the Si doping concentration is 3 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 . Further, in the case of 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 , 3 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3, 8 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 , and 1 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 , all have a higher light output than the conventional LED element 290. It can be seen that On the other hand, when the Si doping concentration is 7 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 lower than 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 and 2 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 higher than 1 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3. It can be seen that the light output is lower than that of the conventional LED element 290.
- the Si doping concentration of the AlGaN layer 203 is 7 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 , since the absolute Si concentration is low, the screening effect of the conduction band 230 is small, and carriers are sufficiently in the region (42, 43). (See FIG. 14C).
- the Si doping concentration of the AlGaN layer 203 is 2 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 , a so-called droop phenomenon occurs in which the probability of luminescence recombination decreases due to the overflow of electrons and the internal luminous efficiency deteriorates. It is considered that the light output has decreased.
- FIG. 20A shows the case where the AlGaN layer 203 is not doped with Si
- FIG. 20B shows the case where the Si doping concentration of the AlGaN layer 3 is 3 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3.
- the conduction band 230 of 202 is typically shown.
- the electric field acts in a direction that cancels the piezoelectric field, so that the effect of pushing down the conduction band 230 works.
- the inclination of the conduction band 230 is relaxed (region 252), and electrons are easily injected from the n-layer side into the band bending region 241 and the substantially flat band region 242.
- the LED element 201 when the LED element 201 is designed as a high injection device of about 100 A / cm 2 , it is preferable to have a configuration in which more electrons can be injected. Also from this result, it is preferable to increase the Si concentration for doping the AlGaN layer 203. However, if it is too high, the droop phenomenon occurs as described above, so that the light output can be improved by setting the Si doping concentration to 1 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 or less. It becomes possible.
- FIG. 21 is a graph showing the current-voltage characteristics when an operating voltage is applied between elements in the conventional LED element 290 and the LED element 201 of the present invention to cause a current to flow.
- the LED element 201 of the present invention employs a configuration in which a heterostructure 202 composed of an InGaN layer 204 with a thickness of 15 nm and an AlGaN layer 203 with a thickness of 20 nm is stacked, and the Si doping concentration in the AlGaN layer 203 is adopted.
- a heterostructure 202 composed of an InGaN layer 204 with a thickness of 15 nm and an AlGaN layer 203 with a thickness of 20 nm is stacked, and the Si doping concentration in the AlGaN layer 203 is adopted.
- the In ratio of the InGaN layer was set so that the peak emission wavelength was 365 nm. That is, the conventional LED element 290 employs an AlGaN layer with the Si doping concentration showing the highest light output in FIG. 19, and the LED element 201 has the highest light output in FIG. The Si doping concentration shown was applied to the AlGaN layer 203.
- the LED element 201 when the applied current is increased, the LED element 201 can achieve a lower operating voltage than the conventional LED element 290. This is another effect due to the fact that the Si doping concentration in the AlGaN layer 203 can be set higher than in the conventional device.
- Step S1A First, the undoped layer 213 is formed on the support substrate 211. For example, the following steps are performed.
- the c-plane sapphire substrate is cleaned. More specifically, for this cleaning, for example, a c-plane sapphire substrate is placed in a processing furnace of a MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) apparatus, and hydrogen gas with a flow rate of 10 slm is placed in the processing furnace. The temperature in the furnace is raised to, for example, 1150 ° C. while flowing.
- MOCVD Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
- a low-temperature buffer layer made of GaN is formed on the surface of the support substrate 211 (c-plane sapphire substrate), and an underlayer made of GaN is further formed thereon. These low-temperature buffer layer and underlayer correspond to the undoped layer 213.
- a more specific method for forming the undoped layer 213 is as follows. First, the furnace pressure of the ⁇ CVD apparatus is 100 kPa, and the furnace temperature is 480 ° C. Then, while flowing nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas with a flow rate of 5 slm respectively as carrier gas into the processing furnace, trimethylgallium (TMG) with a flow rate of 50 ⁇ mol / min and ammonia with a flow rate of 250,000 ⁇ mol / min are used as the raw material gas in the processing furnace. For 68 seconds. Thereby, a low-temperature buffer layer made of GaN having a thickness of 20 nm is formed on the surface of the support substrate 211.
- TMG trimethylgallium
- the furnace temperature of the MOCVD apparatus is raised to 1150 ° C. Then, while flowing nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 20 slm and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of 15 slm as a carrier gas in the processing furnace, TMG having a flow rate of 100 ⁇ mol / min and ammonia having a flow rate of 250,000 ⁇ mol / min are introduced into the processing furnace as source gases. Feed for 30 minutes. As a result, a base layer made of GaN having a thickness of 1.7 ⁇ m is formed on the surface of the low-temperature buffer layer.
- an n-type cladding layer 215 made of n-Al n Ga 1-n N (0 ⁇ n ⁇ 1) is formed on the undoped layer 213.
- a more specific method for forming the n-type cladding layer 215 is, for example, as follows. First, the furnace pressure of the MOCVD apparatus is set to 30 kPa. Then, while flowing nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 20 slm and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of 15 slm as a carrier gas into the processing furnace, TMG having a flow rate of 94 ⁇ mol / min, trimethylaluminum (TMA) having a flow rate of 6 ⁇ mol / min, Ammonia with a flow rate of 250,000 ⁇ mol / min and tetraethylsilane with a flow rate of 0.025 ⁇ mol / min are supplied into the treatment furnace for 30 minutes.
- TMG trimethylaluminum
- tetraethylsilane with a flow rate of 0.025 ⁇ mol / min are supplied into the treatment furnace for 30 minutes.
- a high concentration electron supply layer having a composition of Al 0.06 Ga 0.94 N, a Si concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 and a thickness of 1.7 ⁇ m is formed on the undoped layer 213. That is, the n-type cladding layer 215 having a high-concentration electron supply layer having a Si concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 19 / cm 3 and a thickness of 1.7 ⁇ m is formed by this process at least in the upper surface region.
- silicon (Si) is used as the n-type impurity contained in the n-type cladding layer 215 here, germanium (Ge), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), and tellurium are used. (Te) or the like can also be used. Of these, silicon (Si) is particularly preferable.
- the heterostructure 202 including the n-Al x Ga 1-x N layer 203 and the In y Ga 1-y N layer 204 is formed on the n-type cladding layer 215.
- a more specific method for forming the heterostructure 202 is, for example, as follows. First, the furnace pressure of the MOCVD apparatus is 100 kPa, and the furnace temperature is 830 ° C. Then, while flowing nitrogen gas having a flow rate of 15 slm and hydrogen gas having a flow rate of 1 slm as a carrier gas in the processing furnace, TMG having a flow rate of 10 ⁇ mol / min, trimethylindium (TMI) having a flow rate of 12 ⁇ mol / min, and A step of supplying ammonia at a flow rate of 300,000 ⁇ mol / min into the processing furnace for 360 seconds is performed.
- TMG having a flow rate of 10 ⁇ mol / min
- TMA having a flow rate of 1.6 ⁇ mol / min
- tetraethylsilane having a flow rate of 0.009 ⁇ mol / min
- ammonia having a flow rate of 300,000 ⁇ mol / min
- p-Al c Ga 1-c N (0 ⁇ c ⁇ 1) is formed on the upper layer of the heterostructure 202 (the heterostructure 202 positioned at the uppermost layer when the heterostructure 202 has a plurality of periods).
- a p-type cladding layer 219 is formed, and a high-concentration p-type contact layer 221 is formed thereon.
- a more specific method for forming the p-type cladding layer 219 and the p-type contact layer 221 is, for example, as follows. First, the furnace pressure of the MOCVD apparatus is maintained at 100 kPa, and the furnace temperature is raised to 1050 ° C. while nitrogen gas with a flow rate of 15 slm and hydrogen gas with a flow rate of 25 slm are allowed to flow into the processing furnace.
- TMG having a flow rate of 35 ⁇ mol / min
- TMA having a flow rate of 20 ⁇ mol / min
- ammonia having a flow rate of 250,000 ⁇ mol / min
- biscyclopentadienylmagnesium (Cp 2 Mg) having a flow rate of 0.1 ⁇ mol / min are used as source gases.
- a hole supply layer having a composition of Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N having a thickness of 20 nm is formed on the surface of the uppermost layer of the heterostructure 202.
- a hole supply layer having a composition of Al 0.07 Ga 0.93 N having a thickness of 120 nm is formed.
- a p-type cladding layer 219 is formed by these hole supply layers.
- magnesium (Mg) is used as the p-type impurity contained in the p-type cladding layer 219 and the p-type contact layer 221, but beryllium (Be), zinc (Zn), carbon (C), etc. Can also be used.
- Step S5A an activation process is performed on the wafer obtained through steps S1A, S2A, S3A, and S4A. More specifically, activation is performed at 650 ° C. for 15 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere using an RTA (Rapid Thermal Anneal) device.
- RTA Rapid Thermal Anneal
- an electrode is formed at a location where the support substrate 211 was present to form an n-side electrode.
- etching is performed from the p side until the n type semiconductor layer is exposed to form an n side electrode.
- an electrode such as a transparent electrode may be formed as necessary.
- a power supply terminal or the like is formed on each electrode, and if necessary, the exposed element side surface or upper surface is covered with a highly light-transmitting insulating layer and connected to the substrate by wire bonding or the like.
- the sixth semiconductor layer has been described as being composed of the n-Al x Ga 1-x N layer 203 having an In composition of 0%. However, In is added at a composition within a range of 5% or less.
- FIG. 22 is a graph showing the relationship between the current supplied to the LED elements manufactured with different In compositions contained in the sixth semiconductor layer and the light output. The light output value indicated by the vertical axis in FIG. 22 indicates the light output when 0.1 A is supplied to the LED element in which the sixth semiconductor layer is formed by the n-Al x Ga 1-x N layer not containing In. It is specified as a relative value to.
- TMI is supplied together with these gases at a predetermined flow rate. It can be realized by supplying with.
- the optical output was not much different from the case where the sixth semiconductor layer was configured without including In.
- the layer contained 1% In and 2% In the light output was improved as compared with the case where the sixth semiconductor layer was configured without containing In. This is considered to be due to the fact that the inclusion of In in AlGaN alleviates strain caused by lattice mismatch between AlGa (In) N and InGaN, and the surface state thereof is improved.
- the energy barrier for the InGaN layer 204 is lowered, and thus the overflow of electrons becomes significant, and the effect of the two-dimensional electron gas due to the small piezoelectric electrode.
- the problem of reduction of the amount of the problem occurs.
- FIG. 22 it is shown that when In contained in the sixth semiconductor layer is 4%, the optical output is almost the same as when In is not contained, but even when it is about 5%, It has been confirmed that the difference is not very large.
- the composition of In exceeds 5%, the light output is significantly lower than that in the case where the sixth semiconductor layer is composed of AlGaN not containing In for the above reason. Therefore, it is included in the sixth semiconductor layer.
- the composition of In to be added is preferably 0% or more and 5% or less.
- LED element 103 Current spreading layer 111: Support substrate 113: Undoped layer 115: N-type clad layer 117: Active layer 119: P-type clad layer 121: P-type contact layer 130: Conductive band 131: Valence band 132: InGaN Fermi level 133: Fermi level of AlGaN 141: Band bending region formed at the interface between AlGaN and InGaN 142: Almost flat band region formed by InGaN 181: Tensile stress 190: LED device 201: LED device 202 : heterostructures 202A: multilayer portion 203: n-Al x Ga 1 -x n layer (n-Al x1 Ga x2 In x3 n layer) 204: In y Ga 1-y N layer 211: Support substrate 213: Undoped layer 215: n-type cladding layer 217: active layer 219: p-type cladding layer 221
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Abstract
Description
GaNやAlGaNなどの窒化物半導体は、ウルツ鉱型結晶構造(六方晶構造)を有している。ウルツ鉱型結晶構造の面は、4指数表記(六方晶指数)にて、a1、a2、a3及びcで示される基本ベクトルを用いて結晶面や方位が表される。基本ベクトルcは、[0001]方向に延びており、この方向は「c軸」と呼ばれる。c軸に垂直な面は「c面」又は「(0001)面」と呼ばれる。
GaNやAlGaNなどの窒化物半導体は、ウルツ鉱型結晶構造(六方晶構造)を有している。ウルツ鉱型結晶構造の面は、4指数表記(六方晶指数)にて、a1、a2、a3及びcで示される基本ベクトルを用いて結晶面や方位が表される。基本ベクトルcは、[0001]方向に延びており、この方向は「c軸」と呼ばれる。c軸に垂直な面は「c面」又は「(0001)面」と呼ばれる。
前記電流拡散層は、InxGa1-xN(0<x≦0.05)からなる第3半導体層と、n-Aly1Gay2Iny3N(0<y1<1,0<y2<1,0≦y3≦0.05,y1+y2+y3=1)からなる第4半導体層のヘテロ接合を有し、前記第3半導体層の膜厚が10nm以上25nm以下であることを特徴とする。
前記支持基板の上層に形成されたアンドープ層と、
前記アンドープ層の上層に形成され、n型窒化物半導体で構成される第5半導体層と、
前記第5半導体層の上層に、Siドープ濃度が1×1018/cm3以上、1×1019/cm3以下のn-Alx1Gax2Inx3N(0<x1<1,0<x2<1,0≦x3≦0.05,x1+x2+x3=1)で構成される第6半導体層と、膜厚が10nm以上、25nm以下のInyGa1-yNで構成される第7半導体層の積層構造で形成されたヘテロ構造体と、
前記ヘテロ構造体の上層に形成され、p型窒化物半導体で構成される第8半導体層を備え、
ピーク発光波長が362nm以上、395nm以下であることを特徴とする。
前記多層構造部の最上層に位置する前記ヘテロ構造体の上層に、前記第8半導体層が形成される構成としても構わない。
本発明の第1実施形態について説明する。
図1は、本発明のLED素子101の構造を示す概略断面図である。なお、図23に示すLED素子190と同一の構成要素については、同一の符号を付している。また、以下の各図面において、実際の寸法比と図面上の寸法比は必ずしも一致しない。
支持基板111は、サファイア基板で構成される。なお、サファイアの他、Si,SiC,GaN,YAGなどで構成しても構わない。
アンドープ層113は、GaNにて形成される。より具体的には、GaNよりなる低温バッファ層と、その上層にGaNよりなる下地層によって形成される。
n型クラッド層115は、n-AlnGa1-nN(0<n<1)で構成される。なお、アンドープ層113に接触する領域にn-GaNで構成される層(保護層)を含む構成としても構わない。この場合、保護層に、Si,Ge,S,Se,Sn,Teなどのn型不純物がドープされており、特にSiがドープされているのが好ましい。
活性層117は、例えばInaGa1-aN(0<a≦1)からなる井戸層とAlbGa1-bN(0<b≦1)からなる障壁層が繰り返されてなる多重量子井戸構造(MQW)を有する半導体層で形成される。これらの層はノンドープでもp型又はn型にドープされていても構わない。
p型クラッド層119は、例えばp-AlcGa1-cN(0<c≦1)で構成され、Mg,Be,Zn,Cなどのp型不純物がドープされている。本実施形態では、一例としてp型クラッド層119をp-Al0.3Ga0.7Nとp-Al0.07Ga0.93Nの積層構造で形成している。なお、p型コンタクト層121に接触する領域にGaNで構成される層(保護層)を含む構成としても構わない。この場合、保護層に、Mg,Be,Zn,Cなどのp型不純物がドープされている。
p型コンタクト層121は、例えばp-GaNで構成される。特にMg,Be,Zn,Cなどのp型不純物が高濃度にドープされてp+-GaN層で構成される。
電流拡散層103は、InxGa1-xN(0<x≦0.05)からなる層(「第3半導体層」に対応)と、n-Aly1Gay2Iny3N(0<y1<1,0<y2<1,0≦y3≦0.05,y1+y2+y3=1)からなる層(「第4半導体層」に対応)のヘテロ接合によって形成される。このうち、第3半導体層を構成するInxGa1-xNの膜厚は10nm以上25nm以下である。
以下、上記構成の電流拡散層103を備えたことで、LED素子101が従来のLED素子190よりも発光効率が向上することにつき、実施例を参照して説明する。
図2は、電流拡散層103を構成するInxGa1-xN(第3半導体層)のIn組成、すなわちx値を変化させたときの、活性層117を流れる電流とLED素子101から得られる光の出力の関係を示すグラフである。なお、比較のため、電流拡散層103を設けていない従来のLED素子190のデータも載せている。
上述したように、InGaNがほぼ平坦なバンド領域142を形成することから、電子を蓄積する能力を高める意味において、第3半導体(InGaN)の膜厚を大きくするのが好ましいといえる。しかし、GaNとInGaNの格子定数の差に起因して、InGaNの膜厚をあまりに大きくすると、格子緩和が生じ、バンドベンディング領域141及びほぼ平坦なバンド領域142に電子を十分に蓄積させることができなくなる。
図6は、電流拡散層103を構成する第4半導体(AlGaN)のSiドープ濃度を変化させたときの、活性層を流れる電流とLED素子から得られる光出力の関係を示すグラフである。なお、InGaNのIn組成を2%とし、膜厚を15nmとした。
次に、本発明のLED素子101の製造方法につき説明する。なお、下記製造方法で説明する製造条件や膜厚などの寸法は、あくまで一例であって、これらの数値に限定されるものではない。
まず、支持基板111上に、アンドープ層113を形成する。例えば、以下の工程により行われる。
支持基板111としてサファイア基板を用いる場合、c面サファイア基板のクリーニングを行う。このクリーニングは、より具体的には、例えばMOCVD(Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition:有機金属化学気相蒸着)装置の処理炉内にc面サファイア基板を配置し、処理炉内に流量が10slmの水素ガスを流しながら、炉内温度を例えば1150℃に昇温することにより行われる。
次に、支持基板111(c面サファイア基板)の表面に、GaNよりなる低温バッファ層を形成し、更にその上層にGaNよりなる下地層を形成する。これら低温バッファ層及び下地層がアンドープ層113に対応する。
次に、アンドープ層113の上層に、n-AlnGa1-nN(0<n≦1)で構成されるn型クラッド層115を形成する。
次に、n型クラッド層115の上層に、InxGa1-xN(0<x≦0.05)からなる第3半導体層と、n-AlyGa1-yN(0<y≦1)からなる第4半導体層を形成することで、電流拡散層103を形成する。
次に、電流拡散層103の上層にInaGa1-aN(0<a≦1)からなる井戸層とAlbGa1-bN(0<b≦1)からなる障壁層が繰り返されてなる多重量子井戸構造を有する活性層117を形成する。
次に、活性層117の上層に、p-AlcGa1-cN(0<c≦1)で構成されるp型クラッド層119を形成し、更にその上層に高濃度のp型コンタクト層121を形成する。
次に、ステップS1~S5を経て得られたウェハに対して活性化処理を行う。より具体的には、RTA(Rapid Thermal Anneal:急速加熱)装置を用いて、窒素雰囲気下中650℃で15分間の活性化処理を行う。
以下、第1実施形態の別実施形態について説明する。
本発明の第2実施形態について説明する。
図10は、本発明のLED素子201の構造を示す概略断面図である。なお、図24に示すLED素子290と同一の構成要素については、同一の符号を付している。また、以下の各図面において、実際の寸法比と図面上の寸法比は必ずしも一致しない。
支持基板211は、サファイア基板で構成される。なお、サファイアの他、Si,SiC,GaN,YAGなどで構成しても構わない。
アンドープ層213は、GaNにて形成される。より具体的には、GaNよりなる低温バッファ層と、その上層にGaNよりなる下地層によって形成される。
n型クラッド層215は、n-AlnGa1-nN(0≦n≦1)で構成される。なお、アンドープ層213に接触する領域にn-GaNで構成される層(保護層)を含む構成としても構わない。この場合、保護層に、Si,Ge,S,Se,Sn,Teなどのn型不純物がドープされており、特にSiがドープされているのが好ましい。
p型クラッド層219は、例えばp-AlcGa1-cN(0≦c≦1)で構成され、Mg,Be,Zn,Cなどのp型不純物がドープされている。本実施形態では、一例としてp型クラッド層219をp-Al0.3Ga0.7Nとp-Al0.07Ga0.93Nの積層構造で形成している。なお、p型コンタクト層221に接触する領域にGaNで構成される層(保護層)を含む構成としても構わない。この場合、保護層に、Mg,Be,Zn,Cなどのp型不純物がドープされている。
p型コンタクト層221は、例えばp-GaNで構成される。特にMg,Be,Zn,Cなどのp型不純物が高濃度にドープされてp+-GaN層で構成される。
上述したように、ヘテロ構造体202は、n-Alx1Gax2Inx3N層203とInyGa1-yN層204の積層構造によって形成される。
図11に示すように、LED素子201は、ヘテロ構造体202を複数周期繰り返してなる多層構造部202Aを備えた構成としても構わない。このとき、LED素子201は、多層構造部202Aの最上層に位置するInyGa1-yN層204の上層に、p型クラッド層219及びp型コンタクト層221を備える構成である。また、この場合においても、多層構造部202Aの最上層に位置するInyGa1-yN層204とp型クラッド層219の間に、必要に応じてラストバリア層を有するものとして構わない(不図示)。
以下、上記構成のヘテロ構造体202を備えたことで、LED素子201が従来のLED素子290よりも発光効率が向上することにつき、実施例を参照して説明する。なお、以下の説明では、第6半導体層に含まれるIn組成を0%であるものとして(x3=0)説明するが、Inを5%以内の範囲で含む第6半導体層であっても同様の議論が可能である。このとき、第6半導体層を適宜、「n-AlxGa1-xN層203」と記載するが、これは、第6半導体層がn-Alx1Gax2Inx3N(0<x1<1,0<x2<1,0≦x3≦0.05,x1+x2+x3=1)で構成される場合におけるx3=0のときと等価である。
図13は、ヘテロ構造体202を構成するInyGa1-yN層204のIn組成、すなわちy値を変化させたときの、LED素子201のピーク発光波長と光出力の関係を示すグラフである。ここでは、LED素子201として、n型クラッド層215の上層に膜厚15nmのInyGa1-yN層204を形成し、InyGa1-yN層204の上層に膜厚20nmのn-AlxGa1-xN層203を形成してなるヘテロ構造体202を5周期繰り返した構成を採用した(図12参照)。また、比較のため、ヘテロ構造体202を設けていない従来のLED素子290のデータも載せている。上述したように、このLED素子290としては、膜厚2nmのInGaNと膜厚5nmのAlGaNが交互に5周期積層されてなる活性層217を有する構成とした。
上述したように、InGaN層204がほぼ平坦なバンド領域242を形成することから、電子を蓄積する能力を高める意味において、InGaN層204の膜厚を大きくするのが好ましいといえる。しかし、GaNとInGaNの格子定数の差に起因して、InGaN層204の膜厚をあまりに大きくすると、格子緩和が生じ、バンドベンディング領域241及びほぼ平坦なバンド領域242に電子を十分に蓄積させることができなくなる。
図18は、ヘテロ構造体202を構成するAlGaN層203のSiドープ濃度を変化させたときの、LED素子201を流れる電流と、LED素子201から得られる光出力の関係を示すグラフである。なお、InGaN層204としては、ピーク発光波長が365nm(362nm以上395nm以下の範囲内の値)となるようにIn比率を設定し、膜厚を15nm(10nm以上25nm以下の範囲内の値)とした。
次に、本発明のLED素子201の製造方法の一例につき説明する。なお、下記製造方法で説明する製造条件や膜厚などの寸法は、あくまで一例であって、これらの数値に限定されるものではない。また、以下に示す製造法の例は、図10に示すLED素子に関するものである。
まず、支持基板211上に、アンドープ層213を形成する。例えば、以下の工程により行われる。
支持基板211としてサファイア基板を用いる場合、c面サファイア基板のクリーニングを行う。このクリーニングは、より具体的には、例えばMOCVD(Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition:有機金属化学気相蒸着)装置の処理炉内にc面サファイア基板を配置し、処理炉内に流量が10slmの水素ガスを流しながら、炉内温度を例えば1150℃に昇温することにより行われる。
次に、支持基板211(c面サファイア基板)の表面に、GaNよりなる低温バッファ層を形成し、更にその上層にGaNよりなる下地層を形成する。これら低温バッファ層及び下地層がアンドープ層213に対応する。
次に、アンドープ層213の上層に、n-AlnGa1-nN(0<n≦1)で構成されるn型クラッド層215を形成する。
次に、n型クラッド層215の上層に、n-AlxGa1-xN層203とInyGa1-yN層204からなるヘテロ構造体202を形成する。
次に、ヘテロ構造体202(ヘテロ構造体202を複数周期有する場合は、最上層に位置するヘテロ構造体202)の上層に、p-AlcGa1-cN(0≦c≦1)で構成されるp型クラッド層219を形成し、更にその上層に高濃度のp型コンタクト層221を形成する。
次に、ステップS1A、S2A、S3A及びS4Aを経て得られたウェハに対して活性化処理を行う。より具体的には、RTA(Rapid Thermal Anneal:急速加熱)装置を用いて、窒素雰囲気下中650℃で15分間の活性化処理を行う。
以下、第2実施形態の別実施形態について説明する。
103 : 電流拡散層
111 : 支持基板
113 : アンドープ層
115 : n型クラッド層
117 : 活性層
119 : p型クラッド層
121 : p型コンタクト層
130 : 伝導帯
131 : 価電子帯
132 : InGaNのフェルミ準位
133 : AlGaNのフェルミ準位
141 : AlGaNとInGaNの界面に形成されるバンドベンディング領域
142 : InGaNが形成するほぼ平坦なバンド領域
181 : 引張応力
190 : LED素子
201 : LED素子
202 : ヘテロ構造体
202A : 多層構造部
203 : n-AlxGa1-xN層(n-Alx1Gax2Inx3N層)
204 : InyGa1-yN層
211 : 支持基板
213 : アンドープ層
215 : n型クラッド層
217 : 活性層
219 : p型クラッド層
221 : p型コンタクト層
230 : 伝導帯
231 : 価電子帯
232 : InGaNのフェルミ準位
233 : AlGaNのフェルミ準位
241 : AlGaNとInGaNの界面に形成されるバンドベンディング領域
242 : InGaNが形成するほぼ平坦なバンド領域
281 : 引張応力
290 : LED素子
Claims (6)
- 支持基板上に窒化物半導体層をc軸成長させてなるLED素子であって、
n型窒化物半導体で構成される第1半導体層と、
前記第1半導体層の上層に形成された電流拡散層と、
前記電流拡散層の上層に形成された、窒化物半導体で構成される活性層と、
前記活性層の上層に形成された、p型窒化物半導体で構成される第2半導体層を有し、
前記電流拡散層は、InxGa1-xN(0<x≦0.05)からなる第3半導体層と、n-Aly1Gay2Iny3N(0<y1<1,0<y2<1,0≦y3≦0.05,y1+y2+y3=1)からなる第4半導体層のヘテロ接合を有し、前記第3半導体層の膜厚が10nm以上25nm以下であることを特徴とするLED素子。 - 前記第3半導体層のバンドギャップエネルギーが、前記第1半導体層及び前記第4半導体層の各々のバンドギャップエネルギーよりも小さいことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のLED素子。
- 前記第4半導体層のSiドープ濃度が1×1018/cm3以上、5×1018/cm3以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のLED素子。
- 前記電流拡散層は、前記第3半導体層と前記第4半導体層が複数組積層されることで、前記ヘテロ接合を複数有する構成であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のLED素子。
- 支持基板上に窒化物半導体層をc軸成長させてなるLED素子であって、
前記支持基板の上層に形成されたアンドープ層と、
前記アンドープ層の上層に形成され、n型窒化物半導体で構成される第5半導体層と、
前記第5半導体層の上層に、Siドープ濃度が1×1018/cm3以上、1×1019/cm3以下のn-Alx1Gax2Inx3N(0<x1<1,0<x2<1,0≦x3≦0.05,x1+x2+x3=1)で構成される第6半導体層と、膜厚が10nm以上、25nm以下のInyGa1-yNで構成される第7半導体層の積層構造で形成されたヘテロ構造体と、
前記ヘテロ構造体の上層に形成され、p型窒化物半導体で構成される第8半導体層を備え、
ピーク発光波長が362nm以上、395nm以下であることを特徴とするLED素子。 - 前記ヘテロ構造体を複数周期繰り返してなる多層構造部を有し、
前記多層構造部の最上層に位置する前記ヘテロ構造体の上層に前記第8半導体層が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のLED素子。
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