WO2013175927A1 - 偏光板及び液晶表示装置 - Google Patents
偏光板及び液晶表示装置 Download PDFInfo
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- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/14—Protective coatings, e.g. hard coatings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/16—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements having an anti-static effect, e.g. electrically conducting coatings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/18—Coatings for keeping optical surfaces clean, e.g. hydrophobic or photo-catalytic films
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/30—Polarising elements
- G02B5/3025—Polarisers, i.e. arrangements capable of producing a definite output polarisation state from an unpolarised input state
- G02B5/3033—Polarisers, i.e. arrangements capable of producing a definite output polarisation state from an unpolarised input state in the form of a thin sheet or foil, e.g. Polaroid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B23/00—Layered products comprising a layer of cellulosic plastic substances, i.e. substances obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, e.g. cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, viscose
- B32B23/04—Layered products comprising a layer of cellulosic plastic substances, i.e. substances obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, e.g. cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, viscose comprising such cellulosic plastic substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B23/08—Layered products comprising a layer of cellulosic plastic substances, i.e. substances obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, e.g. cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, viscose comprising such cellulosic plastic substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
- B32B2457/20—Displays, e.g. liquid crystal displays, plasma displays
- B32B2457/202—LCD, i.e. liquid crystal displays
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B3/00—Preparation of cellulose esters of organic acids
- C08B3/06—Cellulose acetate, e.g. mono-acetate, di-acetate or tri-acetate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2323/00—Functional layers of liquid crystal optical display excluding electroactive liquid crystal layer characterised by chemical composition
- C09K2323/03—Viewing layer characterised by chemical composition
- C09K2323/031—Polarizer or dye
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2323/00—Functional layers of liquid crystal optical display excluding electroactive liquid crystal layer characterised by chemical composition
- C09K2323/03—Viewing layer characterised by chemical composition
- C09K2323/035—Ester polymer, e.g. polycarbonate, polyacrylate or polyester
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polarizing plate and a liquid crystal display device.
- Liquid crystal display devices consume less power and are increasingly used year by year as space-saving image display devices.
- a liquid crystal display device has a major drawback that the viewing angle dependency of a display image is large.
- a wide viewing angle liquid crystal mode such as a VA mode and an IPS mode has been put into practical use.
- the demand for liquid crystal display devices is rapidly expanding even in the market where such images are required.
- liquid crystal display devices are required to have a large size and high quality texture.
- a bezel at the periphery of the screen, and this width is becoming narrower in order to achieve a high quality texture.
- the bezel has the role of aesthetically finishing the display by concealing the edge of the polarizing plate, but as the bezel becomes narrower, a higher level of accuracy is required for the bonding accuracy between the liquid crystal cell and the polarizing plate. It was.
- a polarizing plate used in a liquid crystal display device generally has a configuration in which a polarizer made of a polyvinyl alcohol film or the like on which iodine or a dye is adsorbed and oriented, and a transparent protective film are bonded to both sides of the polarizer.
- a polarizing plate protective film a cellulose acylate type polarizing plate protective film typified by cellulose acetate is widely used because it has high transparency and can easily ensure adhesion with polyvinyl alcohol used in a polarizer. I came. Adhesion is generally obtained by saponifying the protective film to impart hydrophilicity to the surface.
- Cellulose acylate films have been widely used because they have a relatively high moisture permeability and can be easily adhered to polyvinyl alcohol by saponification treatment. There is a problem that unevenness is likely to occur on the screen when it is highly dependent and used for a long time under high temperature and high humidity.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a polarizing plate using an acrylic film on one side of a polarizer and a cellulose acylate film on the other side as a protective film for the polarizer.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a polarizing plate using a cycloolefin polymer film on one side of the polarizer and a cellulose acylate film on the other side as a protective film for the polarizer.
- the acrylic polymer film has properties such that the water absorption is lower than that of the cellulose acylate film and the photoelastic coefficient is small. Therefore, when an acrylic polymer film is used as a protective film for a polarizing plate, the acrylic polymer film has a low moisture permeability. Therefore, when a polarizing plate is produced by a conventional method using polyvinyl alcohol paste, a protective film is used. In the drying process after bonding the film from both sides of the polarizer, there was a problem that the evaporation of moisture was insufficient and the polarization performance was deteriorated.
- the polarizing plate of patent document 1 is a structure which has an acrylic film in the one side of a polarizer, and a cellulose acylate film in the other side as a protective film of a polarizer, drying after polarizing plate manufacture is carried out. It is considered that it is sufficiently performed and the characteristics of the acrylic film can be utilized.
- the polarizing plate of Patent Document 1 when the cellulose acylate film is placed on the flat plate side (lower side) and the acrylic film is on the upper side, and the warping (curl) of the polarizing plate is observed. In some cases, curling may occur so that the four corners of the polarizing plate are lifted.
- the polarizing plate curled in this way is referred to as “a polarizing plate curled on the acrylic film side”. If a polarizing plate curled on the acrylic film side is attached to the liquid crystal cell with the acrylic film as the inner side film, air bubbles enter between the inner side film and the liquid crystal cell, and the performance of the liquid crystal display device is degraded. There is a problem. For this reason, curling on the opposite side of the acrylic film is preferable. However, if the curl amount is too large, it is difficult to align the liquid crystal cell, which is also not preferable. As described above, with the narrowing of the bezel, the required accuracy for alignment has become stricter, so the demand for curls has become stricter.
- an inner side film refers to the film arrange
- positioned on the opposite side of a liquid crystal cell is called an outer side film.
- the inner film is preferably thinner, and from the viewpoint of scratch resistance of the polarizing plate, the outer film is preferably thicker.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a polarizing plate which is excellent in polarizing plate processing suitability and excellent in manufacturing suitability of a liquid crystal display device from the viewpoint of curling.
- a polarizer protective film in the polarizing plate having the first protective film containing (meth) acrylic resin on one side of the polarizer and the second protective film on the other side, it turned out that it is necessary to design suitably the humidity dimensional change rate of the direction orthogonal to the absorption axis of the polarizer of a 2nd protective film.
- a polarizing plate having a first protective film, a polarizer, and a second protective film in this order
- the first protective film is a film containing a (meth) acrylic resin
- the thickness of the first protective film is 20 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less
- the elastic modulus in the direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer of the first protective film is 3.0 GPa or more and 3.5 GPa or less
- the thickness of the second protective film is not less than 1.5 times and not more than 1.8 times the thickness of the first protective film
- the polarizing plate whose humidity dimensional change rate represented by following formula (1) of the direction orthogonal to the absorption axis of the said polarizer of the said 2nd protective film is 0.45% or more and 0.8 or less.
- Humidity dimensional change rate (%) [ ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 80%) ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 10%) ⁇ / (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 60%)] ⁇ 100
- the humidity dimensional change rate represented by the formula (1) in a direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer of the first protective film is 0.20% or more and 0.30% or less, according to [1].
- the humidity dimensional change rate represented by the formula (1) in the direction orthogonal to the absorption axis of the polarizer of the second protective film is 0.55% or more and less than 0.65% [1] or [2 ]
- a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal cell and at least one polarizing plate according to any one of [1] to [7], wherein the first protective film in the polarizing plate is disposed on the liquid crystal cell side. Arranged liquid crystal display device.
- a polarizing plate having excellent polarizing plate processing suitability and excellent manufacturing suitability for a liquid crystal display device from the viewpoint of curling.
- the polarizing plate of the present invention is a polarizing plate having a first protective film, a polarizer, and a second protective film in this order
- the first protective film is a film containing a (meth) acrylic resin
- the thickness of the first protective film is 20 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less
- the elastic modulus in the direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer of the first protective film is 3.0 GPa or more and 3.5 GPa or less
- the thickness of the second protective film is not less than 1.5 times and not more than 1.8 times the thickness of the first protective film;
- It is a polarizing plate whose humidity dimensional change rate represented by the following formula (1) in the direction orthogonal to the absorption axis of the polarizer of the second protective film is 0.45% or more and 0.8 or less.
- Humidity dimensional change rate (%) [ ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 80%) ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity
- the polarizing plate of the present invention has a first protective film, a polarizer, and a second protective film in this order.
- An example of the polarizing plate of the present invention is shown in FIG.
- the polarizing plate 10 in FIG. 1 has the 1st protective film 1, the polarizer 3, and the 2nd protective film 2 in this order.
- the polarizer and the protective film constituting the polarizing plate of the present invention will be described.
- polarizer there is no restriction
- Polyvinyl alcohol resin As the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin (hereinafter also referred to as “PVA-based resin”), a polymer material obtained by saponifying polyvinyl acetate is preferable.
- acetic acid such as unsaturated carboxylic acid, unsaturated sulfonic acid, olefins, and vinyl ethers. You may contain the component copolymerizable with vinyl.
- modified PVA containing an acetoacetyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, an oxyalkylene group, or the like can also be used.
- the polarizer in the present invention includes a PVA film having a 1,2-glycol bond amount of 1.5 mol% or less described in Japanese Patent No. 3021494, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-316492.
- PVA film having 500 ⁇ m or less of optical foreign matters of 5 ⁇ m or more per 100 cm 2 and PVA film having hot water cutting temperature spots in the TD direction of 1.5 ° C. or less of the film described in JP-A No.
- the saponification degree of the polyvinyl acetate is not particularly limited.
- the saponification degree is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, and particularly preferably 99% or more.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol resin used for the polarizer in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 100,000 to 300,000, more preferably 140000 to 260000, and more preferably 150,000 to 200,000. Particularly preferred.
- the polarizer in the present invention preferably contains a dichroic dye.
- the dichroic dye means a dye having different absorbance depending on the polarization direction in the present specification, for example, an iodine ion, a diazo dye, a quinone dye, and other known dichroic dyes. included.
- the dichroic dye high-order iodine ions such as I3- and I5- or dichroic dyes can be preferably used. In the present invention, higher-order iodine ions are particularly preferably used. Higher-order iodine ions can be found in “Applications of Polarizing Plates” by Ryo Nagata, CMC Publishing and Industrial Materials, Vol. 28, No.
- PVA can be immersed in at least one of a solution obtained by dissolving iodine in a potassium iodide aqueous solution and a boric acid aqueous solution, and can be produced in a state of being adsorbed and oriented in PVA.
- the method for producing a polarizer in the present invention includes a step of forming a polyvinyl alcohol resin solution containing a polyvinyl alcohol resin into a film, a step of stretching the polyvinyl alcohol resin film, and two colors. It is preferable to include a step of dyeing the polyvinyl alcohol-based resin film after stretching with a functional dye.
- the manufacturing method of the polarizer includes a preparation process of a polyvinyl alcohol resin solution (hereinafter also referred to as “PVA solution”), a casting process, a swelling process, a dyeing process, a hardening process, a stretching process, It is particularly preferred to carry out the drying steps sequentially in this order. Further, an on-line surface inspection process may be provided during or after the aforementioned process.
- PVA solution polyvinyl alcohol resin solution
- an on-line surface inspection process may be provided during or after the aforementioned process.
- Preparation of PVA solution In the step of preparing the PVA solution, it is preferable to prepare a stock solution in which the PVA resin is added to water while stirring, and the PVA resin is dissolved in water or an organic solvent.
- the concentration of the PVA resin in the stock solution is preferably 5 to 20% by mass.
- the obtained slurry may be dehydrated to once prepare a PVA resin wet cake having a water content of about 40%.
- steam from a tank bottom is preferable, for example.
- the internal resin temperature is preferably 50 to 150 ° C., and the inside of the system may be pressurized.
- a method of forming a film by casting the stock solution (PVA solution) prepared above is generally preferably used.
- the casting method is not particularly limited, but the heated stock solution is supplied to a twin-screw extruder, and is poured onto a support from a discharge means (preferably a die, more preferably a T-type slit die) by a gear pump. It is preferable to form a film.
- a discharge means preferably a die, more preferably a T-type slit die
- the support is preferably a cast drum, and the drum diameter, width, rotation speed, and surface temperature are not particularly limited.
- the diameter (R1) of the cast drum is preferably 2000 to 5000 mm, more preferably 2500 to 4500 mm, and particularly preferably 3000 to 3500 mm.
- the width of the cast drum is preferably 2 to 6 m, more preferably 3 to 5 m, and particularly preferably 4 to 5 m.
- the rotation speed of the cast drum is preferably 2 to 20 m / min, more preferably 4 to 12 m / min, and particularly preferably 5 to 10 m / min.
- the cast drum surface temperature of the cast drum is preferably 40 to 140 ° C., particularly preferably 60 to 120 ° C., and particularly preferably 80 to 100 ° C.
- the resin temperature at the exit of the T-shaped slit die is preferably 40 to 140 ° C., more preferably 60 to 120 ° C., and particularly preferably 80 to 100 ° C. Thereafter, it is preferable to perform drying while alternately passing the back and front surfaces of the obtained roll through the drying roll.
- the diameter (R2) of the drying roll is preferably 200 to 450 mm, more preferably 250 to 400 mm, and particularly preferably 300 to 350 mm.
- the length of the obtained film It can be set as a long film of 2000 m or more, Preferably it is 4000 m or more.
- the width of the film is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to 6 m, and more preferably 3 to 5 m.
- the swelling step is preferably performed only with water. However, as described in JP-A-10-153709, the optical performance is stabilized and a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin film (hereinafter referred to as “PVA”) in the production line is used.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol-based resin film
- the degree of swelling of the polarizing plate substrate can be controlled by swelling a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin film with an aqueous boric acid solution.
- the temperature and time of the swelling step can be arbitrarily determined, but are preferably 10 ° C. to 60 ° C. and 5 seconds to 2000 seconds.
- the film may be slightly stretched during the swelling step. For example, an aspect of stretching 1.05 times to 1.5 times is preferable, and an aspect of stretching about 1.3 times is more preferable.
- the method described in JP-A-2002-86554 can be used. Further, as a dyeing method, not only immersion but any means such as application or spraying of iodine or a dye solution can be used. Also, as described in JP-A-2002-290025, iodine concentration, dyeing bath temperature, stretching ratio in the bath, and a method of dyeing while stirring the bath liquid in the bath may be used.
- iodine ions when higher-order iodine ions are used as the dichroic dye, in order to obtain a high-contrast polarizing plate, it is preferable to use a solution in which iodine is dissolved in a potassium iodide aqueous solution in order to obtain a high-contrast polarizing plate.
- a solution in which iodine is dissolved in a potassium iodide aqueous solution in order to obtain a high-contrast polarizing plate.
- the embodiment described in JP-A-2007-086748 can be used.
- boron compounds such as boric acid and borax may be added to the dyeing solution.
- the hardening step it is preferable to immerse the PVA film in a crosslinking agent solution or apply the solution to include a crosslinking agent. Further, as described in JP-A-11-52130, the hardening process can be performed in several steps.
- the crosslinking agent those described in US Pat. No. 2,328,977 can be used, and as described in Japanese Patent No. 3357109, a polyhydric aldehyde is used as a crosslinking agent in order to improve dimensional stability. Although it can be used, boric acids are most preferably used.
- metal ions may be added to the boric acid-potassium iodide aqueous solution.
- Zinc chloride is preferred as the metal ion, but as described in JP 2000-35512 A, zinc halides such as zinc iodide, zinc sulfates such as zinc acetate, and zinc salts such as zinc acetate are used instead of zinc chloride. It can also be used.
- a boric acid-potassium iodide aqueous solution to which zinc chloride is added may be prepared, and a PVA film may be dipped to perform hardening, and the method described in JP-A-2007-086748 can be used.
- the stretching step preferably uses a longitudinal uniaxial stretching method as described in US Pat. No. 2,454,515 or the like, or a tenter method as described in JP-A-2002-86554. Can do.
- the preferred draw ratio is 2 to 12 times, more preferably 3 to 10 times. The relationship between the draw ratio, the thickness of the original fabric and the thickness of the polarizer is described in JP-A No.
- drying step a method known in JP-A-2002-86554 can be used, but a preferable temperature range is 30 ° C. to 100 ° C., and a preferable drying time is 30 seconds to 60 minutes.
- heat treatment is performed such that the fading temperature in water is 50 ° C. or higher, or as described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 07-325215 and 07-325218.
- aging in a temperature and humidity controlled atmosphere can be preferably performed.
- a thin polarizer can be formed by a manufacturing method using a coating method described in Japanese Patent No. 4691205 and Japanese Patent No. 4751481.
- control of a film thickness can be controlled by a well-known method, for example, it can control by setting the die slit width in the said casting process, and extending
- the polarizing plate of the present invention has a first protective film, a polarizer, and a second protective film in this order.
- the first protective film is a film containing a (meth) acrylic resin, has a thickness of 20 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and an elastic modulus in a direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer is 3.0 GPa or more and 3 .5 GPa or less.
- the thickness of the second protective film is not less than 1.5 times and not more than 1.8 times the thickness of the first protective film, and the following formula (1) in the direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer:
- the humidity dimensional change rate represented by) is 0.45% or more and 0.8% or less.
- Humidity dimensional change rate (%) [ ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 80%) ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 10%) ⁇ / (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 60%)] ⁇ 100
- Humidity dimensional change rate (%) [ ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 80%) ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 10%) ⁇ / (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 60%)] ⁇ 100
- the first protective film is a film containing a (meth) acrylic resin (also referred to as “(meth) acrylic resin film”).
- the (meth) acrylic resin is not particularly limited, and any appropriate (meth) acrylic resin can be adopted.
- poly (meth) acrylate such as polymethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate- (meth) acrylic acid copolymer, methyl methacrylate- (meth) acrylic acid ester copolymer, methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid ester -(Meth) acrylic acid copolymer, (meth) acrylic acid methyl-styrene copolymer (MS resin, etc.), polymer having alicyclic hydrocarbon group (for example, methyl methacrylate-cyclohexyl methacrylate copolymer) And methyl methacrylate- (meth) acrylate norbornyl copolymer).
- poly (meth) acrylic acid esters such as poly (meth) acrylic acid methyl, and poly (meth) acrylic acid C1-6 alkyl ((meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester polymer having 1 to 6 carbon atoms) )
- a methyl methacrylate resin containing methyl methacrylate as a main component 50 to 100% by mass, preferably 70 to 100% by mass).
- the (meth) acrylic resin examples include, for example, Acrypet VH and Acrypet VRL20A manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., a glass transition temperature (Tg) obtained by intramolecular crosslinking or intramolecular cyclization reaction (meta) ) Acrylic resin.
- the (meth) acrylic resin has a (meth) acrylic resin having a glutaric anhydride structure and a lactone ring structure in that it has high heat resistance, high transparency, and high mechanical strength ( A (meth) acrylic resin and a (meth) acrylic resin having a glutarimide structure are preferred.
- the glutaric anhydride structure As the (meth) acrylic resin having a glutaric anhydride structure, the glutaric anhydride structure described in JP-A-2006-283013, JP-A-2006-335902, JP-A-2006-274118, or the like is used.
- Examples of the (meth) acrylic resin having a lactone ring structure include JP 2000-230016, JP 2001-151814, JP 2002-120326, JP 2002-254544, and JP 2005. Examples thereof include (meth) acrylic resins having a lactone ring structure described in Japanese Patent No. 146084.
- Examples of the (meth) acrylic resin having a glutarimide structure include JP-A-2006-309033, JP-A-2006-317560, JP-A-2006-328329, JP-A-2006-328334, and JP-A-2006-.
- Tg is preferably 115 ° C. or higher, more preferably 120 ° C. or higher, still more preferably 125 ° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 130 ° C. or higher.
- the said (meth) acrylic-type resin film can become the thing excellent in durability by including (meth) acrylic-type resin whose Tg is 115 degreeC or more as a main component.
- the upper limit of Tg of the said (meth) acrylic-type resin is not specifically limited, From viewpoints of a moldability etc., Preferably it is 170 degrees C or less.
- the content of the (meth) acrylic resin in the first protective film is preferably 50 to 100% by mass, more preferably 50 to 99% by mass, still more preferably 60 to 98% by mass, and particularly preferably 70 to 97%. % By mass. If the content of the (meth) acrylic resin in the first protective film is 50% by mass or more, the high heat resistance and high transparency inherent in the (meth) acrylic resin are sufficiently exhibited.
- the first protective film may contain other thermoplastic resin in addition to the (meth) acrylic resin.
- Other thermoplastic resins include, for example, olefin polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, poly (4-methyl-1-pentene); vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, chlorinated vinyl resins, etc.
- Vinyl halide polymers acrylic polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate; styrene polymers such as polystyrene, styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene block copolymer
- Polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate; polyamides such as nylon 6, nylon 66 and nylon 610; polyacetals; polycarbonates; polyphenylene oxides; Polyetheretherketone; Polysulfone; Polyethersulfone; Polyoxybenzylene; Polyamideimide; Rubber polymer such as ABS resin and ASA (acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate) resin blended with polybutadiene rubber and acrylic rubber Can be mentioned.
- the content ratio of the other thermoplastic resin in the first protective film is preferably 0 to 50% by mass, more preferably 0
- the first protective film may contain components (additives) other than those described above.
- additives include hindered phenol-based, phosphorus-based and sulfur-based antioxidants; light-resistant stabilizers, weather-resistant stabilizers, heat stabilizers and other stabilizers; reinforcing materials such as glass fibers and carbon fibers; phenyls UV absorbers such as salicylate, (2,2′-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, 2-hydroxybenzophenone; near infrared absorbers; tris (dibromopropyl) phosphate, triallyl phosphate, antimony oxide, etc.
- the content of the additive in the first protective film is preferably 0 to 5% by mass, more preferably 0 to 2% by mass, and still more preferably 0 to 0.5% by mass.
- the manufacturing method of a 1st protective film Although it does not specifically limit as a manufacturing method of a 1st protective film, for example, (meth) acrylic-type resin, other polymers, an additive, etc. are fully mixed by arbitrary appropriate mixing methods. And after forming into a thermoplastic resin composition beforehand, this can be formed into a film. Alternatively, the (meth) acrylic resin and other polymers, additives, and the like may be made into separate solutions and mixed to form a uniform mixed solution, and then formed into a film. In order to produce the thermoplastic resin composition, for example, the film raw material is pre-blended with any appropriate mixer such as an omni mixer, and then the obtained mixture is extrusion kneaded.
- any appropriate mixer such as an omni mixer
- the mixer used for extrusion kneading is not particularly limited, and for example, any suitable mixer such as an extruder such as a single screw extruder or a twin screw extruder or a pressure kneader may be used.
- any suitable mixer such as an extruder such as a single screw extruder or a twin screw extruder or a pressure kneader may be used.
- the film forming method include any appropriate film forming method such as a solution casting method (solution casting method), a melt extrusion method, a calendar method, and a compression molding method. Among these film forming methods, the solution casting method (solution casting method) and the melt extrusion method are preferable.
- solvent casting method examples include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene; fats such as cyclohexane and decalin; Aromatic hydrocarbons; esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone; methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, etc.
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene
- fats such as cyclohexane and decalin
- Aromatic hydrocarbons esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate
- ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone
- Examples include alcohols; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and dioxane; halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride; dimethylformamide; dimethyl sulfoxide and the like. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of the apparatus for performing the solution casting method include a drum casting machine, a band casting machine, and a spin coater.
- Examples of the melt extrusion method include a T-die method and an inflation method.
- the molding temperature is preferably 150 to 350 ° C, more preferably 200 to 300 ° C.
- a T-die is attached to the tip of a known single-screw extruder or twin-screw extruder, and the film extruded into a film is wound to obtain a roll-shaped film Can do.
- simultaneous biaxial stretching, sequential biaxial stretching, and the like can be performed by stretching the film in a direction perpendicular to the extrusion direction.
- the first protective film may be either an unstretched film or a stretched film.
- a stretched film either a uniaxially stretched film or a biaxially stretched film may be used.
- a biaxially stretched film either a simultaneous biaxially stretched film or a sequential biaxially stretched film may be used.
- biaxial stretching the mechanical strength is improved and the film performance is improved. Even when the (meth) acrylic resin film is mixed with another thermoplastic resin, an increase in retardation can be suppressed and optical isotropy can be maintained.
- the stretching temperature is preferably in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin composition as the film raw material, and specifically, preferably (glass transition temperature ⁇ 30 ° C.) to (glass transition temperature + 100 ° C.), more preferably Is in the range of (glass transition temperature ⁇ 20 ° C.) to (glass transition temperature + 80 ° C.). From the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficient stretching ratio, the stretching temperature is preferably (glass transition temperature-30 ° C.) or higher. Moreover, it is preferable that extending
- the draw ratio defined by the area ratio is preferably 1.1 to 25 times, more preferably 1.3 to 10 times. From the viewpoint of improving toughness accompanying stretching, the stretching ratio is preferably 1.1 times or more. From the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficient draw ratio, the draw ratio is preferably 25 times or less.
- the stretching speed in one direction is preferably 10 to 20,000% / min, more preferably 100 to 10,000% / min. From the viewpoint of reducing time and manufacturing cost in order to obtain a sufficient draw ratio, the draw speed is preferably 10% / min or more. Further, from the viewpoint of suppressing breakage of the stretched film, the stretching speed is preferably 20,000% / min or less.
- the first protective film can be subjected to a heat treatment (annealing) or the like after the stretching treatment in order to stabilize its optical isotropy and mechanical properties.
- Arbitrary appropriate conditions can be employ
- the thickness of the first protective film is 20 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, preferably 22 ⁇ m or more and 28 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 24 ⁇ m or more and 26 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of difficulty in generating unevenness.
- the thickness exceeds 30 ⁇ m, not only the transparency is lowered, but also the moisture permeability becomes small, and when a water-based adhesive is used, there is a possibility that the drying rate of water as the solvent becomes slow.
- light leakage unevenness may occur in the screen of the liquid crystal display device.
- the thickness of the first protective film is an average film thickness measured by optical microscope observation of the film cross section.
- the first protective film has a humidity dimensional change rate represented by the following formula (1) in a direction orthogonal to the absorption axis of the polarizer (preferably a TD direction at the time of film production). Therefore, it is preferably 1.0% or less, more preferably 0.5% or less, and still more preferably 0.20% or more and 0.30% or less.
- Humidity dimensional change rate (%) [ ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 80%) ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 10%) ⁇ / (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 60%)] ⁇ 100
- Humidity dimensional change rate (%) [ ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 80%) ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 10%) ⁇ / (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 60%)] ⁇ 100
- the first protective film has a humidity dimensional change rate represented by the formula (1) in a direction parallel to the absorption axis of the polarizer (preferably a film transport direction at the time of film production: MD direction), which is the same as that in the TD direction.
- a humidity dimensional change rate represented by the formula (1) in a direction parallel to the absorption axis of the polarizer (preferably a film transport direction at the time of film production: MD direction), which is the same as that in the TD direction.
- 1.0% or less is preferable, 0.5% or less is more preferable, and 0.25% or less is still more preferable.
- As the humidity dimensional change rate of the first protective film is smaller, shrinkage or expansion of the first protective film due to the humidity change is reduced. This reduces the force applied to the pressure-sensitive adhesive for bonding the polarizing plate to the glass or liquid crystal cell constituting the liquid crystal cell, and as a result, light leakage due to photoelasticity is reduced.
- the elastic modulus in the direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer of the first protective film is 3. 0 GPa or more and 3.5 GPa or less, preferably 3.1 GPa or more and 3.5 GPa or less, and more preferably 3.1 GPa or more and 3.3 GPa or less. If the elastic modulus is too high, the film becomes brittle and easily cracked, and if the elastic modulus is too low, the film being conveyed or the polarizing plate is not easily stiff (self-supporting) during conveyance, and becomes flexible.
- the wetting tension of the surface of the first protective film is preferably 40 mN / m or more, more preferably 50 mN / m or more, and even more preferably 55 mN / m or more.
- the surface wetting tension is at least 40 mN / m or more, the adhesive strength between the (meth) acrylic resin film and the polarizer is further improved.
- Any suitable surface treatment can be applied to adjust the surface wetting tension. Examples of the surface treatment include corona discharge treatment, plasma treatment, ozone spraying, ultraviolet irradiation, flame treatment, and chemical treatment. Of these, corona discharge treatment and plasma treatment are preferable.
- the first protective film is preferably disposed on the liquid crystal cell side (inner side) when the polarizing plate of the present invention is incorporated in a liquid crystal display device.
- the first protective film is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing occurrence of unevenness when used for a long time under high temperature and high humidity.
- the second protective film has a thickness of 1.5 to 1.8 times the thickness of the first protective film, and the following formula (1) in a direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer:
- the dimensional change rate of humidity represented by is 0.45% or more and 0.8% or less.
- Humidity dimensional change rate (%) [ ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 80%) ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 10%) ⁇ / (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 60%)] ⁇ 100
- Polarized light having excellent suitability for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device from the viewpoint of curling by setting the thickness of the second protective film and the change in humidity dimension in the direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer as described above. It can be a board.
- the material constituting the second protective film is not particularly limited.
- the second protective film preferably contains a resin.
- a resin a known resin can be used, and is not particularly limited as long as it does not contradict the gist of the present invention.
- (Meth) acrylic resins, cycloolefin resins and polyester resins can be mentioned, and cellulose acylate is preferred.
- the degree of substitution of cellulose acylate means the ratio of acylation of three hydroxyl groups present in the structural unit of cellulose (glucose having a ( ⁇ -) 1,4-glycoside bond).
- the degree of substitution can be calculated by measuring the amount of bound fatty acid per unit mass of cellulose.
- the substitution degree of the cellulose body is calculated by dissolving the cellulose body in a solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide substituted with deuterium, measuring the 13C-NMR spectrum, and calculating from the peak intensity ratio of the carbonyl carbon in the acyl group. can do.
- the total acyl substitution degree of the cellulose acylate is preferably 2.0 to 2.97, more preferably 2.2 to 2.95, and particularly preferably 2.3 to 2.95.
- As the acyl group of cellulose acylate an acetyl group, a propionyl group, and a butyryl group are particularly preferable, and an acetyl group is particularly preferable.
- a mixed fatty acid ester composed of two or more kinds of acyl groups can also be preferably used as the cellulose acylate in the present invention.
- the acyl group is preferably an acetyl group and an acyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the substitution degree of an acetyl group is preferably less than 2.5, and more preferably less than 1.9.
- the substitution degree of the acyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms is preferably 0.1 to 1.5, more preferably 0.2 to 1.2, and 0.5 to 1.1. It is particularly preferred.
- the second protective film in the present invention may be formed by combining and mixing two types of cellulose acylates having different substituents and / or substitution degrees, or different cellulose acylates by a co-casting method described later. It may be a film having a plurality of layers of rates.
- mixed acid esters having fatty acid acyl groups and substituted or unsubstituted aromatic acyl groups described in [0023] to [0038] of JP-A-2008-20896 can also be preferably used in the present invention.
- the cellulose acylate preferably has a weight average degree of polymerization of 250 to 800, more preferably 300 to 600.
- the cellulose acylate preferably has a number average molecular weight of 70000 to 230,000, more preferably a number average molecular weight of 75000 to 230,000, and most preferably a number average molecular weight of 78000 to 120,000.
- Cellulose acylate can be synthesized using an acid anhydride or acid chloride as an acylating agent.
- an organic acid for example, acetic acid
- methylene chloride is used as a reaction solvent.
- a protic catalyst such as sulfuric acid can be used as the catalyst.
- the acylating agent is an acid chloride
- a basic compound can be used as a catalyst.
- cellulose is an organic acid corresponding to acetyl group and other acyl groups (acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid) or their acid anhydrides (acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, butyric anhydride).
- a cellulose ester is synthesized by esterification with a mixed organic acid component containing.
- cellulose such as cotton linter or wood pulp is activated with an organic acid such as acetic acid and then esterified using a mixture of organic acid components as described above in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst.
- the organic acid anhydride component is generally used in an excess amount relative to the amount of hydroxyl groups present in the cellulose.
- a hydrolysis reaction depolymerization reaction
- the degree of polymerization of the cellulose ester is lowered, and the physical properties of the cellulose ester film to be produced are lowered. Therefore, the reaction conditions such as the reaction temperature are preferably determined in consideration of the degree of polymerization and molecular weight of the resulting cellulose ester.
- the second protective film may contain an organic acid and other known additives used for other polarizing plate protective films as long as they do not contradict the gist of the present invention. This can help control the rate of change in humidity.
- the molecular weight of the additive contained in the second protective film is not particularly limited, the additives described below can be preferably used.
- the film can be modified to improve thermal properties, optical properties, mechanical properties, impart flexibility, absorb water resistance, reduce moisture permeability, etc. It shows useful effects in terms of quality.
- control of mechanical properties includes the addition of a plasticizer to a film.
- plasticizers that can be used as reference include various known esters such as phosphate esters, citrate esters, trimellitic acid esters, and sugar esters. Reference can be made to the description of ester plasticizers and polyester polymers in paragraph numbers 0042 to 0068 of International Publication No. 2011/102492.
- the thickness of the second protective film is preferably 30 to 54 ⁇ m, more preferably 33 to 50 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 36 to 47 ⁇ m.
- the thickness is preferably 54 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of curling.
- the thickness of the second protective film is an average film thickness measured by optical microscope observation of the film cross section.
- the amount of the additive added is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 15% by mass or more, and more preferably 20% by mass or more with respect to cellulose acylate from the viewpoint of developing the various effects described above. More preferably it is. As an upper limit, it is preferable that it is 80 mass% or less, and it is preferable that it is 65 mass% or less. When two or more kinds of additives are used, the total amount is preferably within the above range.
- the moisture permeability of the second protective film is preferably 10 g / m 2 / day or more from the viewpoint of the drying speed during the production of the polarizing plate.
- the moisture permeability of the second protective film is more preferably 10 to 500 g / m 2 / day, still more preferably 100 to 500 g / m 2 / day, and 200 to 450 g / m 2 / day. More particularly preferred.
- ⁇ Method for producing second protective film About the manufacturing method of said 2nd protective film, as a manufacturing method of the film using (meth) acrylic-type resin, cycloolefin type resin, and polyester-type resin, although it does not specifically limit,
- resin and Other polymers, additives, and the like can be sufficiently mixed by any appropriate mixing method to obtain a thermoplastic resin composition in advance, and then formed into a film.
- the resin and other polymers, additives, and the like may be made into separate solutions and mixed to form a uniform mixed solution, and then formed into a film.
- the film raw material is pre-blended with any appropriate mixer such as an omni mixer, and then the obtained mixture is extrusion kneaded.
- the mixer used for extrusion kneading is not particularly limited, and for example, any suitable mixer such as an extruder such as a single screw extruder or a twin screw extruder or a pressure kneader may be used.
- the film forming method include any appropriate film forming method such as a solution casting method (solution casting method), a melt extrusion method, a calendar method, and a compression molding method.
- the solution casting method (solution casting method) and the melt extrusion method are preferable.
- the method for producing the second protective film will be described in detail by taking as an example the case where the second protective film is a film containing cellulose acylate (also referred to as “cellulose acylate film”).
- the cellulose acylate film can be produced by a solvent cast method.
- the method for producing the second protective film will be described by taking an example in which cellulose acylate is used as a base material, but the second protective film is produced in the same manner when other resins are used. Can do.
- a film is produced using a solution in which cellulose acylate is dissolved in an organic solvent (hereinafter also referred to as “cellulose acylate solution” or “dope”).
- the organic solvent includes ethers having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, ketones having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, esters having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and halogenated hydrocarbons having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. It is preferable to contain the solvent chosen from these.
- the ethers, ketones and esters may have a cyclic structure.
- a compound having two or more functional groups of ether, ketone and ester that is, —O—, —CO— and —COO—
- the organic solvent may have another functional group such as an alcoholic hydroxyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms is preferably within the above-described preferable range of carbon atoms of the solvent having any functional group.
- Examples of the ether having 3 to 12 carbon atoms include diisopropyl ether, dimethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, anisole and phenetole.
- Examples of the ketones having 3 to 12 carbon atoms include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone and methylcyclohexanone.
- esters having 3 to 12 carbon atoms examples include ethyl formate, propyl formate, pentyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and pentyl acetate.
- organic solvent having two or more kinds of functional groups examples include 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, 2-methoxyethanol and 2-butoxyethanol.
- the number of carbon atoms of the halogenated hydrocarbon having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 1.
- the halogen of the halogenated hydrocarbon is preferably chlorine.
- the proportion of halogen atoms in the halogenated hydrocarbon substituted with halogen is preferably 25 to 75 mol%, more preferably 30 to 70 mol%, and more preferably 35 to 65 mol%. More preferably, it is most preferably 40 to 60 mol%.
- Methylene chloride is a representative halogenated hydrocarbon. Two or more kinds of organic solvents may be mixed and used.
- the cellulose acylate solution can be prepared by a general method comprising processing at a temperature of 0 ° C. or higher (room temperature or high temperature).
- the cellulose acylate solution can be prepared using a dope preparation method and apparatus in a normal solvent cast method.
- a halogenated hydrocarbon particularly methylene chloride
- the amount of cellulose acylate in the cellulose acylate solution is adjusted so that it is contained in an amount of 10 to 40% by mass in the resulting solution.
- the amount of cellulose acylate is more preferably 10 to 30% by mass. Any other additive described later may be added to the organic solvent (main solvent).
- the cellulose acylate solution can be prepared by stirring cellulose acylate and an organic solvent at room temperature (0 to 40 ° C.).
- High concentration solutions may be prepared by stirring under pressure and heating conditions. Specifically, cellulose acylate and an organic solvent are placed in a pressure vessel and sealed, and stirred while heating to a temperature not lower than the boiling point of the solvent at normal temperature and in a range where the solvent does not boil.
- the heating temperature is usually 40 ° C. or higher, preferably 60 to 200 ° C., more preferably 80 to 110 ° C.
- Each component may be roughly mixed in advance and then placed in a container. Moreover, you may put into a container sequentially. The container must be configured to allow stirring. The container can be pressurized by injecting an inert gas such as nitrogen gas. Moreover, you may utilize the raise of the vapor pressure of the solvent by heating. Or after sealing a container, you may add each component under pressure.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen gas
- a jacket type heating device can be used.
- the entire container can also be heated by providing a plate heater outside the container and piping to circulate the liquid.
- Stirring is preferably performed using a stirring blade provided inside the container.
- the stirring blade preferably has a length that reaches the vicinity of the wall of the container.
- a scraping blade is preferably provided at the end of the stirring blade in order to renew the liquid film on the vessel wall.
- instruments such as a pressure gauge and a thermometer may be installed. Each component is dissolved in a solvent in a container.
- the prepared dope is taken out of the container after cooling, or taken out and then cooled using a heat exchanger or the like.
- a cellulose acylate solution can also be prepared by a cooling dissolution method.
- the techniques described in [0115] to [0122] of JP-A-2007-86748 can be used.
- a cellulose acylate film is produced from the prepared cellulose acylate solution (dope) by a solvent cast method. It is preferable to add a retardation developer to the dope.
- the dope is cast on a drum or band and the solvent is evaporated to form a film.
- the dope before casting is preferably adjusted in concentration so that the solid content is 18 to 35%.
- the surface of the drum or band is preferably finished in a mirror state.
- the dope is preferably cast on a drum or band having a surface temperature of 10 ° C. or less.
- the obtained film can be peeled off from the drum or band and further dried with high-temperature air whose temperature is successively changed from 100 ° C. to 160 ° C. to evaporate the residual solvent.
- the above method is described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-17844. According to this method, it is possible to shorten the time from casting to stripping. In order to carry out this method, it is necessary for the dope to gel at the surface temperature of the drum or band during casting.
- cellulose acylate solution Using the prepared cellulose acylate solution (dope), two or more layers can be cast to form a film.
- a cellulose acylate film by a solvent cast method.
- the dope is cast on a drum or band and the solvent is evaporated to form a film.
- the dope before casting is preferably adjusted in concentration so that the solid content is in the range of 10 to 40% by mass.
- the surface of the drum or band is preferably finished in a mirror state.
- a film may be produced while casting and laminating solutions containing cellulose acylate.
- the methods described in JP-A-61-158414, JP-A-1-122419, and JP-A-11-198285 can be used.
- a film can be formed by casting a cellulose acylate solution from two casting ports.
- JP-B-60-27562, JP-A-61-94724, JP-A-61-947245, JP-A-61-104413, JP-A-61-158413, and JP-A-6- The method described in each publication of No. 134933 can be used. Further, the flow of the cellulose acylate film described in JP-A-56-162617 is wrapped in a low-viscosity cellulose acylate solution and the high-low viscosity cellulose acylate solution is extruded simultaneously. A rolling method can also be used.
- the film formed on the support by the first casting port is peeled off, and the second casting is performed on the side in contact with the support surface to produce a film.
- the same solution may be used, or two or more different cellulose acylate solutions may be used.
- a cellulose acylate solution corresponding to the function may be extruded from each casting port.
- the cellulose acylate solution in the present invention can be cast simultaneously with other functional layers (for example, an adhesive layer, a dye layer, an antistatic layer, an antihalation layer, an ultraviolet absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, etc.).
- the timing of the addition is not particularly limited as long as it is added at the time of film formation. For example, you may add at the time of the synthesis
- a degradation inhibitor for example, an antioxidant, a peroxide decomposer, a radical inhibitor, a metal deactivator, an acid scavenger, an amine, etc.
- a degradation inhibitor may be added to the second protective film.
- Degradation inhibitors are described in JP-A-3-199201, JP-A-51907073, JP-A-5-194789, JP-A-5-271471, and JP-A-6-107854.
- the addition amount of the deterioration preventing agent is preferably 0.01 to 1% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 0.2% by mass of the solution (dope) to be prepared.
- the addition amount is 0.01% by mass or more, the effect of the deterioration inhibitor is sufficiently exhibited, and if the addition amount is 1% by mass or less, the deterioration inhibitor bleeds out to the film surface (bleeding). And the like are less likely to occur.
- particularly preferred deterioration inhibitors include butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tribenzylamine (TBA).
- fine particles as a matting agent to the second protective film.
- the fine particles include silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, calcium carbonate, talc, clay, calcined kaolin, calcined calcium silicate, hydrated calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, and calcium phosphate.
- Fine particles containing silicon are preferable in terms of low turbidity, and silicon dioxide is particularly preferable.
- the fine particles of silicon dioxide preferably have a primary average particle diameter of 20 nm or less and an apparent specific gravity of 70 g / liter or more.
- the apparent specific gravity is more preferably 90 to 200 g / liter, further preferably 100 to 200 g / liter.
- a larger apparent specific gravity is preferable because a high-concentration dispersion can be produced, and haze and aggregates are improved.
- These fine particles usually form secondary particles having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 3.0 ⁇ m, and these fine particles are present in the film as aggregates of primary particles, and 0.1 to 3.0 ⁇ m on the film surface. An unevenness of 3.0 ⁇ m is formed.
- the secondary average particle size is preferably 0.2 ⁇ m to 1.5 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.4 ⁇ m to 1.2 ⁇ m, and most preferably 0.6 ⁇ m to 1.1 ⁇ m.
- the primary particle size and the secondary particle size were determined by observing the particles in the film with a scanning electron microscope and determining the diameter of a circle circumscribing the particles as the particle size. In addition, 200 particles were observed at different locations, and the average value was taken as the average particle size.
- silicon dioxide fine particles for example, commercially available products such as Aerosil R972, R972V, R974, R812, 200, 200V, 300, R202, OX50, TT600 (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) can be used.
- Zirconium oxide fine particles are commercially available, for example, under the trade names Aerosil R976 and R811 (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and can be used.
- Aerosil 200V and Aerosil R972V are fine particles of silicon dioxide having a primary average particle diameter of 20 nm or less and an apparent specific gravity of 70 g / liter or more, while keeping the turbidity of the optical film low. This is particularly preferable because the effect of reducing the friction coefficient is great.
- a fine particle dispersion prepared by stirring and mixing a solvent and fine particles is prepared in advance, and the fine particle dispersion is added to a separately prepared small amount of cellulose acylate solution and dissolved by stirring. Further, a main cellulose acylate solution (dope solution) and There is a way to mix.
- This method is a preferred preparation method in that the dispersibility of the silicon dioxide fine particles is good and the silicon dioxide fine particles are more difficult to reaggregate.
- the concentration of silicon dioxide when the silicon dioxide fine particles are mixed and dispersed with a solvent or the like is preferably 5 to 30% by mass, more preferably 10 to 25% by mass, and 15 to 20%. Mass% is most preferred. A higher dispersion concentration is preferable because the liquid turbidity with respect to the added amount is lowered, and haze and aggregates are improved.
- the addition amount of the matting agent fine particles in the final cellulose acylate dope is preferably 0.01 to 1.0 g, more preferably 0.03 to 0.3 g, more preferably 0.08 to 0.16 g per m 3. Is most preferred.
- the solvent used is preferably lower alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol and the like. Although it does not specifically limit as solvents other than a lower alcohol, It is preferable to use the solvent used at the time of film forming of a cellulose ester.
- the winder used for producing the polarizing plate protective film in the present invention may be a commonly used winding machine such as a constant tension method, a constant torque method, a taper tension method, a program tension control method with a constant internal stress, and the like. It can be wound up by a take-up method.
- the second protective film can be stretched.
- a desired retardation can be imparted to the polarizing plate protective film by the stretching treatment.
- the stretching direction of the cellulose acylate film is preferably either the width direction (hereinafter also referred to as “width direction”) or the longitudinal direction. Methods for stretching in the width direction are described in, for example, JP-A-62-115035, JP-A-4-152125, JP-A-4284221, JP-A-4-298310, and JP-A-11-48271. Yes.
- the stretching of the second protective film is preferably carried out under heating conditions.
- the film can be stretched by a treatment during drying, and is particularly effective when the solvent remains.
- the film is stretched by adjusting the speed of the film transport roller so that the film winding speed is higher than the film peeling speed.
- the film can also be stretched by conveying while holding the width of the film with a tenter and gradually widening the width of the tenter. After the film is dried, it can be stretched using a stretching machine (preferably uniaxial stretching using a long stretching machine).
- the stretching of the second protective film is preferably performed at a temperature of (Tg ⁇ 5 ° C.) to (Tg + 40 ° C.), more preferably Tg to (Tg + 35 ° C.), using the glass transition temperature Tg of the film. And (Tg + 10 ° C.) to (Tg + 30 ° C.).
- Tg ⁇ 5 ° C. to (Tg + 40 ° C.)
- Tg + 35 ° C. the glass transition temperature
- Tg + 10 ° C. to (Tg + 30 ° C.).
- 130 ° C to 200 ° C is preferable.
- stretching can be performed at a temperature lower than that of the dry film, and in this case, 100 ° C. to 170 ° C. is preferable.
- the stretch ratio of the second protective film is preferably 1% to 200%, more preferably 5% to 150%.
- stretching in the width direction is preferably 1% to 200%, more preferably 5% to 150%, and particularly preferably 30 to 45%.
- the stretching speed is preferably 1% / min to 300% / min, more preferably 10% / min to 300% / min, and most preferably 30% / min to 300% / min.
- the second protective film is manufactured through a step (hereinafter, also referred to as “relaxation step”) of holding for a certain period of time at a draw ratio lower than the maximum draw ratio after being drawn to the maximum draw ratio. It is preferable.
- the stretching ratio in the relaxation step is preferably 50% to 99% of the maximum stretching ratio, more preferably 70% to 97%, and most preferably 90% to 95%.
- the relaxation step time is preferably 1 second to 120 seconds, and more preferably 5 seconds to 100 seconds.
- the said polarizing plate protective film can be preferably manufactured by including the shrinkage
- the film width is held by a pantograph type or linear motor type tenter.
- the film can be shrunk by gradually narrowing the interval between the clips in the conveying direction while stretching in the direction.
- the step of stretching one of the longitudinal direction and the width direction of the film as described above, simultaneously shrinking the other, and simultaneously increasing the film thickness of the film is concrete.
- a stretching apparatus to be performed a FITZ machine manufactured by Ichikin Kogyo Co., Ltd. can be desirably used. This apparatus is described in (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-38802).
- the stretching ratio in the stretching step and the shrinkage ratio in the shrinking step can be arbitrarily selected depending on the target in-plane retardation (Re) and thickness direction retardation (Rth) values.
- the stretching ratio in the stretching step is preferably 10% or more
- the shrinkage rate in the shrinking step is preferably 5% or more.
- it preferably includes a stretching step of stretching 10% or more in the width direction of the film and a shrinking step of contracting the transport direction of the film by 5% or more while holding the film in the width direction of the film.
- the shrinkage rate as used in the field of this invention means the ratio of the contracted length of the film after contraction with respect to the length of the film before contraction in the contraction direction.
- the shrinkage is preferably 5 to 40%, particularly preferably 10 to 30%.
- the second protective film has a humidity dimensional change rate represented by the formula (1) in a direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer (preferably a TD direction at the time of film production) of 0.45% or more. From the viewpoint of a more preferable curl amount, it is preferably 0.50% or more and 0.80% or less, more preferably 0.55% or more and 0.75% or less, and 0.55% or more and 0.65%. Less than is most preferred.
- the second protective film has a humidity dimensional change rate represented by the formula (1) in a direction parallel to the absorption axis of the polarizer (preferably a film transport direction at the time of film production: MD direction). From the viewpoint of curling reduction, it is preferably 0.1% or more and 0.35% or less, and more preferably 0.15% or more and 0.25% or less.
- the formula (1) in the direction parallel to the absorption axis of the polarizer of the second protective film (preferably the MD direction during film production).
- the value obtained by subtracting the humidity dimensional change rate represented by the formula (1) in the direction orthogonal to the absorption axis of the polarizer (preferably the TD direction during film production) is represented by , ⁇ 0.15% to ⁇ 0.4%, preferably ⁇ 0.25% to ⁇ 0.4%, more preferably ⁇ 0.3% to ⁇ 0.4%. Is more preferable.
- the elastic modulus in the direction perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizer of the second protective film is preferably 4.2 GPa or less, It is more preferably 2.0 GPa or more and 3.8 GPa or less, particularly preferably 2.5 GPa or more and 3.5 GPa or less, and most preferably 2.8 GPa or more and less than 3.3 GPa.
- the elastic modulus of the second protective film in the direction parallel to the absorption axis of the polarizer is preferably 4.2 GPa or more and 4.7 GPa or more and 6.2 GPa or less. More preferably, it is 5.2 GPa or more and 5.7 GPa or less.
- the second protective film is preferably disposed on the outer side (the side opposite to the liquid crystal cell side) when the polarizing plate of the present invention is incorporated in a liquid crystal display device.
- Using the second protective film as the outer film is preferable from the viewpoint of being hard to be damaged on the surface of the liquid crystal display device.
- polarizing plate protective film a first protective film, a second protective film (hereinafter also referred to as “polarizing plate protective film”) and a polarizer, and a functionalization of the polarizing plate.
- polarizing plate protective film a second protective film
- polarizer a polarizer
- the polarizing plate protective film (the first protective film and the second protective film) is subjected to alkali saponification treatment to provide adhesion with a polarizer material such as polyvinyl alcohol, and used as a polarizing plate protective film. Can do. Regarding the saponification method, the methods described in JP02-86748, [0211] and [0212] can be used.
- the alkali saponification treatment for the polarizing plate protective film is preferably performed in a cycle of immersing the film surface in an alkaline solution, neutralizing with an acidic solution, washing with water and drying.
- the alkaline solution include a potassium hydroxide solution and a sodium hydroxide solution, and the concentration of hydroxide ions is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 5.0 mol / L, and preferably 0.5 to 4.0 mol / L. More preferably, it is in the range of L.
- the alkaline solution temperature is preferably in the range of room temperature (20 ° C.) to 90 ° C., more preferably in the range of 40 to 70 ° C.
- the manufacturing method of the polarizing plate of this invention includes the process of laminating
- the manufacturing method of the polarizing plate of this invention it is preferable to produce by the method of bonding a polarizing plate protective film to both surfaces of a polarizer using an adhesive agent by alkali treatment.
- the adhesive used for bonding the treated surface of the polarizing plate protective film and the polarizer include polyvinyl alcohol adhesives such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl butyral, and vinyl latexes such as butyl acrylate. It is done.
- the polarizing plate of the present invention is a film transport direction during the production of the absorption axis of the polarizer and the polarizing plate protective film (the first protective film and the second protective film) from the viewpoint of roll-to-roll production suitability. It is preferable that the layers are stacked so that the direction orthogonal to the direction (TD direction) is substantially orthogonal.
- substantially orthogonal means that the angle formed by the absorption axis of the polarizer and the TD direction of the polarizing plate protective film is 85 ° to 95 °, preferably 89 ° to 91 °.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of the polarizing plate of the present invention.
- the absorption axis 13 of the polarizer 3 is orthogonal to the TD direction 11 when the first protective film 1 is manufactured and the TD direction 12 when the second protective film 2 is manufactured.
- the shape of the polarizing plate of the present invention is not only a polarizing plate in the form of a film piece cut into a size that can be incorporated into a liquid crystal display device as it is, but also produced in a long shape by continuous production, and in a roll shape.
- a polarizing plate in a rolled up mode (for example, a roll length of 2500 m or longer or 3900 m or longer) is also included.
- the width of the polarizing plate is preferably 1470 mm or more.
- the polarizing plate of this invention contains the polarizing plate and the polarizing plate protective film laminated
- the film that comes to the liquid crystal cell side when bonded to the liquid crystal cell is called an inner film
- the opposite film is called an outer film.
- the first protective film is an inner film
- the second protective film is an outer film.
- the polarizing plate of this invention may have an adhesive layer on the surface of a 1st protective film (inner side film), and may be bonded with a liquid crystal plate (liquid crystal cell) through the said adhesive layer. .
- the polarizing plate of the present invention is a polarizing plate having an adhesive layer, a first protective film (inner side film), a polarizer, and a second protective film (outer side film) in this order. May be.
- the polarizing plate of the present invention preferably further comprises a protective film on one surface of the polarizing plate and a separate film on the other surface.
- the protect film and the separate film are used for the purpose of protecting the polarizing plate at the time of shipping the polarizing plate, product inspection, and the like.
- the protect film is bonded for the purpose of protecting the surface of the polarizing plate, and is used on the side opposite to the surface where the polarizing plate is bonded to the liquid crystal plate.
- a separate film is used in order to cover the contact bonding layer bonded to a liquid crystal plate, and is used for the surface side which bonds a polarizing plate to a liquid crystal plate.
- the polarizing plate of the present invention is a function that is combined with an optical film having functional layers such as an antireflection film, a brightness enhancement film, a hard coat layer, a forward scattering layer, and an antiglare (antiglare) layer for improving the visibility of the display. It is also preferably used as a polarizing plate.
- the antireflection film, brightness enhancement film, other functional optical film, hard coat layer, forward scattering layer, and antiglare layer for functionalization are described in JP-A-2007-86748, [0257] to [0276].
- a functionalized polarizing plate can be created based on these descriptions.
- the polarizing plate of the present invention can be used in combination with an antireflection film.
- an antireflection film either a film having a reflectivity of about 1.5% only by applying a single layer of a low refractive index material such as a fluorine-based polymer, or a film having a reflectivity of 1% or less using multilayer interference of a thin film is used. it can.
- a structure in which a low refractive index layer and at least one layer having a higher refractive index than that of the low refractive index layer (that is, a high refractive index layer and a middle refractive index layer) is laminated on a transparent support is preferably used.
- the refractive index of each layer satisfies the following relationship. Refractive index of high refractive index layer> refractive index of medium refractive index layer> refractive index of transparent support> refractive index of low refractive index layer
- the transparent support used for the antireflection film the transparent polymer film used for the protective film for the polarizer described above can be preferably used.
- the refractive index of the low refractive index layer is preferably 1.20 to 1.55, more preferably 1.30 to 1.50.
- the low refractive index layer is preferably used as an outermost layer having scratch resistance and antifouling properties. In order to improve the scratch resistance, it is also preferable to impart slipperiness to the surface using a material such as a silicone-containing compound containing a silicone group or a fluorine-containing compound containing fluorine.
- the fluorine-containing compound examples include JP-A-9-222503 [0018] to [0026], JP-A-11-38202 [0019] to [0030], JP-A-2001-40284 [0027] to [0027]. [0028]
- the compounds described in JP-A No. 2000-284102 and the like can be preferably used.
- the silicone-containing compound is preferably a compound having a polysiloxane structure, but reactive silicone (for example, Silaplane (manufactured by Chisso), polysiloxane having silanol groups at both ends (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
- An organometallic compound such as a silane coupling agent and a specific fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group-containing silane coupling agent may be cured by a condensation reaction in the presence of a catalyst (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 58-1993). 142958, 58-147483, 58-147484, JP-A-9-157582, 11-106704, JP-A-2000-117902, 2001-48590, 2002 -Compounds described in Japanese Patent No.
- the low refractive index layer has an average primary particle diameter of 1 to 150 nm such as fillers (for example, silicon dioxide (silica), fluorine-containing particles (magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, barium fluoride)) as additives other than the above. It is also preferable to include an inorganic compound having a low refractive index, organic fine particles described in [0020] to [0038] of JP-A No. 11-3820, silane coupling agents, slip agents, surfactants, and the like. Can do.
- fillers for example, silicon dioxide (silica), fluorine-containing particles (magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, barium fluoride)
- inorganic compound having a low refractive index organic fine particles described in [0020] to [0038] of JP-A No. 11-3820, silane coupling agents, slip agents, surfactants, and the like. Can do.
- the low refractive index layer may be formed by a vapor phase method (vacuum deposition method, sputtering method, ion plating method, plasma CVD method, etc.), but may be formed by a coating method because it can be manufactured at low cost. preferable.
- a coating method dip coating, air knife coating, curtain coating, roller coating, wire bar coating, gravure coating, and micro gravure can be preferably used.
- the film thickness of the low refractive index layer is preferably 30 to 200 nm, more preferably 50 to 150 nm, and most preferably 60 to 120 nm.
- the medium refractive index layer and the high refractive index layer preferably have a configuration in which ultrafine particles of high refractive index having an average particle size of 100 nm or less are dispersed in a matrix material.
- Inorganic compound fine particles having a high refractive index include inorganic compounds having a refractive index of 1.65 or more, for example, oxides such as Ti, Zn, Sb, Sn, Zr, Ce, Ta, La, and In, and metal atoms thereof.
- a composite oxide or the like can be preferably used.
- Such ultrafine particles may be obtained by treating the particle surface with a surface treatment agent (silane coupling agent, etc .: JP-A Nos.
- an organic metal coupling agent Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-310432, etc.
- a core-shell structure with high refractive index particles as a core Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-166104, etc.
- a specific dispersant is used together (for example, And JP-A-11-153703, US Pat. No. 6,210,858B1, JP-A-2002-27776069, etc.).
- thermoplastic resins, curable resin films, and the like can be used, but JP-A 2000-47004, 2001-315242, 2001-31871, 2001-296401. It is also possible to use a curable film obtained from a polyfunctional material described in JP-A-2001-293818 or a metal alkoxide composition described in JP-A-2001-293818.
- the refractive index of the high refractive index layer is preferably 1.70 to 2.20.
- the thickness of the high refractive index layer is preferably 5 nm to 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably 10 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the refractive index of the medium refractive index layer is adjusted to be a value between the refractive index of the low refractive index layer and the refractive index of the high refractive index layer.
- the refractive index of the middle refractive index layer is preferably 1.50 to 1.70.
- the haze of the antireflection film is preferably 5% or less, more preferably 3% or less.
- the strength of the film is preferably H or higher, more preferably 2H or higher, and most preferably 3H or higher, in a pencil hardness test according to JIS K5400.
- the polarizing plate of the present invention can be used in combination with a brightness enhancement film.
- the brightness enhancement film has a function of separating circularly polarized light or linearly polarized light, and is disposed between the polarizing plate and the backlight, and reflects or backscatters one circularly polarized light or linearly polarized light to the backlight side. Re-reflected light from the backlight part partially changes the polarization state and partially transmits when re-entering the brightness enhancement film and the polarizing plate, so the light utilization rate is improved by repeating this process. The front luminance is improved to about 1.4 times.
- an anisotropic reflection system and an anisotropic scattering system are known, and both can be combined with the polarizing plate in the present invention.
- a brightness enhancement film having anisotropy in reflectance and transmittance is known by laminating a uniaxially stretched film and an unstretched film in multiple layers to increase the difference in refractive index in the stretching direction.
- Multilayer film systems using the principle of dielectric mirrors (described in the specifications of WO95 / 17691, WO95 / 17692, and WO95 / 17699) and cholesteric liquid crystals A method (described in the specification of European Patent 606940A2 and JP-A-8-271731) is known.
- DBEF-E, DBEF-D, and DBEF-M are used as multi-layer brightness enhancement films that use the principle of dielectric mirrors, and NIPOCS (Nitto Denko Corporation) as a cholesteric liquid crystal brightness enhancement film. )) Is preferably used in the present invention.
- NIPOCS Nitto Giho, vol. 38, no. 1, May, 2000, pages 19 to 21 and the like.
- the polarizing plate of the present invention is further combined with a functional optical film provided with a hard coat layer, a forward scattering layer, an antiglare (antiglare) layer, a gas barrier layer, a slipping layer, an antistatic layer, an undercoat layer, a protective layer and the like. It is also preferable to use it.
- These functional layers are also preferably used in combination with each other in the same layer as the antireflection layer or the optically anisotropic layer in the above-described antireflection film.
- These functional layers can be used by providing them on one side or both sides of the polarizer side and the side opposite to the polarizer (surface on the air side).
- the polarizing plate of the present invention is preferably combined with a functional optical film provided with a hard coat layer on the surface of the transparent support in order to impart mechanical strength such as scratch resistance. .
- a hard coat layer is preferably formed by a crosslinking reaction or a polymerization reaction of a curable compound by light and / or heat.
- the curable functional group is preferably a photopolymerizable functional group, or the hydrolyzable functional group-containing organometallic compound is preferably an organic alkoxysilyl compound.
- compositions of the hard coat layer for example, those described in JP-A Nos. 2002-144913, 2000-9908 and WO 00/46617 can be preferably used.
- the film thickness of the hard coat layer is preferably 0.2 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the strength of the hard coat layer is preferably H or higher, more preferably 2H or higher, and most preferably 3H or higher in a pencil hardness test according to JIS K5400. Further, in the Taber test according to JIS K5400, the smaller the wear amount of the test piece before and after the test, the better.
- a compound containing an ethylenically unsaturated group or a compound containing a ring-opening polymerizable group can be used, and these compounds can be used alone or in combination.
- Preferred examples of the compound containing an ethylenically unsaturated group include ethylene glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, dipentaerythritol.
- Polyacrylates of polyols such as hexaacrylate; epoxy acrylates such as diacrylate of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, diacrylate of hexanediol diglycidyl ether; obtained by reaction of polyisocyanate and hydroxyl group-containing acrylate such as hydroxyethyl acrylate
- epoxy acrylates such as diacrylate of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, diacrylate of hexanediol diglycidyl ether; obtained by reaction of polyisocyanate and hydroxyl group-containing acrylate such as hydroxyethyl acrylate
- Examples of preferred compounds include urethane acrylates.
- Preferred examples of the compound containing a ring-opening polymerizable group include ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, trimethylol ethane triglycidyl ether, trimethylol propane triglycidyl ether, glycerol triglycidyl ether as glycidyl ethers. Triglycidyl trishydroxyethyl isocyanurate, sorbitol tetraglycidyl ether, pentaerythritol tetraglycyl ether, polyglycidyl ether of cresol novolac resin, polyglycidyl ether of phenol novolac resin, etc.
- a polymer of glycidyl (meth) acrylate or a copolymer of a monomer that can be copolymerized with glycidyl (meth) acrylate may be used for the hard coat layer.
- oxide fine particles such as silicon, titanium, zirconium, and aluminum are used to reduce curing shrinkage of the hard coat layer, improve adhesion to the substrate, and reduce curling of the hard coat treated article in the present invention. It is also preferable to add crosslinked fine particles such as crosslinked fine particles such as polyethylene, polystyrene, poly (meth) acrylic acid esters, polydimethylsiloxane, etc., and fine organic particles such as fine crosslinked rubber particles such as SBR and NBR.
- the average particle size of these crosslinked fine particles is preferably 1 nm to 20000 nm.
- the shape of the crosslinked fine particles can be used without particular limitation, such as a spherical shape, a rod shape, a needle shape, or a plate shape.
- the addition amount of the fine particles is preferably 60% by volume or less, more preferably 40% by volume or less of the hard coat layer after curing.
- the affinity with the binder polymer since the affinity with the binder polymer is generally poor, it contains a metal such as silicon, aluminum, titanium, and the alkoxide group, carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, etc. It is also preferable to perform a surface treatment using a surface treatment agent having a functional group of
- the hard coat layer is preferably cured using heat or active energy rays.
- active energy rays such as radiation, gamma rays, alpha rays, electron rays, and ultraviolet rays are more preferred, and safety and productivity are improved.
- an electron beam or an ultraviolet ray it is particularly preferable to use an electron beam or an ultraviolet ray.
- the heating temperature is preferably 140 ° C. or lower, more preferably 100 ° C. or lower.
- the forward scattering layer is used to improve the viewing angle characteristics (hue and luminance distribution) in the vertical and horizontal directions when the polarizing plate of the present invention is applied to a liquid crystal display device.
- the forward scattering layer preferably has a configuration in which fine particles having different refractive indexes are dispersed in a binder.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-38208 in which the forward scattering coefficient is specified, the relative refractive index between the transparent resin and the fine particles is in a specific range.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-199809 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-107512 that have a haze value of 40% or more can be used.
- the polarizing plate of the present invention is used in combination with “Lumisty” described in Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Technical Report “Photofunctional Films” on pages 31-39 in order to control the viewing angle characteristics of haze. Can also be preferably performed.
- the antiglare (antiglare) layer is used to scatter reflected light and prevent reflection.
- the antiglare function is obtained by forming irregularities on the outermost surface (display side) of the liquid crystal display device.
- the haze of the optical film having an antiglare function is preferably 3 to 30%, more preferably 5 to 20%, and most preferably 7 to 20%.
- a method for forming irregularities on the film surface for example, a method for forming irregularities on the film surface by adding fine particles (for example, JP 2000-271878 A), relatively large particles (particle size 0.05-2 ⁇ m). ) Is added in a small amount (0.1 to 50% by mass) (for example, JP-A Nos.
- a method of physically transferring the concavo-convex shape onto the film surface (for example, as an embossing method, JP-A-63-278839, JP-A-11-183710, JP-A-2000-275401) Etc.) can be preferably used.
- the liquid crystal display device of the present invention has the polarizing plate of the present invention as at least one of a backlight side polarizing plate and a viewing side polarizing plate.
- the first protective film containing the (meth) acrylic resin in the polarizing plate of the present invention so as to be on the liquid crystal cell side (inner side).
- FIG. 3 A schematic diagram of a preferred example of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention is shown in FIG.
- the liquid crystal display device 100 shown in FIG. 3 has the polarizing plate 10 of the present invention having the first protective film 1, the polarizer 3, and the second protective film 2 on both sides of the liquid crystal cell 20.
- the liquid crystal display device 100 includes the polarizing plate 10 so that the first protective film 1 is disposed on the liquid crystal cell 20 side (inner side). At this time, the 1st protective film may be bonded with the liquid crystal cell via the adhesive layer.
- the absorption axes of the polarizers 3 in the two polarizing plates 10 are preferably arranged so as to be orthogonal to each other.
- This unstretched sheet was stretched 2.0 times in length and 2.4 times in width under a temperature condition of 160 ° C., and was a (meth) acrylic resin film 11 (thickness: 25 ⁇ m, in-plane retardation ⁇ nd : 0.8 nm, thickness direction retardation Rth: 1.5 nm).
- An imidized MS resin was produced using a methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer (MS resin) having a molecular weight of 100,000 (MS resin) as a raw material resin and monomethylamine as an imidizing agent.
- MS resin methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer having a molecular weight of 100,000
- the used extruder is a meshing type co-rotating twin screw extruder having a diameter of 15 mm.
- the set temperature of each temperature control zone of the extruder was 230 to 250 ° C., and the screw rotation speed was 150 rpm.
- a methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer (MS resin) was supplied at 2 kg / hr, and the MS resin was melted and filled with a kneading block, and then 16 parts by mass of monomethylamine (Mitsubishi Gas) from the nozzle to the MS resin. Chemical Co., Ltd.) was injected. A reverse flight was placed at the end of the reaction zone to fill the MS resin.
- the set temperature of each temperature control zone of the extruder was 230 ° C. and the screw rotation speed was 150 rpm.
- the imidized MS resin (1) was supplied from the hopper at 1 kg / hr, and the imidized MS resin was melted and filled by the kneading block, and then 0.8 parts by mass of dimethyl carbonate with respect to the imidized MS resin from the nozzle. And 0.2 part by mass of a mixed solution of triethylamine was injected to reduce the carboxyl groups in the imidized MS resin. A reverse flight was placed at the end of the reaction zone to fill the imidized MS resin.
- the imidized MS resin (2) is applied to a meshing type co-rotating twin screw extruder having a diameter of 15 mm, the set temperature of each temperature control zone of the extruder is 230 ° C., the screw rotation speed is 150 rpm, and the supply amount is 1 kg / hr. It was put in the condition of. The vent port pressure was reduced to -0.095 MPa, and volatile components such as unreacted auxiliary materials were removed again. The devolatilized imide resin that emerged as a strand from the die provided at the exit of the extruder was cooled in a water tank and then pelletized with a pelletizer to obtain an imidized MS resin (3).
- the obtained imidized MS resin (3) was dried at 100 ° C. for 5 hours and then extruded at 260 ° C. using a 40 mm ⁇ single-screw extruder and a 400 mm wide T-die to obtain a sheet-like molten resin.
- the film was cooled with a cooling roll to obtain an unstretched film having a width of 300 mm and a thickness of 90 ⁇ m.
- the biaxially stretched film (film 2) was created using the laboratory stretcher (Batch type uniaxial stretching apparatus, a hot-air circulation type, a slit nozzle spraying up and down, temperature distribution +/- 1 degreeC).
- the acetyl substitution degree of cellulose acylate was measured by the following method. The degree of acetyl substitution was measured according to ASTM D-817-91. The viscosity average degree of polymerization was measured by Uda et al.'S intrinsic viscosity method ⁇ Kazuo Uda, Hideo Saito, "Journal of the Textile Society", Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 105-120 (1962) ⁇ .
- the elastic modulus of the film was measured according to the method described in JIS K7127. Let the winding direction of a film roll be a longitudinal direction (MD direction) and the width direction (TD direction) orthogonal to a longitudinal direction. A film sample having a length of 15 cm and a width of 1 cm was cut in the measurement direction with the longitudinal direction or the width direction as the measurement direction. The sample was placed on the Toyo Seiki's Strograph V10-C so that the chuck interval in the longitudinal direction was 10 cm, and a load was applied to widen the chuck interval at a stretching speed of 10 mm / min, and the force at that time was measured. did. The elastic modulus was calculated from the thickness, force, and elongation of the film previously measured with a micrometer.
- the humidity dimensional change rate of the film was measured by the following method. Let the winding direction of a film roll be a longitudinal direction (MD direction) and the width direction (TD direction) orthogonal to a longitudinal direction. A film sample having a length of 12 cm and a width of 3 cm was cut in the measurement direction with the longitudinal direction or the width direction as the measurement direction. Pin holes were made in the sample at intervals of 10 cm along the measurement direction, and after adjusting the humidity for 24 hours at 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 60%, the distance between the pin holes was measured with a pin gauge. Next, after adjusting the humidity at 25 ° C. and 10% relative humidity for 24 hours, the interval between the pin holes was measured with a pin gauge.
- Humidity dimensional change rate (%) [ ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 80%) ⁇ (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 10%) ⁇ / (length at 25 ° C., relative humidity 60%)] ⁇ 100 Formula (1)
- the cellulose acetate powder (flake), triphenyl phosphate, and biphenyl diphenyl phosphate are gradually added to a 4000 L stainless steel dissolution tank having stirring blades while thoroughly stirring and dispersing the mixed solvent of the first to third solvents.
- middle layer was prepared so that it might add to 2000 kg in total.
- dope 2 for support layer Matting agent (silicon dioxide (particle size 20 nm)) and peeling accelerator (citric acid ethyl ester (mixture of citric acid monoethyl ester, diethyl ester, triethyl ester)) and the above
- the support layer dope 2 was prepared by mixing the intermediate layer dope 1 through a static mixer. The mixing was performed so that the total solid content concentration was 20.5% by mass, the matting agent concentration was 0.05% by mass, and the release accelerator concentration was 0.03% by mass.
- a matting agent (silicon dioxide (particle size: 20 nm)) was mixed with the intermediate layer dope 1 through a static mixer to prepare an air layer dope 3. The mixing was performed so that the total solid content concentration was 20.5% by mass and the matting agent concentration was 0.1% by mass.
- a film with a three-layer structure is formed by laminating on both sides of the mainstream.
- a device that made it possible was used.
- a layer formed from the mainstream is referred to as an intermediate layer
- a layer on the support surface side is referred to as a support layer
- a surface on the opposite side is referred to as an air layer.
- the dope liquid supply flow path used three flow paths for the intermediate layer, the support layer, and the air layer.
- the cast dope film was dried on a drum with a drying air at 30 ° C., and peeled off from the drum with a residual solvent amount of 150%. During peeling, 20% stretching was performed in the transport direction (longitudinal direction). Furthermore, it dried further by conveying between the rolls of the heat processing apparatus, and the film 3 was manufactured.
- the produced cellulose acylate film had a residual solvent amount of 0.2% and a thickness of 40 ⁇ m.
- films 4 to 6 were produced in the same manner as in production of film 3, except that the stretching strength in the conveying direction at the time of peeling was adjusted so that the elastic modulus and the rate of change in humidity were at desired values.
- Manufactured By weakening the stretching strength in the transport direction, the degree of molecular orientation in the transport direction was lowered, resulting in a decrease in the elastic modulus in the transport direction and an increase in the rate of change in humidity.
- the film 7 is stretched in the width direction while holding both ends of the film in the width direction (direction perpendicular to the casting direction) with a pin tenter (a pin tenter described in FIG. 3 of JP-A-4-1009). Produced by processing.
- the draw ratio was adjusted so as to have a desired physical property value.
- Films 8 to 10 adjust the flow rate when the intermediate dope 1, the support layer dope 2, and the air layer dope 3 are co-cast on the drum cooled to 0 ° C. from the casting port. Manufactured. Furthermore, the stretching strength in the conveyance direction at the time of peeling was adjusted so that the humidity dimensional change rate became a desired value.
- the thicknesses were 37.5 ⁇ m, 42.5 ⁇ m, and 45 ⁇ m, respectively.
- an aqueous polyvinyl alcohol resin solution (liquid temperature: 147 ° C.) was supplied from a supply gear pump to a twin screw extruder, defoamed, and then discharged by a discharge gear pump.
- the discharged polyvinyl alcohol resin aqueous solution was cast on a cast drum from a T-shaped slit die (straight manifold hole die) to form a polyvinyl alcohol film.
- the conditions for casting film formation are as follows.
- Cast drum diameter (R1) 3200 mm, Cast drum width 4.3m, Cast drum rotation speed: 8m / min, Cast drum surface temperature: 90 ° C Resin temperature at T-type slit die outlet: 95 ° C Drying was performed while alternately passing a plurality of drying rolls on the front and back surfaces of the obtained film under the following conditions.
- the polyvinyl alcohol film (length 4000 m, width 4 m, thickness 75 ⁇ m) prepared above was immersed in warm water at 40 ° C. for 2 minutes, swelled, and then uniaxially stretched 1.30 times in the longitudinal direction.
- the obtained film was prepared by using boric acid (Societa Chimica Ladderello sp. A company) 28.6 g / L, iodine (made by Junsei Kagaku) 0.25 g / L, potassium iodide (made by Junsei Kagaku) 1. It was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 0 g / L at 30 ° C. for 2 minutes and dyed with iodine and iodide.
- the film obtained by the dyeing treatment was subjected to boric acid treatment for 5 minutes in an aqueous solution at 50 ° C. containing 30.0 g / L of boric acid while uniaxially stretching 5.0 times in the longitudinal direction.
- the obtained film was dried at 70 ° C. for 9 minutes to obtain a polarizer.
- the outer side film produced and saponified by the above method was attached to the surface of the polarizer opposite to the side on which the inner side film was attached using the adhesive. Under the present circumstances, it arrange
- polarizing plates 1 to 13 were produced. Table 2 shows the structure of the produced polarizing plate.
- the evaluation standard of the average lift amount at the four corners is most preferably 5 mm or more and less than 9 mm (evaluation: AA), and 4 mm or more and less than 5 mm or 9 mm or more and less than 10 mm is next preferred (evaluation: A), and ⁇ 2 mm or more and less than 4 mm Next, 10 mm or more and less than 16 mm was preferable (evaluation: B), and less than -2 mm or 16 mm or more was not preferable (evaluation: C).
- the amount of lifting when the amount of lifting is a negative amount, bubbles tend to enter when the liquid crystal cell is bonded, which is not preferable.
- the curling of the polarizing plate is easily changed due to the influence of temperature and humidity, but it is preferable that the amount of lifting be a positive amount even when the temperature and humidity are changed.
- the lift amount is a plus amount, if the amount is too large, it becomes difficult to align when pasting to the liquid crystal cell, so that the lift amount is not preferably 16 mm or more.
- This example relates to a form that does not have a hard coat layer on the surface of the outer film, but it is considered that the same tendency occurs in an embodiment having a hard coat layer on the surface of the outer film.
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Abstract
Description
また、特許文献2には、偏光子の保護フィルムとして、偏光子の片側にシクロオレフィン系ポリマーフィルム、他方の片側にセルロースアシレートフィルムを用いた偏光板が開示されている。
また、特許文献1の偏光板は、偏光子の保護フィルムとして、偏光子の一方の側にアクリル系フィルム、他方の側にセルロースアシレートフィルムを有する構成であるため、偏光板製造後の乾燥が十分に行われ、且つアクリル系フィルムの特徴が生かせると考えられる。
しかしながら、特許文献1の偏光板は、平板上に、セルロースアシレートフィルムを該平板側(下側)、アクリル系フィルムを上側となるように置いて、偏光板の反り(カール)を観察した場合、偏光板の4隅が浮き上がるようにカールが発生する場合がある。このようにカールした偏光板を、「アクリル系フィルム側にカールした偏光板」と呼ぶものとする。アクリル系フィルム側にカールした偏光板を、アクリル系フィルムをインナー側フィルムとして液晶セルに貼り付けると、インナー側フィルムと液晶セルとの間に気泡が入り、液晶表示装置の性能が低下してしまうという問題がある。そのためアクリル系フィルムの反対側にカールする方が好ましいが、そのカール量が大きすぎると液晶セルに貼り付ける際の位置合わせが難しくなり、こちらも好ましくない。前述したようにベゼルの狭幅化に伴って位置合わせに対する要求精度が厳しくなってきたことにより、カールに対する要求が厳しくなってきている。
ここでインナー側フィルムとは偏光子を挟む二枚の保護フィルムの内、液晶セル側に配置されるフィルムを指す。また、液晶セルの反対側に配置されるフィルムをアウター側フィルムと呼ぶ。
また、液晶セルに貼合したときの光漏れの観点から、インナー側フィルムの膜厚は薄い方が好ましく、偏光板の耐傷性の観点から、アウター側フィルムの膜厚は厚い方が好ましいため、インナー側フィルムとアウター側フィルムの膜厚が異なる偏光板が考えられるが、この場合も偏光板が前記のようにカールしやすい。
特許文献2に記載された偏光板においては、厚みが60μm以上の保護フィルムを用いているが、近年では更に薄膜の保護フィルムが求められている。また、保護フィルムを薄くすると、よりカールが発生しやすくなるという課題がある。
偏光板のカールはMD方向に発生するものも、TD方向に発生するものも、どちらも問題となり、重要である。しかし偏光板を構成する材料を設計する場合、特にTD方向が重要である。この理由は、偏光板を作成するプロセスによるカールの調整のしやすさの違いによる。MD方向のカールについては、偏光板を構成するインナー側フィルム、偏光子、アウター側フィルムを貼合、乾燥するために搬送する時の搬送方向へのテンションを変えることでカールを調整できるレンジが広い。しかしTD方向のカールについては、乾燥条件を変えることで僅かに調整できるだけで、制御する手段がない。そのため特にTD方向について、好ましいフィルムの組み合わせを設計することが重要となる。
すなわち、偏光子の保護フィルムとして、偏光子の一方の側に(メタ)アクリル系樹脂を含む第1の保護フィルム、他方の側に第2の保護フィルムを有する構成の偏光板において、第1の保護フィルム側にカールすることを抑制するためには、第2の保護フィルムの偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の湿度寸法変化率を好適に設計する必要があることがわかった。
第1の保護フィルムと、偏光子と、第2の保護フィルムとをこの順に有する偏光板であって、
上記第1の保護フィルムが(メタ)アクリル系樹脂を含むフィルムであり、
上記第1の保護フィルムの厚さが20μm以上30μm以下であり、
上記第1の保護フィルムの上記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の弾性率が3.0GPa以上3.5GPa以下であり、
上記第2の保護フィルムの厚さが上記第1の保護フィルムの厚さの1.5倍以上1.8倍以下であり、
上記第2の保護フィルムの上記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の下記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.45%以上0.8以下である、偏光板。
湿度寸法変化率(%)=[{(25℃、相対湿度80%における長さ)-(25℃、相対湿度10%における長さ)}/(25℃、相対湿度60%における長さ)]×100 ・・・式(1)
[2]
上記第1の保護フィルムの上記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の上記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.20%以上0.30%以下である、[1]に記載の偏光板。
[3]
上記第2の保護フィルムの上記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の上記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.55%以上0.65%未満である[1]又は[2]に記載の偏光板。
[4]
上記第2の保護フィルムの上記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の弾性率が2.8GPa以上3.3GPa未満である[1]~[3]のいずれか1つに記載の偏光板。
[5]
上記第2の保護フィルムの上記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の上記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.55%以上0.65%未満であり、上記第2の保護フィルムの上記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の弾性率が2.8GPa以上3.3GPa未満である[1]~[4]のいずれか1つに記載の偏光板。
[6]
上記第2の保護フィルムが、セルロースアシレートを含むフィルムである、[1]~[5]のいずれか1つに記載の偏光板。
[7]
粘着剤層と、第1の保護フィルムと、偏光子と、第2の保護フィルムとをこの順に有する、[1]~[6]のいずれか1つに記載の偏光板。
[8]
液晶セルと、[1]~[7]のいずれか1つに記載の偏光板を少なくとも1枚有する液晶表示装置であって、上記偏光板における上記第1の保護フィルムが、上記液晶セル側に配置された液晶表示装置。
前記第1の保護フィルムが(メタ)アクリル系樹脂を含むフィルムであり、
前記第1の保護フィルムの厚さが20μm以上30μm以下であり、
前記第1の保護フィルムの前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の弾性率が3.0GPa以上3.5GPa以下であり、
前記第2の保護フィルムの厚さが前記第1の保護フィルムの厚さの1.5倍以上1.8倍以下であり、
前記第2の保護フィルムの前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の下記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.45%以上0.8以下である、偏光板である。
湿度寸法変化率(%)=[{(25℃、相対湿度80%における長さ)-(25℃、相対湿度10%における長さ)}/(25℃、相対湿度60%における長さ)]×100 ・・・式(1)
以下、本発明の偏光板を構成する偏光子、及び保護フィルムについて説明する。
本発明の偏光板における偏光子としては、特に制限はなく、公知の偏光子を用いることができるが、ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂と、二色性色素とを含有することが好ましい。
ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂(以下、「PVA系樹脂」とも言う)としては、ポリ酢酸ビニルを鹸化したポリマー素材が好ましいが、例えば不飽和カルボン酸、不飽和スルホン酸、オレフィン類、ビニルエーテル類のような酢酸ビニルと共重合可能な成分とを含有しても構わない。また、アセトアセチル基、スルホン酸基、カルボキシル基、オキシアルキレン基等を含有する変性PVAも用いることができる。
この他、本発明における偏光子には、特許第3021494号公報に記載されている1、2-グリコール結合量が1.5モル%以下のPVAフィルム、特開2001-316492号公報に記載されている5μm以上の光学的異物が100cm2当たり500個以下であるPVAフィルム、特開2002-030163号に記載されているフィルムのTD方向の熱水切断温度斑が1.5℃以下であるPVAフィルム、さらにグリセリンなどの3~6価の多価アルコ-ルを1~100質量%混合した溶液や、特開平06-289225号公報に記載されている可塑剤を15質量%以上混合した溶液から製膜したPVAフィルムを好ましく用いることができる。
これらの中でも、本発明における偏光子に用いる前記ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂としては、ポリ酢酸ビニルをけん化したものが製造コストの観点から好ましい。なお、前記ポリ酢酸ビニルのけん化度については特に制限はないが、例えば、けん化度90%以上とすることが好ましく、95%以上とすることがより好ましく、99%以上とすることが特に好ましい。
本発明における偏光子は、二色性色素を含むことが好ましい。ここで、二色性色素とは、本明細書においては、偏光方向により吸光度の異なる色素のことを言い、例えば、ヨウ素イオン、ジアゾ系色素、キノン系色素、その他公知の二色性染料などが含まれる。前記二色性色素としては、I3-やI5-などの高次のヨウ素イオンもしくは二色性染料を好ましく使用することができる。
本発明では高次のヨウ素イオンが特に好ましく使用される。高次のヨウ素イオンは、「偏光板の応用」永田良編、CMC出版や工業材料、第28巻、第7号、p.39~p.45に記載されているように、ヨウ素をヨウ化カリウム水溶液に溶解した液及びホウ酸水溶液の少なくとも一方にPVAを浸漬し、PVAに吸着・配向した状態で生成することができる。
本発明における偏光子の製造方法としては、特に制限はない。
例えば、PVAとヨウ素とを含有する偏光子の製造方法としては、前記PVAをフィルム化した後、ヨウ素を導入して偏光子を構成することが好ましい。PVAフィルムの製造は、特開2007-86748号公報の〔0213〕~〔0237〕に記載の方法、特許登録第3342516号明細書、特開平09-328593号公報、特開2001-302817号公報、特開2002-144401号公報等を参考にして行うことができる。
PVA溶液の調製工程では、水に対して攪拌しながらPVA系樹脂を添加し、PVA系樹脂を水または有機溶媒に溶解した原液を調製することが好ましい。原液中のPVA系樹脂の濃度は、好ましくは5~20質量%である。また、得られたスラリーを脱水し、含水率40%程度のPVA系樹脂ウェットケーキを一度調製してもよい。さらにその後添加剤を加える場合は、例えば、PVA系樹脂のウェットケーキを溶解槽に入れ、可塑剤、水を加え、槽底から水蒸気を吹き込みながら攪拌する方法が好ましい。内部樹脂温度は50~150℃に加温することが好ましく、系内を加圧してもよい。
前記流延工程は、上記にて調製した原液(PVA溶液)を流延して成膜する方法が一般に好ましく用いられる。流延の方法としては、特に制限はないが、加熱した前記原液を二軸押出機に供給し、ギアポンプにより排出手段(好ましくはダイ、より好ましくはT型スリットダイ)から支持体上に流涎して製膜することが好ましい。また、ダイからの排出される樹脂溶液の温度については特に制限はない。
前記支持体としては、キャストドラムが好ましく、ドラムの直径、幅、回転速度、表面温度については、特に制限はない。その中でも、前記キャストドラムの直径(R1)は2000~5000mmであることが好ましく、2500~4500mmであることがより好ましく、3000~3500mmであることが特に好ましい。
前記キャストドラムの幅は2~6mであることが好ましく、3~5mであることがより好ましく、4~5mであることが特に好ましい。
前記キャストドラムの回転速度は2~20m/分であることが好ましく、4~12m/分であることがより好ましく、5~10m/分であることが特に好ましい。
前記キャストドラムのキャストドラム表面温度は40~140℃であることが好ましく、60~120℃であることが特に好ましく、80~100℃であることが特に好ましい。
前記T型スリットダイ出口の樹脂温度は40~140℃であることが好ましく、60~120℃であることがより好ましく、80~100℃であることが特に好ましい。
その後、得られたロールの裏面と表面とを乾燥ロールに交互に通過させながら乾燥を行なうことが好ましい。前記乾燥ロールの直径、幅、回転速度、表面温度については、特に制限はない。その中でも、前記乾燥ロールの直径(R2)は200~450mmであることが好ましく、250~400mmであることがより好ましく、300~350mmであることが特に好ましい。
また、得られたフィルムの長さについても特に制限はなく、2000m以上、好ましくは4000m以上の長尺のフィルムとすることができる。フィルムの幅についても、特に制限はないが、2~6mであることが好ましく、3~5mであることがより好ましい。
前記膨潤工程は、水のみで行うことが好ましいが、特開平10-153709号公報に記載されているように、光学性能の安定化および、製造ラインでのポリビニルアルコール系樹脂フィルム(以下、「PVAフィルム」とも言う。)のシワ発生回避のために、ポリビニルアルコール系樹脂フィルムをホウ酸水溶液により膨潤させて、偏光板基材の膨潤度を管理することもできる。
また、膨潤工程の温度、時間は、任意に定めることができるが、10℃~60℃、5秒~2000秒が好ましい。
なお、膨潤工程のときにわずかに延伸を行ってもよく、例えば1.05倍~1.5倍に延伸する態様が好ましく、1.3倍程度に延伸する態様がより好ましい。
前記染色工程は、特開2002-86554号公報に記載の方法を用いることができる。また、染色方法としては浸漬だけでなく、ヨウ素あるいは染料溶液の塗布あるいは噴霧等、任意の手段が可能である。また、特開2002-290025号公報に記載されているように、ヨウ素の濃度、染色浴温度、浴中の延伸倍率、および浴中の浴液を攪拌させながら染色させる方法を用いてもよい。
前記二色性色素として高次のヨウ素イオンを用いる場合、高コントラストの偏光板を得るためには、染色工程はヨウ素をヨウ化カリウム水溶液に溶解した液を用いることが好ましい。この場合のヨウ素-ヨウ化カリウム水溶液のヨウ素とヨウ化カリウムの質量比については特開2007-086748号公報に記載の態様を用いることができる。
また、特許第3145747号公報に記載されているように、染色液にホウ酸、ホウ砂等のホウ素系化合物を添加してもよい。
前記硬膜工程は、PVAフィルムを架橋剤溶液に浸漬、または溶液を塗布して架橋剤を含ませるのが好ましい。また、特開平11-52130号公報に記載されているように、硬膜工程を数回に分けて行うこともできる。
前記架橋剤としては米国再発行特許第232897号明細書に記載のものが使用でき、特許第3357109号公報に記載されているように、寸法安定性を向上させるため、架橋剤として多価アルデヒドを使用することもできるが、ホウ酸類が最も好ましく用いられる。硬膜工程に用いる架橋剤としてホウ酸を用いる場合には、ホウ酸-ヨウ化カリウム水溶液に金属イオンを添加してもよい。金属イオンとしては塩化亜鉛が好ましいが、特開2000-35512号公報に記載されているように、塩化亜鉛の変わりに、ヨウ化亜鉛などのハロゲン化亜鉛、硫酸亜鉛、酢酸亜鉛などの亜鉛塩を用いることもできる。
また、塩化亜鉛を添加したホウ酸-ヨウ化カリウム水溶液を作製し、PVAフィルムを浸漬させて硬膜を行ってもよく、特開2007-086748号公報に記載の方法を用いることができる。
前記延伸工程は、米国特許2,454,515号明細書などに記載されているような、縦一軸延伸方式、もしくは特開2002-86554号公報に記載されているようなテンター方式を好ましく用いることができる。好ましい延伸倍率は2倍~12倍であり、さらに好ましくは3倍~10倍である。また、延伸倍率と原反厚さと偏光子厚さの関係は特開2002-040256号公報に記載されている(保護フィルム貼合後の偏光子膜厚/原反膜厚)×(全延伸倍率)>0.17としたり、最終浴を出た時の偏光子の幅と保護フィルム貼合時の偏光子幅の関係は特開2002-040247号公報に記載されている0.80≦(保護フィルム貼合時の偏光子幅/最終浴を出た時の偏光子の幅)≦0.95としたりすることも好ましく行うことができる。
前記乾燥工程は、特開2002-86554号公報で公知の方法を使用できるが、好ましい温度範囲は30℃~100℃であり、好ましい乾燥時間は30秒~60分である。また、特許第3148513号公報に記載されているように、水中退色温度を50℃以上とするような熱処理を行ったり、特開平07-325215号公報や特開平07-325218号公報に記載されているように温湿度管理した雰囲気でエージングしたりすることも好ましく行うことができる。
また膜厚が薄い偏光子は、特許第4691205号公報や特許第4751481号公報に記載の塗布法を用いた製造方法により形成する事ができる。
なお、膜厚の制御は、公知の方法で制御することができ、例えば前記流延工程におけるダイスリット幅や、延伸条件を適切な値に設定することで制御できる。
次に、本発明の偏光板に用いられる保護フィルム(以下、「偏光板保護フィルム」とも言う。)について説明する。
本発明の偏光板は、第1の保護フィルムと、偏光子と、第2の保護フィルムとをこの順に有する。
前記第1の保護フィルムは、(メタ)アクリル系樹脂を含むフィルムであり、かつ厚さが20μm以上30μm以下であり、前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の弾性率が3.0GPa以上3.5GPa以下である。
前記第2の保護フィルムは、厚さが前記第1の保護フィルムの厚さの1.5倍以上1.8倍以下であり、かつ前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の下記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.45%以上0.8%以下である。
湿度寸法変化率(%)=[{(25℃、相対湿度80%における長さ)-(25℃、相対湿度10%における長さ)}/(25℃、相対湿度60%における長さ)]×100 ・・・式(1)
前記第1の保護フィルムは、(メタ)アクリル系樹脂を含むフィルム(「(メタ)アクリル系樹脂フィルム」とも言う)である。
(メタ)アクリル系樹脂としては、特に限定されず、任意の適切な(メタ)アクリル系樹脂を採用し得る。例えば、ポリメタクリル酸メチルなどのポリ(メタ)アクリル酸エステル、メタクリル酸メチル-(メタ)アクリル酸共重合体、メタクリル酸メチル-(メタ)アクリル酸エステル共重合体、メタクリル酸メチル-アクリル酸エステル-(メタ)アクリル酸共重合体、(メタ)アクリル酸メチル-スチレン共重合体(MS樹脂など)、脂環族炭化水素基を有する重合体(例えば、メタクリル酸メチル-メタクリル酸シクロヘキシル共重合体、メタクリル酸メチル-(メタ)アクリル酸ノルボルニル共重合体など)が挙げられる。
好ましくは、ポリ(メタ)アクリル酸メチルなどのポリ(メタ)アクリル酸エステルであり、ポリ(メタ)アクリル酸C1-6アルキル((メタ)アクリル酸の炭素数1~6のアルキルエステルの重合体)がより好ましい。更に好ましくは、メタクリル酸メチルを主成分(50~100質量%、好ましくは70~100質量%)とするメタクリル酸メチル系樹脂が挙げられる。
ラクトン環構造を有する(メタ)アクリル系樹脂としては、特開2000-230016号公報、特開2001-151814号公報、特開2002-120326号公報、特開2002-254544号公報、特開2005-146084号公報などに記載の、ラクトン環構造を有する(メタ)アクリル系樹脂が挙げられる。
グルタルイミド構造を有する(メタ)アクリル系樹脂としては、特開2006-309033号公報、特開2006-317560号公報、特開2006-328329号公報、特開2006-328334号公報、特開2006-337491号公報、特開2006-337492号公報、特開2006-337493号公報、特開2006-337569号公報、特開2007-009182号公報などに記載の、グルタルイミド構造を有する(メタ)アクリル系樹脂が挙げられる。
第1の保護フィルム中の(メタ)アクリル系樹脂の含有量が50質量%以上であれば、(メタ)アクリル系樹脂が本来有する高耐熱性、高透明性が十分に発揮されるため好ましい。
第1の保護フィルムにおける上記他の熱可塑性樹脂の含有割合は、好ましくは0~50質量%、より好ましくは0~40質量%、更に好ましくは0~30質量%、特に好ましくは0~20質量%である。
第1の保護フィルムにおける添加剤の含有割合は、好ましくは0~5質量%、より好ましくは0~2質量%、さらに好ましくは0~0.5質量%である。
第1の保護フィルムの製造方法としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、(メタ)アクリル系樹脂と、その他の重合体や添加剤等を、任意の適切な混合方法で充分に混合し、予め熱可塑性樹脂組成物としてから、これをフィルム成形することができる。あるいは、(メタ)アクリル系樹脂と、その他の重合体や添加剤等を、それぞれ別々の溶液にしてから混合して均一な混合液とした後、フィルム成形してもよい。
上記熱可塑性樹脂組成物を製造するには、例えば、オムニミキサー等、任意の適切な混合機で上記のフィルム原料をプレブレンドした後、得られた混合物を押出混練する。この場合、押出混練に用いられる混合機は、特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、単軸押出機、二軸押出機等の押出機や加圧ニーダー等、任意の適切な混合機を用いることができる。
上記フィルム成形の方法としては、例えば、溶液キャスト法(溶液流延法)、溶融押出法、カレンダー法、圧縮成形法等、任意の適切なフィルム成形法が挙げられる。これらのフィルム成形法のうち、溶液キャスト法(溶液流延法)、溶融押出法が好ましい。
上記溶液キャスト法(溶液流延法)(以下、「ソルベントキャスト法」ともいう。)に用いられる溶媒としては、例えば、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素類;シクロヘキサン、デカリン等の脂肪族炭化水素類;酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル等のエステル類;アセトン、メチルエチエルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン等のケトン類;メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、ブタノール、イソブタノール、メチルセロソルブ、エチルセロソルブ、ブチルセロソルブ等のアルコール類;テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン等のエーテル類;ジクロロメタン、クロロホルム、四塩化炭素等のハロゲン化炭化水素類;ジメチルホルムアミド;ジメチルスルホキシド等が挙げられる。これらの溶媒は、単独で用いても2種以上を併用してもよい。
上記溶液キャスト法(溶液流延法)を行うための装置としては、例えば、ドラム式キャスティングマシン、バンド式キャスティングマシン、スピンコーター等が挙げられる。
上記溶融押出法としては、例えば、Tダイ法、インフレーション法等が挙げられる。成形温度は、好ましくは150~350℃、より好ましくは200~300℃である。
上記Tダイ法でフィルム成形する場合は、公知の単軸押出機や二軸押出機の先端部にTダイを取り付け、フィルム状に押出されたフィルムを巻取って、ロール状のフィルムを得ることができる。この際、巻取りロールの温度を適宜調整して、押出方向に延伸を加えることで、1軸延伸することも可能である。また、押出方向と垂直な方向にフィルムを延伸することにより、同時2軸延伸、逐次2軸延伸等を行うこともできる。
延伸温度は、フィルム原料である熱可塑性樹脂組成物のガラス転移温度近傍であることが好ましく、具体的には、好ましくは(ガラス転移温度-30℃)~(ガラス転移温度+100℃)、より好ましくは(ガラス転移温度-20℃)~(ガラス転移温度+80℃)の範囲内である。充分な延伸倍率を得るための観点からは、延伸温度が(ガラス転移温度-30℃)以上であることが好ましい。また、樹脂組成物の流動(フロー)を起こさずに安定な延伸が行う観点からは延伸温度が(ガラス転移温度+100℃)以下であることが好ましい。
面積比で定義した延伸倍率は、好ましくは1.1~25倍、より好ましくは1.3~10倍である。延伸に伴う靭性の向上の観点からは、延伸倍率が1.1倍以上であることが好ましい。充分な延伸倍率を得る観点からは、延伸倍率が25倍以下であることが好ましい。
延伸速度は、一方向で、好ましくは10~20,000%/min、より好ましく100~10,000%/minである。充分な延伸倍率を得るために時間・製造コストを抑える観点からは、延伸速度が10%/min以上であることが好ましい。また、延伸フィルムの破断等を抑える観点からは、延伸速度が20,000%/min以下であることが好ましい。
前記第1の保護フィルムの厚さは、フィルム断面の光学顕微鏡観察により測定される平均膜厚である。
湿度寸法変化率(%)=[{(25℃、相対湿度80%における長さ)-(25℃、相対湿度10%における長さ)}/(25℃、相対湿度60%における長さ)]×100 ・・・式(1)
前記第1の保護フィルムをインナー側フィルムとすることで、高温高湿下で長期使用した場合のムラ発生が抑えられるという観点で好ましい。
第2の保護フィルムは、厚さが前記第1の保護フィルムの厚さの1.5倍以上1.8倍以下であり、かつ前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の下記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.45%以上0.8%以下である。
湿度寸法変化率(%)=[{(25℃、相対湿度80%における長さ)-(25℃、相対湿度10%における長さ)}/(25℃、相対湿度60%における長さ)]×100 ・・・式(1)
前記第2の保護フィルムの厚さと、偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の湿度寸法変化を前記のように特定の範囲とすることで、カールの観点で液晶表示装置の製造適性に優れた偏光板とすることができる。
前記第2の保護フィルムは、樹脂を含んでなることが好ましく、前記樹脂としては、公知の樹脂を用いることができ、本発明の趣旨に反しない限りにおいて特に制限はないが、セルロースアシレート、(メタ)アクリル系樹脂、シクロオレフィン系樹脂、ポリエステル系樹脂を挙げることができ、セルロースアシレートが好ましい。
以下、第2の保護フィルムに用いることができるセルロースアシレートについて、詳しく説明する。
セルロースアシレートの置換度は、セルロースの構成単位((β-)1,4-グリコシド結合しているグルコース)に存在している、3つの水酸基がアシル化されている割合を意味する。置換度(アシル化度)は、セルロースの構成単位質量当りの結合脂肪酸量を測定して算出することができる。本発明において、セルロース体の置換度はセルロース体を重水素置換されたジメチルスルホキシド等の溶剤に溶解して13C-NMRスペクトルを測定し、アシル基中のカルボニル炭素のピーク強度比から求めることにより算出することができる。セルロースアシレートの残存水酸基をセルロースアシレート自身が有するアシル基とは異なる他のアシル基に置換したのち、13C-NMR測定により求めることができる。測定方法の詳細については、手塚他(Carbohydrate.Res.,273(1995)83-91)に記載がある。
セルロースアシレートのアシル基としては、アセチル基、プロピオニル基、ブチリル基が特に好ましく、アセチル基がより特に好ましい。
本発明における第2の保護フィルムは、置換基および/または置換度の異なる2種のセルロースアシレートを併用、混合して形成してもよいし、後述の共流延法などにより、異なるセルロースアシレートからなる複数層を有するフィルムであってもよい。
またセルロースアシレートは、70000~230000の数平均分子量を有することが好ましく、75000~230000の数平均分子量を有することがさらに好ましく、78000~120000の数平均分子量を有することが最も好ましい。
第2の保護フィルムは、有機酸や、その他の偏光板保護フィルムに用いられる公知の添加剤を、本発明の趣旨に反しない限りにおいて、含んでいてもよい。これによって湿度寸法変化率の制御の一助とすることができる。第2の保護フィルムに含められる添加剤の分子量は特に制限されないが、後述の添加剤を好ましく用いることができる。
添加剤を加えることによって、湿度寸法変化率の制御に加えて、フィルムの熱的性質、光学的性質、機械的性質の改善、柔軟性付与、耐吸水性付与、水分透過率低減等のフィルム改質の観点で、有用な効果を示す。
第2の保護フィルムの厚みは30~54μmが好ましく、33~50μmより好ましく、36~47μmが特に好ましい。厚みが54μm以下であるとカールの観点で好ましい。一方、厚みが30μm以上であると、偏光板加工時の搬送時に破断しにくく、偏光板の表面に傷が付きにくい。
前記第2の保護フィルムの厚さは、フィルム断面の光学顕微鏡観察により測定される平均膜厚である。
添加剤の添加量としては、上記種々の効果を発現させる観点から、セルロースアシレートに対して10質量%以上であることが好ましく、15質量%以上であることがより好ましく、20質量%以上であることが更に好ましい。上限としては、80質量%以下であることが好ましく、65質量%以下であることが好ましい。添加剤を2種類以上用いた場合には、その合計量が上記範囲にあることが好ましい。
第2の保護フィルムの透湿度は、偏光板製造時の乾燥速度の観点から、10g/m2/day以上であることが好ましい。第2の保護フィルムの透湿度は、10~500g/m2/dayであることがより好ましく、100~500g/m2/dayであることが更に好ましく、200~450g/m2/dayであることがより特に好ましい。
本明細書中における透湿度の値は、JIS Z0208の透湿度試験(カップ法)に準じて、温度40℃、相対湿度92%の雰囲気中、面積1m2の試料を24時間に通過する水蒸気の重量(g)を測定した値である。
前記第2の保護フィルムの製造方法について、(メタ)アクリル系樹脂、シクロオレフィン系樹脂、ポリエステル系樹脂を用いたフィルムの製造方法としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、樹脂と、その他の重合体や添加剤等を、任意の適切な混合方法で充分に混合し、予め熱可塑性樹脂組成物としてから、これをフィルム成形することができる。あるいは、樹脂と、その他の重合体や添加剤等を、それぞれ別々の溶液にしてから混合して均一な混合液とした後、フィルム成形してもよい。
上記熱可塑性樹脂組成物を製造するには、例えば、オムニミキサー等、任意の適切な混合機で上記のフィルム原料をプレブレンドした後、得られた混合物を押出混練する。この場合、押出混練に用いられる混合機は、特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、単軸押出機、二軸押出機等の押出機や加圧ニーダー等、任意の適切な混合機を用いることができる。
上記フィルム成形の方法としては、例えば、溶液キャスト法(溶液流延法)、溶融押出法、カレンダー法、圧縮成形法等、任意の適切なフィルム成形法が挙げられる。これらのフィルム成形法のうち、溶液キャスト法(溶液流延法)、溶融押出法が好ましい。
第2の保護フィルムの製造方法について、第2の保護フィルムがセルロースアシレートを含むフィルム(「セルロースアシレートフィルム」とも言う)である場合を例として詳細に説明する。
セルロースアシレートフィルムは、ソルベントキャスト法により製造することができる。以下、第2の保護フィルムの製造方法について、基材としてセルロースアシレートを用いた態様を例に挙げて説明するが、その他の樹脂を用いた場合も同様に第2の保護フィルムを製造することができる。ソルベントキャスト法では、セルロースアシレートを有機溶媒に溶解した溶液(以下、「セルロースアシレート溶液」、「ドープ」ともいう。)を用いてフィルムを製造する。
前記エーテル類、ケトン類およびエステル類は、環状構造を有していてもよい。また、エーテル、ケトンおよびエステルの官能基(すなわち、-O-、-CO-および-COO-)のいずれかを2つ以上有する化合物も、前記有機溶媒として用いることができる。前記有機溶媒は、アルコール性水酸基のような他の官能基を有していてもよい。2種類以上の官能基を有する有機溶媒の場合、その炭素原子数はいずれかの官能基を有する溶媒の上述の好ましい炭素原子数範囲内であることが好ましい。
前記炭素原子数が3~12のケトン類の例には、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、ジエチルケトン、ジイソブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノンおよびメチルシクロヘキサノンが含まれる。
前記炭素原子数が3~12のエステル類の例には、エチルホルメート、プロピルホルメート、ペンチルホルメート、メチルアセテート、エチルアセテートおよびペンチルアセテートが含まれる。
また、2種類以上の官能基を有する有機溶媒の例には、2-エトキシエチルアセテート、2-メトキシエタノールおよび2-ブトキシエタノールが含まれる。
また、2種類以上の有機溶媒を混合して用いてもよい。
セルロースアシレート溶液に対し、有機酸を添加する場合、その添加のタイミングは、製膜される時点で添加されていれば特に限定されない。例えば、セルロースアシレートの合成時点で添加してもよいし、ドープ調製時にセルロースアシレートと混合してもよい。
第2の保護フィルムには、劣化防止剤(例えば、酸化防止剤、過酸化物分解剤、ラジカル禁止剤、金属不活性化剤、酸捕獲剤、アミン等)を添加してもよい。劣化防止剤については、特開平3-199201号、同5-1907073号、同5-194789号、同5-271471号、同6-107854号の各公報に記載がある。また、前記劣化防止剤の添加量は、調製する溶液(ドープ)の0.01~1質量%であることが好ましく、0.01~0.2質量%であることがさらに好ましい。添加量が0.01質量%以上であれば、劣化防止剤の効果が十分に発揮されるので好ましく、添加量が1質量%以下であれば、フィルム表面への劣化防止剤のブリードアウト(滲み出し)などが生じにくいので好ましい。特に好ましい劣化防止剤の例としては、ブチル化ヒドロキシトルエン(BHT)、トリベンジルアミン(TBA)を挙げることができる。
使用される溶剤は低級アルコール類としては、好ましくはメチルアルコール、エチルアルコール、プロピルアルコール、イソプロピルアルコール、ブチルアルコール等が挙げられる。低級アルコール以外の溶媒としては特に限定されないが、セルロースエステルの製膜時に用いられる溶剤を用いることが好ましい。
第2の保護フィルムには、延伸処理を行うこともできる。延伸処理により偏光板保護フィルムに所望のレターデーションを付与することが可能である。セルロースアシレートフィルムの延伸方向は幅方向(以下、「幅手方向」ともいう。)、長手方向のいずれでも好ましい。
幅方向に延伸する方法は、例えば、特開昭62-115035号、特開平4-152125号、同4-284211号、同4-298310号、同11-48271号などの各公報に記載されている。
また、流延後にドープ溶剤が残存した状態で延伸を行う場合、乾膜よりも低い温度で延伸が可能となり、この場合、100℃~170℃が好ましい。
延伸速度は1%/分~300%/分が好ましく、10%/分~300%/分がさらに好ましく、30%/分~300%/分が最も好ましい。
フィルムの幅方向に延伸する延伸工程と、フィルムの搬送方向(長手方向)に収縮させる収縮工程を含むことを特徴とする製造方法においてはパンタグラフ式あるいはリニアモーター式のテンターによって保持し、フィルムの幅方向に延伸しながら搬送方向にはクリップの間隔を徐々に狭めることでフィルムを収縮させることが出来る。
特に、フィルムの幅方向に10%以上延伸する延伸工程と、フィルムの幅方向にフィルムを把持しながらフィルムの搬送方向を5%以上収縮させる収縮工程とを含むことが好ましい。
なお、本発明でいう収縮率とは、収縮方向における収縮前のフィルムの長さに対する収縮後のフィルムの収縮した長さの割合を意味する。
収縮率としては5~40%が好ましく、10~30%が特に好ましい。
前記第2の保護フィルムをアウター側フィルムとすることは、液晶表示装置表面への傷の付きにくさの観点で好ましい。
以下、本発明の偏光板の製造方法について、第1の保護フィルム、及び第2の保護フィルム(以下これらを「偏光板保護フィルム」ともいう。)と偏光子の積層方法、偏光板の機能化の順に説明する。
前記偏光板保護フィルム(第1の保護フィルム、及び第2の保護フィルム)はアルカリ鹸化処理することによりポリビニルアルコールのような偏光子の材料との密着性を付与し、偏光板保護フィルムとして用いることができる。
鹸化の方法については、特開2007-86748号公報の〔0211〕と〔0212〕に記載される方法を用いることができる。
本発明の偏光板の製造方法は、上記にて得られた本発明の偏光子の両面に、2枚の偏光板保護フィルムを積層する工程を含むことが好ましい。
前記偏光板保護フィルムの処理面と偏光子を貼り合わせるのに使用される接着剤としては、例えば、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルブチラール等のポリビニルアルコール系接着剤や、ブチルアクリレート等のビニル系ラテックス等が挙げられる。
図2に本発明の偏光板の一例を示す。図2において、偏光子3の吸収軸13と、第1の保護フィルム1のフィルム製造時のTD方向11及び第2の保護フィルム2のフィルム製造時のTD方向12とは直交している。
<偏光板の性能>
本発明の偏光板の好ましい光学特性等については特開2007-086748号公報の〔0238〕~〔0255〕に記載されており、これらの特性を満たすことが好ましい。
本発明の偏光板の形状は、液晶表示装置にそのまま組み込むことが可能な大きさに切断されたフィルム片の態様の偏光板のみならず、連続生産により、長尺状に作製され、ロール状に巻き上げられた態様(例えば、ロール長2500m以上や3900m以上の態様)の偏光板も含まれる。大画面液晶表示装置用とするためには、偏光板の幅は1470mm以上とすることが好ましい。
この場合、本発明の偏光板は、粘着剤層と、第1の保護フィルム(インナー側フィルム)と、偏光子と、第2の保護フィルム(アウター側フィルム)とをこの順に有する偏光板であってもよい。
本発明の偏光板は、更に該偏光板の一方の面にプロテクトフィルムを、反対面にセパレートフィルムを貼合して構成されることも好ましい。
前記プロテクトフィルム及び前記セパレートフィルムは偏光板出荷時、製品検査時等において偏光板を保護する目的で用いられる。この場合、プロテクトフィルムは、偏光板の表面を保護する目的で貼合され、偏光板を液晶板へ貼合する面の反対面側に用いられる。また、セパレートフィルムは液晶板へ貼合する接着層をカバーする目的で用いられ、偏光板を液晶板へ貼合する面側に用いられる。
本発明の偏光板は、ディスプレイの視認性向上のための反射防止フィルム、輝度向上フィルムや、ハードコート層、前方散乱層、アンチグレア(防眩)層等の機能層を有する光学フィルムと複合した機能化偏光板としても好ましく使用される。機能化のための反射防止フィルム、輝度向上フィルム、他の機能性光学フィルム、ハードコート層、前方散乱層、アンチグレア層については、特開2007-86748号公報の〔0257〕~〔0276〕に記載され、これらの記載を基に機能化した偏光板を作成することができる。
本発明の偏光板は反射防止フィルムと組み合わせて使用することができる。反射防止フィルムは、フッ素系ポリマー等の低屈折率素材を単層付与しただけの反射率1.5%程度のフィルム、または薄膜の多層干渉を利用した反射率1%以下のフィルムのいずれも使用できる。本発明では、透明支持体上に低屈折率層、および低屈折率層より高い屈折率を有する少なくとも一層の層(即ち、高屈折率層、中屈折率層)を積層した構成が好ましく使用される。また、日東技報,vol.38,No.1,May,2000,26頁~28頁や特開2002-301783号公報などに記載された反射防止フィルムも好ましく使用できる。
高屈折率層の屈折率>中屈折率層の屈折率>透明支持体の屈折率>低屈折率層の屈折率
前記含シリコーン化合物はポリシロキサン構造を有する化合物が好ましいが、反応性シリコーン(例えば、サイラプレーン(チッソ(株)製)や両末端にシラノール基含有のポリシロキサン(特開平11-258403号公報)等を使用することもできる。シランカップリング剤等の有機金属化合物と特定のフッ素含有炭化水素基含有のシランカップリング剤とを触媒共存下に縮合反応で硬化させてもよい(特開昭58-142958号公報、同58-147483号公報、同58-147484号公報、特開平9-157582号公報、同11-106704号公報、特開2000-117902号公報、同2001-48590号公報、同2002-53804号公報記載の化合物等)。
低屈折率層には、上記以外の添加剤として充填剤(例えば、二酸化珪素(シリカ)、含フッ素粒子(フッ化マグネシウム、フッ化カルシウム、フッ化バリウム)等の一次粒子平均径が1~150nmの低屈折率無機化合物、特開平11-3820号公報の[0020]~[0038]に記載の有機微粒子等)、シランカップリング剤、滑り剤、界面活性剤等を含有させることも好ましく行うことができる。
低屈折率層の膜厚は、30~200nmであることが好ましく、50~150nmであることがさらに好ましく、60~120nmであることが最も好ましい。
このような超微粒子は、粒子表面を表面処理剤で処理したり(シランカップリング剤等:特開平11-295503号公報、同11-153703号公報、特開2000-9908号公報、アニオン性化合物或は有機金属カップリング剤:特開2001-310432号公報等)、高屈折率粒子をコアとしたコアシェル構造としたり(特開2001-166104号公報等)、特定の分散剤を併用する(例えば、特開平11-153703号公報、米国特許第6,210,858B1明細書、特開2002-2776069号公報等)等の態様で使用することができる。
前記高屈折率層の屈折率は、1.70~2.20であることが好ましい。高屈折率層の厚さは、5nm~10μmであることが好ましく、10nm~1μmであることがさらに好ましい。
前記中屈折率層の屈折率は、低屈折率層の屈折率と高屈折率層の屈折率との間の値となるように調整する。中屈折率層の屈折率は、1.50~1.70であることが好ましい。
本発明の偏光板は、輝度向上フィルムと組み合わせて使用することができる。輝度向上フィルムは、円偏光もしくは直線偏光の分離機能を有しており、偏光板とバックライトとの間に配置され、一方の円偏光もしくは直線偏光をバックライト側に後方反射もしくは後方散乱する。バックライト部からの再反射光は、部分的に偏光状態を変化させ、輝度向上フィルムおよび偏光板に再入射する際、部分的に透過するため、この過程を繰り返すことにより光利用率が向上し、正面輝度が1.4倍程度に向上する。輝度向上フィルムとしては異方性反射方式および異方性散乱方式が知られており、いずれも本発明における偏光板と組み合わせることができる。
本発明の偏光板は耐擦傷性等の力学的強度を付与するため、ハードコート層を透明支持体の表面に設けた機能性光学フィルムと組み合わせることが好ましく行われる。ハードコート層を、前述の反射防止フィルムに適用して用いる場合は、特に、透明支持体と高屈折率層の間に設けることが好ましい。
前記ハードコート層は、光および/または熱による硬化性化合物の架橋反応、または、重合反応により形成されることが好ましい。硬化性官能基としては、光重合性官能基が好ましく、または、加水分解性官能基含有の有機金属化合物は有機アルコキシシリル化合物が好ましい。ハードコート層の具体的な構成組成物としては、例えば、特開2002-144913号公報、同2000-9908号公報、国際公開第00/46617号パンフレット等記載のものを好ましく使用することができる。
ハードコート層の膜厚は、0.2μm~100μmであることが好ましい。
ハードコート層の強度は、JIS K5400に従う鉛筆硬度試験で、H以上であることが好ましく、2H以上であることがさらに好ましく、3H以上であることが最も好ましい。また、JIS K5400に従うテーバー試験で、試験前後の試験片の摩耗量が少ないほど好ましい。
前方散乱層は、本発明における偏光板を液晶表示装置に適用した際の、上下左右方向の視野角特性(色相と輝度分布)改良するために使用される。本発明では、前方散乱層は屈折率の異なる微粒子をバインダー分散した構成が好ましく、例えば、前方散乱係数を特定化した特開11-38208号公報、透明樹脂と微粒子との相対屈折率を特定範囲とした特開2000-199809号公報、ヘイズ値を40%以上と規定した特開2002-107512号公報等の構成を使用することができる。また、本発明における偏光板をヘイズの視野角特性を制御するため、住友化学(株)の技術レポート「光機能性フィルム」31頁~39頁に記載された「ルミスティ」と組み合わせて使用することも好ましく行うことができる。
アンチグレア(防眩)層は、反射光を散乱させ映り込みを防止するために使用される。アンチグレア機能は、液晶表示装置の最表面(表示側)に凹凸を形成することにより得られる。アンチグレア機能を有する光学フィルムのヘイズは、3~30%であることが好ましく、5~20%であることがさらに好ましく、7~20%であることが最も好ましい。
フィルム表面に凹凸を形成する方法は、例えば、微粒子を添加して膜表面に凹凸を形成する方法(例えば、特開2000-271878号公報等)、比較的大きな粒子(粒子サイズ0.05~2μm)を少量(0.1~50質量%)添加して表面凹凸膜を形成する方法(例えば、特開2000-281410号公報、同2000-95893号公報、同2001-100004号公報、同2001-281407号公報等)、フィルム表面に物理的に凹凸形状を転写する方法(例えば、エンボス加工方法として、特開昭63-278839号公報、特開平11-183710号公報、特開2000-275401号公報等記載)等を好ましく使用することができる。
本発明の液晶表示装置は、前記本発明の偏光板を、バックライト側偏光板、及び視認側偏光板の少なくとも一方として有する。
特に、本発明の偏光板における、(メタ)アクリル系樹脂を含んでなる第1の保護フィルムを、液晶セル側(インナー側)となるように含むことが好ましい。
本発明の液晶表示装置の好ましい一例の模式図を図3に示す。
図3に示した液晶表示装置100は、液晶セル20の両側に、第1の保護フィルム1、偏光子3、及び第2の保護フィルム2を有する本発明の偏光板10を有する。液晶表示装置100は、液晶セル20側(インナー側)に第1の保護フィルム1が配置されるように偏光板10を有している。このとき、第1の保護フィルムは、粘着剤層を介して液晶セルと貼合されていてもよい。
ノーマリーブラックの液晶表示装置とするためには、2枚の偏光板10における偏光子3の吸収軸は、互いに直交するように配置されることが好ましい。
[フィルム1]
[下記式(1A)で表されるラクトン環構造を有する(メタ)アクリル系樹脂{共重合モノマー質量比=メタクリル酸メチル/2-(ヒドロキシメチル)アクリル酸メチル=8/2、ラクトン環化率約100%、ラクトン環構造の含有割合19.4%、重量平均分子量133000、メルトフローレート6.5g/10分(240℃、10kgf)、Tg131℃}90質量部と、アクリロニトリル-スチレン(AS)樹脂(トーヨーAS AS20、東洋スチレン社製)10質量部との混合物;Tg127℃]のペレットを二軸押出機に供給し、約280℃でシート状に溶融押し出しして、厚さ70μmのラクトン環構造を有する(メタ)アクリル系樹脂シートを得た。この未延伸シートを、160℃の温度条件下、縦2.0倍、横2.4倍に延伸して(メタ)アクリル系樹脂フィルムであるフィルム11(厚さ:25μm、面内位相差Δnd:0.8nm、厚み方向位相差Rth:1.5nm)を得た。
原料の樹脂として分子量10万のメタクリル酸メチル-スチレン共重合体(MS樹脂)(スチレン量11モル%)、イミド化剤としてモノメチルアミンを用いて、イミド化MS樹脂を製造した。
このフィルムについて、ラボ延伸機(バッチ式一軸延伸装置、熱風循環式、スリットノズル上下噴きつけ、温度分布±1℃)を用いて二軸延伸フィルム(フィルム2)を作成した。
[フィルム3~10]
セルロースアシレートのアセチル置換度については以下の方法で測定した。
アセチル置換度は、ASTM D-817-91に準じて測定した。粘度平均重合度は宇田らの極限粘度法{宇田和夫、斉藤秀夫、「繊維学会誌」、第18巻第1号、105~120頁(1962年)}により測定した。
フィルムの弾性率はJIS K7127に記載の方法に従って測定した。
フィルムロールの巻き方向を長手方向(MD方向)、長手方向と直交する幅手方向(TD方向)とする。該長手方向又は幅手方向を測定方向として、該測定方向に長さ15cm、幅1cmのフィルム試料を切り出した。該試料を東洋精機製のストログラフV10-Cに、長手方向のチャック間隔が10cmとなるように設置し、延伸速度10mm/分でチャック間隔が広がるように加重を加えて、その時の力を測定した。予めマイクロメーターで測定していたフィルムの厚み、力、伸び量から弾性率を算出した。
フィルムの湿度寸法変化率は以下の方法で測定した。
フィルムロールの巻き方向を長手方向(MD方向)、長手方向と直交する幅手方向(TD方向)とする。該長手方向又は幅手方向を測定方向として、該測定方向に長さ12cm、幅3cmのフィルム試料を切り出した。該試料に測定方向に沿って10cmの間隔でピン孔を空け、25℃、相対湿度60%にて24時間調湿後、ピン孔の間隔をピンゲージで測長した。次に25℃、相対湿度10%にて24時間調湿後、ピン孔の間隔をピンゲージで測長した。次いで、試料を25℃、相対湿度80%にて24時間調湿後、ピン孔の間隔をピンゲージで測長した。これらの測定値を用いて下記式により湿度寸法変化率を算出した。
湿度寸法変化率(%)=[{(25℃、相対湿度80%における長さ)-(25℃、相対湿度10%における長さ)}/(25℃、相対湿度60%における長さ)]×100 ・・・式(1)
(1)中間層用ドープの調製
下記組成の中間層用ドープ1を調製した。
中間層用ドープ1の組成
・セルロースアセテート(アセチル化度2.86) 100質量部
・メチレンクロライド(第1溶媒) 320質量部
・メタノール(第2溶媒) 83質量部
・1-ブタノール(第3溶媒) 3質量部
・トリフェニルフォスフェート 7.6質量部
・ビフェニルジフェニルフォスフェート 3.8質量部
攪拌羽根を有する4000Lのステンレス製溶解タンクに、上記第1溶媒から第3溶媒の混合溶媒をよく攪拌・分散しつつ、セルロースアセテート粉体(フレーク)、トリフェニルフォスフェート及びビフェニルジフェニルフォスフェートを徐々に添加し、全体が2000kgになるように中間層用ドープ1を調製した。なお、各溶媒は、すべてその含水率が0.5質量%以下のものを使用した。
マット剤(二酸化ケイ素(粒径20nm))と剥離促進剤(クエン酸エチルエステル(クエン酸のモノエチルエステル、ジエチルエステル、トリエチルエステルの混合物))と前記中間層用ドープ1を、静止型混合器を介して混合させて支持体層用ドープ2を調製した。混合は、全固形分濃度が20.5質量%、マット剤濃度が0.05質量%、剥離促進剤濃度が0.03質量%となるように行った。
マット剤(二酸化ケイ素(粒径20nm))を、静止型混合器を介して前記中間層用ドープ1に混合させて、エアー層用ドープ3を調製した。混合は、全固形分濃度が20.5質量%、マット剤濃度が0.1質量%となるように行った。
流延ダイとして、幅が1.8mであり共流延用に調整したフィードブロックを装備して、主流の両面にそれぞれ積層して3層構造のフィルムを成形できるようにした装置を用いた。以下の説明において、主流から形成される層を中間層と称し、支持体面側の層を支持体層と称し、反対側の面をエアー層と称する。なお、ドープの送液流路は、中間層用、支持体層用、エアー層用の3流路を用いた。
フィルム3の製造において、剥離の際の搬送方向の延伸強度を、弾性率、湿度寸法変化率が所望の値になるように調整したこと以外はフィルム3の製造と同様にして、フィルム4~6を製造した。搬送方向の延伸強度を弱めることで、搬送方向の分子の配向度が下がり、その結果として搬送方向の弾性率が低減し、湿度寸法変化率が増加した。
またフィルム7はフィルムの幅手方向(流延方向に対して直交する方向)の両端をピンテンター(特開平4-1009号公報の図3に記載のピンテンター)で把持しながら、幅手方向に延伸処理を行って製造した。延伸倍率は所望の物性値になるように調整した。
またフィルム8~10は、上記中間層用ドープ1、支持体層用ドープ2、及びエアー層用ドープ3を流延口から0℃に冷却したドラム上に共流延する時の流量を調整して製造した。更に剥離の際の搬送方向の延伸強度を、湿度寸法変化率が所望の値になるように調整した。それぞれ厚みは、37.5μm、42.5μm、45μmであった。
作製したインナー側フィルム及びアウター側フィルムのそれぞれを、2.3mol/Lの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液に、55℃で3分間浸漬した。ついで、室温の水洗浴槽中で洗浄し、30℃で0.05mol/Lの硫酸を用いて中和した。再度、室温の水洗浴槽中で洗浄し、さらに100℃の温風で乾燥した。このようにして、各フィルムについて表面の鹸化処理を行った。
500Lのタンクに18℃の水200kgを入れ、攪拌しながら、重量平均分子量165000、ケン化度99.8モル%のポリビニルアルコール系樹脂42kgを加え、15分間攪拌することによりスラリーを得た。得られたスラリーを脱水し、含水率40%のPVA系樹脂ウェットケーキを得た。
キャストドラム幅4.3m、
キャストドラム回転速度:8m/分、
キャストドラム表面温度:90℃、
T型スリットダイ出口の樹脂温度:95℃
得られた膜の表面と裏面とを下記の条件にて複数の乾燥ロールを交互に通過させながら乾燥を行った。
乾燥ロール幅:4.3m、
乾燥ロール本数(n):10本、
乾燥ロール回転速度:8m/分、
乾燥ロール表面速度:50℃
ポリエステル系ウレタン(三井武田ケミカル社製、タケラックXW-74―C154)10質量部およびイソシアネート系架橋剤(三井武田ケミカル社製、タケネートWD-725)1質量部を、水に溶解し、固形分を20質量%に調整した溶液を調製した。これを接着剤として用いた。
〔偏光板の作製〕
上記方法にて製造し、鹸化処理したインナー側フィルムを、上記接着剤を用いて、上記方法にて製造した偏光子の片側に貼り付けた。次に上記方法にて製造し、鹸化処理したアウター側フィルムを、上記接着剤を用いて、インナー側フィルムを貼り付けてある側とは反対側の偏光子の面に貼り付けた。
この際、作成した偏光子の吸収軸と、インナー側フィルム及びアウター側フィルムのTD方向とは直交するように配置した。
このようにして偏光板1~13を作製した。作製した偏光板の構成を表2に示す。
このようにして作製した偏光板から(TD)15cm×(MD)15cmの大きさの試験片を切り出し、25℃、相対湿度60%の温度湿度環境に4時間以上放置後、4隅の浮き上がり量を計測した。その結果を表2に示す。この際、アウター側フィルムを上向きに置いた時の浮き上がり量をプラスの量とする。放置後のサンプルがインナー側に反っている時は、アウター側を上向きに置いても浮き上がり量をJIS-JQA1級の定規(ここではシンワ製直尺シルバー、品番130005)で計測できないため、フィルムの上下を逆にしてインナー側を上向きに置いて浮き上がり量を計測し、マイナス符号を付与した量とする。なお、試験片を切り出す際は、偏光板の中心部から切り出した。
4隅の平均の浮き上がり量の評価基準は、5mm以上9mm未満が最も好ましく(評価:AA)、4mm以上5mm未満もしくは9mm以上10mm未満が次に好ましく(評価:A)、-2mm以上4mm未満もしくは10mm以上16mm未満がその次に好ましく(評価:B)、-2mm未満、もしくは16mm以上は好ましくなく(評価:C)とした。なお、前述したように、浮き上がり量がマイナスの量であると液晶セルに貼り合わせるときに泡が入りやすくなり好ましくない。偏光板のカールは温度湿度の影響で変化しやすいものであるが、温度湿度が変化した場合でも浮き上がり量はプラスの量となることが好ましい。また、浮き上がり量がプラスの量であっても、その量が多すぎると液晶セルに貼り合わせるときに位置合わせが困難になるため、浮き上がり量が16mm以上となることは好ましくない。
2 第2の保護フィルム
3 偏光子
10 偏光板
11 第1の保護フィルムのTD方向
12 第2の保護フィルムのTD方向
13 偏光子の吸収軸
20 液晶セル
100 液晶表示装置
Claims (8)
- 第1の保護フィルムと、偏光子と、第2の保護フィルムとをこの順に有する偏光板であって、
前記第1の保護フィルムが(メタ)アクリル系樹脂を含むフィルムであり、
前記第1の保護フィルムの厚さが20μm以上30μm以下であり、
前記第1の保護フィルムの前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の弾性率が3.0GPa以上3.5GPa以下であり、
前記第2の保護フィルムの厚さが前記第1の保護フィルムの厚さの1.5倍以上1.8倍以下であり、
前記第2の保護フィルムの前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の下記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.45%以上0.8%以下である、偏光板。
湿度寸法変化率(%)=[{(25℃、相対湿度80%における長さ)-(25℃、相対湿度10%における長さ)}/(25℃、相対湿度60%における長さ)]×100 ・・・式(1) - 前記第1の保護フィルムの前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の前記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.20%以上0.30%以下である、請求項1に記載の偏光板。
- 前記第2の保護フィルムの前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の前記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.55%以上0.65%未満である請求項1又は2に記載の偏光板。
- 前記第2の保護フィルムの前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の弾性率が2.8GPa以上3.3GPa未満である請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の偏光板。
- 前記第2の保護フィルムの前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の前記式(1)で表される湿度寸法変化率が0.55%以上0.65%未満であり、前記第2の保護フィルムの前記偏光子の吸収軸に直交する方向の弾性率が2.8GPa以上3.3GPa未満である請求項1又は2に記載の偏光板。
- 前記第2の保護フィルムが、セルロースアシレートを含むフィルムである、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の偏光板。
- 粘着剤層と、第1の保護フィルムと、偏光子と、第2の保護フィルムとをこの順に有する、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の偏光板。
- 液晶セルと、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の偏光板を少なくとも1枚有する液晶表示装置であって、前記偏光板における前記第1の保護フィルムが、前記液晶セル側に配置された液晶表示装置。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20150062502A1 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
JP5677627B2 (ja) | 2015-02-25 |
CN104285169A (zh) | 2015-01-14 |
KR20140139129A (ko) | 2014-12-04 |
TW201347993A (zh) | 2013-12-01 |
KR101659678B1 (ko) | 2016-09-26 |
CN104285169B (zh) | 2016-04-27 |
US9507202B2 (en) | 2016-11-29 |
JPWO2013175927A1 (ja) | 2016-01-12 |
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