WO2006057160A1 - 薄膜光電変換装置 - Google Patents
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- WO2006057160A1 WO2006057160A1 PCT/JP2005/020511 JP2005020511W WO2006057160A1 WO 2006057160 A1 WO2006057160 A1 WO 2006057160A1 JP 2005020511 W JP2005020511 W JP 2005020511W WO 2006057160 A1 WO2006057160 A1 WO 2006057160A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/17—Photovoltaic cells having only PIN junction potential barriers
- H10F10/172—Photovoltaic cells having only PIN junction potential barriers comprising multiple PIN junctions, e.g. tandem cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/14—Shape of semiconductor bodies; Shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of semiconductor regions within semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/148—Shapes of potential barriers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/16—Material structures, e.g. crystalline structures, film structures or crystal plane orientations
- H10F77/169—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/30—Coatings
- H10F77/306—Coatings for devices having potential barriers
- H10F77/311—Coatings for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
- H10F77/315—Coatings for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells the coatings being antireflective or having enhancing optical properties
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/548—Amorphous silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to improvement of conversion efficiency of a thin film photoelectric conversion device, and particularly relates to improvement of conversion efficiency of a multi-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device.
- crystalline silicon-based devices including crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion units in addition to amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion devices including conventional amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion units.
- a photoelectric conversion device has also been developed, and a multi-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device in which these units are stacked has been put into practical use.
- crystalline used here includes polycrystalline and microcrystalline.
- crystalline and microcrystalline shall also mean those that are partially amorphous.
- a thin film photoelectric conversion device is generally composed of a transparent conductive film, one or more thin film photoelectric conversion units, and a back electrode film sequentially stacked on a transparent insulating substrate.
- One thin film photoelectric conversion unit includes an i-type layer sandwiched between a p-type layer and an n-type layer.
- the i-type layer which occupies most of the thickness of the thin-film photoelectric conversion unit, is a substantially intrinsic semiconductor layer, and the photoelectric conversion effect is mainly generated in this i-type layer, so it is called a photoelectric conversion layer.
- the i-type layer is preferably thick in order to increase light absorption and increase photocurrent.
- the p-type layer and the n-type layer are called conductive layers and play a role of generating a diffusion potential in the thin film photoelectric conversion unit.
- the characteristics of the thin film photoelectric conversion device depend on the magnitude of the diffusion potential. The value of one open circuit voltage (Voc) is affected.
- these conductive layers are inactive layers that do not directly contribute to photoelectric conversion, and the light absorbed by the impurities doped in the conductive layer is a loss that does not contribute to power generation.
- the conductivity of the conductive layer is low, the series resistance increases and the photoelectric conversion characteristics of the thin film photoelectric conversion device are degraded.
- the thin film photoelectric conversion unit or the thin film photoelectric conversion device is a material of the i-type layer that occupies the main part regardless of whether the material of the conductive type layer contained therein is amorphous or crystalline. Is amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit or amorphous silicon thin film photoelectric conversion device, and crystalline silicon type is used for i-type layer material. It is called a conversion unit or a crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion device.
- a method for improving the conversion efficiency of the thin film photoelectric conversion device there is a method in which two or more thin film photoelectric conversion units are stacked to form a multi-junction type.
- a front unit including a photoelectric conversion layer having a large band gap is arranged on the light incident side of the thin film photoelectric conversion device, and then a photoelectric conversion layer having a small band gap (for example, Si_Ge alloy) is sequentially included.
- a photoelectric conversion layer having a small band gap for example, Si_Ge alloy
- the wavelength of light that can be photoelectrically converted by i-type amorphous silicon is long.
- the force i-type crystalline silicon which is up to about 700 nm on the wavelength side, can photoelectrically convert light having a longer wavelength of about 100 nm.
- a thickness of about 0.3 ⁇ is sufficient for light absorption sufficient for photoelectric conversion.
- the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer made of crystalline silicon having a small light absorption coefficient preferably has a thickness of about 2 to 3 / im or more in order to sufficiently absorb long-wavelength light. That is, the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer usually needs to be about 10 times as thick as the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer.
- the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit on the light incident side is referred to as the top layer
- the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit on the rear side is referred to as the bottom layer.
- the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit has a property called photodegradation in which the performance is slightly reduced by light irradiation. This photodegradation is caused by the film thickness of the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer. The thinner it can be suppressed. However, as the thickness of the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer decreases, the photocurrent decreases accordingly.
- a thin film is generally used. Since the photoelectric conversion units are joined in series, the current value of the thin film photoelectric conversion unit with the smallest photocurrent determines the current value of the multi-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device. For this reason, if the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit is made thin in order to suppress photodegradation, the overall current becomes small and the conversion efficiency decreases.
- a three-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device in which a thin film photoelectric conversion unit is further inserted between the top layer and the bottom layer of the two-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device is also used.
- the thin film photoelectric conversion unit between the top layer and the bottom layer is called a middle layer. Since the band gap of the photoelectric conversion layer in the middle layer needs to be wider than that of the bottom layer, which is narrower than the top layer, an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit, which is an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit, is used as the middle layer.
- a silicon-germanium photoelectric conversion unit composed of a crystalline Si—Ge alloy photoelectric conversion layer or a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit which is a crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit is used.
- a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit is used as the middle layer, the thickness of the bottom layer is considerably increased, resulting in an increase in manufacturing cost. Therefore, in the case of a three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device, it is advantageous from the viewpoint of manufacturing cost to use an amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit as the middle layer.
- a conductive and thin film photoelectric conversion unit is formed between the thin film photoelectric conversion units.
- an intermediate transmission / reflection layer made of a material having a lower refractive index than that of the material.
- a three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device having a middle layer of an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit as described above, it is difficult to extract a photocurrent from the middle layer with less light absorption in the middle layer. Therefore, it is possible to improve the photocurrent of the middle layer by providing an intermediate transmission / reflection layer between the middle layer and the bottom layer.
- the intermediate transmission / reflection layer is particularly It is valid.
- a method of forming a thin film photoelectric conversion unit on a transparent conductive film having irregularities in order to improve the conversion efficiency of the thin film photoelectric conversion device.
- Transparent conductive film surface having such irregularities A large number of fine irregularities are usually formed on the surface, and the height difference is generally about 100 nm to 300 nm.
- the haze ratio increases as the height difference between the projections and depressions increases or the distance between the projections and depressions of the projections and projections increases, and the light incident on the thin film photoelectric conversion unit is caused by light scattering. It is effectively confined by increasing the optical path length, and the so-called optical confinement effect increases the photocurrent. This is particularly effective for a thin film photoelectric conversion device having a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit whose light absorption coefficient is smaller than that of amorphous silicon.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes a multi-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device having various structures, and includes an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit, an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit, and an intermediate transmission according to the present invention. The idea of a three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device having a structure in which a reflective layer and a crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit are stacked in this order is disclosed. Non-Patent Document 1 also describes that a thin-film photoelectric conversion unit is formed on an uneven SnO film.
- Non-Patent Document 1 clearly states that a three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device having the above-described structure is actually manufactured, and therefore characteristics are evaluated. In fact, when a three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device is formed with this structure, photoelectric conversion characteristics that can be said to be satisfactory are obtained.
- Non-Patent Document 1 D. Fischer et al, Proc. 25th IEEE PVS Conf. (1996), p.1053
- the present invention is a three-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device, and provides a thin film photoelectric conversion device having a high conversion efficiency even when a transparent conductive film having a particularly high haze ratio is used. It is aimed.
- a thin-film photoelectric conversion device includes a transparent conductive film having a haze ratio of 20% or more, a first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit, a second non-conductive layer in order on one main surface of a transparent insulating substrate.
- a thin-film photoelectric conversion device in which a crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit, an intermediate transmission / reflection layer, and a crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit are stacked, the photoelectric conversion layer of the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit
- the optical confinement effect in the second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit is increased, the photocurrent is increased, and the first amorphous silicon-based
- the film thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer of the photoelectric conversion unit is 70 nm or more, the leakage current in the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit is reduced, and the conversion efficiency can be improved.
- the thin film photoelectric conversion device has a quantum efficiency of 6 for light having a wavelength of 700 nm of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit. / 0 or less it is preferred instrument have a film thickness photoelectric conversion layer is thick in the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit, the light in the first amorphous Shitsushi silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit Without increasing absorption, more light can be transmitted backward, increasing the photocurrent of the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit and improving the conversion efficiency.
- the surface area ratio (Sdr) of the surface of the transparent conductive film on the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit side is set to 50% or more, so that the same haze is obtained. Even at a high rate, it becomes possible to obtain a higher light confinement effect and improve the conversion efficiency.
- the transparent conductive film of the thin film photoelectric conversion device according to the present invention preferably has a high light confinement effect due to the effect of fine irregularities even at the same haze rate, which is preferably composed mainly of zinc oxide. It is also possible that there is little reduction effect by hydrogen plasma, so that there is almost no decrease in the transmittance of the transparent conductive film, so that the photocurrent increases and the conversion efficiency can be improved.
- the thin film photoelectric conversion device has a film thickness of 2 nm to 10 nm between the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit and the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit, and
- the interface between the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit and the second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit is provided by providing a resistance layer made of silicon oxide having a conductivity of 1. OX 10—Zcm or less. Can reduce the leakage current and improve the conversion efficiency.
- a thin film photoelectric conversion device includes a transparent insulating substrate from the light incident side, a transparent conductive film having a haze ratio of 20% or more, a first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit, and a second amorphous silicon.
- a photoelectric conversion unit, an intermediate transmission / reflection layer, and a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit are stacked in this order, and the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit is 70 nm or more. It is a certain configuration.
- the light confinement effect in the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit is increased, the photocurrent is increased, and the first amorphous
- the film thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer of the silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit is 70 nm or more, so that a leakage current in the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit is reduced and a thin film photoelectric conversion device with high conversion efficiency is provided. It becomes possible.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a three-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device.
- FIG. 2 Schematic diagram and formula showing the definition of surface area ratio (Sdr).
- the middle current is extremely low compared to the top current and the bottom current.
- the present inventors have increased the physical film thickness of the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit and It was found that a structure that reduces light absorption in the silicon photoelectric conversion unit and absorbs more light into the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit is effective. Specifically, by using an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer having a wide optical forbidden band (band gap) as the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer, the film thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer itself is increased. For example, it is preferable to reduce the light absorption in the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit while keeping it at 70 ⁇ m or more.
- the film thickness and film quality of the photoelectric conversion layer are controlled so that the quantum efficiency in the spectral sensitivity measurement of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion device for light with a wavelength of 700 nm is 6% or less. It was found that it is preferable.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a thin film photoelectric conversion device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the transparent insulating substrate 2 for example, a glass plate or a transparent resin film can be used.
- a glass plate it is possible to use a soda lime plate glass having a large surface area, which is available at low cost, has high transparency and insulation, and has a smooth main surface composed mainly of SiO, NaO and CaO.
- the transparent conductive film 3 and each photoelectric conversion unit are laminated on one main surface of the transparent insulating substrate, and light such as sunlight incident from the other main surface side is photoelectrically converted.
- the transparent conductive film 3 can be composed of a transparent conductive oxide layer such as an ITO film, a SnO film, or a ZnO film.
- the transparent conductive film 3 may have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure.
- the transparent conductive film 3 can be formed by a vapor deposition method known per se such as a vapor deposition method, a CVD method, or a sputtering method.
- a large number of fine irregularities are formed on the surface of the transparent conductive film 3, and the height difference is generally about 100 nm to 300 nm.
- the greater the haze rate, the greater the light confinement effect. Therefore, the haze rate is preferably 20% or more.
- Sdr surface area ratio
- Sdr is the ratio of the surface area of the rugged surface to the flat surface as defined by the diagram and mathematical formula in FIG. 2, and the larger this value, the more finer ruggedness is included.
- the larger the surface area ratio (Sdr), the greater the light confinement effect, and the surface area ratio (Sdr) is preferably 50% or more.
- the correlation between haze ratio and surface area ratio (Sdr) does not necessarily exist.
- the transparent conductive film 3 As a material for the transparent conductive film 3, it is preferable to use a transparent electrode layer containing at least ZnO on the surface in contact with the semiconductor layer formed thereon.
- ZnO is a material that can form a texture having an optical confinement effect even at a low temperature of 200 ° C. or less and is highly plasma-resistant, and thus is suitable for forming each photoelectric conversion unit.
- the ZnO transparent conductive film 3 of the thin film photoelectric conversion device of the present invention can be formed by a CVD method under a reduced pressure condition where the temperature of the underlying transparent insulating substrate is 200 ° C. or lower.
- the transparent conductive film 3 is composed of a thin film mainly composed of ZnO
- the average thickness of the ZnO film is preferably 0.7 to 5 / im:! To 3 ⁇ . It is more preferable. This is because if the ZnO film is too thin, it will be difficult to provide sufficient unevenness that effectively contributes to the optical confinement effect. If the ZnO film is too thick to obtain the necessary conductivity for the transparent electrode layer, the ZnO film itself This is because the amount of light that passes through ZnO and reaches the photoelectric conversion unit decreases due to light absorption by the light, and the efficiency is lowered. Furthermore, when it is too thick, the film forming cost increases due to an increase in the film forming time.
- the thin film photoelectric conversion unit 4 includes a first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41, a second amorphous silicon photoelectric converter. A conversion unit 42 and a crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 43 are provided. An intermediate transflective layer 5 is provided between the second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 42 and the crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 43.
- the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 41 includes a first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 412. From the transparent conductive film 3 side, the first lp-type layer 411, the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 41 are provided. The photoelectric conversion layer 412 and the In type layer 413 are sequentially stacked. The lp-type layer 411, the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 412 and the In-type layer 413 can all be formed by plasma CVD.
- the second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 42 is the second It has an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 422, and has a structure in which a second p-type layer 421, a second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 422, and a second n-type layer 423 are sequentially stacked from the transparent conductive film 3 side.
- These second p-type layer 421, second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 422, and second n-type layer 423 can all be formed by a plasma CVD method. Note that the materials, film quality, formation conditions, and the like of the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 412 and the second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 422, which are amorphous silicon-based materials, are not necessarily the same.
- the crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 43 includes a crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer.
- a third n-type layer 433 are sequentially stacked.
- the third p-type layer 431, the crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 432, and the third n-type layer 433 can all be formed by a plasma CVD method.
- the p-type layers 411, 421, and 431 of these thin-film photoelectric conversion units 4 may be made of different materials or the same material.
- the n-type layers 413, 423, and 433 may be made of different materials. I do n’t care about the ingredients.
- the p-type layers 411, 421, and 431 constituting the thin film photoelectric conversion units 41, 42, and 43 are made of, for example, silicon alloys such as silicon, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon germanium. It can be formed by doping p-conductivity-type determining impurities such as boron and aluminum.
- the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 412, the second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 422, and the crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 432 are amorphous silicon-based semiconductor materials and crystalline silicon-based semiconductors.
- each of these materials can be formed, and as such materials, intrinsic semiconductor silicon (such as silicon hydride), silicon carbide, silicon alloy such as silicon germanium, or the like can be used. If the photoelectric conversion function is sufficiently provided, weak p-type or weak n-type silicon-based semiconductor materials containing a small amount of conductivity determining impurities can also be used. Further, the n-type layers 413, 423, and 433 are formed by doping n- conductivity-determining impurity atoms such as phosphorus and nitrogen into silicon alloys such as silicon, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon germanium. Can be formed.
- the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 41 configured as described above and the second amorphous The silicon photoelectric conversion unit 42 and the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 43 have different absorption wavelength ranges.
- the photoelectric conversion layers 412 and 422 of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 and the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 42 are made of amorphous silicon
- the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 43 When the photoelectric conversion layer 432 is made of crystalline silicon, the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 absorbs the light component of about 500 nm most efficiently and the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 42 absorbs the light component of about 600 nm most efficiently.
- the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 43 can absorb light components of about 800 nm most efficiently.
- the thickness of the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 412 is preferably within the range of 70 nm to 150 nm.
- the first lp-type layer 411, the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 412 and the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 412 The thickness of the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 41 including the In type layer 413 is preferably in the range of 80 nm to 180 nm.
- the thickness of the second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 422 is preferably in the range of 200 nm to 450 nm.
- the thickness of the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 42 combined with the mold layer 423 is preferably in the range of 210 nm to 500 nm.
- the thickness of the crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 432 is preferably in the range of 1 / ⁇ to 5 ⁇
- the thickness of the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 43 combined with the 3 ⁇ -type layer 433 is preferably in the range of 1.1 ⁇ to 5 ⁇ 1 / im.
- the intermediate transmission / reflection layer 5 is made of a transparent conductive oxide layer such as an ITO film, SnO film, or ZnO film, a conductive silicon oxide layer, or a silicon nitride layer.
- the intermediate transmission / reflection layer 5 may have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure.
- the intermediate transmission / reflection layer 5 can be formed using a vapor deposition method known per se such as a vapor deposition method, a CVD method, or a sputtering method.
- the thickness of the intermediate transmission / reflection layer 5 is preferably in the range of 5 nm to 300 nm.
- the silicon oxide resistance layer 7 may contain a trace amount of impurities determining conductivity type such as boron, aluminum, nitrogen and phosphorus. Silicon oxide resistance layer 7 should be formed by plasma CVD method Can do. The thickness of the silicon oxide resistive layer 7 is 2nm or 10nm or less, conductivity 1. The following 0 X 10- 8 S / cm, it is preferable to.
- the film thickness of 2 nm or more and lOnm or less is determined by the following method.
- a silicon oxide resistance layer 7 is formed to a thickness of about 300 nm to 400 nm on a transparent insulating substrate 2 such as a glass substrate. This film thickness is measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The film thickness is defined with the formation speed calculated from the film thickness and the formation time constant.
- an aluminum electrode of lmm x 15mm was formed on the silicon oxide resistor layer 7 having a conductivity of about 300nm to 400nm by a vacuum deposition method with an interval of lmm, and a voltage of 100V was applied between the two electrodes. Calculated from the current value of the hour. The value obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry is used for the film thickness of the silicon oxide resistance layer 7 used for the calculation at this time.
- the back electrode film 6 not only functions as an electrode, but also reflects light that enters the thin film photoelectric conversion unit 4 from the transparent insulating substrate 2 and arrives at the back electrode film 6 to reflect inside the thin film photoelectric conversion unit 4. It also has a function as a reflective layer that re-enters the light.
- the back electrode film 6 includes a transparent reflective layer 61 and a back reflective layer 62.
- a metal oxide such as ZnO or ITO is used for the transparent reflective layer 61, and Ag, A or an alloy thereof is preferably used for the back reflective layer 62.
- a method such as sputtering or vapor deposition is preferably used.
- the sealing resin layer 8 a resin capable of bonding the organic protective layer 9 to the thin film photoelectric conversion device 1 is used.
- resins include EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer), PVB (polyvinylpropylene), PIB (polyisobutylene), and silicone resin.
- a fluororesin film such as a polyvinyl fluoride film (for example, Tedlar film (registered trademark)) or an insulating film excellent in moisture resistance and water resistance such as a PET film is used.
- the organic protective layer 9 may be a single layer structure or a laminated structure in which these layers are laminated. Further, the organic protective layer 9 has a structure in which a metal foil made of aluminum or the like is sandwiched between these films. A metal foil such as an aluminum foil has a function of improving moisture resistance and water resistance. Therefore, by forming the organic protective layer 8 in such a structure, a thin film photoelectric conversion device is provided. 1 can effectively protect moisture.
- These sealing resin layer 8 / organic protective layer 9 can be simultaneously attached to the back side of the thin film photoelectric conversion device 1 by a vacuum laminating method.
- Example 1 a three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 shown in FIG. However, Example 1 does not have the silicon oxide resistance layer 7 in FIG.
- a SnO film 3 having a thickness of 0.8 ⁇ m and having irregularities was formed as a transparent conductive film 3 by a CVD method.
- the haze ratio was 25%, and the surface area ratio (Sdr) was 35%.
- the haze ratio was measured based on JISK7136.
- the surface area ratio (Sdr) is defined as shown in Fig. 2, based on the result of measuring the surface of the transparent conductive film 3 with an atomic force microscope (AFM) with a resolution of 5.08 ⁇ square divided into 255 x 255. Obtained from the equation.
- AFM atomic force microscope
- silane, hydrogen, methane and diborane are introduced as reaction gases to form a first ⁇ -type layer 411 having a thickness of 15 nm, and then silane is introduced as a reaction gas to obtain the first amorphous silicon light.
- the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 was formed by forming the electric conversion layer 412 at 80 nm and then introducing silane, hydrogen and phosphine as reaction gases to form the In type layer 413 at 10 nm.
- the thickness of each layer of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 was determined as follows. Each layer is formed as a single layer on a glass substrate 2 different from that of the three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 in Fig.
- the transmitted light spectrum for each of the 2500 nm to 300 nm light is measured.
- the film thickness was calculated from the interference of the transmitted light spectrum, and the formation speed was calculated from the film thickness with the formation speed kept constant.
- the film thickness was determined from the formation time, assuming that the formation speed thus obtained did not change even when formed on the transparent conductive film 3 or other films formed on the transparent conductive film 3. .
- These film thicknesses can be confirmed from a cross-sectional image (cross-sectional TEM image) of a transmission electron microscope.
- silane, hydrogen, methane, and diborane are introduced to form the second p-type layer 421, and silane is introduced as a reaction gas to introduce the second amorphous layer.
- the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 42 was formed by forming a porous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 422 of 300 nm, and then introducing silane, hydrogen and phosphine as reaction gases to form a second n-type layer 423 of 10 nm.
- silane, hydrogen, and diborane were introduced as reaction gases to form the third p-type layer 431 by lOnm, and then hydrogen and silane were introduced as reaction gases to form a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer 432 of 1.7 ⁇ m.
- silane, hydrogen and phosphine were introduced as reaction gases to form a third n-type layer 433 having a thickness of 15 nm, whereby a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 43 was formed.
- the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41, the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 42, the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 43, and the intermediate transmission / reflection layer 5 were all formed by plasma CVD.
- the ZnO layer 61 was formed to 90 nm by the sputtering method, and the Ag layer 62 was then formed to 200 nm as the back reflective layer 62 by the sputtering method to form the back electrode film 6. .
- the film formed on the SnO film 3 is partially removed by laser scribing and separated into a size of 1 cm 2 to form a 3-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device 1 ( A light receiving area lcm 2 ) was produced.
- the output characteristics were measured by irradiating the 3-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 (light-receiving area lcm 2 ) obtained as described above with AMI. 5 light at a light intensity of 100 mW / cm 2 . 1
- the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is 2.33 V
- the short-circuit current density (Cicsc) is 7.05 mA / cm 2
- the fill factor (FF) is 78.3%
- the conversion efficiency is 12. 9%.
- the quantum efficiency of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 in light having a wavelength of 700 nm was measured as follows. First, two optical filters Y46 and IR85 with light transmission characteristics as shown in Fig. 3 were prepared. Next, the following probe photocurrent is applied to the photoelectric conversion units other than the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 by irradiating the white light of lOmWZcm 2 to the three-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device 1 through the optical filter Y46. Against The crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 43 is further irradiated by emitting white light of 10 mW / cm 2 through the optical filter IR85 to the 3-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device 1 at the same time.
- the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 412 having a thickness of 60 nm was formed in the structure of Example 1, and the others were all the same as Example 1 to form a 3-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device 1.
- the output characteristics of the three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 at this time are the same measurements as in Example 1, and as shown in Comparative Example 1 in Table 1, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is 2 ⁇ 25V and the short-circuit current density is lsc) Of 7 ⁇ 32 mA / cm 2 , fill factor (FF) of 72.5%, and conversion efficiency of 11.9%.
- the quantum efficiency of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 in light with a wavelength of 700 nm was 4.38%.
- the short-circuit current of the three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 itself is increased, but the optical confinement is increased.
- the transparent conductive film 3 with a high haze ratio is used, the leakage current increases, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and the fill factor (FF) decrease, and the conversion efficiency is lower than in Example 1. Yes.
- the band gap is wider than that of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 412 of Example 1 by introducing silan and hydrogen as reaction gases when forming the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 412 in the structure of Example 1.
- the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 412 was formed to a thickness of 80 nm, and the others were all the same as in Example 1 to form a three-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device 1.
- the output characteristics of the 3-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 at this time were measured in the same way as in Example 1, and as shown in Example 2 in Table 1, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) was 2.31 V and the short-circuit current density ( Jsc) was 7.38 mA / cm 2 , the curve factor (FF) was 76.3%, and the conversion efficiency was 13.0%.
- the quantum efficiency of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 in light with a wavelength of 700 nm was 4.81%.
- a ZnO film 3 having a thickness of 1.5 ⁇ m and unevenness formed as the transparent conductive film 3 with the structure of Example 2 by the CVD method was used. At this time, the haze ratio was 25%, and the surface area ratio (Sdr) was 85%. Otherwise, the same procedure as in Example 1 was performed to form a three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1.
- the output characteristics of the three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 at this time were measured in the same way as in Example 1, and as shown in Example 3 in Table 1, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) was 2.30 V, the short-circuit current density (Jsc ) was 7.64 mA / cm 2 , fill factor (FF) was 75.3%, and conversion efficiency was 13.2%.
- the quantum efficiency of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 in light having a wavelength of 700 nm was 4.96%.
- the transparent conductive film 3 becomes transparent.
- the photoelectric current of each photoelectric conversion unit increases, and as a result, the values of the three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 itself are maintained while maintaining the values close to the high level, Voc, and FF of Example 2.
- the short-circuit current increases and the conversion efficiency is higher than that of Example 2.
- a silicon oxide resistance layer 7 as shown in FIG. 1 was formed to a thickness of 5 nm at the interface between the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 and the second amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 42.
- the silicon oxide resistance layer 7 was formed by CVD using silane, hydrogen, phosphine and carbon dioxide as reaction gases.
- the film thickness of the silicon oxide resistance layer 7 was determined as follows. A single layer of the silicon oxide resistance layer 7 was formed on a glass substrate 2 different from that of the three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 in FIG. 1, and a film thickness of 226 nm was obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry.
- the formation speed is obtained from this film thickness, and it is assumed that the formation speed thus obtained does not change even when it is formed on the transparent conductive film 3 or other films formed on the transparent conductive film 3.
- the film thickness of the silicon oxide resistance layer 7 in FIG. 1 was determined from the time.
- the conductivity of the single layer of the silicon oxide resistance layer 7 for determining the formation rate formed at this time was 2.5 X 10 " 9 S / cm. This conductivity was above the silicon oxide resistance layer 7.
- An aluminum electrode of lmm x 15mm was formed at a distance of lmm by vacuum deposition, and calculated from the current value when a voltage of 100V was applied between the two electrodes. Except for the above, a three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 was formed with the same structure as in Example 3.
- the output characteristics of the three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 at this time were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and Table 1 as shown in example 3, open- voltage (Voc) is 2. 33V, the short-circuit current density CJSC) is 7. 55mA / cm 2, a fill factor (FF) power 3% and a conversion efficiency 13.4% met
- the quantum efficiency of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 in light with a wavelength of 700 nm was 5.17%.
- the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 412 having the structure of Example 1 was formed to 125 nm by introducing silane and hydrogen, and the second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 422 was formed as a silane. Then, hydrogen and germane are introduced to form an amorphous silicon germanium photoelectric conversion layer 422 of 400 nm, an intermediate transmission / reflection layer 5 of 70 nm, a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer 432 of 2.5 ⁇ m, and the others A three-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 was formed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the output characteristics of the 3-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 were measured in the same way as in Example 1, and as shown in Example 5 in Table 1, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) was 2.20 V and the short-circuit current density Cisc) Is 8.
- the fill factor (FF) was 74.0% and the conversion efficiency was 13.8%.
- the quantum efficiency of the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 in light with a wavelength of 700 nm was 5.98%.
- the first amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 412 having a thickness of lOnm was formed in the structure of Example 5, and the others were all formed in the same manner as Example 5 to form a three-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device 1.
- the output characteristics of the 3-junction thin-film photoelectric conversion device 1 at this time are the same measurements as in Example 1.
- the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is 2.21 V and the short-circuit current density is Cisc) Was 8.96 mA / cm 2
- fill factor (FF) was 73.6%
- conversion efficiency was 6%.
- the first amorphous The quantum efficiency of high-quality silicon photoelectric conversion unit 41 in light with a wavelength of 700 nm is 4.22%.
- the thickness of the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 412 is made thinner than that of Example 5, so that the second amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 41 is located behind the first amorphous silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit 41 with respect to the light incident side.
- Light absorption in the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 42 and the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 43 increased, and the photocurrent extraction of the 3-junction thin film photoelectric conversion device 1 became more efficient, and the short-circuit current was an example. Compared to 5, the conversion efficiency is also improved.
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