WO2004111626A1 - A mass amplified piezoelectric biochip - Google Patents
A mass amplified piezoelectric biochip Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004111626A1 WO2004111626A1 PCT/CN2004/000641 CN2004000641W WO2004111626A1 WO 2004111626 A1 WO2004111626 A1 WO 2004111626A1 CN 2004000641 W CN2004000641 W CN 2004000641W WO 2004111626 A1 WO2004111626 A1 WO 2004111626A1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
- G01N29/022—Fluid sensors based on microsensors, e.g. quartz crystal-microbalance [QCM], surface acoustic wave [SAW] devices, tuning forks, cantilevers, flexural plate wave [FPW] devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
- G01N33/5438—Electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/022—Liquids
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
- G01N2291/0426—Bulk waves, e.g. quartz crystal microbalance, torsional waves
Definitions
- the invention relates to a manufacturing technology of a piezoelectric electric sensing biochip, a nano material marking technology, a biomaterial marking technology, and a signal reading technology of the electric sensing chip.
- Biochip is a high-tech developed in the field of life sciences in recent years. It mainly refers to a micro-biochemical analysis system constructed on the surface of a solid chip by micro-processing technology and micro-electronic technology to achieve accurate, fast, and large-information detection of cells, proteins, DNA, and other biological components.
- gene chips can be divided into cDNA chips and oligonucleotide microarray chips.
- the cDNA chip is used to obtain the probes needed for chip preparation by PCR amplification based on the existing cDNA library. Oligonucleotides are immobilized on the chip by terminal modification groups.
- Gene chip preparation technology continues to develop with the maturity of gene chip technology.
- Commonly used preparation techniques are: contact point method (Stanford University), photolithographic in situ synthesis method (affymetrix company), inkjet method, molecular seal synthesis method Wait.
- Gene chip targets are often labeled with fluorescent dyes.
- the commonly used chip signal detection is to place the chip in a chip scanner, collect the fluorescence position of each reaction point, the intensity of the fluorescence, and analyze the image through relevant software to obtain relevant biological information.
- the shortcomings of optical technology are its large read system size, high cost and short service life.
- fluorescent dyes have weak points such as instability, easy decomposition, and background fluorescence interference. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new detection method, which can further improve the specificity, accuracy and sensitivity of detection, and develop a new generation of chips that can overcome the aforementioned shortcomings. .
- Electro-sensing refers to the technology that converts external signals into electrical signals. Compared with photo-sensing, they are applied late in the biological field. It was not until after the 1950s that precision electrical measuring instruments became widespread and began to show advantages. Microelectronics brings everything closer to electronics, and sensors are no exception. Only by directly converting biological signals into electrical signals, and then directly transmitting them into the data system, is it natural. All other methods have become relatively less direct. In terms of inductivity, it is entirely possible for electrical sensing to reach light sensitivity, even higher than light. A good example is that all living things have liquid and gas phase chemical sensors: such as the tongue and nose of an animal, the antennae of an insect. These natural sensors are connected in many ways
- the effect of external mechanical pressure on a crystal to generate a charge on its surface is called the piezoelectric effect.
- the more commonly used piezoelectric materials are quartz, yttrium niobate, PZT, barium titanate, etc., and also include some synthetic and natural polymers. It was found that when an alternating excitation voltage was applied across the piezoelectric crystal electrode, the crystal would oscillate mechanically. When the frequency of the alternating voltage reaches the natural frequency of the crystal, the amplitude increases and a piezoelectric resonance is formed. This specific frequency is called the resonance frequency.
- a piezoelectric crystal is used to make a resonant structure, and it can be found that its output signal is closely related to the physical size and properties of the crystal.
- the frequency of vibration is inversely related to the mass of the resonator device.
- the resonant frequency moves accordingly. If we cure a material with a special chemical identity on the surface of the device, it will increase or decrease the total mass of the surface of the device due to the presence of a particular sample substance. We can rely on the movement of the resonance frequency to determine this chemistry. Affinity or stripping process. As a result, chemical or bioelectric sensors are implemented.
- BAW piezoelectric bulk acoustic wave
- SAW Surface Acoustic Wave
- Piezoelectric sound waves are emitted from the emitter and propagate through the surface of the wafer to the receiver.
- the delay time from transmission to reception is determined by the delay distance and the load on the delay surface ( Figure).
- Figure the same with BAW is that we can also use a time domain (frequency inverse is time) signal to detect the total additional material mass on the surface of the device to increase or decrease.
- quartz is the most widely used due to its comprehensive mechanical, electrochemical, and temperature properties. It is the material of choice for piezoelectric electrochemical and piezoelectric biosensors.
- QCM Quadrat-Crystal-Microbalance
- k f the frequency constant (usually 0.168Mhz.cm).
- the frequency shift ⁇ / has a linear relationship with the mass change Am.
- p q is the density of quartz (2.648g-cm— 3 )
- ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 is stone Density Shear Modulus (2.947Xl ⁇ r u dyn- C m- 2 ).
- a shift of the resonance frequency of 1 Hz is equivalent to a mass change of 17 ng / cm 2 .
- Piezoelectric bulk acoustic wave is a relatively mature technology. It is widely used in chemical or biological detection. However, its signal intensity is directly proportional to the mass change of the surface attached substance. For DNA fragments (after slicing), amino acids, peptidases, and other low and medium molecular weight biomolecules, the frequency shift is small. The signal is unstable and it is greatly affected by environmental interference. Taking DNA containing 20 to 40 bases as an example, at a surface density of 10 14 / cm 2 (which is the highest value that has been reported), only a 1HZ frequency shift can be generated for a 5MHZ quartz BAW device. SAW devices have similar problems in sensitivity. This makes its application on such biosensors very limited.
- This invention uses nano or bio-macromolecule materials to mark the sample biomolecules, thereby increasing the effective mass of the detected molecules and greatly enhancing the piezoelectric acoustic wave signal. Since this marker focuses on the effective mass of the sample biomolecule, it is called a mass marker. For this reason, it has a wide selection of marking materials. Calculations show that the amplification effect is very considerable. Taking the commonly used nano-gold as an example, in an ideal state,
- the invention provides a biochip manufactured by using the principle of piezoelectric acoustic waves, and a method for detecting by using nano-gold or other quality marking materials.
- a piezoelectric bulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensor (steps 1 to 4 of Figures 3 and 4), which includes a piezoelectric crystal substrate and sensing electrodes on the upper and lower surfaces.
- Piezoelectric crystal substrates generally use quartz wafers cut in the AT direction, but also include other possible piezoelectric crystal substrates.
- the upper and lower surface sensing electrodes are formed by the technology of a semiconductor electronic chip. Electrodes can be made directly from gold, silver, and all other biocompatible conductive materials; or from other metal conductive materials, and then covered with biocompatible conductive or insulating materials (gold plating or deposition of silicon dioxide film, etc.).
- a piezoelectric surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor ( Figure 10), which differs from BAW in that the electrodes An emitter substrate and a receiver electrode are provided on one surface of the transistor substrate, and they are installed in a comb shape with the ground electrode. Piezoelectric sound waves are emitted from the emitter and propagate along the surface of the wafer to the receiver. The delay time is determined by the delay distance of the transmitting and receiving electrodes and the load on the delay surface. Piezoelectric crystal substrates are generally quartz wafers, but other possible piezoelectric crystal substrates are also included.
- the surface sensing electrodes are formed by the technology of a semiconductor electronic chip. The electrodes can be made directly from gold, silver, and all other biocompatible conductive materials; or made of other metal conductive materials, and then covered with biocompatible conductive or insulating materials (gold plating or deposited silicon dioxide film, etc.).
- A Fix the biological probe on the upper surface, the lower surface, or the upper and lower surfaces of the sensor described in A.
- the bioprobe is fixed on the delayed surface on the same side of the sensor electrode as described in B.
- Fixed biological probes generally refer to single-stranded DNA, RNA, antibodies, and proteins; they also include all other substances that may form a biological, chemical affinity, or exfoliation reaction with the analyte.
- the affinity reactions referred to here include: single-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA hybridization, mRNA and DNA, mRNA and tRNA, antibody and antigen binding, protein and hormone binding, protein and vitamin binding, and protein under enzyme-catalyzed conditions Form or expand and so on.
- the stripping reactions referred to here include: DNA is broken by enzymes, and proteins are broken down by enzymes, as well as the reverse process of the above-mentioned affinity reaction (produced after changes in concentration, temperature, acidity, and mechanical vibration). This chemical affinity or stripping reaction can be measured by shifting the resonant frequency of the sensor as described in A and B.
- the BAW unit sensors described in D and A can be used alone; passive or active array designs can also be used. Passive arrays can use either the child-independent connection method (see Figure 8) or the cross-connection method (see Figure 9). There is no insulation problem at the intersection of the cross-connected upper and lower electrode through wires (BUS). Because the through line is thin, the parasitic piezoelectric effect and parasitic capacitance at the intersection are all secondary effects.
- the cross-connect method avoids the problem of crowded connections. It can realize medium and high-density array chips, and make tens of thousands of sub-element sensor arrays on a substrate of several square centimeters in size. In the designs of Figures 8 and 9, in some cases, all or all of the electrodes on one side of the surface can be connected together on the chip and then connected to the circuit board.
- the SAW unit sensors described in E and B can be used alone; passive or active array designs can also be used.
- the passive array can adopt the sub-element independent connection method (the figure is omitted, similar to FIG. 8, and each sub-element electrode wiring is independently drawn from the periphery), or the cross-connection method (see FIG. 10).
- the problem of insulation at the intersections of ground, hair, and receive three-pole through wires (BUS) of the cross connection method can be accomplished by a common double-layer metal three-dimensional connection method in semiconductor electronic chip manufacturing technology. This method can realize the chip of high-density array. Sensor arrays with thousands or even tens of thousands of sub-elements are fabricated on a substrate of several square centimeters.
- the electrodes can be connected together on the chip and then connected to the circuit board.
- F In the case of the sensor array chip described in D and E, the bioprobe described in C is fixed in position with the sensor array to form a bioprobe array that matches the sensor array. It can be realized by exposing the sensor point elements one by one by photolithography. This method has the highest geometric accuracy. We can also use contact point sampling, photolithographic in situ synthesis, inkjet, and molecular seal synthesis to complete. The sensors of each daughter element can independently measure specific biological signals on the biological probes that are matched with the sensors.
- the chip described in A and D can be etched with a flat groove on the lower surface by MEMS etching; or the lower surface can be encapsulated; In some cases, these steps can be omitted.
- a method for performing biological detection using a BAW or SAW biochip comprising labeling a sample biomaterial with a nanoparticle material and hybridizing the probe with a probe on the biochip to obtain an amplified piezoelectric bulk acoustic wave effect, which is convenient for signals. Acquisition and analysis. This method is called "direct notation”.
- a method for performing biological detection using a BAW or SAW biochip comprising hybridizing a sample biomaterial with a probe on the biochip, and then labeling the sample biomaterial with a labeling material to obtain a pressure generated by the quality labeling material.
- Electric bulk acoustic effect It is convenient to eliminate the interference of the previous steps and perform signal collection and analysis. This method is called "additional notation".
- J, nano-gold, and silver are the commonly used quality marking materials for H and I.
- the present invention includes all other nanoparticle marking materials with mass amplification of the piezoelectric acoustic wave effect, or other biological (such as macromolecule) marking materials with mass amplification.
- a method for bonding a marker material of a biological material The biological material and the marker material are directly bonded. This method is applicable to the marking method described in 11.1.
- a method for bonding a biomaterial's marker material The biomaterial and the marker material are first attached to two parts of an affinity pair, and then when these pretreated biomaterials are combined with the marker material, the marker material and Biomaterials are achieved by bonding of affinity pairs.
- This method simplifies the preparation of quality marking materials, so a pre-processed quality marking material can be used to mark various biological materials.
- This method is applicable to the marking methods described in H and I. However, it plays a greater role in the labeling method described in I.
- the bio-affinity pairs described in M and Content L may use an avidin-biotin system, a streptavidin-biotin system, or other bio-affinity pair systems.
- Avidin is composed of four identical subunits. Each subunit can be connected to a biotin molecule. This pairing has by far the highest affinity coefficient ⁇ IO ⁇ M " 1 ), which is almost 1,000 times its closest competitor.
- Avidin has four sites, So that attachment It is possible to develop a variety of nano-particles to develop multifunctional sensing devices.
- Avidin can also be used to connect multiple biological affinity systems in an induction system, or to achieve multiple amplifications through multi-point bridging and recombination of avidin-biotin to further increase detection sensitivity.
- N Signal reading method (see Figure 12).
- the cross-connected passive array circuit topology described in D and E is similar to the memory, and signals are read on the children whose rows and columns address cross. Therefore, many general-purpose ICs can be used to read the entire array signal. If you want to make a small portable test system, you can use a digital signal processor (DSP) or a palm-sized computer. This method is of course also suitable for reading signals from an array implemented by a single sensor and an independent connection method. The difference is only a slight change in the multiplexer wiring.
- DSP digital signal processor
- This method is of course also suitable for reading signals from an array implemented by a single sensor and an independent connection method. The difference is only a slight change in the multiplexer wiring.
- the invention has the following innovations ⁇
- Nano-gold is widely used for light detection.
- the present invention uses it for the first time in an electrical array biochip, which expands the application range of nano-gold and other nano-particle labels in bio-chip detection.
- the biological signal is converted into an electrical signal detection, which avoids the disadvantages of other detection methods and expensive and complicated detection equipment.
- the benefit of electricity is low cost and can be scaled up.
- the present invention provides a method for combining a biometric identification system with a nanoparticle and a sensor system, which has universal significance and is widely used. Its significance lies in transforming many current photo-mechanical biochips into motor-based biochips. In terms of biological probes, it is completely consistent with the light mechanism chip, and can be carried out by the same principle. See Unique array connection method: Array connection can be achieved using as many process steps as a single sensor.
- the circuit topology is similar to memory, so many common electrical components can be used to implement chip signal reading.
- the biochip is completely consistent with the existing semiconductor technology in the processing part of the electrical sensor, and has found a production platform for large-scale production, thereby ensuring product quality monitoring. Our solution broke the bottleneck of the biochip project in the process of commercialization.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart of the production of the gene chip and its direct labeling method according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the production of the gene chip and its additional labeling method according to the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a BAW basic sensor Sectional schematic diagram of the hybridization process of making and direct labeling method
- Figure 4 is a schematic sectional diagram of the BAW basic sensor production and additional labeling hybridization process
- Figure 5 is a schematic sectional view of the process of forming electrodes by photolithography and lift-off;
- Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the principle of the direct labeling method.
- Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the principle of the additional marking method.
- Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the passive array design of the BAW independent connection method (only 3X3 arrays are shown);
- Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the passive array design of the BAW cross connection method (only 4X4 arrays are shown);
- Figure 10 is SAW Schematic diagram of passive array design of the cross connection method (only 2X2 arrays are shown);
- Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of the connection between the upper and lower electrodes of the BAW and the test circuit;
- Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of a signal detection system. Examples
- the manufacturing process of the gene chip according to the present invention mainly includes the processing of a quartz chip, and the manufacturing of gold electrodes on the upper and lower surfaces of the stone chip.
- the designed probe is cured in situ with the upper electrode to complete the preparation of the entire chip.
- the above-mentioned detection process of the gene chip includes PCR amplification of the sample DNA according to a conventional method, and labeling the sample DNA with nano-gold (the direct labeling method described in the invention content H). After hybridization of the nano-gold labeled sample DNA with the probe on the chip, the frequency shift of the BAW sensor before and after the hybridization was detected. After data analysis, judge the DNA hybridization status of each array element. It can be used for data analysis and medical conclusions.
- the chip shown in Figure 2 is exactly the same as the chip shown in Figure 1.
- Detection process Describe the additional notation described in Content I.
- the DNA-terminus of the sample is bound to biotin. After hybridization with the probe on the chip, it is then labeled with nanogold combined with avidin, and then the frequency shift of the BAW sensor before and after the nanogold labeling is detected.
- Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the biochip manufacturing process of the present invention, and DNA hybridization by direct labeling.
- the method includes etching the lower surface of the quartz wafer 300 to form a flat groove 301, and then forming gold electrodes 302 and 303 on the upper and lower surfaces.
- the upper surface electrode 303 is immobilized with the DNA probe 304 on the surface of the gold film, and hybridizes with the sample DNA 305 labeled with the nano-labeled 306 material to generate a final product 307.
- Piezoelectric bulk acoustic testing is usually performed after the wafer is dried.
- Zero frequency signal detection is performed after step 5.
- Post-hybrid frequency signal detection is performed after step 7.
- the amplification effect of nanomarkers can be theoretically handled very easily, and the maximum sensitivity of piezoelectric bulk acoustic waves can be achieved.
- Moisture and other residues on the surface may cause interference, but after the nano-gold labeling, this weakness can be greatly reduced because water molecules and gases adsorbed in the air are all small-mass molecules.
- the magnification effect of nanoparticles can reduce the effect of these small molecules to less than one millionth. But if there is no enhancement of nano-gold particles, their effect is an order of magnitude the same as the analyte.
- the chip part can also be tested in an aqueous solution. In this case, the BAW resonance has a damping effect.
- the frequency shift can reach a range suitable for detection.
- Detection in aqueous solution can observe the dynamic process of DNA hybridization. After step 5 in Figure 3, the test system is turned on, and the frequency signals are continuously collected, or the array is scanned periodically, recorded, and then analyzed and processed. Testing in aqueous solution can also observe the different mechanical properties of biomolecules in the aqueous solution from the dry state.
- BAW is an acoustic-based sensor that is ideally suited for this type of test.
- FIG. 4 shows the DNA hybridization of the additional method of the present invention.
- the biochip manufacturing process is the same as the direct labeling method in FIG. 3. Different from FIG. 3, the sample DNA 400 is hybridized with the probe 304 on the biochip to form a double-stranded DNA 402, and then labeled with the nanoparticle material 401. The final product is also 307. This method can obtain the piezoelectric bulk acoustic wave effect produced by nanoparticle materials. If the test is performed after the crystal plate is dried, the zero frequency signal detection is performed after the DNA probe is hybridized with the sample in step 6. The additional nano-labeling is performed in step 7, and the frequency signal detection after hybridization is performed in step 8.
- the test system can be connected after step 5 or the test system can be connected after step 6. Continuous acquisition of frequency signals. In both cases, a strong signal is observed during the nanolabeling step 7.
- the upper and lower surface electrodes shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 are formed by a general metal process in a semiconductor electronic chip manufacturing technology.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating one type of this general metal process: the process of forming electrodes by photolithography and lift-off.
- the substrate 500 is covered with a layer of photoresist 501.
- the photoresist 501 is then exposed through a mask 502 (generally made of a Cr film on a transparent substrate). After processing, the exposed portion is removed, and the state shown in step 4 is formed. Then, in step 5, a gold film 503 is covered on the photoresist by evaporation; finally, all photoresist is removed by a photoresist solvent. The shape corresponding to the blank space of the mask is copied on the gold film to form a state of 504 (equivalent to 302 or 303). Electrode formation can also be accomplished using a variety of other processes. Such as: seed layer / lithography / gold plating, gold plating / lithography / gold etching, etc. Both silicon dioxide and gold have good biocompatibility.
- the sensor surface to be used is the upper electrode surface. In biomedical experiments, less attention is paid to the lower surface. But the table below is equally sensitive to BAW devices. To mitigate this effect, a flat groove 301 can be etched on the lower surface using MEMS processing (see Figures 3 and 4). The flat-groove process can be integrated with the process in Figure 5 to complete it. Special treatment can also be performed during the packaging process to completely seal the lower surface.
- the direct labeling method is to perform nano-gold labeling on the sample before hybridization
- the additional labeling method is to perform nano-gold labeling after hybridization.
- the purpose of the labeling is to connect the nanoparticles to the sample DNA.
- connection method we can either achieve it by bonding molecules that are effective for biomaterials and nanoparticles, or formulate a universal bonding scheme that can be used for most biomaterials.
- Nanogold has a mature technology for directly labeling DNA or protein. When nanoparticles and biological materials have been identified, direct bonding methods can be found in many public sources. Do not discuss too much here (figure omitted).
- Figures 6 and 7 are all general bonding schemes. Biomaterials and nanoparticles are first attached to the two parts of an affinity pair, and then these pretreated biomaterials are combined with the pretreated nanoparticles to finally achieve the bonding of biomaterials and nanoparticles.
- Bioaffinity pairs There are many options for bioaffinity pairs, but the avidin-biotin system is the most promising.
- Avidin also known as avidin, is a glycoprotein (molecular weight 68kD) extracted from protein; biotin, also known as vitamin H, is a small molecular substance extracted from yolk and liver ( Molecular weight 244.31).
- Biotin is able to bind to many low molecular weight or high molecular weight biomolecules, such as DNA, through chemical reactions. Protein, hormones, etc.
- a biological material 601 (here, DNA) is combined with a first portion 602 (here, a biotin) of an affinity pair into a pre-treated sample biological material 603.
- the nanoparticles are combined with the second part 604 (here, avidin) in the affinity pair to form a pre-treated nano-labeling material 605.
- 605 is then combined with 603 to become a complete nano-labeled sample biological material 606.
- 606 further hybridizes with the solidified biological probe 607 (equivalent to 304) to form a nano-labeled hybridization product 608 (here, double-stranded DNA, equivalent to 307).
- This nanoparticle bonding method is very suitable for the additional labeling method.
- FIG. 7 the process of preparing the affinity-pretreated sample biological material 603 and the pre-treated nano-labeled material 605 is exactly the same as that of FIG. 6. The difference is that 603 first hybridizes with the solidified bioprobe 607 to form a 701 state. Then, a label 605 is added to form a nano-labeled hybrid product 608 identical to FIG. 6.
- the advantages of this method are: First, the nanoparticles can be much larger than DNA, amino acids, and other low-to-medium biomolecules. When these analytes are attached to the nanoparticles, they will be affected by the reaction kinetics, which is related to the biological probes on the substrate.
- Hybridization is affected; at the same time, there is an effect of the chemical reaction rate when the analyte is bound to the nanoparticles.
- the direct labeling method during the labeling process, some sample DNA is affected by chemical reactions and fails to bind to the nanoparticles and dissociates in the solution, causing waste of sample analytes; but all these effects can be reduced to a minimum in the additional labeling .
- the binding of unlabeled analytes on the surface to the DNA probe will be very smooth.
- Another advantage is that many biological materials have an effect on the electrical signals being detected. As the last step of the whole biometrics labeling process, the additional labeling method can distinguish the net effect produced by the nanoparticles.
- Nanoparticles have the properties of colloidal particles in solution. An electric double layer is formed on the particle surface, and the stability of the colloidal solution is maintained by the charge repulsion of the outer electric layer. The ionic strength in the solution has a great influence on the dispersion and stability of the nanoparticles. Large ionic strength will destroy the electric double layer on the surface of the nanoparticle, cause the particle to condense and settle, and cause its absorption spectrum to drift. In order to eliminate the noise caused by non-specific adsorption during the hybridization process, the binding force between the nanoparticles and avidin should be such that no signal is lost during elution.
- the particle size of the nanoparticles is not only related to the nano-preparation technology, but also related to the precise positioning of the nanoparticles and the synergistic effect on hybridization and signal detection.
- the nanometer particle size affects hybridization and labeling through reaction kinetics and steric hindrance, and the particle size is used to control the mass size. And affect its amplification effect, thereby determining the sensitivity of the chip system. All these influencing factors can be optimized with direct measurements using basic sensors to obtain the best conditions.
- FIG. 8 shows the BAW passive array of the independent connection method described in Summary D of the present invention.
- 800 is a substrate
- 801 is an upper electrode
- 802 is a lower electrode
- 803 is a flat groove on the lower surface of the substrate (equivalent to 301).
- This design avoids design jumps for unit sensors and arrays.
- the fabrication of the sensor array is the same as the unit sensor except for the mask.
- This process step is relatively simple and minimizes costs.
- the size of each point element and the thickness of the quartz should be determined jointly according to the requirements of the sensor and the bioprobe.
- This wiring scheme can be made into an array of at least 50 to 100, so it is sufficient for small and medium applications.
- the multiplexer switch circuit can be used to detect the point elements one by one.
- FIG. 9 shows a BAW passive array of the cross-connect method described in Summary D of the present invention.
- 900 is a substrate
- 901 is a lower surface electrode
- 902 is an upper surface electrode
- 903 is a through line
- 904 is an external terminal
- 905 is a flat groove on the lower surface of the substrate (equivalent to 301).
- the biggest benefit of this design is to avoid congestion in the independent connection method. Can be made into high-throughput chips with tens of thousands of array elements.
- the manufacturing process steps and unit sensors are the same except for the mask.
- FIG. 10 shows the SAW passive array of the cross-connect method according to the invention.
- 1000 is a piezoelectric substrate.
- 1001 is a through line.
- 1002 is a retarded surface.
- the bioprobe is usually placed here.
- 1003 is the delay distance, which together with the surface load of 1002 determines the SAW delay time.
- Another aspect of array fabrication is the co-location of bioprobes.
- the two sides of the upper and lower electrodes can be contacted using a circuit board (Method 1 in the figure), and the upper and lower electrodes are directly connected to the circuit board.
- the two sides of the upper and lower surface electrodes can also be contacted by using a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) through penetration etching and then using a T-junction (Method 2 in the figure), where 1101 is a T-junction and 1102 is a through-hole.
- MEMS micro-electromechanical system
- the electronic circuit design shown in Figure 12 can be used to measure the resonance frequency of BAW. All IC chips are universal, and the front-end circuit of the oscillator has certain analog components. Everything else is digital. The operating frequency is between 1 and 100 MHz. IC selection range is wide. After entering productization, the entire signal collection and analysis The analysis system can be concentrated on one board. One solution is to add a digital signal processor (DSP) to the counter. Array address can be realized by parallel interface, and it can be completed by the matching liquid crystal display system. Another solution is to replace the computer part in the figure with a palmtop computer, and its interface and software are compatible with the PC. In this way, all the computing and display parts can be used, but the cost is slightly higher. The test of SAW is the same as that of BAW. The measurement of the delay time also needs to add some PLL ICs and circuits.
- DSP digital signal processor
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CN100442048C (zh) * | 2005-03-28 | 2008-12-10 | 湖南文理学院 | 农药对捕食性天敌体内消化酶活性的快速检测方法 |
CN100427924C (zh) * | 2005-11-02 | 2008-10-22 | 天津科技大学 | 自发光生物芯片及其制作方法 |
CN101241125B (zh) * | 2008-03-10 | 2013-02-13 | 施晓燕 | 一种用于液相测量的压电传感器及封装方法 |
CN102472742B (zh) * | 2009-07-07 | 2015-07-22 | 西门子公司 | 作为生物芯片的传感器 |
CA2817283C (en) * | 2010-10-05 | 2020-07-14 | Anpac Bio-Medical Science Co., Ltd. | Micro-devices for disease detection |
US10234425B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2019-03-19 | Qorvo Us, Inc. | Thin film bulk acoustic resonator with signal enhancement |
EP3919896B1 (en) | 2013-05-23 | 2024-07-03 | Zomedica Biotechnologies LLC | Two part assembly |
US9910015B2 (en) * | 2014-04-14 | 2018-03-06 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Sensor array chip with piezoelectric transducer including inkjet forming method |
CN107250794B (zh) | 2014-09-15 | 2020-09-15 | Qorvo美国公司 | 具有信号增强的薄膜体声波谐振器 |
JP2021528664A (ja) | 2018-07-06 | 2021-10-21 | コーボ ユーエス,インコーポレイティド | ダイナミックレンジが拡大されたバルク音響波共振器 |
CN111766415B (zh) * | 2020-08-14 | 2020-12-25 | 强一半导体(苏州)有限公司 | 一种导引板mems探针结构模板烧刻方法 |
TWI818596B (zh) * | 2022-06-22 | 2023-10-11 | 嘉碩生醫電子股份有限公司 | 具有槽結構的剪切模式液相感測器、其製造方法及其使用方法 |
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US6321588B1 (en) * | 1998-09-11 | 2001-11-27 | Femtometrics, Inc. | Chemical sensor array |
CN1325026A (zh) * | 2001-07-10 | 2001-12-05 | 重庆大学 | 压电生物芯片微流检测装置 |
EP1176422A1 (de) * | 2000-07-27 | 2002-01-30 | BioChip Technologies GmbH | Sensor-Chips mit Polysiloxan-Mehrfachschichten |
CN1361864A (zh) * | 1999-07-13 | 2002-07-31 | 费希尔控制产品国际公司 | 用于改善谐振器信噪比的频率牵引 |
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US6321588B1 (en) * | 1998-09-11 | 2001-11-27 | Femtometrics, Inc. | Chemical sensor array |
CN1361864A (zh) * | 1999-07-13 | 2002-07-31 | 费希尔控制产品国际公司 | 用于改善谐振器信噪比的频率牵引 |
EP1176422A1 (de) * | 2000-07-27 | 2002-01-30 | BioChip Technologies GmbH | Sensor-Chips mit Polysiloxan-Mehrfachschichten |
CN1325026A (zh) * | 2001-07-10 | 2001-12-05 | 重庆大学 | 压电生物芯片微流检测装置 |
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