US3768539A

US3768539A - Modular arrangement of falling film multiple effect evaporator

Info

Publication number: US3768539A
Application number: US00161799A
Authority: US
Inventors: R Chamberlin; L Bjornkjaer
Original assignee: Westinghouse Electric Corp
Current assignee: CBS Corp
Priority date: 1971-07-12
Filing date: 1971-07-12
Publication date: 1973-10-30
Anticipated expiration: 1990-10-30

Abstract

A falling film, multi-effect evaporator comprising a plurality of compartmented, modular shell sections separated by sheets of heat transfer material, the modular sections being arranged in sets and so disposed that liquor from lower compartments of one set of modular sections is raised to upper compartments of an adjacent set of modular sections, and vapor condensing in one set of modular sections provides the heat source to vaporize a portion of the liquor in another set of modular sections, the walls of the modular sections and the sheets of heat transfer material being the principal heat transfer surfaces incorporated in the evaporator.

Description

[ Oct. 30, 1973 [54] MODULAR ARRANGEMENT OF FALLING FILM MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR [75] Inventors: Richard M. Chamberlin,

Y McKeesport, Pa.; Leif Bjornkjaer,

'Waterloo, Belgium [73] Assignee: Westinghouse Electric Corporation,

Pittsburgh, Pa.

221 Filed: July 12, 1971 21 Appl. No.: 161,799

[52] US. Cl 1159/13 A, 159/17 C, 159/28 P, 165/166, 202/174 [51] Int. Cl B0111 1/22, BOld 1/26, BOld 1/00,

F28f 3/00, BOld 3/02 [58] Field of Search 159/13 A, 13 R, 13 B, 159/17 C, 28 P; 165/166; 202/174 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,150,028 9/1964 Wennerberg 165/166 X 3,155,565 11/1964 3,397,730 8/1968 Fritz 159/13 B 3,469,615 9/1969 Usher 165/166 X FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 354,822 10/1905 France 165/166 62,213 5/1904 Germany 159/28 P Primary Examinerl lorman Yudkoff Assistant Examiner-J. Sofer Attorney-A. T. Stratton et al.

[57] ABSTRACT A falling film, multi-effect evaporator comprising a plurality of compartmented, modular shell sections separated by sheets of heat transfer material, the modular sectionsbeing arranged in sets and so disposed that liquor from lower compartments of one set of modular sections is raised to upper compartments of any adjacent set of modular sections, and vapor condensing in one set of modular sections provides the heat source to vaporize a portion of the liquor in another set of modular sections, the walls of the modular sections and the sheets of heat transfer material being the principal heat transfer surfaces incorporated in the evaporator.

8 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures HEAT TRANSFER 6) SH EETS COOLING WATER OUT CONDENSATE OR PRODUCT 45 OUT 6(Fig.

BRINE WASTE lN PAIENIEnnm 30 ms SHEEI 1 [IF 4 HEAT TRANSFER CONDENSATE OR PRODUCT 5 OUT BRlNE WASTE M A E T s CONDENSATE OR PRODUCT EXCESS COOLING BRIN E I IEnnm 30 ms 7 3.768539 SHEET 2 0r 4 25- BRINE CONDENSATE FIGS PATENTEDUCT 30 ms SHEET 30F 4 CONDENSATE CODENSATE MODULAR ARRANGEMENT OF FALLING FILM MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to falling film, multi -effect evaporators and more particularly to such evaporators formed from modular shell sections.

Multiple effect distillation, in'which a preheated feed liquor is concentrated by a series of evaporation and condensation stages at progressively lower pressure and temperature, has historically maintained a thermodynamic advantage over multistage flash distillation, in which heated brine is passed through successive flash chambers in counterflow relation with the passage of condensing fluid through heat exchange elements in the respectively Successive condenser chambers.

In recent years the multistage flash distillation has been preferred, becasue of advantages resulting from horizontal long tube design including: first, heat is transferred to a subcooled brine stream avoiding the scaling situation known to exist when nucleation occurs on a brine heat transfer surface, and secondly, the arrangement of the stages permits the use of simple repetitive elements in the form of tubes extending through a number of stages with each of the stages in a given flash range being similarly arranged.

The thermodynamic advantages of the falling film, multiple effect evaporator include: first, operating without recycling the brine resulting in operating the multi-effect cycle with a lower concentration brine having a lower boiling point; no high head recycling pump is needed; the maximum operating temperature for muIti-effect distillation is 25 to 50 higher because of the lower concentration of scale forming constituents in the brine; and the production of vapor from a falling film elminates the decrement of the means temperature differential, which occurs when heat is stored and transferred as sensible heat.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In general, a falling film, multi-effect evaporator made in accordance with this invention comprises a plurality of modular compartmented shell sections having walls therein dividing the modular shell sections into upper, central and lower compartments, and'a plurality of sheets of heat transfer material imposed between rows of the modular shell sections. The walls of the modular shell sections and the sheets are the principal heat transfer surfacesincorporated in the evaporator. The modular shell sections are' effectively arranged BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The objects and advantages of this invention will become more apparent from reading the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an evaporator made in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 2 is an isometric view similar to FIG. 1, but viewed from the opposite direction;

FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a standard compartmented modular shell section utilized to form the evaporator;

FIG. 4 is an isometric view ofa steam inlet, compartmerited, modular shell section utilized to form the evaporator;

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a first effect, compartmented, modular shell section utilized to form the evaporator;

FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a last effect, compartmented, modular shell section utilized to form the evaporator;

FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a standard, compartmented, modular shell section having a recess on one face thereof for receiving a heat transfer sheet and FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a sheet of heat transfer material utilized in this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings in detail, FIG. 1 shows a falling film multi-effect evaporatorl comprising a plurality of compartmented modular shell sections or

modules

3, 4, 5 and 6 separated by sheets of heat transfer material 7, such as aluminum brass, -10 coppernickel, and other alloys. The modules 3 are effectively arranged in sets S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 to provide sufficient pressure and temperature differentials between adjacent sets to provide the driving force for a liquid lift to lift liquid, generally brine, from lower brine collecting compartments l0 and 11 in one set of modules to upper

brine distributing compartments

12 and 13 in an adjacent set of modules. The sheets of heat transfer material 7 are so disposed, relative to the modules to effectively provide the heat transfer surface necessary to transmit heat from one set of modules, in which vapor is being condensed, to an adjacent set of modules, which liquid is being evaporated.

The modules 3, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, are interdigitated, as they are arranged in longitudinal rows and are staggered with a sheet of heat'transfer material 7 interposed between adjacentmodu'les in transverse direction.

As shown in FIG. 3, one group of the modular shell sections or modules 3 has

parallel walls

17 and 18, and

central compartment 21 of an adjacent set of modules 3. The central wall portion 1-9 is shown to have three ports 25 placing the central compartments20 and 21 in communication with each other. One of the upper brine distributing compartments 13 has scalloped edges 27 on a wall portion 29 separating the upper distributing compartment 13 from the central compartment 21.

An upwardly extending vent pipe 31 is in communication with

compartments

13 and 21 and is disposed normal to the wall portion 29. A port 33 places the central compartment 21 in communication with the lower outboard brine drain compartment 11. A port 34 places the central compartment 20 in communication with the lower outboard condensate compartment 22. Thus, of the eight compartments disposed in the module 3 five are in communication to provide internal passageways for the various fluids as they progress through the evaporator.

FIG. 4 shows another group of modular shell sections or modules, the steam inlet modules 4. Each steam inlet module 4 has an upper brine distributing compartment 12', a central compartment 20', a lower brine compartment 10', and a lower condensate compartment 22. A port 34' places the central compartment 20' in communication with the lower condensate compartment 22'. The port 35 is disposed in wall 18 for admitting steam into the central compartment 20'.

Another group of modular shell sections or modules, the first effect sections, is shown is FIG. and comprises a pair of parallel wall portions 17" and 18", and a dividing wall portion 19"; The wall portion 19" is generally twice as thick as the wall portion 17" and 18". A central compartment 21" is shown to be in communication with a brine distributing compartment 13" via scalloped edges 27" of a dividing wall 29", with a central compartment 20" via ports 25", and with a lower brine compartment 11" via a port 33", which is disposed in a wall portion 37". The central compartment 20" is in communication with a lower condensate compartment 22" via a port 34", which is disposed in a wall portion 39". A lower brine collecting compartment is disposed adjacent compartments 20" and 22", and a lower steam condensate compartment 23" is disposed adjacent compartments 21" and 1 l Another group of modular shell sections or modules incorporated in the evaporator is the last effect modules 6. The last effect module 6, as shown in FIG. 6, comprises a pair of parallel walls 17'' and 18", an upper brine distributing compartment 13", a central compartment 21" and a pair of lower compartments 11" and 23". The central compartment 21" is in communication with the upper brine distributing compartment 13" via the scalloped edges of a wall portion 29" and with the lower compartment 11" via a port 31". Round ports 41 are disposed in the wall 17 to provide an exit for vapor formed in the central chamber 21".

FIG. 7 shows a modification of the modular shell section or module 3 herebefore shown in FIG. 3. The modified module 3, as shown in FIG. 7, has a notch 43 extending across one face thereof forming a recess for receiving the sheet of heat transfer material 7. If the notch 43 is not provided in the modules the sheets of heat transfer material are provided with upper and lower ports which register with the upper and lower compartments, so that registering upper and lower compartments are in communication and registering central compartments have sheets of heat transfer material 7 interposed therebetween.

The sheets of heat transfer material 7 may be flat sheets or they may be corrugated or embossed to increase their heat transfer surfaces utilizing sheet material for the heat transfer surfaces of the heat transfer surfaces which are easily cleaned and/or replaced.

The multi-effect, falling film evaporator, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, has associated therewith a preheater 45, through which brine flows and is heated before entering the brine distributing compartments l2 and 13" of

themodules

4 and 5. First effect modules 5 are sandwiched between steam supply modules 4 with a sheet of heat transfer material 7 interposed therebetween. The sheets of heat transfer material generally extend the length of the evaporator. The upper brine supply compartments 12' of the modules 4 register and are in communication with the upper brine compartment 13" of the module 5; lower brine drain compartments 10' 11" register and are in communication; condensate drain compartments 22' and 23" register and are in communication; and the compartments 20' and 21" register, however, a sheet of heat transfer material separates these compartments. A gasket or other sealing material generally shaped to fit the face of the modules forms a seal between mating surfaces providing integrity between the communicating components.

A pump (not shown) causes heated brine from the preheater 45 to flood the compartments 12' and 13", which form a first brine supply conduit 46, and flows through the scalloped edges 27" of the first effect modules 5 and down one side of the heat transfer sheets 7. Steam from a boiler (not shown) supplies the source of heat. The steam flows into the compartments 20' via ports 35, contacts the sheets of heat transfer material 7, and condenses. The condensate flows through the ports 34' into a condensate drain conduit 47 formed by the compartments 22' and 23" and then back into a condensate system (not shown) via duct 47'. Upon condensing on the heat transfer sheet 7 in compartments 20', the steam gives up its heat of vaporization and a small amount of its sensible heat to a film of brine flowing down the opposite side of the heat transfer sheets in compartments 21", vaporizing a portion of this brine film. The remaining of this brine flows downwardly through the ports 33" into the brine drain compartments 22", which register with brine drain compartments 10' to form a first lower brine drain conduit 49.

Final brine waste is removed from compartment 10 of module S6-via conduit 53' as seen in FIG. 1.

Interdigitated with the first effect modules 5 is the first set of modules 81. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the set of modules S1 comprises three standard modules 3 so disposed that compartments 13, 21, 23 and l 1 register with compartments 12", 20", 22" and 10" respectively. Sheets of heat transfer material 7 are interposed between compartments 20" and 21, while the remaining compartments form conduits, which extend transversely of the evaporators. Closure sheets 51 which extend the length of the evaporator close the ends of the transverse conduits and

central compartments

20 and 21 of the modules adjacent thereto. The closure sheets 51 and 51' are disposed parallel to the heat transfer sheet 7 and are insulated on the outer side thereof to reduce heat loss from the evaporator.

A first lift conduit 53 is in communication with the first brine drain conduit 49 formed by the

chambers

10 and 11" and with a second brine supply conduit 54 formed by the chambers 12" and 13. Because of the low height of the modules the pressure differential between these chambers 21" and 21 is sufficient to provide a vapor lift or thermosiphoning to lift the brine from the first drain conduit 49 to the second brine supply conduit 54. The pressure differential between adjacent sets of modules is caused by the difference in the saturated vapor pressure associated with reductions in temperature in consecutive downstream sets of modules. This temperature and pressure differential allows some of the liquid in the lift conduit to vaporize and drive a slug of liquid, disposed above the vapor, up the conduit to "provide a vapor lift or thermosiphon forthe liquid in the lift conduit. Thus, the temperature difference and associated pressure difference between adjacent sets of modules is sufficient to provide a vapor lift to lift brine from the drain conduit in communication with the central compartment in one set of modules to the supply conduit supplying the film of brine to the central compartments of the adjacent downstream set of modules.

Brine from the brine supply conduit 54 flows past the scalloped edges 27 of the wall portion 29 forming a film of brine on the side of the sheet of heat transfer material 7 adjacent chambers 21, and vapor from the first effect module 5, which enters the chamber 20" through ports 25", condenses on the sheets of heat transfer material giving up its heat of vaporization and a small amount of sensible heat to vaporize the film of brine flowing down the other side of the sheets of heat transfer material 7 in chambers 21. The condensate from chambers 20" flows into chambers 22"via ports 34" and then flows to the preheater via a first product condensate drain 55 formed by the chambers 22' and 23". Unvaporized brine flows into chamber 1 1 via port 33 and then to a second lift conduit 53 via a second brine drain conduit 49' formed by the chambers and 11. The second lift conduit 53' is also in communication with a third brine supply conduit 54' formed by the

chambers

13 and 12 of the sets of modules 81 and S2, respectively. The modules of sets 81 and S2 are so disposed that

chambers

13, 21, 23 and 11 of the S2 set of modules register, respectively, with the

chambers

12, 20, 22 and 10 of the S1 set of modules, sheets of heat transfer material 7 are interposed between the chambers and 21 of adjacent modules and the closure sheets provide the end closures for the various compartments and conduits. Vapor formed in chambers 21 flows to chambers 20 of the S1 set of modules 3, condenses on one side of the heat transfer sheets 7 and vaporized brine flowing down the other side of the heat transfer sheets in chambers 21 of the 82' set of modules. Vapor formed in chamber 21 of the S2 set of modules flows to the chamber 20 of the S2 set of modules to vaporize brine in the chamber 21 of the S3 set of modules, and so on in successively numbered sets, until vapor condensing in chamber 20 of the S6 set of modules 3 vaporizes brine in chambers 21" of the last effect modules 6. The vapor from chamber 21" flows to the preheater via ports 41 and conduits 56 where the vapor is condensed by brine entering the preheater. Brine not evaporated in the various evaporation chambers has a very high concentration of salt and other solids and therefore is blown down to waste.

Brine not evaporated in the compartments 21 of the set of modules S1 flows downwardly through the ports 33 and into the chambers 11. The chambers 11 and chambers 10 of modules of sets S1 and S2 form the second brine drain conduit 49 which is in communication with the brine lift conduit 53' to lift brine to chambers 12 of the S1 set of modules and chambers 13 of the S2 set of modules to provide a supply of brine to form a film of brine on one side of the sheets of heat transfer material in compartments 21 of the S2 set of modules. This film of brine is partially evaporated by the heat given up by the condensing vapor on the other side of the sheets of heat transfer material. In a similar manner brine not evaporated in previous sets of modules is supplied successively to the sets S3, S4, S5, S6 and finally to the last effect module 6. Brine not evaporatec in the last effect module 6 has a very high concentration of salt and other solids and therefore it is blown down to waste, as noted earlier.

The modules, thus arranged, from an evaporator which has a low initial cost per Btu of heat transferred or per square foot of heat transfer surface; which provides thermal and hydraulic stability over a wide operating range, thus allowing the number and size Of stages to be changed easily to optimize the operation thereof; which provides a minimum pressure drop between stages, thus increasing the life of the evaporator, since pits caused by corrosion of the heat transfer surface tend to stop short of perforation, when there is a low pressure gradient across the heat transfer surfaces; which facilitates replacement and cleaning of the heat transfer surfaces, since they are sheet material; which is cheaper to produce, because of the multiplicity of standard parts and the elimination of much of the external piping; and which will evaporate brine at a lower cost than other evaporators herebefore made.

We claim:

1. A falling film, forward flow, multi-effect evaporav tor comprising a plurality of relatively thin, prismatic, modular,

compartmented shell sections disposed in a plurality of parallel rows along their longer dimensions, each modular shell section having thru openings on its opposite, large faces and having walls therein dividing said modular shell section into (1) an upper, liquid conveying compartment with a perforate floor to distribute liquid streams as a film on heat transfer surfaces, (2) a vertically partitioned central compartment one subchamber of which receives the liquid streams and the other subchamber of which receives released vapor from the streams thru the partition perforations, and (3) a lower compartment also subdivided into separate chambers to receive concentrated liquid and condensed vapor respectively thru perforate floors of said subchambers,

a plurality of separator sheets of heat transfer material interposed between said rows of said modular shell sections said'walls of said sections and said sheets providing the principle heat transfer surfaces, said sheets being disposed to effectively provide said heat transfer surfaces between said rows, necessary to transmit heat from a set of sections in which vapor is being condensed, to the immediately downstream set of sections in which liquid film is being evaporated,

said sections being arranged in sets which comprise a plurality of parallel disposed, modular sections, said sets extending in a direction perpendicular to the rows, at least one set interdigitating with two adjacent sets to provide sufficient temperature and pressure differentials between adjacent sets of sections to provide a vapor lift to raise liquid from said lower liquid compartments of one set of sections to said upper liquid conveying compartments of that adjacent set of sections which is immediately downstream of said one set, with respect to liquid and vapor flow.

2. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein the modular shell sections are generally at the same elevation.

3. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein the modular shell sections each have at least four compartments therein and at least two of said compartments are in communication with each other.

4. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein a group of the modular shell sections have four compartments therein with two of said four compartments being in communication with each other, and

a group of the modular shell sections having eight compartments therein with five of said eight compartments being in communication.

5. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein the modular shell sections have parallel walls and have compartments therein having parallel walls.

6. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein a group of the modular shell sections has a central vertical wall portion dividing the modular shell sections in said group in half, each half having an upper compartment, a central compartment, and a pair of lower compartments,

said central compartments being in communication with each other,

one central compartment being in communication with an adjacent outboard lower compartment, and

the other central compartment being in communica tion with an adjacent upper compartment and with an adjacent outboard lower compartment.

7. An evaporator as set forth in claim I, wherein the modular shell sections have parallel walls,

a group of the modular shell sections has a vertical central wall portion dividing the modular shell sections in half,

each half having an upper compartment, a central compartment and a pair of lower compartments,

said compartments each having parallel walls,

each central compartment being in communication with the other central compartment and with an outboard lower compartment adjacent thereto,

one of said central compartments also being in communication with said upper compartment adjacent to it.

8. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein the modular shell sections have parallel walls, the modular shell sections being higher than they are wide, and

wider than they are thick.

Claims

1. A falling film, forward flow, multi-effect evaporator comprising a plurality of relatively thin, prismatic, modular, compartmented shell sections disposed in a plurality of parallel rows along their longer dimensions, each modular shell section having thru openings on its opposite, large faces and having walls therein dividing said modular shell section into (1) an upper, liquid conveying compartment with a perforate floor to distribute liquid streams as a film on heat transfer surfaces, (2) a vertically partitioned central compartment one subchamber of which receives the liquid streams and the other subchamber of which receives released vapor from the streams thru the partition perforations, and (3) a lower compartment also subdivided into separate chambers to receive concentrated liquid and condensed vapor respectively thru perforate floors of said subchambers, a plurality of separator sheets of heat transfer material interposed between said rows of said modular shell sections, said walls of said sections and said sheets providing the principle heat transfer surfaces, said sheets being disposed to effectively provide said heat transfer surfaces between said rows, necessary to transmit heat from a set of sections in which vapor is being condensed, to the immediately downstream set of sections in which liquid film is being evaporated, said sections being arranged in sets which comprise a plurality of parallel disposed, modular sections, said sets extending in a direction perpendicular to the rows, at least one set interdigitating with two adjacent sets to provide sufficient temperature and pressure differentials between adjacent sets of sections to provide a vapor lift to raise liquid from said lower liquid compartments of one set of sections to said upper liquid conveying compartments of that adjacent set of sections which is immediately downstream of said one set, with respect to liquid and vapor flow.

4. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein a group of the modular shell sections have four compartments therein with two of said four compartments being in communication with each other, and a group of the modular shell sections having eight compartments therein with five of said eight compartments being in communication.

6. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein a group of the modular shell sections has a central vertical wall portion dividing the modular shell sections in said group in half, each half having an upper compartment, a central compartment, and a pair of lower compartments, said central compartments being in communication with each other, one central compartment being in communication with an adjacent outboard lower compartment, and the other central compartment being in communication with an adjacent upper compartment and with an adjacent outboard lower compartment.

7. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein the modular shell sections have parallel walls, a group of the modular shell sections has a vertical central wall portion dividing the modular shell sections in half, each half having an upper compartment, a central compartment and a pair of lower compartments, said compartments each having parallel walls, each central compartmenT being in communication with the other central compartment and with an outboard lower compartment adjacent thereto, one of said central compartments also being in communication with said upper compartment adjacent to it.

8. An evaporator as set forth in claim 1, wherein the modular shell sections have parallel walls, the modular shell sections being higher than they are wide, and wider than they are thick.