KR20220162482A - 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질, 이의 제조 방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질, 이의 제조 방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR20220162482A KR20220162482A KR1020210070990A KR20210070990A KR20220162482A KR 20220162482 A KR20220162482 A KR 20220162482A KR 1020210070990 A KR1020210070990 A KR 1020210070990A KR 20210070990 A KR20210070990 A KR 20210070990A KR 20220162482 A KR20220162482 A KR 20220162482A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- nickel
- composite metal
- manganese
- positive electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 41
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 194
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- IPJKJLXEVHOKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mn+2] IPJKJLXEVHOKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003021 water soluble solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydroxide Substances [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 19
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- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
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- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 150000002697 manganese compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000445 field-emission scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000007561 laser diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinon Chemical compound CN1CCN(C)C1=O CYSGHNMQYZDMIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical group COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012722 Li3N-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910013043 Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013035 Li3PO4-Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012810 Li3PO4—Li2S-SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012797 Li3PO4—Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012047 Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012075 Li4SiO4-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012057 Li4SiO4—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010093 LiAlO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015044 LiB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013188 LiBOB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013372 LiC 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010941 LiFSI Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013385 LiN(SO2C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013417 LiN(SO3C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012258 LiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007580 dry-mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- PMQJYWORJJEMQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Mn] PMQJYWORJJEMQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular fluorine Chemical compound C.FF QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
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Abstract
Description
도 2는 리튬 이차 전지의 대표적인 구조를 개략적으로 도시한 사시도이다.
도 3은 실시예 1 및 비교예 1 내지 4의 코인 셀의 수명(100사이클) 평가 결과를 나타낸 것이다.
충전 용량(mAh/g) | 방전 용량(mAh/g) | 충방전 효율(%) | |
실시예 1 | 245.5 | 223.9 | 91.2 % |
실시예 2 | 244.8 | 223.0 | 91.1 % |
비교예 1 | 244.7 | 220.7 | 90.2 % |
비교예 2 | 240.6 | 219.0 | 91.0 % |
비교예 3 | 244.1 | 218.3 | 89.4 % |
비교예 4 | 243.5 | 219.3 | 90.1 % |
실시예 1 | 비교예 1 | 비교예 2 | 비교예 3 | 비교예 4 | |
수명(100회) | 94.0% | 88.2% | 90.0% | 87.6% | 92.1% |
3: 1차 입자
5a: 쉘
5b: 코어
7: 입계
31: 리튬 이차 전지
32: 음극
33: 양극
34: 세퍼레이터
35: 전지 케이스
36: 캡 어셈블리
Claims (15)
- 복수의 1차 입자가 응집된 2차 입자인 니켈계 복합 금속 산화물을 포함하는 양극 활물질로서,
상기 니켈계 복합 금속 산화물은 코어 및 쉘을 포함하며,
상기 쉘의 1차 입자는 망간-함유 니켈계 복합 금속 산화물로 코팅되고,
상기 망간-함유 니켈계 복합 금속 산화물은 층상 구조를 가지는, 양극 활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 코어는 망간을 포함하지 않는, 양극 활물질 - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 쉘의 1차 입자 내부에서 표면까지 망간 농도가 증가하는 농도 구배(gradient)가 나타나는, 양극 활물질 - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 쉘에 코팅된 망간의 코팅 형태는 아일랜드 형태 혹은 미세나노입자 형태인 양극 활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 니켈계 복합 금속 산화물 내 망간의 함량이 1.5몰% 미만인, 양극 활물질 - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 쉘의 두께는 2㎛ 이하인, 양극 활물질 - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 니켈계 복합 금속 산화물의 입경이 8 내지 18 ㎛ 인, 양극 활물질 - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 망간-함유 니켈계 복합 금속 산화물은 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는, 양극 활물질:
[화학식 1]
LiNi1-x-y-zCoxMnyMzO2
상기 화학식 1에서,
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, 0.001 ≤ y < 0.015, 및 0 ≤ z ≤0.3이고, M은 Ni, Mn, Al, Cr, Fe, V, Mg, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, Sn, La, B, Ta, Pr, Si, Ba 및 Ce에서 선택되는 적어도 하나의 금속 원소이다. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 쉘의 1차 입자 표면에 LiMnO2가 포함되는, 양극 활물질 - 니켈 복합 금속 화합물 및 수산화망간에 수용성 용매를 투입하여 혼합하고,
상기 혼합물을 40℃ 내지 100℃에서 30분 내지 1시간 반응시켜, 망간을 쉘의 1차 입자에 코팅하고,
코팅된 결과물과 리튬 소스를 혼합한 후 소성하는 공정을 포함하는, 양극 활물질의 제조방법. - 제10항에 있어서,
상기 니켈 복합 금속 화합물은, 니켈 복합 금속 산화물 및 니켈 복합 금속 수산화물 중 어느 하나인, 양극 활물질의 제조방법. - 제10항에 있어서,
상기 수용성 용매는 NaOH, KOH, 및 이들의 혼합물 중 어느 하나를 포함하는, 양극 활물질의 제조방법. - 제10항에서,
상기 혼합물을 40℃ 내지 100℃에서 30분 내지 1시간 반응시킨 후, 상기 혼합물을 100℃ 내지 200℃로 건조하는, 양극 활물질의 제조방법. - 제10항에 있어서,
상기 소성 온도는 600℃ 내지 800℃, 소성 시간이 8 내지 24시간인, 양극 활물질의 제조방법. - 제1항 내지 제9항 중 어느 한 항의 양극 활물질을 포함하는, 양극;
음극 활물질을 포함하는 음극; 및
전해질
을 포함하는, 리튬 이차전지.
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