KR102167121B1 - 양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 - Google Patents
양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR102167121B1 KR102167121B1 KR1020180121308A KR20180121308A KR102167121B1 KR 102167121 B1 KR102167121 B1 KR 102167121B1 KR 1020180121308 A KR1020180121308 A KR 1020180121308A KR 20180121308 A KR20180121308 A KR 20180121308A KR 102167121 B1 KR102167121 B1 KR 102167121B1
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- Prior art keywords
- doping element
- positive electrode
- lithium
- active material
- electrode active
- Prior art date
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 76
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 74
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 48
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
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- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
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- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 83
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- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 26
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 25
- -1 lithium transition metal Chemical class 0.000 description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- IVORCBKUUYGUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethynyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C#C)C(OC)=C1 IVORCBKUUYGUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 13
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 10
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
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- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 6
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- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
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- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910018626 Al(OH) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium hydride Chemical compound [LiH] SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical class [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical group [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese nickel Chemical compound [Mn].[Ni] ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011302 mesophase pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002296 pyrolytic carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical class O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002733 tin-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015041 whisky Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
Description
도펀트의 종류 및 함량 | 제 1 도핑원소와 제 2 도핑원소의 중량비 | ||||
리튬층 (함량, 중량%) |
전이금속층 (함량, 중량%) |
||||
제 1 도핑원소 | 제 2 도핑원소 | 제 1 도핑원소 | 제 2 도핑원소 | ||
실시예 1 | 99.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 98.8 | 2 |
실시예 2 | 99.4 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 98.6 | 1 |
실시예 3 | 99.5 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 98.4 | 0.5 |
실시예 4 | 99.3 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 98.7 | 2 |
실시예 5 | 99.1 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 99.5 | 1 |
실시예 6 | 99.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 99.5 | 1 |
비교예 4 | 99.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 99.1 | 5.7 |
비교예 5 | 99.2 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 98.7 | 0.44 |
100 사이클 후의 용량유지율 (%) | ||
25 ℃ | 45 ℃ | |
실시예 1 | 95.3 | 94.4 |
실시예 2 | 95.7 | 93.8 |
실시예 3 | 95.4 | 93.5 |
실시예 4 | 96.4 | 94.4 |
실시예 5 | 95.9 | 94.1 |
실시예 6 | 95.1 | 94.0 |
비교예 1 | 92.6 | 91.1 |
비교예 2 | 94.2 | 92.6 |
비교예 3 | 94.0 | 91.9 |
비교예 4 | 93.9 | 92.1 |
비교예 5 | 93.2 | 91.3 |
전지 | Main peak(℃) |
실시예 1 | 255 |
실시예 2 | 254 |
실시예 3 | 252 |
실시예 4 | 254 |
실시예 5 | 251 |
실시예 6 | 253 |
비교예 1 | 242 |
비교예 2 | 246 |
비교예 3 | 247 |
비교예 4 | 248 |
비교예 5 | 250 |
Claims (16)
- 제 1 도핑 원소(A) 및 제 2 도핑 원소(B)를 포함하는 리튬 전이금속 산화물이며,
상기 제 1 도핑 원소는 Zr, La, Ce, Nb, Gd, Y, Sc, Ge, Ba, Sn, Sr, Cr, Mg, Sb, Bi, Zn 및 Yb로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종 이상이고,
상기 제 2 도핑 원소는 Al, Ta, Mn, Se, Be, As, Mo, V, W, Si 및 Co로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종 이상 이상이며,
상기 제 1 도핑 원소와 제 2 도핑 원소의 중량비(A/B ratio)는 0.5 내지 5이고,
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물은 리튬층 및 전이금속층으로 이루어져 있으며,
상기 제 1 도핑 원소는 상기 리튬층 및 전이금속층에 80:20 내지 100:0의 중량비로 포함되는 것인, 양극 활물질.
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 제 1 항에 있어서,
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물은 리튬층 및 전이금속층으로 이루어져 있고, 상기 전이금속층 내에 제 2 도핑 원소가 포함되는, 양극 활물질.
- 제 4 항에 있어서,
상기 제 2 도핑원소는 상기 전이금속층 및 리튬층에 80:20 내지 100:0의 중량비로 포함되는, 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,
상기 제 1 도핑 원소와 제 2 도핑 원소의 비율(A/B ratio)은 0.5 내지 3인, 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,
상기 양극 활물질은 총 중량을 기준으로 상기 제 1 도핑원소를 500 ppm 내지 10,000 ppm 포함하는, 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,
상기 양극 활물질은 총 중량을 기준으로 상기 제 2 도핑원소를 100 ppm 내지 10,000 ppm 포함하는, 양극 활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,
상기 양극 활물질은 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는, 양극 활물질:
[화학식 1]
Li1-aM1 a[(NixMnyCoz)1-bM2 b]O2
상기 화학식 1에서, 0<a<0.1, 0<b<0.1, x+y+z=1이고,
M1은 Zr, La, Ce, Nb, Gd, Y, Sc, Ge, Ba, Sn, Sr, Cr, Mg, Sb, Bi, Zn 및 Yb로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종 이상이며,
M2는 Al, Ta, Mn, Se, Be, As, Mo, V, W, Ti, Si 및 Co로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종 이상이다.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,
상기 양극 활물질은 하기 화학식 2로 표시되는, 양극 활물질:
[화학식 2]
Li1-c-dM1 cM2 d[(NixMnyCoz)1-e-fM1 eM2 f]O2
상기 화학식 2에서, 0<c<0.1, 0<d<0.1, 0<e<0.1, 0<f<0.1, x+y+z=1이고,
M1은 Zr, La, Ce, Nb, Gd, Y, Sc, Ge, Ba, Sn, Sr, Cr, Mg, Sb, Bi, Zn 및 Yb로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종 이상이며,
M2는 Al, Ta, Mn, Se, Be, As, Mo, V, W, Si 및 Co로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1종 이상이다.
- 리튬 화합물, 전이금속 화합물, 제 1 도핑 원소(A)를 포함하는 화합물, 및 제 2 도핑 원소 (B)를 포함하는 화합물을 혼합하는 단계; 및
상기 단계에서 얻어진 혼합물을 소성하는 단계를 포함하는, 제 1 항의 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,
상기 소성에 의해 전이금속층 및 리튬층으로 이루어진 리튬 전이금속 산화물이 형성되는, 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 12 항에 있어서,
상기 소성시 상기 제 1 도핑 원소(A)는 상기 리튬층에 도핑되고, 상기 제 2 도핑 원소(B)는 상기 전이금속층에 도핑되는, 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 13 항에 있어서,
상기 제 1 도핑 원소(A) 및 상기 제 2 도핑 원소(B)는 상기 소성시 원소의 확산 속도 차이 및 유효 이온반경에 의해 도핑 위치가 결정되는, 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제 1 항의 양극 활물질을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극.
- 제 15 항의 양극을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지.
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