KR101569297B1 - 리튬 이온 이차 전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이온 이차 전지 Download PDFInfo
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- KR101569297B1 KR101569297B1 KR1020147000161A KR20147000161A KR101569297B1 KR 101569297 B1 KR101569297 B1 KR 101569297B1 KR 1020147000161 A KR1020147000161 A KR 1020147000161A KR 20147000161 A KR20147000161 A KR 20147000161A KR 101569297 B1 KR101569297 B1 KR 101569297B1
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- mixture layer
- positive electrode
- lithium ion
- negative electrode
- material mixture
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- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 310
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 304
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 481
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 253
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 188
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 107
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 97
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 409
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 45
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 40
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 25
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 14
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 9
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010280 constant potential charging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010277 constant-current charging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010281 constant-current constant-voltage charging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002730 mercury Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910016401 Ni0.34Co0.33Mn0.33 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013256 coordination polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- SMBQBQBNOXIFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium Chemical compound [Li][Li] SMBQBQBNOXIFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000016507 interphase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007937 lozenge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000652 nickel hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
- H01M10/0431—Cells with wound or folded electrodes
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0587—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only wound construction elements, i.e. wound positive electrodes, wound negative electrodes and wound separators
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- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
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- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
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- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
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- H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
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- H01M50/609—Arrangements or processes for filling with liquid, e.g. electrolytes
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- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
Description
도 2는, 리튬 이온 이차 전지의 권회 전극체를 나타내는 도면이다.
도 3은, 도 2 중의 Ⅲ-Ⅲ 단면을 나타내고 있다.
도 4는, 권회 전극체의 미도포 시공부와 전극 단자와의 용접 부위를 나타내는 측면도이다.
도 5는, 정극 합제층의 구조를 나타내는 단면도이다.
도 6은, 부극 합제층의 구조를 나타내는 단면도이다.
도 7은, 리튬 이온 이차 전지의 충전 시의 상태를 모식적으로 나타내는 도면이다.
도 8은, 리튬 이온 이차 전지의 방전 시의 상태를 모식적으로 나타내는 도면이다.
도 9는, 평가 시험에서 사용된 18650형 셀의 모식도이다.
도 10은, 샘플 1에서 11에 대해서, 리튬 이온수 X0과, 리튬 이온수 Y0과, 20C의 충방전에서의 저항 증가율(%)과의 관계를 나타낸 그래프이다.
도 11은, 차량 구동용 전지를 탑재한 차량의 일례를 나타내는 도면이다.
도 12는, 본 발명의 일실시 형태에 관한 리튬 이온 이차 전지의 시험 결과를 나타내는 그래프이다.
도 13은, 본 발명의 일실시 형태에 관한 리튬 이온 이차 전지의 시험 결과를 나타내는 그래프이다.
도 14는, 본 발명의 일실시 형태에 관한 전원 시스템을 나타내는 도면이다.
61 : 냉각판
67 : 접속구
68, 69 : 엔드 플레이트
71 : 구속 밴드
72 : 비스
100 : 리튬 이온 이차 전지
200 : 권회 전극체
220 : 정극 시트
221 : 정극 집전체
222 : 미도포 시공부
222a : 중간 부분
223 : 정극 합제층
224 : 정극 합제
240 : 부극 시트
241 : 부극 집전체
242 : 미도포 시공부
242a : 중간 부분
243 : 부극 합제층
244 : 부극 합제
245 : 내열층
262, 264 : 세퍼레이터
280 : 전해액
290 : 충전기
300 : 전지 케이스
310 : 간극
320 : 용기 본체
322 : 덮개와 용기 본체의 이음매
340 : 덮개
360 : 안전 밸브
420 : 정극 단자(전극 단자)
440 : 부극 단자(전극 단자)
610 : 정극 활물질
620 : 도전재
630 : 바인더
710 : 부극 활물질
730 : 바인더
800 : 평가 시험용의 전지
810 : 정극 시트
820 : 부극 시트
830, 840 : 세퍼레이터
850 : 권회 전극체
860 : 외장 케이스
870 : 전극 단자
1000 : 조전지(차량 구동용 전지)
2000 : 전원 시스템
2100 : 전지 제어부
Claims (19)
- 이차 전지와,
상기 이차 전지에 전기적으로 접속되어, 상기 이차 전지의 방전 시에 있어서의 단위 시간당의 소비 전하량의 상한값 W가 정해진 전지 제어부를 구비하고,
상기 이차 전지는,
정극 집전체와,
상기 정극 집전체에 도포 시공되어, 적어도 정극 활물질과 도전재가 함유된 정극 합제층과,
부극 집전체와,
상기 부극 집전체에 도포 시공되어, 적어도 부극 활물질이 함유된 부극 합제층과,
미리 정해진 농도의 리튬 이온을 함유하는 전해액을 구비하고,
상기 정극 합제층은 상기 전해액이 스며드는 공공을 갖고,
상기 부극 합제층은 상기 전해액이 스며드는 공공을 갖고,
상기 정극 합제층에 스며든 상기 전해액 내의 리튬 이온수 XO은,
XO=(상기 정극 합제층의 공공의 용적 Vb (㎤))×(상기 전해액의 리튬 이온 농도 L(㏖/L))×아보가드로수(NA)×1/1000;에서 구해지고,
상기 부극 합제층에 스며든 상기 전해액 내의 리튬 이온수 YO은,
Y0=(상기 부극 합제층의 공공의 용적 Vd (㎤))×(상기 전해액의 리튬 이온 농도 L(㏖/L))×아보가드로수(NA)×1/1000;에서 구해지고,
상기 소비 전하량의 상한값 W는, 상기 리튬 이온수 XO 또는 상기 리튬 이온수 YO을 1회의 충전 또는 방전으로 소비하는 충방전율에 대응하는 것으로서 정해지고,
상기 전지 제어부는, 상기 리튬 이온수 XO과, 상기 리튬 이온수 YO이 모두, 1회의 충전 또는 방전으로 소비하는 소비 리튬 이온수 Z 이상이 되는 조건으로 충전 또는 방전을 제어하는, 전원 시스템. - 제1항에 있어서, 상기 소비 전하량의 상한값 W는, 상기 이차 전지의 1회의 충전 또는 방전을 20C 이상의 하이레이트로 행했을 때의 소비 전하량인, 전원 시스템.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서, 상기 부극 합제층 내에 함유되는 상기 부극 활물질의 단위 중량당의 리튬 이온수 Y1이, 4.3×1014개/g 이하인, 전원 시스템.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서, 상기 이차 전지가, 리튬 이온 이차 전지를 복수개 사용하여 구축된 조전지이며,
상기 소비 리튬 이온수 Z는, 조전지를 구성하는 복수개의 리튬 이온 이차 전지의 소비 리튬 이온수의 총합인, 전원 시스템. - 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서, 상기 정극 합제층의 밀도 A1이 A1≤1.9g/㎤인, 전원 시스템.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서, 상기 도전재의 벌크 밀도 A2가 A2≤0.04g/㎤인, 전원 시스템.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서, 상기 정극 합제층은, 상기 정극 활물질에 대한 상기 도전재의 중량 비율 A3이 11% 이하인, 전원 시스템.
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