KR100306870B1 - 폴리머전해질및이것을사용한리튬-폴리머전지 - Google Patents
폴리머전해질및이것을사용한리튬-폴리머전지 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR100306870B1 KR100306870B1 KR1019980001401A KR19980001401A KR100306870B1 KR 100306870 B1 KR100306870 B1 KR 100306870B1 KR 1019980001401 A KR1019980001401 A KR 1019980001401A KR 19980001401 A KR19980001401 A KR 19980001401A KR 100306870 B1 KR100306870 B1 KR 100306870B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- electrolyte
- lithium
- soluble
- battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 121
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 abstract description 29
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 38
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920002319 Poly(methyl acrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001483 poly(ethyl methacrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 2
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYVHTIWHNXTVPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N F.F.F.F.C=C Chemical compound F.F.F.F.C=C PYVHTIWHNXTVPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- CQDGTJPVBWZJAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N monoethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(O)=O CQDGTJPVBWZJAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
- H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (10)
- 유기 전해액중에서 난용성인 1종 이상의 폴리머와 이 유기 전해액에 가용성인 폴리머로 된 폴리머 알로이 필름과 유기 전해액으로 된 겔상 폴리머 전해질에 있어서, 상분리해 있는 가용성 폴리머의 상분리의 크기가 100nm 미만인 겔상 폴리머 전해질.
- 제1항에 있어서, 유기 전해액중에서 난용성인 폴리머는 비닐리덴 플루오라이드의 공중합체와 폴리(비닐리덴 플루오라이드)류로 된 군으로부터 선택되는 폴리머 전해질.
- 제1항에 있어서, 유기 전해액에 가용성인 폴리머는 폴리(메틸 메타크릴레이트)인 폴리머 전해질.
- 음극, 양극 및 이들 전극 사이에 구성된 폴리머 전해질로 된 리튬-폴리머 전지에 있어서, 폴리머 전해질은, 유기 전해액중에서 난용성인 1종 이상의 폴리머와 이 유기 전해액에 가용성인 폴리머로 되어 있고, 상분리해 있는 가용성 폴리머의 상분리의 크기가 100nm 미만인 폴리머 알로이 필름과 유기 전해액을 함유하는 겔상 폴리머 전해질임을 특징으로 하는 리튬-폴리머 전지.
- 제4항에 있어서, 상기 폴리머 전해질은 음극, 양극 또는 이들 두가지 극에 함유되는 리튬-폴리머 전지.
- 제4항 또는 제5항에 있어서, 음극은 금속 리튬, 리튬 합금, 리튬을 흡수, 방출할 수 있는 무기 화합물, 및 리튬을 흡수, 방출할 수 있는 탄소 물질로 된 군으로부터 선택되는 1종 이상으로부터 제조되는 리튬-폴리머 전지.
- 제4항 또는 제5항에 있어서, 양극의 활성 물질이 리튬 함유 전이금속 산화물인 리튬-폴리머 전지.
- 제4항 또는 제5항에 있어서, 유기 전해액중에서 난용성인 폴리머는 비닐리덴 플루오라이드의 공중합체와 폴리(비닐리덴 플루오라이드)류로 된 군으로부터 선택되는 리튬-폴리머 전지.
- 제4항 또는 제5항에 있어서, 유기 전해액에 가용성인 폴리머는 폴리(메틸 메타크릴레이트)인 리튬-폴리머 전지.
- 비닐리덴 플루오라이드의 공중합체와 폴리(비닐리덴 플루오라이드)류로 된 군으로부터 선택되는 1종 이상의 폴리머와 폴리(메틸 메타크릴레이트)의 혼합 또는 서로간의 용해에 의해 제조된 폴리머 알로이와 유기 전해액으로 된 겔상의 폴리머전해질에 있어서, 상분리해 있는 가용성 폴리머의 상분리의 크기가 100nm 미만인 겔상 폴리머 전해질.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP728597 | 1997-01-20 | ||
JP97-007285 | 1997-01-20 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR19980070598A KR19980070598A (ko) | 1998-10-26 |
KR100306870B1 true KR100306870B1 (ko) | 2001-10-19 |
Family
ID=11661775
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019980001401A Expired - Fee Related KR100306870B1 (ko) | 1997-01-20 | 1998-01-19 | 폴리머전해질및이것을사용한리튬-폴리머전지 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0858119A3 (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100306870B1 (ko) |
ID (1) | ID19572A (ko) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2814465C1 (ru) * | 2023-07-27 | 2024-02-29 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский государственный энергетический университет" | Полимерный гель-электролит для литий-ионных аккумуляторов |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6599333B1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2003-07-29 | Ness Co., Ltd. | Method of manufacturing lithium secondary battery |
US6403266B1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2002-06-11 | Ness Energy Co., Ltd. | Polymer electrolyte composition, method for preparing the same and lithium secondary battery employing the same |
DE10020031C2 (de) * | 2000-04-22 | 2002-05-29 | Franz W Winterberg | Verfahren zur Herstellung von wiederaufladbaren Lithium-Polymer-Batterien |
GB0014464D0 (en) * | 2000-06-15 | 2000-08-09 | Aea Technology Plc | A cell incorporating a porous membrane |
US6534220B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-03-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | High-boiling electrolyte solvent |
CA2418257A1 (fr) | 2003-01-30 | 2004-07-30 | Hydro-Quebec | Composition electrolytique et electrolyte, generateurs les contenant et operant sans formation de dendrite lors du cyclage |
KR20120088005A (ko) * | 2003-07-28 | 2012-08-07 | 쇼와 덴코 가부시키가이샤 | 고밀도 전극 및 이 전극을 사용한 전지 |
EP1505117A1 (en) * | 2003-08-01 | 2005-02-09 | Arkema | PVDF-based PTC paints and their applications for self-regulated heating systems |
RU2414777C1 (ru) * | 2009-09-15 | 2011-03-20 | Российская Федерация в лице Министерства промышленности и торговли РФ | Способ приготовления гелевого электролита для литий-ионного аккумулятора |
RU2457587C1 (ru) * | 2011-01-11 | 2012-07-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Сибирский государственный технологический университет" (СибГТУ) | Гель-полимерный электролит для литий-ионного аккумулятора |
EP2840628B1 (en) | 2012-04-20 | 2017-11-29 | LG Chem, Ltd. | Method for manufacturing separator, separator formed thereby, and electrochemical device comprising said separator |
KR102415166B1 (ko) * | 2019-01-11 | 2022-06-29 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 리튬 전극 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
CN113258131B (zh) * | 2021-04-09 | 2023-03-17 | 五邑大学 | 一种凝胶聚合物电解质及其制备方法与应用 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IL112907A (en) * | 1995-03-07 | 2000-08-31 | Univ Ramot | Lithium batteries having an anode with solid electrolyte interface |
JP3407501B2 (ja) * | 1995-09-29 | 2003-05-19 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | ポリマ電解質およびそれを用いたリチウム・ポリマ電池 |
GB2309701B (en) * | 1996-01-31 | 1999-06-16 | Aea Technology Plc | Organic electrolyte composition |
-
1998
- 1998-01-19 EP EP98100856A patent/EP0858119A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-01-19 KR KR1019980001401A patent/KR100306870B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-01-20 ID IDP980064A patent/ID19572A/id unknown
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2814465C1 (ru) * | 2023-07-27 | 2024-02-29 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский государственный энергетический университет" | Полимерный гель-электролит для литий-ионных аккумуляторов |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0858119A2 (en) | 1998-08-12 |
ID19572A (id) | 1998-07-23 |
KR19980070598A (ko) | 1998-10-26 |
EP0858119A3 (en) | 2006-02-01 |
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