KR100198674B1 - 씨모스펫 및 그 제조방법 - Google Patents
씨모스펫 및 그 제조방법 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR100198674B1 KR100198674B1 KR1019960046739A KR19960046739A KR100198674B1 KR 100198674 B1 KR100198674 B1 KR 100198674B1 KR 1019960046739 A KR1019960046739 A KR 1019960046739A KR 19960046739 A KR19960046739 A KR 19960046739A KR 100198674 B1 KR100198674 B1 KR 100198674B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- conductivity type
- gate electrode
- forming
- conductive type
- concentration impurity
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 56
- 229920005591 polysilicon Polymers 0.000 claims description 56
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 phosphorus ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 76
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 31
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005468 ion implantation Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910008484 TiSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D84/00—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers
- H10D84/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D84/0123—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs
- H10D84/0126—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs
- H10D84/0165—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs the components including complementary IGFETs, e.g. CMOS devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D84/00—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers
- H10D84/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D84/0123—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs
- H10D84/0126—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs
- H10D84/0165—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs the components including complementary IGFETs, e.g. CMOS devices
- H10D84/0172—Manufacturing their gate conductors
- H10D84/0174—Manufacturing their gate conductors the gate conductors being silicided
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D84/00—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers
- H10D84/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D84/02—Manufacture or treatment characterised by using material-based technologies
- H10D84/03—Manufacture or treatment characterised by using material-based technologies using Group IV technology, e.g. silicon technology or silicon-carbide [SiC] technology
- H10D84/038—Manufacture or treatment characterised by using material-based technologies using Group IV technology, e.g. silicon technology or silicon-carbide [SiC] technology using silicon technology, e.g. SiGe
Landscapes
- Metal-Oxide And Bipolar Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Integrated Circuits (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (9)
- 제1, 제2도전형 웰이 형성된 제1도전형 반도체 기판; 상기 제1, 제2도전형 웰의 계면에 형성된 격리절연막; 상기 제2도전형 웰 상부 소정영역에 제1도전형 전극으로 형성된 제1게이트 전극; 상기 제1도전형 웰 상부 소정영역에 제2도전형 전극과 확산방지막 및 제1도전형 전극이 차례로 형성된 것으로 구성된 제2게이트 전극; 상기 제1, 제2게이트 전극의 측면에 형성된 측벽 스페이서; 상기 제1게이트 전극 측면 아래의 제2도전형 웰에 형성된 제1도전형 저농도 불순물 확산영역; 상기 제2게이트 전극 측면 아래의 제1도전형 웰에 형성된 제2도전형 저농도 불순물 확산영역; 상기 제1게이트 전극 및 측벽 스페이서 측면 아래의 제2도전형 웰에 형성된 제1도전형 고농도 불순물 확산영역; 상기 제2게이트 전극 및 측벽 스페이서 측면 아래의 제1도전형 웰에 형성된 제2도전형 고농도 불순물 확산영역; 그리고, 제1, 제2게이트 전극의 상층면 및 고농도 불순물 확산영역 상부 반도체 기판의 계면에 형성되는 실리사이드를 포함하여 이루어지는 것을 특징으로 하는 씨모스펫.
- 제1도전형의 반도체 기판에 선택적으로 제1도전형 웰 및 제2도전형 웰을 형성하는 단계; 상기 제1도전형 웰과 제2도전형 웰의 계면에 격리 절연막을 형성하는 단계; 상기 제2도전형 웰 상층 소정영역에 제1도전형 전극을 사용하여 제1게이트 전극을 형성하고 제1도전형 웰 상층 소정영역 제2도전형 전극과 확산 방지막 및 제1도전형 전극을 차례로 형성하여 제2게이트 전극을 형성하는 단계; 상기 제1게이트 전극 양측면 제2도전형 웰에 제1도전형 저농도 불순물 확산영역을 형성하는 단계; 상기 제2게이트 전극 양측면 제1도전형 웰에 제2도전형 저농도 불순물 확산영역을 형성하는 단계; 상기 제1, 제2게이트 전극 측면에 측벽 스페이서를 형성하는 단계; 상기 제1게이트 전극 및 측벽 스페이서 아래의 양측면 제2도전형 웰에 제1도전형 고농도 불순물 확산영역을 형성하는 단계; 상기 제2게이트 전극 및 측벽 스페이서 아래의 양측면 제1도전형 웰에 제2도전형 고농도 불순물 확산영역을 형성하는 단계; 상기 제1, 제2게이트 전극을 포함한 기판전면에 고융점금속을 형성하는 단계; 상기 기판전면을 열처리하여 제1, 제2게이트 전극의 상층면 및 고농도 불순물 확산영역 상부 반도체 기판 계면의 고융점금속을 실리사이드로 형성하는 단계를 포함하여 이루어지는 것을 특징으로 하는 씨모스펫의 제조방법.
- 제2항에 있어서, 상기 고융점금속은 코발트(Co)와 티탄(Ti)중 어느 하나를 사용하여 형성하는 것을 특징으로 하는 씨모스펫의 제조방법.
- 제2항에 있어서, 상기 확산방지막은 도전성을 갖는 질화물을 사용하여 형성하는 것을 특징으로 하는 씨모스펫의 제조방법.
- 제2항에 있어서, 상기 제1게이트 전극과 제2게이트 전극을 형성하는 단계는 제1, 제2도전형 웰이 형성된 반도체 기판 전면에 게이트 산화막, 제2도전형 불순물 이온 도프드(doped)폴리실리콘층 및 확산방지막을 형성한후 상기 제2도전형 웰 영역 상층의 확산방지막을 선택적으로 제거하고 확산방지막이 제거되어 노출된 p형 웰영역 상층의 제2도전형 불순물 이온 도프드 폴리실리콘층에 인(phosphorus)이온을 주입하여 제1도전형 제1폴리실리콘층으로 형성한다음 제1도전형 제1폴리실리콘층을 포함한 확산방지막 전면에 제1도전형 제2폴리실리콘층을 형성한후 제1도전형 웰영역 상부 소정영역의 제1도전형 제2폴리실리콘층 및 제1도전형 제1폴리실리콘층을 선택적으로 제거하여 제1게이트 전극으로 형성하고 제1도전형 웰영역 상부 소정영역의 제1도전형 제2폴리실리콘층과 확산방지막 및 제2도전형 이온 도프드 폴리실리콘층을 차례로 제거하여 제2게이트 전극으로 형성하는 것을 특징으로 하는 씨모스펫의 제조방법.
- 제5항에 있어서, 상기 제2도전형 이온 도프드 폴리실리콘층은 보론(boron)이온이 도프드된 폴리실리콘층을 사용하여 형성하는 것을 특징으로 하는 씨모스펫의 제조방법.
- 제5항 또는 제6항에 있어서, 상기 제2도전형 이온 도프드 폴리실리콘층은 500∼1000Å의 두께로 형성하는 것을 특징으로 하는 씨모스펫의 제조방법.
- 제2항 또는 제4항에 있어서, 상기 확산방지막은 100∼500Å의 두께로 형성하여 사용하는 것을 특징으로 하는 씨모스펫의 제조방법.
- 제5항에 있어서 상기 p형 웰 영역 상층의 제2도전형 이온 도프드 폴리실리콘층에 인(phosphorus)이온을 주입하지 않고 사용하는 것을 특징으로 하는 씨모스펫의 제조방법.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019960046739A KR100198674B1 (ko) | 1996-10-18 | 1996-10-18 | 씨모스펫 및 그 제조방법 |
US08/873,716 US5981320A (en) | 1996-10-18 | 1997-06-12 | Method of fabricating cmosfet |
JP21060897A JP3874496B2 (ja) | 1996-10-18 | 1997-08-05 | Cmosfet及びその製造方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019960046739A KR100198674B1 (ko) | 1996-10-18 | 1996-10-18 | 씨모스펫 및 그 제조방법 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR19980027831A KR19980027831A (ko) | 1998-07-15 |
KR100198674B1 true KR100198674B1 (ko) | 1999-06-15 |
Family
ID=19477978
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019960046739A KR100198674B1 (ko) | 1996-10-18 | 1996-10-18 | 씨모스펫 및 그 제조방법 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5981320A (ko) |
JP (1) | JP3874496B2 (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100198674B1 (ko) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100691491B1 (ko) | 2005-08-31 | 2007-03-09 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 반도체 소자의 듀얼 게이트 및 그 형성방법 |
Families Citing this family (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH1197705A (ja) * | 1997-09-23 | 1999-04-09 | Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd | 半導体集積回路 |
JPH11345887A (ja) | 1998-03-31 | 1999-12-14 | Seiko Epson Corp | 半導体装置およびその製造方法 |
US6166417A (en) * | 1998-06-30 | 2000-12-26 | Intel Corporation | Complementary metal gates and a process for implementation |
US6255698B1 (en) * | 1999-04-28 | 2001-07-03 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Separately optimized gate structures for n-channel and p-channel transistors in an integrated circuit |
KR20010004934A (ko) * | 1999-06-30 | 2001-01-15 | 김영환 | 반도체 소자의 제조방법 |
US6627525B2 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2003-09-30 | United Microelectronics Corp. | Method for preventing polycide gate spiking |
US6268255B1 (en) * | 2000-01-06 | 2001-07-31 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Method of forming a semiconductor device with metal silicide regions |
US6271094B1 (en) * | 2000-02-14 | 2001-08-07 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method of making MOSFET with high dielectric constant gate insulator and minimum overlap capacitance |
US6504210B1 (en) | 2000-06-23 | 2003-01-07 | International Business Machines Corporation | Fully encapsulated damascene gates for Gigabit DRAMs |
TW518757B (en) * | 2000-07-25 | 2003-01-21 | Hannstar Display Corp | Manufacturing method for thin film transistor having lightly doped drain |
US6812529B2 (en) * | 2001-03-15 | 2004-11-02 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Suppression of cross diffusion and gate depletion |
KR100713902B1 (ko) * | 2001-06-28 | 2007-05-07 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 반도체 소자의 제조 방법 |
JP2003243531A (ja) * | 2002-02-13 | 2003-08-29 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 半導体装置およびその製造方法 |
JP3594140B2 (ja) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-11-24 | 沖電気工業株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
US7564083B2 (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2009-07-21 | United Microelectronics Corp. | Active pixel sensor |
KR100753546B1 (ko) * | 2006-08-22 | 2007-08-30 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 트랜지스터의 게이트 및 그 형성 방법. |
US20220375946A1 (en) * | 2022-07-07 | 2022-11-24 | Intel NDTM US LLC | Barrier and thin spacer for 3d-nand cua |
CN117954446B (zh) * | 2022-10-18 | 2025-01-28 | 长鑫存储技术有限公司 | 半导体结构及其制作方法 |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5830789A (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 1998-11-03 | Integrated Device Technology, Inc. | CMOS process forming wells after gate formation |
-
1996
- 1996-10-18 KR KR1019960046739A patent/KR100198674B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-06-12 US US08/873,716 patent/US5981320A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-08-05 JP JP21060897A patent/JP3874496B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100691491B1 (ko) | 2005-08-31 | 2007-03-09 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 반도체 소자의 듀얼 게이트 및 그 형성방법 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5981320A (en) | 1999-11-09 |
KR19980027831A (ko) | 1998-07-15 |
JPH10125799A (ja) | 1998-05-15 |
JP3874496B2 (ja) | 2007-01-31 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US6312995B1 (en) | MOS transistor with assisted-gates and ultra-shallow “Psuedo” source and drain extensions for ultra-large-scale integration | |
KR100198674B1 (ko) | 씨모스펫 및 그 제조방법 | |
US6060345A (en) | Method of making NMOS and PMOS devices with reduced masking steps | |
US5789787A (en) | Asymmetrical N-channel and P-channel devices | |
US5963803A (en) | Method of making N-channel and P-channel IGFETs with different gate thicknesses and spacer widths | |
US6573149B2 (en) | Semiconductor device having a metal gate with a work function compatible with a semiconductor device | |
US5674760A (en) | Method of forming isolation regions in a MOS transistor device | |
US5516717A (en) | Method for manufacturing electrostatic discharge devices | |
KR100353551B1 (ko) | 실리사이드 형성방법 | |
US6096591A (en) | Method of making an IGFET and a protected resistor with reduced processing steps | |
US20050127442A1 (en) | Method and apparatus for forming an SOI body-contacted transistor | |
US5294822A (en) | Polycide local interconnect method and structure | |
EP0166167B1 (en) | A process for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising p-channel and n-channel misfets | |
US6187619B1 (en) | Method to fabricate short-channel MOSFETs with an improvement in ESD resistance | |
US20080070359A1 (en) | Semiconductor device including MOS field effect transistor having offset spacers of gate sidewall films on either side of gate electrode and method of manufacturing the same | |
US5744845A (en) | Complementary MOS field effect transistor with tunnel effect means | |
US6373109B1 (en) | Semiconductor device to more precisely reflect the claimed invention | |
US5877050A (en) | Method of making N-channel and P-channel devices using two tube anneals and two rapid thermal anneals | |
US6027964A (en) | Method of making an IGFET with a selectively doped gate in combination with a protected resistor | |
US7141467B2 (en) | Semiconductor device having metal silicide films formed on source and drain regions and method for manufacturing the same | |
US6258647B1 (en) | Method of fabricating semiconductor device | |
US6078079A (en) | Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same | |
US6051471A (en) | Method for making asymmetrical N-channel and symmetrical P-channel devices | |
US5714410A (en) | Method for fabricating CMOS analog semiconductor | |
US5612243A (en) | Polycide local interconnect method and structure |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A201 | Request for examination | ||
PA0109 | Patent application |
Patent event code: PA01091R01D Comment text: Patent Application Patent event date: 19961018 |
|
PA0201 | Request for examination |
Patent event code: PA02012R01D Patent event date: 19961018 Comment text: Request for Examination of Application |
|
PG1501 | Laying open of application | ||
E701 | Decision to grant or registration of patent right | ||
PE0701 | Decision of registration |
Patent event code: PE07011S01D Comment text: Decision to Grant Registration Patent event date: 19990128 |
|
GRNT | Written decision to grant | ||
PR0701 | Registration of establishment |
Comment text: Registration of Establishment Patent event date: 19990302 Patent event code: PR07011E01D |
|
PR1002 | Payment of registration fee |
Payment date: 19990303 End annual number: 3 Start annual number: 1 |
|
PG1601 | Publication of registration | ||
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20020219 Start annual number: 4 End annual number: 4 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20030218 Start annual number: 5 End annual number: 5 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20040218 Start annual number: 6 End annual number: 6 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20050221 Start annual number: 7 End annual number: 7 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20060220 Start annual number: 8 End annual number: 8 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20070221 Start annual number: 9 End annual number: 9 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20080222 Start annual number: 10 End annual number: 10 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20090223 Start annual number: 11 End annual number: 11 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20100224 Start annual number: 12 End annual number: 12 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20110222 Start annual number: 13 End annual number: 13 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20120222 Start annual number: 14 End annual number: 14 |
|
FPAY | Annual fee payment |
Payment date: 20130426 Year of fee payment: 15 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20130426 Start annual number: 15 End annual number: 15 |
|
FPAY | Annual fee payment |
Payment date: 20140221 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20140221 Start annual number: 16 End annual number: 16 |
|
LAPS | Lapse due to unpaid annual fee | ||
PC1903 | Unpaid annual fee |
Termination category: Default of registration fee Termination date: 20160209 |