JP6046493B2 - プロミニン−1の血管新生促進フラグメントおよびその使用 - Google Patents
プロミニン−1の血管新生促進フラグメントおよびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、2010年7月27日に出願された米国仮出願第61/298,729号の35 U.S.C.§119(e)に基づく利益を主張し、同仮出願は本明細書においてその全体において参考として組み込まれる。
本発明の分野は、再生および/または血管新生促進特性を有するペプチドおよびタンパク質、ならびに血管新生促進因子の生物学的作用の調節に関する。
血管新生は、新しい血管の形成、発達および成長である。正常な血管新生の制御は、血管の形成を誘導する因子とそのプロセスを停止させるかまたは阻害する因子との間の精緻なバランスにより支配される。このバランスが乱されると、一般に、病原性の血管新生がもたらされる。血管新生の過剰、または反対に不十分な血管新生から、多数の病態が生じる。血管新生(不十分な血管新生のための)因子または血管新生抑制性(過剰な血管新生のための)因子により血管新生を制御することは、したがって、眼科学、腫瘍学および皮膚科学などの多くの医学分野において大きな治療上の関心事である。血管新生の制御は、血管性疾患、例えば、毛管現象および/または神経発生の欠乏を特徴とする疾患(脳卒中、冠動脈疾患、慢性閉塞性肺疾患と関連する末梢筋の欠損、創傷治癒およびアルツハイマー病を含む)の処置のためのアプローチを提供することができる。
本明細書において用いられる場合、用語「再生活性」とは、組織を破壊または損傷する傷害、疾患または障害の後での機能的組織の回復を刺激または媒介する能力を指す。一態様において、「再生活性」とは、変性疾患、例えば筋委縮性側索硬化症(ALS)、多発性硬化症(MS)、アルツハイマー病、およびパーキンソン病から生じる組織変性を軽減、予防および/または緩和することを指す。一態様において、「再生活性」は、血管新生促進活性を含む。別の態様において、「再生活性」は、神経保護および/または神経成長活性の刺激を含む。「再生活性」のためのアッセイは、限定されないが、血管新生アッセイ、創傷治癒アッセイ、骨修復アッセイ、神経成長アッセイ、および多様な疾患(例えば、ALS、MS、アルツハイマー病、およびパーキンソン病)のマウスモデルの使用を含む。
本明細書において記載される方法および組成物は、部分的に、VEGFへの内皮細胞の結合の増強を誘導するペプチドの発見に基づく。本明細書において記載されるペプチドは、5回膜貫通型糖タンパク質であるプロミニン−1(prom-1)のフラグメントのバリアントである。バリアントペプチドは、配列番号1のネイティブな非修飾プロミニン−1ペプチド(本明細書においてまたペプチド#237としても言及される)に対して、VEGF関連結合活性の劇的な増強を示した(図9;例10を参照)。先に、本発明者らは、配列DRVQRQTTTVVA(配列番号1)を有するネイティブなペプチド#237が、正常な成長および発達のために重要であるがまた癌および糖尿病性網膜症などにおける望ましくない有害な血管新生の間にも関与する内因性血管新生促進因子であるVEGFに結合することを見出した(表1を参照)。さらに、#237のペプチドは、他の細胞型へのVEGFの結合を促進し、in vitroでの内皮細胞の増殖を促進し、VEGFの存在下において血管新生および細胞の遊走を増強した。本明細書において記載される修飾ペプチドおよびそれに基づくさらなるバリアントは、創傷治癒、熱傷、組織修復、不妊治療、心筋梗塞、心肥大、疾患および外傷後の組織の血行再建(例えば、脳卒中、四肢の虚血、血管性疾患、骨修復)、組織移植および組織工学によるコンストラクトなどにおける、再生活性および血管新生を促進する上で有用である。
したがって、本明細書において提供されるのは、(B#)(VnQnRnQnTnTcTcVcVcAn)(Z#)の基本的構造を有するペプチド#237(配列番号1)のペプチドアナログであって、ここで、Vn、Qn、Rn、Qn、Tn、Anは、それらの対応するアミノ酸を表わすが、非保存的置換を耐容することができ、Tc、Vcは、それらの対応するアミノ酸を表わすが、保存的置換を耐容することができ、ここで、BおよびZは、既知の20個のアミノ酸のいずれかまたはその誘導体であり、「#」は、(BおよびZの各々について独立して)変化する0〜20の数である。さらに、6個までのアミノ酸の内部欠失または挿入は、なお活性を有するペプチドをもたらすことが企図される。ペプチド#237のこれらのペプチドアナログは、VEGFに結合し、および/または本明細書において記載されるようにin vitroアッセイにおいて細胞へのVEGFを増強する。
別の態様において、アミノ酸置換(保存的および/または非保存的)は、活性を保持しつつ変化を耐容する位置および変化を耐容しない位置に関して本明細書において提供されるガイダンスに留意して、ペプチド#237または本明細書において開示されるように(B#)(VnQnRnQnTnTcTcVcVcAn)(Z#)の基本式を有するペプチドの、6個以下、5個以下、4個以下、3個以下、2個以下または1個以下の位置において企図される。
一態様において、非保存的アミノ酸置換は、本明細書において開示されるペプチドのいずれかの位置2、3、4、5、6、7または12において1つのみで企図される。
本明細書において記載されるペプチドの置換されたバージョンが本発明に包含されることが理解されるべきである。保存的置換は、本明細書において上で詳解される。非保存的置換は、それらのペプチドの活性を保持する限りにおいて包含される。本明細書において記載されるペプチドに対する修飾は、公開された米国出願20080090760および20060286636において記載されるように行い、前記出願の各々は、その全体において本明細書において参考として組み込まれる。以下は、本発明の範囲に包含される多様な他のペプチド修飾の非限定的な詳解を提供する。
一態様において、本明細書において提供されるのは、薬学的に受容可能なキャリアとDRVQXQTTTVVA(配列番号2)のアミノ酸配列を有する分子から本質的になるペプチドとを含む組成物であって、ここで、単離されたペプチドの位置5におけるアミノ酸Xは、アルギニン(R)よりも疎水性である。別の態様において、位置6におけるアミノ酸は、グルタミン(Q)より疎水性であるものへと変更される。さらに別の態様において、位置5および6の両方のアミノ酸が、それぞれ、RおよびQより疎水性である残基へと変更される。
血管新生についてアッセイする多様な方法が、本明細書において記載され、以下に記述される。これらの記述の完全な内容は、本明細書により参考として組み込まれる。一般に、剤、例えば本明細書において記載されるペプチドの血管新生促進活性を測定するために、ペプチド組成物の存在下および不在下において所与のアッセイを行う。さらに、本明細書において記載されるペプチドがVEGFと相互作用する場合、アッセイが、基線または対照アッセイにおいて、ならびにペプチド、バリアントまたは誘導体を含むアッセイにおいて、VEGF(または別の血管新生促進因子)を含むことが好ましい。
本明細書において記載されるペプチド、バリアントまたは誘導体は、創傷の治癒を促進、増強または加速させるために用いることができる。創傷の治癒または創傷の修復は、皮膚(またはその他の器官)が傷害の後でそれ自体を修復する複雑なプロセスである。創傷治癒の古典的モデルは、4つの連続的でありかつ重なり合う相に分けられる:(1)止血、(2)炎症、(3)増殖および(4)リモデリング。血管新生は、創傷治癒の増殖相の間に起こり、創傷の収縮(すなわち、創傷のサイズの減少)を促進する。損傷を受けた組織中へ成長中の微小血管は、正常な治癒プロセスの必須成分である。実際、創傷治療は、しばしば、血管新生を促進することを目的とする。
VEGFは、神経栄養および神経保護効果を有する。本明細書において記載されるprom-1ペプチドのVEGF媒介性の血管新生に対する効果、およびVEGFの血管新生促進活性と神経栄養活性との間の平行性を前提として、本明細書において記載されるprom-1ペプチドが、VEGFの神経栄養または神経保護効果を増強または増大させ得ることが予測される。prom-1ペプチドは、例えば、「Composition and method for treating occlusive vascular diseases, nerve regeneration and wound healing」と題される米国公開出願第20060147415号に記載されるような神経変性疾患を処置するために用いることができ、該出願は、その全体において本明細書において参考として組み込まれる。さらに、本明細書において記載されるprom-1ペプチドは、神経成長、軸索伸長、軸索の側枝形成および神経突起形成を刺激するために用いることができる。
方法1:各マウスをケタミン/キシラジン麻酔薬で麻酔し、右脛骨骨幹の前内側面上に切開を作製する。筋肉を鈍的切開して骨膜表面を露出させ、脛骨結節の終止点から約1mm遠位の内側皮質(medial cortex)において直径0.6mmの貫通孔を作製する。手術および/または本明細書において記載されるペプチドによる処置の後で、全ての動物に高解像度マイクロCTスキャン(Scanco vivaCT 40;11μmボクセルの解像度)を施し、骨折を確認する。全ての動物において、12日目および21日目に、それぞれ骨折部位における骨密度の定量的分析の進捗をモニタリングするために、2回目および3回目のマイクロCTスキャンを行う。
血管新生促進因子は、新しい血管の形成を直接的または間接的に促進する因子である。これらの因子は、正常細胞および腫瘍細胞により発現され分泌され得る。本明細書において記載される血管新生促進ペプチド、バリアントまたは誘導体は、以下を非限定的に含む他の血管新生促進因子と組み合わせて投与することができる:EGF、E−カドヘリン、VEGF(特にVEGFアイソフォーム:VEGF121、145および165)、アンジオゲニン、アンジオポエチン−1、線維芽細胞増殖因子:酸性(aFGF)および塩基性(bFGF)、フィブリノーゲン、フィブロネクチン、ヘパラナーゼ、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、インスリン様増殖因子−1(IGF−1)、IGF、BP−3、PDGF、VEGF−A、VEGF−C、色素上皮由来因子(PEDF)、ビトロネクチン、レプチン、トレフォイルペプチド(TFFs)、CYR61(CCN1)およびNOV(CCN3)、レプチン、ミッドカイン、胎盤増殖因子、血小板由来内皮細胞増殖因子(PD−ECGF)、血小板由来増殖因子−BB(PDGF−BB)、プレイオトロフィン(PTN)、プログラヌリン、プロリフェリン、トランスフォーミング増殖因子−アルファ(TGF−アルファ)、トランスフォーミング増殖因子−ベータ(TGF−ベータ)、腫瘍壊死因子−アルファ(TNF−アルファ)、c−Myc、顆粒球コロニー刺激因子(G−CSF)、間質由来因子1(SDF−1)、細胞分散因子(scatter factor:SF)、オステオポンチン、幹細胞因子(SCF)、マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ(MMP)、トロンボスポンジン−1(TSP−1)、ならびに血管新生および血管分布の増大の誘導因子である炎症性サイトカインおよびケモカイン、例えば、CCL2(MCP−1)、インターロイキン−8(IL−8)およびCCL5(RANTES)。
そのバリアントおよび誘導体を含むペプチドは、John Howl編、Methods in molecular biology、第298巻中の「Peptide synthesis and applications」、およびN. Leo Benoitonによる「Chemistry of Peptide Synthesis」、2005年、CRC Press(ISBN-13: 978-1574444544)、およびP. Lloyd-Williamsらによる「Chemical Approaches to the Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins」、1997年、CRC-Press(ISBN-13: 978-0849391422)、Methods in Enzymology、第289巻:Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis、J. N. Abelson、M. I. Simon、G. B. Fields(編)、Academic Press;第1版(1997年)(ISBN-13: 978-0121821906);米国特許第4,965,343号および同第5,849,954号(これらは全てその全体において本明細書により参考として組み込まれる)において記載されるt−Boc(tert−ブチルオキシカルボニル)またはFMOC(9−フルオレニルメチルオキシカルボニル)保護基を用いる固相ペプチド合成などの当該分野において周知の生化学的方法により、化学的に合成して精製することができる。
ペプチド模倣物を設計し、機能的なペプチド模倣物をスクリーニングする方法は、当業者に周知である。既知のタンパク質またはペプチドを模倣する分子を設計する1つの基本的な方法は、第1に既知のタンパク質の活性領域を同定し(例えば、抗体−抗原相関関係の場合、抗原の結合を許容する領域を同定する)、次いで、当該活性領域を模倣する模倣物を探索する。既知のタンパク質の活性領域は相対的に小さいが、模倣物は、当該タンパク質より小さく(例えば分子量において)、相応に、合成することがより容易かつ安価であり、および/または安定性に関する利点もしくは他の有益な薬物動態学的側面を有することが予測される。かかる模倣物は、タンパク質に対する便利な代用物として、標的分子と相互作用するための剤として用いることができる。
本発明の医薬組成物は、例えば組織に対して局所的に適用することができる。組成物は、治療有効量として、薬学的キャリアとの混合物において、局所用医薬組成物の形態において、適用することができる。かかる組成物として、溶液、懸濁液、ローション、ゲル、クリーム、軟膏、乳液、皮膚貼付剤などが挙げられる。これらの投与形態の全ては、それらの調製のための方法と共に、製薬および化粧品の分野において公知である。Harry's Cosmeticology(Chemical Publishing、第7版、1982年);Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(Mack Publishing Co.、第18版、1990年)。代表的には、かかる局所処方物は、活性成分を、薬学的に受容可能なキャリアとの混合物中において、0.1〜100mg/mlの濃度範囲において含む。本明細書において用いられる場合、用語「薬学的に受容可能」、「薬理学的に耐容可能」およびこれらの文法的バリエーションは、それらが組成物、キャリア、希釈剤および試薬を指す場合、交換可能に用いられ、当該材料が、悪心、眩暈、胃の不調などの望ましくない効果を生じることなく、哺乳動物に対して投与することが可能であることを表わす。薬学的に受容可能なキャリアは、そう望まれる場合を除いて、それが混合された対象ペプチドに対する免疫応答の発生を促進しない。その中に溶解または分散した活性成分を含む薬理学的組成物の調製は、当該分野においてよく理解されており、処方に基づいて限定される必要はない。ウイルスによる発現を用いる遺伝子治療について、医薬組成物は、アデノウイルス、アデノ随伴ウイルスまたはレンチウイルスの形態におけるものであってよい。遺伝子治療のための投与量の範囲は、1適用あたり1×106〜1014粒子であってよい。かかる製剤において用いるための他の望ましい成分として、保存剤、共溶媒、増粘剤、キャリアなどが挙げられる。キャリア自体またはキャリア中に溶解している成分は、保湿、洗浄または抗炎症/抗掻痒特性を含む、それ自体の対症療法的または治療的特性を有していてもよい。浸透促進剤は、例えば、界面活性剤;ジメチルスルホキシドおよび他のスルホキシド、ジメチルアセタミドおよびピロリドンなどの特定の有機溶媒;特定の複素環式アミンのアミド、グリコール(例えば、プロピレングリコール);炭酸プロピレン;オレイン酸;アルキルアミンおよび誘導体;多様なカチオン性、アニオン性、非イオン性および両性の界面活性剤などであってよい。
遺伝子治療の原理は、Oldham, R. K.(Principles of Biotherapy(Raven Press, N.Y., 1987)中)、および類似のテキストにより開示される。遺伝子治療のための方法および使用の開示は、Boggs, S. S. (Int. J. Cell Clon. 8:80-96 (1990)); Karson, E. M. (Biol. Reprod. 42:39-49 (1990)); Ledley, F. D.(Biotechnology, A Comprehensive Treatise, volume 7B, Gene Technology, VCH Publishers, Inc. NY, pp 399-458 (1989)中)により提供され、これらの全ては、本明細書において参考として組み込まれる。
1.(B#)(VnQnRnQnTnTcTcVcVcAn)(Z#)のアミノ酸配列式を有する分子から本質的になる単離されたペプチドであって、
式中、Vn、Qn、Rn、Qn、TnおよびAnは、アミノ酸V、Q、R、TおよびAならびにその非保存的および保存的アミノ酸置換を表わし;
ここでTcおよびVcは、アミノ酸TおよびVならびにその保存的置換を表わし;
ここでBおよびZは、既知の20個のアミノ酸またはその誘導体のいずれかであり;
ここで「#」は、BおよびXの各々について独立して変化する0〜20の数であり;
およびここで前記ペプチドは、VEGFに結合するか、in vivoアッセイにおいて細胞へのVEGF結合を増強する、前記単離されたペプチド。
2.DRVQXQTTTVVA(配列番号2)のアミノ酸配列を有する分子から本質的になる単離されたペプチドであって、該単離されたペプチドの位置5におけるアミノ酸Xは、アルギニンより疎水性である、前記単離されたペプチド。
3.配列DRVQXQTTTVVA(配列番号2)の位置5におけるアミノ酸が、バリン、イソロイシン、グルタミン、ロイシン、メチオニン、フェニルアラニン、トリプトファン、システイン、プロリン、アラニン、グリシン、またはアルギニンよりも疎水性であるこれらのアミノ酸のいずれかのバリアントからなる群より選択される、項2の単離されたペプチド。
4.アミノ酸配列DRVQAQTTTVVA(配列番号3)、DRVQVQTTTVVA(配列番号4)、DRVQQQTTTVVA(配列番号5)およびDRVQMQTTTVVA(配列番号6)からなる群より選択される分子から本質的になる、項3の単離されたペプチド。
5.DRVQRJTTTVVA(配列番号48)のアミノ酸配列を有する分子から本質的になる単離されたペプチドであって、該単離されたペプチドの位置6におけるアミノ酸Jは、グルタミンよりも疎水性である、前記単離されたペプチド。
6.配列DRVQRJTTTVVA(配列番号48)の位置5におけるアミノ酸Jが、バリン、イソロイシン、ロイシン、メチオニン、フェニルアラニン、トリプトファン、システイン、プロリン、アラニン、グリシン、またはグルタミンよりも疎水性であるこれらのアミノ酸のいずれかのバリアントからなる群より選択される、項5の単離されたペプチド。
7.アミノ酸配列DRVQRQTTTVVA(配列番号1)、RVQRQTTTVVAG(配列番号29)、VQRQTTTVVAGI(配列番号30)、DRVQVQTTTVVA(配列番号4)、DRVQMQTTTVVA(配列番号5)、DRVQQQTTTVVA(配列番号6)、DAVQRQTTTVVA(配列番号39)、DRAQRQTTTVVA(配列番号40)、DRVARQTTTVVA(配列番号41)、DRVQAQTTTVVA(配列番号3)、DRVQRATTTVVA(配列番号11)、DRVQRQATTVVA(配列番号42)およびDRVQRQTTTVVG(配列番号47)からなる群より選択される分子から本質的になる、項3の単離されたペプチド。
8.再生活性を有する、項1〜7のいずれか1つのペプチド。
9.in vitroアッセイにおいてVEGFに結合する、項1〜8のいずれか1つのペプチド。
10.血管新生を促進する、項1〜9のいずれか1つのペプチド。
11.保存的アミノ酸置換をさらに含み、in vitroアッセイにおいてVEGFに結合する、項1〜10のいずれか1つのペプチド。
12.内皮細胞へのVEGFの結合を増強する、項1〜11のいずれか1つのペプチド。
13.血管新生促進因子の存在下において血管新生を増強する、項1〜12のいずれかのペプチド。
14.血管新生促進因子の存在下において細胞遊走を増強する、項1〜13のいずれかの単離されたペプチド。
15.神経成長刺激活性を有する、項1〜14のいずれかの単離されたペプチド。
16.環状ペプチドである、項1〜15のいずれか1つのペプチド。
17.項16のいずれか1つのペプチドであって、環状ペプチドが、式C(Bn)(DRVQXQTTTVVA)(Zn)C(配列番号7)またはAC(Bn)(DRVQXQTTTVVA)(Zn)C(配列番号8)を有し、アミノ酸Xは、アルギニンより疎水性である任意のアミノ酸であり、BおよびZは、既知の20個のアミノ酸またはそれらの誘導体のいずれかであり、「n」は0〜20で変化する数であり、(Zn)および(Bn)は環状ペプチドにおいてスペーサーとして用いられる、前記ペプチド。
18.ペプチドがポリマーに接合している、項1〜17のいずれか1つのペプチド。
19.1〜6アミノ酸のアミノ酸残基の内部欠失または挿入が存在する、項1〜18のいずれか一項に記載のペプチド。
20.異種のペプチドまたはポリペプチドに融合した項1〜19のいずれか1つのペプチドを含む、融合タンパク質。
21.薬学的に受容可能なキャリアと項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチドとを含む組成物。
22.それを必要とする組織において細胞の増殖を促進する方法であって、前記組織を項21の組成物と接触させることを含む、前記方法。
23.それを必要とする組織において血管新生を促進する方法であって、前記組織を項21の組成物と接触させることを含む、前記方法。
24.創傷治癒の促進、熱傷、組織修復、骨修復、妊娠促進、心筋梗塞、心肥大、勃起不全の処置、血圧の調節、疾患または外傷後の血管再生、組織移植、または組織工学によるコンストラクトの背景において適用される、項22または23の方法。
25.創傷治癒を促進する方法であって、創傷を、項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチド、環状ペプチドまたは融合タンパク質と接触させ、それにより、前記ペプチドまたは融合タンパク質の不在下と比較して、創傷治癒が増強される、前記方法。
26.神経保護を必要とする個体に対して神経保護または神経再生を促進する方法であって、神経細胞を項21の組成物と接触させることを含み、前記接触させることが、該接触させることの不在下において生じる神経細胞死と比較して、神経細胞死を予防するかもしくは遅延させる、または前記接触させることが、神経の成長を促進することにより、神経再生を促進する、前記方法。
27.それを必要とする組織において細胞の増殖を促進するための、項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチドの使用。
28.それを必要とする組織において血管新生を促進するための、項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチドの使用。
29.創傷治癒を促進するための、項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチドの使用。
30.神経保護を必要とする個体に対する、神経保護または神経再生を促進するための、項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチドの使用。
31.それを必要とする組織において細胞の増殖を促進するための医薬の製造のための、項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチドの使用。
32.それを必要とする組織において血管新生を促進するための医薬の製造のための、項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチドの使用。
33.創傷治癒を促進するための医薬の製造のための、項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチドの使用。
34.神経保護を必要とする個体に対して神経保護または神経再生を促進するための医薬の製造のための、項1〜20のいずれか1つのペプチドの使用。
例1.プロミニン−1配列から誘導される7個の12マーのペプチドはVEGFに結合する。
最小エピトープ決定は、MIT Biopolymers Facilityにおいて調製された ABIMEDスポットペプチドアレイの免疫染色に基づいた(図1)。各スポットは、12マーの連続したペプチドを含み、目的の抗原中の残基の数に依存して、3残基のオフセットを用いて、抗原配列全体をカバーする。3残基のオフセットについて、スポット1は配列1〜12を含み、スポット2は配列3〜15を含み、スポット3は配列6〜18を含む、など。セルロース結合ペプチド膜を、T−TBSブロッキングバッファー(ブロッキング剤の存在下において、TBS、pH8.0/0.05%のTween 20;Roche Diagnostics化学発光検出キット1500694)と共にプレインキュベートした。その後、ペプチドアレイを、1.0μg/mlの最終濃度におけるhVEGFと共に、T−TBSブロッキングバッファー中で2時間インキュベートした。T−TBSで10分間3回洗浄した後、抗hVEGF抗体(Quantum Biotechnologies, Montreal)を、1時間、T−TBSブロッキングバッファー中1μg/mlの最終濃度まで添加し、その後、T−TBSで10分間3回洗浄した。最後に、アレイを2次抗マウスIgGペルオキシダーゼ標識抗体(カタログ番号A5906、Sigma)と共にインキュベートした、これはT−TBSブロッキングバッファー中1μg/mlの濃度において1時間適用し、その後、T−TBSで10分間3回洗浄した。ペプチド結合VEGF抗体複合体の分析を、化学発光基質を用いて行った。ペプチドへの検出抗体の結合を、抗マウスIgGペルオキシダーゼ標識抗体単独による対照インキュベーションにより除外した(データは示さず)。7個の高度に反応したペプチドは、商業的に合成されており(Genescript Co., NJ)(表1)、VEGF−Aへの結合についてELISAおよびどっとブロットにより確認した(データは示さず)。
内皮細胞およびメラノーマ細胞へのVEGFの結合に対するペプチドの効果を特徴づけるために、細胞を多様なペプチド(720μg/ml)と共に、I125−VEGF(12ng/ml)の存在下においてインキュベートした(図2)。ペプチド#237は、内皮細胞ならびにメラノーマ細胞へのVEGFの結合を増大させた。10000細胞を、20mMのHepes、0.1%のBSAおよびI125−VEGF(12ng/ml)を含む結合バッファー中で、3時間氷上でインキュベートした。3回の洗浄の後で、放射活性レベルをガンマカウンターにより決定した。両種の細胞に対してペプチド#237を添加した場合に、25倍より高いI125−VEGFの結合の増大を観察した。試験した他のプロミニン−1ペプチドは、内皮細胞へのVEGFの結合に対して何らの効果も有さなかった。
細胞のミトコンドリアの脱水素酵素によるテトラゾリウム塩WST−1のホルマザンへの切断に基づくアッセイを用いて、細胞の増殖を試験した。50,000個の微小血管の内皮細胞のアリコート(図3A)またはF10-B16メラノーマ細胞(図3B)を、96ウェルプレートの各ウェルに、10%ウシ胎児血清を含有するEGM培地中で添加した。細胞が96ウェルトレイに付着した後で、細胞を洗浄し、高血清培地を飢餓培地で一晩置き換えた。全ウェルをリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水でリンスした。陰性対照ウェルに飢餓培地を与え、陽性対照ウェルに完全培地を与えた。細胞を異なるペプチド(100μg/ml)で処置し、細胞増殖に対するそれらの効果を決定した。細胞を、それぞれのペプチドの存在下において24時間インキュベートさせた。この時点において、細胞増殖を測定するために、WST−1試薬を4時間適用した。、プレートをOD=450nmにおいて読み取り、データを陰性対照の増殖のパーセンテージとして、p<0.05を有意であるものとして提示した。生細胞の数の増大は、ウェル中のミトコンドリア脱水素酵素の全活性の増大をもたらす。図5において示すとおり、ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)およびB16-F10メラノーマ細胞の増殖は、プロミニン−1の細胞フラグメントとのインキュベーションにより有意に増大した(p<0.05)。
血管新生プロセスに対するペプチド#237の調節効果を評価するために、角膜マイクロポケットアッセイを行った。いずれも160ngのキャリアフリーの組み換えヒトVEGF 165(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN)を含有する2種のペレットを作製し、その一方は、1.3μgの#237のペプチドを含有する。ペレットを、2群の麻酔されたマウス(n=4)の角膜中に作製したマイクロポケット中に移植した。標準化された徐放(slow-release)ペレットの使用を通して、5日間の経過にわたって予測可能な血管新生応答を生ぜしめ、その後定量する。血管新生の面積を血管面積として計算した。これは、角膜縁から測定した血管の長さと、角膜周囲のクロックアワー(clock hours)との積として、以下の式を用いて計算する:血管面積(mm2)=[クロックアワー×血管の長さ(mm)×0.2mm]。処置された眼(ペプチド#237を用いたペレット)において、対照(ペプチド#237を用いないペレット)に対して、血管密度の53%の増大が観察された(図4)。in vivoでの実験により、当該ペプチドが、細胞の増殖を刺激すること、およびしたがって血管新生を誘導する有望な候補であることが確認される。
2群の8週齢のC57blマウスを麻酔し、500ngのVEGF(0.5μg/ml)を添加した0.5mlの氷冷マトリゲル、またはVEGFおよびプロミニンフラグメント−#237(180μg)を含有するマトリゲルのいずれかを皮下注射した。6日目に、動物を安楽死させ、マトリゲルから遊離した細胞の決定のために、蛍光標示式細胞分取器(FACS)分析を用いた。内皮細胞を造血細胞と区別するために、細胞を、それぞれ内皮細胞および造血細胞に特異的な2種の抗体、CD31-PEおよびCD45-APCと共にインキュベートした。左上のパネルは、血管を構築する細胞である内皮細胞の数を反映する。図5において示すとおり、180μgの#237のペプチドをVEGFに添加した場合に、6倍(0.42%対0.07%)(左上のパネル)の内皮細胞が観察された。このことは、#237が、VEGFにより誘導される内皮細胞の遊走に対して相乗効果を有する強力な血管新生因子であることを確認する。
損傷を受けた組織中への微小血管の増殖は、正常な治癒プロセスの必須成分である。実際、創傷治療は、しばしば血管新生を促進することを目的とする。モデルは、ヌードマウスの耳の背側面に創傷を作ることからなる。円形のパンチを用いて、ヌードマウスの耳に標準化された創傷を作製する。パンチのサイズ(2.25mm)により一定の直径の創傷を与え、耳を毎日プレーンなマトリゲル(図6A)またはペプチド#237(180μg)を含有するマトリゲル(図6B)で5日間処置した。マトリゲル溶液は、血管新生に対して最小の効果を有したが、対象的に、ペプチド#237を含有するマトリゲルは、耳の創傷部位の周囲の血管新生を有意に増大させた(×4)。創傷の血管新生を評価するために、マウスに、それらを麻酔した直後に、内皮細胞を特異的に標識するデキストラン−FITCを接種した。耳/創傷を観察し、図6に示した。処置マウス(#237のペプチド)間の円形の創傷の周囲の血管新生は、未処置マウスの間のものよりも著しかった。
本明細書において提供されるのは、本明細書において記載される方法および組成物による使用が企図される例示的な環状ペプチドである。ジスルフィド架橋の形成を可能にするために、システイン残基の前にアミノ酸GGを添加する。
これらのペプチドの各々を、多様な濃度において、内皮細胞へのVEGFの結合について試験し、ペプチド#237と比較した。結果を本明細書において図7に示す。
血管新生を増大することに加えて、ペプチド#237はまた、創傷治癒を加速させる。創傷治癒に対するペプチドの効果を評価するために、5個体のマウスの耳に、1mmの寸法の創傷を作製する円形パンチを用いて創傷を作った。創傷を受けたマウスの耳を、毎日matrigelTMまたは#237のペプチドを含有するmatrigelTMのいずれかにより14日間処置した。図8において示すとおり、14日目において、処置マウスの創傷面積は、未処置のマウスの間のものよりも有意に小さく、このことは、#237がマウスモデルにおいて創傷治癒を促進することを示す。
本発明者らはまた、ペプチド#237中のいずれのアミノ酸残基が、本明細書において記載される多様な血管新生およびVEGF関連の結合活性のために重要であるかを調査した。これを達成するために、本発明者らは、ペプチド#237中の12個のアミノ酸残基の各々を、個々にアラニンに置換し、多様な位置におけるアラニン置換のVEGFへの内皮細胞の結合に対する効果を試験する実験を行った。全12個のアラニン置換ペプチドを作製して試験した:Ala−1、Ala−2、Ala−3、Ala−4、Ala−5、Ala−6、Ala−7、Ala−8、Ala−9、Ala−10、Ala−11、Ala−12(配列番号38〜41、3、11、42〜47):ここで、数はアラニン置換が生じた位置を示す。さらに、配列AAVVTTTQRQVRD(配列番号22)を有する「flip#237」ペプチドをまた作製して研究した。
マウス後肢虚血モデルを用いて、ペプチド#237の血管新生効果を調査した。実験の手順は、2群のマウスにおいて行った:群Aは、その大腿動脈の両方が虚血を刺激するために結紮されたマウスを含み、群Bのマウスにおいては左大腿のみが結紮されている。群Aのマウスを、虚血部位への生理食塩水またはペプチドのいずれかの直接注射(800μg)により処置した。群Bからのマウスを、手順の1日前にマウスの背に移植したポンプにより全身処置した。ペプチドおよび対照(生理食塩水)を、ポンプから0.5μg/時間の速度においてゆっくりと放出させた。大腿が正確に結紮されているか否かを評価するために、レーザードップラー灌流画像化装置により、各マウスについて手法の前および直後に血流を分析した。より明るい灰色の影は、良好な血流の存在を示し、一方、暗い影または黒色は、僅かな血流または血流がないことを示す。
#237(DRVQRQTTTVVA)(配列番号1)およびアナログ#237−V(DRVQVQTTTVVA)(配列番号4)のマウスにおける虚血組織に対する治療活性を、一方の肢における大腿動脈結紮により虚血を誘導するマウス後肢虚血モデルを用いて示した。マウスを、その大腿動脈の一方(右肢)において結紮し、後肢虚血を刺激した。大腿が正確に結紮されているか否かを評価するために、各マウスについて手法の前および直後に機械により血流を分析した。レーザードップラー画像化装置により、手術していない肢と血流を比較した。大腿動脈遮蔽の直後に腹腔内投与されたペプチド#237またはアナログ#237−Vは、3〜6日間以内に肢の灌流を有意に改善する。虚血した肢は、レーザードップラー画像中の左側の肢として観察される。
例9において記載するように創傷治癒実験を行った。ただし、幾つかの異なるペプチド#237アナログ:#237−V(DRVQVQTTTVVA)(配列番号4)、#237−Q(DRVQQQTTTVVA)(配列番号5)および#237−M(DRVQMQTTTVVA)(配列番号6)を用いた。
Claims (23)
- アミノ酸配列RVQRQTTTVVAG(配列番号29)、VQRQTTTVVAGI(配列番号30)、DRVQVQTTTVVA(配列番号4)、DRVQMQTTTVVA(配列番号5)、DRVQQQTTTVVA(配列番号6)、DAVQRQTTTVVA(配列番号39)、DRAQRQTTTVVA(配列番号40)、DRVARQTTTVVA(配列番号41)、DRVQAQTTTVVA(配列番号3)、DRVQRATTTVVA(配列番号11)、DRVQRQATTVVA(配列番号42)およびDRVQRQTTTVVG(配列番号47)からなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列を含む、ペプチド#237(配列番号1)のペプチドアナログ。
- アミノ酸配列RVQRQTTTVVAG(配列番号29)、VQRQTTTVVAGI(配列番号30)、DRVQVQTTTVVA(配列番号4)、DRVQMQTTTVVA(配列番号5)、DRVQQQTTTVVA(配列番号6)、DAVQRQTTTVVA(配列番号39)、DRAQRQTTTVVA(配列番号40)、DRVARQTTTVVA(配列番号41)、DRVQAQTTTVVA(配列番号3)、DRVQRATTTVVA(配列番号11)、DRVQRQATTVVA(配列番号42)またはDRVQRQTTTVVG(配列番号47)からなる、請求項1のペプチドアナログ。
- 再生活性を有する、請求項1または2に記載のペプチドアナログ。
- in vitroアッセイにおいてVEGFに結合する、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログ。
- 血管新生を促進する、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログ。
- 保存的アミノ酸置換をさらに含み、in vitroアッセイにおいてVEGFに結合する、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログ。
- 内皮細胞へのVEGFの結合を増強する、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログ。
- 血管新生促進因子の存在下において血管新生を増強する、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログ。
- 血管新生促進因子の存在下において細胞遊走を増強する、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の単離されたペプチドアナログ。
- 神経成長刺激活性を有する、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の単離されたペプチドアナログ。
- 環状ペプチドである、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログ。
- ペプチドがポリマーに接合している、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログ。
- 異種のペプチドまたはポリペプチドに融合した請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログを含む、融合タンパク質。
- 薬学的に受容可能なキャリアと請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログとを含む組成物。
- 必要とする組織において細胞の増殖を、前記組織を組成物と接触させることによって促進するための、請求項14の組成物。
- 必要とする組織において血管新生を、前記組織を組成物と接触させることによって促進するための、請求項14の組成物。
- 創傷治癒の促進、熱傷、組織修復、骨修復、妊娠促進、心筋梗塞、心肥大、勃起不全の処置、血圧の調節、疾患または外傷後の血管再生、組織移植、または組織工学によるコンストラクトの背景において適用される、請求項15または16の組成物。
- 創傷治癒を、前記創傷を組成物と接触させることによって促進し、それにより創傷治癒が前記組成物の不在下における創傷治癒と比較して増強される、請求項14の組成物。
- 神経保護を必要とする個体において神経保護または神経再生を、神経細胞を組成物と接触させることによって促進し、前記接触させることが、該接触させることの不在下において生じる神経細胞死と比較して、神経細胞死を予防するかもしくは遅延させる、または前記接触させることが、神経の成長を促進することにより神経再生を促進する、請求項14の組成物。
- 必要とする組織において細胞の増殖を促進するための医薬の製造のための、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログの使用。
- 必要とする組織において血管新生を促進するための医薬の製造のための、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログの使用。
- 創傷治癒を促進するための医薬の製造のための、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログの使用。
- 神経保護を必要とする個体に対して神経保護または神経再生を促進するための医薬の製造のための、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のペプチドアナログの使用。
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EP2528938A2 (en) | 2012-12-05 |
EP2528938A4 (en) | 2013-10-23 |
JP2013518119A (ja) | 2013-05-20 |
AU2011210825B2 (en) | 2017-02-02 |
US20130045922A1 (en) | 2013-02-21 |
WO2011094430A2 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
WO2011094430A3 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
US10286032B2 (en) | 2019-05-14 |
CA2788021A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
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