JP5969619B2 - プレバイオティクスの識別方法及びそれを含む組成物 - Google Patents
プレバイオティクスの識別方法及びそれを含む組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5969619B2 JP5969619B2 JP2014541257A JP2014541257A JP5969619B2 JP 5969619 B2 JP5969619 B2 JP 5969619B2 JP 2014541257 A JP2014541257 A JP 2014541257A JP 2014541257 A JP2014541257 A JP 2014541257A JP 5969619 B2 JP5969619 B2 JP 5969619B2
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Description
「ATPアッセイ」は、試験サンプルのアデノシン三リン酸(「ATP」)濃度を測定し、試験値を得ることを意味する。
哺乳類の皮膚表面には、典型的に、種、固体、及び更には固体上の位置によって異なり得る様々な微生物が含まれる。ヒト皮膚上の微生物は、集合的に微生物叢を形成する。健康な皮膚微生物叢は通常、バランスの取れた皮膚片利共生微生物群からなる。ヒトの皮膚微生物叢は、宿主の皮膚の健康及び/又は外観を促進するための手助けをする様々な常在微生物を含み得る。しかし場合によっては、病原菌、酵母、及びかび等の特定の望ましくない微生物が、皮膚への定着を試みる場合があり、健康な微生物叢のバランスを狂わせることがある。幸いにも、典型的に皮膚微生物叢に存在する常在微生物は、様々な能動的及び受動的機構を進化させており、望ましくない微生物の皮膚上への定着を阻止及び/又は予防する。かかる受動的方法の例として、望ましくない微生物が占有し得るニッシェを奪うこと、及び望ましくない微生物の成長及び増殖に必須の栄養素を消費することが挙げられる。能動的機構では、望ましい微生物は、望ましくない微生物の増殖を阻害する、又は更にはそれらを完全に死滅させる代謝産物を産生することがある。望ましくない微生物の阻止に加え、特定の常在微生物相が先天免疫に影響することを示す証拠が相次いでいる。例えば、皮膚微生物叢の特定の構成微生物が、脂質、タンパク質、及び炭水化物の代謝によって、いわゆる皮膚の「酸外套(acid mantel)」の維持に役立つ酸を産生することが示されている。
一部の消費者が、皮膚上の微生物を死滅させる局所製品を望むことは周知である。この望みが、様々な抗菌製品(例えば、抗菌石鹸、拭き取り用品、硬表面クリーナー等)につながっている。特定の微生物に対する抗菌性について試験薬剤をスクリーニングするとき、従来の方法では、例えば、対象の微生物が典型的に消費する食糧源を大量に含むルリアベルターニ培地等の、富栄養成長培地を典型的に利用する。理論によって制限されることなく、富栄養成長培地中の微生物は増殖し、「栄養が十分な」微生物を試験することによって、微生物に対する試験薬剤の抗生物質活性がより容易に観察及び/又は測定できると考えられる。しかし、異なる微生物の栄養的要件が多様であることがわかっているため、異なる微生物種に対して試験薬剤をスクリーニングするとき、従来のアッセイでは、数種類の異なる富栄養成長培地又は培地成分を使わなくてはならない場合がある。試験において数種類の富栄養成長培地を調製することは、時間とリソースの観点から不必要に高価である場合がある。恐らく、より重要なことには、富栄養成長培地中に懸濁された微生物の使用は、抗生物質活性に対する試験薬剤のスクリーニングには好適であるものの、プレバイオティクス剤の識別に十分な感度をもたらさない場合がある。特に、従来のアッセイで典型的に使用される富栄養成長培地は、栄養が十分な微生物をもたらすことから、好適なプレバイオティクス剤を導入しても、代謝産物濃度又は複製レベル等の測定可能な生物学的指標において、わずかな変化を起こすか、全く変化がない場合がある。生物学的指標の変化が少ない、又は変化が見られないと、測定するとき、プレバイオティクス活性の判定に必要な、なくてはならない信号やダイナミックレンジが提供されないことがある。したがって、プレバイオティクス活性について試験薬剤をスクリーニングするとき、試験薬剤によって誘発される変化で、このような変化の測定に使用されるアッセイによって、容易に検出可能な代謝的変化を可能とする、単一の比較的簡素な培地を使用することが望ましいであろう。
試験薬剤をプレバイオティクス剤であると識別するため、試験薬剤の存在による対象微生物の生存及び/又は成長の促進を示さなくてはならない。特定の実施形態では、試験薬剤への微生物の曝露に起因する微生物の産生物を測定し、試験薬剤が生存及び/又は成長を促進したかどうかを判定できる。例えば、産生物は、細胞溶解によって放出される微生物の代謝産物濃度(例えば、ATP、NAD、NADP、NADH、NADPH、cAMP、cGMP、及び/又はADP)の測定可能な変化の形態であってよい。このような代謝指標は、好適な市販の酵素系アッセイで測定できる。追加的又は代替的に、微生物の数及び/又は濃度(すなわち、複製レベル)の変化を測定し、試験薬剤がプレバイオティクス剤であるかどうかを判定することが望ましい場合もある。
試験薬剤がプレバイオティクス剤かどうか、又は潜在的プレバイオティクス性を有するかどうかを決定するため、1つ以上の測定値を得て、微生物がいかに試験薬剤に反応するのかについて判定する。所定の時間(例えば、試験サンプル供給後、0、24、48、72、96及び/又は120時間)で、例えば、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10時間以上の時間間隔で、及び/又はこれらの組み合わせで、このような測定値を得ることが望ましい場合がある。当然のことながら、前述の時間及び時間間隔の例は、特に限定するものではなく、任意の好適な時間又は時間間隔を所望に応じて使用できる。
場合によっては、単一の試験薬剤又は試験薬剤の組み合わせが、2種以上の微生物、特に2種以上の皮膚片利共生微生物の代謝及び/又は複製を増加できる(「広域プレバイオティクス剤」)かどうかを判定することが望ましいことがある。この理由の1つは、個人間及び部位間に見られる微生物叢の可変性に起因し得る。特定の実施形態では、MCMの優れた感度を利用し、1つ以上の特定の皮膚片利共生微生物に対するプレバイオティクス活性を呈するが、別の皮膚片利共生微生物に対しては呈さない、1つ以上の試験薬剤をスクリーニングすることが望ましい場合がある。当該技術分野において、体の特定の部分への特定の微生物の存在が望ましくない場合があると認識されている。例えば、アクネ菌は一般に座瘡の発症と関連するため、ヒトの顔面の皮膚上でアクネ菌の成長を促すことが望ましくない場合がある。しかし、ヒトの顔面の皮膚上で表皮ブドウ球菌の成長を促すことが望ましい場合もある。したがって、この例では、アクネ菌ではなく表皮ブドウ球菌に対するプレバイオティクス活性を呈する試験薬剤の識別が望ましいだろう。このような選択的プレバイオティクス剤が識別されると、顔面に使用する化粧品組成物、特にスキンケア組成物に組み込み、顔面皮膚の健康を潜在的に改善することができる。
潜在的プレバイオティクス剤の数は膨大であり、本発明のハイスループット段階的アッセイの発明より前には、当該技術分野において、どの試験薬剤がインビボプレバイオティクス活性(すなわち、生きたヒトの皮膚に置かれるときのプレバイオティクス活性)を呈し得るかを予測する、好適な方法はなかった。その結果、各試験薬剤をインビボで試験し、好適なプレバイオティクス活性を呈するかどうかを判定しなければならなかった。しかしながら、インビボ試験は、1つの薬剤でさえも高価で時間がかかることがあり、多数の薬剤のインビボ試験は商業的に実用的ではない。試験薬剤の特定のインビトロスクリーニング法、例えば、従来の平板計数法は、インビボ法よりも必要な時間とリソースが少ない場合があるが、試験薬剤の広範なライブラリのスクリーニングには、インビトロ法でさえも商業的に実用的ではないことがある。例えば、典型的な平板計数アッセイは、インビトロプレバイオティクス活性の指標を得るために、何百枚ものプレートと1〜4日間を要することがある。ATP濃度等の代謝産物濃度の測定は、試験薬剤の広範なライブラリのスクリーニングに比較的迅速な(例えば、15分間)方法を提供するが、望ましくない偽陽性及び/又は偽陰性の結果をもたらす場合がある。偽陽性又は偽陰性は、それぞれ、好適なレベルのプレバイオティクス活性が存在する又は存在しないという、誤った指標である。したがって、ATPアッセイを単独で使用すると、所望のレベルの活性をインビボで呈さないプレバイオティクス剤として、試験薬剤を識別する結果となる恐れがある。
健康でバランスの取れた皮膚微生物叢によりもたらされる健康的及び/又は外観的利益のため、プレバイオティクス剤を化粧品組成物に組み込むことが望ましい場合がある。つまり、化粧組成物中に成分としてプレバイオティクス剤を含むことが望ましい場合がある。ある特定の実施形態では、化粧品組成物は、皮膚科学的に許容可能なキャリアと、プレバイオティクス剤と、提供される特定の化粧品組成物に一般的に含まれる種類の1種以上の任意の成分と、を含んでよい。組成物は、哺乳類の皮膚の状態を調節及び/又は改善するのに有用な、スキンケア有効成分を含んでよい。かかる任意の成分の非限定例として、ビタミン、ペプチド及びペプチド誘導体、並びに糖アミンが挙げられる。他の任意の成分として、日焼け止め活性物質(つまり日焼け止め剤)及び/又は紫外線吸収剤が挙げられる。特定の実施形態では、化粧品組成物は、着色剤、界面活性剤、フィルム形成組成物、及び/又はレオロジー変性剤を含んでよい。本明細書の好適な化粧品組成物は、例えば、乳濁液、ローション、乳液、液体、固体、クリーム、ジェル、ムース(mouse)、軟膏、ペースト、セラム、スティック、スプレー、トニック、エアゾール、フォーム、ペンシル等を含む、当該技術分野において既知の様々な形態のうち任意の1つであってよい。化粧品組成物は、例えば、ジェル、フォーム、ローション及びクリーム等のひげ剃り予備製品に組み込まれてもよく、エアゾールタイプと非エアゾールタイプとの両方が含まれ得る。その他化粧品組成物として、制汗剤、脱臭剤、並びに石鹸及びシャンプー等のパーソナル洗浄組成物が挙げられる。
実施例1は、試験薬剤がプレバイオティクス活性を呈するかどうかを判定するための、培地選択が変わり得ることを示す。この実施例では、C.jeikeium、表皮ブドウ球菌、及びアクネ菌への影響について、3種の異なる種類の培地を比較した。C.jeikeium、表皮ブドウ球菌、及びアクネ菌は、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC)(Manassas,VA)から、それぞれカタログ番号43734、12228、及び11827を入手する。第1の種類の培地は、3種の微生物それぞれの成長に使用される従来の富栄養成長培地によって代表される。第2の種類の培地は、胃腸内プレバイオティクス培地(「GIPM」)に代表され、胃腸内微生物の試験によく用いられる培地である。GIPMは、ペプトン水、胆汁塩、NaCl、NaHCO3、K2HPO4、Tween 80、KH2PO4、ヘミン、MgSO4・7H2O、ビタミンK1、CaCl2・6H2O、及びシステイン・HClから作られる。第3の種類の培地は、本明細書に開示される新規方法での使用に好適なMCMに代表される。MCMは、NaCl、(NH4)2HPO4、K2HPO4、及びMgSO4から作られ、6.8〜7.2のpHを有する。
実施例2は、ATPアッセイの結果を平板計数アッセイと比較する。平板計数アッセイは、培養液中で培養可能な細菌の成長又は生存を測定するための、当該技術分野において既知の一般に認められたアッセイである。平板計数は、プレバイオティクス物質の識別に有用な手段であり得るが、プレバイオティクス性を評価し、試験薬剤が、ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物に対するインビボプレバイオティクス活性を呈するかどうかを予測するには、ロースループットでリソース集約的な方法であると考えられる。対照的に、プレバイオティクス活性に関して試験薬剤をスクリーニングするとき、ATPアッセイをプレスクリーニング手段として用いると、スループットが向上し、実質的にリソースを少なくする。更に、ATPの結果は一般に平板計数結果を予測し、したがって、ATPアッセイの結果は、更なる試験のために、プレバイオティクス剤候補の迅速識別用初期スクリーニング法をもたらすのに十分信頼できると考えられる。
Claims (12)
- 試験薬剤がプレバイオティクス剤であると識別する方法であって、
試験薬剤と、ある量の第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物と、最小炭素培地と、を含む、第1培養液を準備することと、
前記第1培養液の第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルを測定することと、
前記第1培養液の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルを第1対照値と比較することと、
前記複製レベル又は前記代謝産物濃度が前記第1対照値より大きいとき、前記試験薬剤がプレバイオティクス剤であると識別することと、
を含み、前記最小炭素培地は、NaCl、(NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 、K 2 HPO 4 およびMgSO 4 ・7H 2 Oを含み、および前記最小炭素培地の重量に基づいて0.1重量%未満の炭素含量を有し、前記第1対照値は、前記第1培養液の前記第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物と前記最小炭素培地とを含むが、前記試験薬剤を含まない第1対照培養液の代謝産物濃度または複製レベルを測定することによって得られる、方法。 - 前記第1培養液を準備することが、前記試験薬剤、前記第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物、及び前記最小炭素培地を容器中で混合することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記最小炭素培地が、鉄、ビオチン、ニコチン酸、D−パントテン酸、ピリドキサール、ピリドキサミンジヒドロクロリド、チアミンヒドロクロリド、グルコース、ガラクトース、マンノース、フルクトース、スクロース、ラクトース、マルトース、及びこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される補助成分を含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記最小炭素培地が、バリン及びアルギニンを含まない、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物が、前記最小炭素培地中における24時間後のCFU数において0.2ログ未満の増加を示す、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第1培養液の代謝産物濃度を、前記第1培養液中のATPをATPアッセイで測定することによって決定する、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記複製レベルを、光学密度測定、PCRによるDNA測定、平板計数、限界希釈解析、酵素結合免疫吸着アッセイ、直接的顕微鏡的計数、並びに発光又は着色化合物により微生物を標識して輝度又は着色を測定することからなる群から選択される方法によって判定する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記試験薬剤が植物性薬品を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物が、スタフィロコッカス属、コリネバクテリウム属、及びプロピオニバクテリウム属からなる群から選択される種である、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記試験薬剤と、前記第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物とは異なるある量の第2ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物と、前記最小炭素培地と、を含む、第2培養液を準備することと、前記第2培養液の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルを測定することと、前記第2培養液の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルを第2対照値と比較することと、前記第1培養液の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルが前記第1対照値より大きく、前記第2培養液の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルが前記第2対照値より大きい場合、前記試験薬剤が広域プレバイオティクス剤であると識別することと、を更に含み、前記第2対照値は、前記第2培養液の前記第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物と前記最小炭素培地とを含むが、前記試験薬剤を含まない第2対照培養液の代謝産物濃度または複製レベルを測定することによって得られる、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 試験薬剤と、ある量の前記第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物とは異なる第2ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物と、前記最小炭素培地と、を含む、第2培養液を準備することと、前記第2培養液の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルを測定することと、前記第2培養液の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルを第2対照値と比較することと、前記第1培養液及び前記第2培養液のうち一方の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルが対応する対照値より大きく、前記第1培養液及び前記第2培養液のうち別の方の代謝産物濃度又は複製レベルが対応する対照値未満であるとき、試験薬剤が選択的プレバイオティクス剤であると識別することと、を更に含み、前記第2対照値は、前記第2培養液の前記第1ヒト皮膚片利共生微生物と前記最小炭素培地とを含むが、前記試験薬剤を含まない第2対照培養液の代謝産物濃度または複製レベルを測定することによって得られる、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法によってプレバイオティクス剤を識別することと、前記プレバイオティクス剤を化粧品組成物に組み込むことと、を含む、化粧品組成物の製造方法。
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USD547193S1 (en) | 2004-11-04 | 2007-07-24 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Product container |
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EP1736537A1 (en) * | 2005-06-22 | 2006-12-27 | OrganoBalance GmbH | Methods and means for protecting the skin against pathogenic microorganisms |
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USD570707S1 (en) | 2006-06-29 | 2008-06-10 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Lotion pump package |
USD558591S1 (en) | 2006-08-14 | 2008-01-01 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Bottle |
USD563221S1 (en) | 2006-10-23 | 2008-03-04 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Cosmetic container |
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US9126323B2 (en) | 2011-08-22 | 2015-09-08 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Device for treating a target surface and having an ergonomically pivoting handle |
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- 2012-11-08 WO PCT/US2012/064123 patent/WO2013070894A1/en active Application Filing
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JP2014533947A (ja) | 2014-12-18 |
EP2776836A1 (en) | 2014-09-17 |
JP2014534235A (ja) | 2014-12-18 |
EP2776834A1 (en) | 2014-09-17 |
EP2776834B1 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
JP2014533946A (ja) | 2014-12-18 |
US20130115648A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
US9289376B2 (en) | 2016-03-22 |
EP2776835A1 (en) | 2014-09-17 |
EP2776836B1 (en) | 2018-01-24 |
US9271924B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 |
US20130115610A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
WO2013070893A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
US8815538B2 (en) | 2014-08-26 |
WO2013070894A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
JP5969620B2 (ja) | 2016-08-17 |
WO2013070891A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
US20140072533A1 (en) | 2014-03-13 |
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