JP5694254B2 - 活物質、非水電解質電池および電池パック - Google Patents
活物質、非水電解質電池および電池パック Download PDFInfo
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- JP5694254B2 JP5694254B2 JP2012174813A JP2012174813A JP5694254B2 JP 5694254 B2 JP5694254 B2 JP 5694254B2 JP 2012174813 A JP2012174813 A JP 2012174813A JP 2012174813 A JP2012174813 A JP 2012174813A JP 5694254 B2 JP5694254 B2 JP 5694254B2
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- active material
- negative electrode
- battery
- lithium
- positive electrode
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/77—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by unit-cell parameters, atom positions or structure diagrams
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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Description
第1の実施形態に係る活物質は、一般式LixTiNb2O7(0≦x≦5)で表される単斜晶系酸化物を含む。単斜晶系酸化物の単位包体積は、795Å3以上である。
実施形態の活物質は、例えば、出発原料の混合物を粉砕する工程と、混合物を500〜1400℃の温度範囲で焼成する工程と、水または液体窒素を用いて急冷する工程とを含む方法により製造することができる。この方法を以下に説明する。
一般式LixTiNb2O7で表される単斜晶系酸化物の結晶構造は、広角X線回折(XRD)により検出することができる。
酸素の含有量は、不活性ガス溶解−赤外線吸収法によって測定できる。不活性ガス溶解−赤外線吸収法による酸素含有量の測定は、例えば以下の方法で実行できる。放電状態で電池を解体し、電極(例えば負極)を取り出し、その負極活物質含有層を水中で失活する。その後、負極活物質含有層中に含まれる一般式LixTiNb2O7で表される単斜晶系酸化物を含む活物質を抽出する。抽出処理は、例えば大気中での加熱処理によって負極活物質含有層中の導電剤およびバインダを除去することにより行うことができる。抽出した活物質を容器に測り取った後、測定装置(例えばLECO社製:TC−600型)で酸素の含有量を測定する。
第2の実施形態によれば、第1の実施形態に係る活物質を含む負極と、正極と、非水電解質とを含む非水電解質電池が提供される。第2の実施形態の非水電解質電池は、負極と正極との間に配置されるセパレータと、正負極、セパレータ及び非水電解質が収納される外装部材をさらに含むことができる。
負極は、集電体と、負極活物質含有層(負極材料層)とを含む。負極活物質含有層は、集電体の片面若しくは両面に形成され、活物質と、任意に導電剤及び結着剤を含む。
正極は、集電体と、正極活物質含有層(正極材料層)とを含む。正極活物質含有層は、集電体の片面若しくは両面に形成され、活物質と、任意に導電剤及び結着剤を含む。
非水電解質は、例えば、電解質を有機溶媒に溶解することにより調製される液状非水電解質、又は、液状電解質と高分子材料を複合化したゲル状非水電解質であってよい。液状非水電解質は、電解質を0.5モル/L以上2.5モル/L以下の濃度で有機溶媒に溶解したものであることが好ましい。
無機固体電解質は、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する固体物質である。
セパレータは、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、セルロース、またはポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)を含む多孔質フィルム、または、合成樹脂製不織布から形成されてよい。中でも、ポリエチレン又はポリプロピレンから形成された多孔質フィルムは、一定温度において溶融し、電流を遮断することが可能であるため、安全性を向上できる。
外装部材は、厚さ0.5mm以下のラミネートフィルムまたは厚さ1mm以下の金属製の容器を用いることができる。ラミネートフィルムの厚さは0.2mm以下であることがより好ましい。金属製容器は、厚さ0.5mm以下であることがより好ましく、厚さ0.2mm以下であることがさらに好ましい。
次に、第3実施形態に係る電池パックについて、図面を参照して説明する。第3実施形態に係る電池パックは、第2の実施形態に係る非水電解質電池(単電池)を1個又は複数と、非水電解質電池が収納される筐体とを有する。複数の単電池を含む場合、各単電池は、電気的に直列もしくは並列に接続して配置される。
<チタン複合酸化物の作製>
酸化ニオブ(Nb2O5)とアナターゼ型酸化チタン(TiO2)の混合物を20mmφ、高さ2mmのペレット状にし、大気雰囲気の電気炉において1350℃で18時間焼成した後、約25℃の水中にクエンチしてTiNb2O7を合成した。得られたTiNb2O7をジルコニアビーズで乾式粉砕して粒度調整して、電池用活物質を得た。
試料を直径25mmの標準ガラスホルダーに詰め、広角X線回折法で測定を行った。以下に測定装置および条件を示す。
X線源:CuKα線(Niフィルター使用)
出力 :40kV,40mA
スリット系:Div. Slit;0.3°
検出器:LynxEye(高速検出器)
(2)スキャン方式:2θ/θ連続スキャン
(3)測定範囲(2θ):5〜100°
(4)ステップ幅(2θ):0.01712°
(5)計数時間:1秒間/ステップ。
得られた電池用活物質粉末90重量%と、導電剤としてアセチレンブラック5重量%と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)5重量%をN−メチルピロリドン(NMP)に加えて混合してスラリーを調製した。このスラリーを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔からなる集電体の両面に塗布し、乾燥した。その後、プレスすることにより電極密度が2.4g/cm3の負極を作製した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)およびエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)を1:2の体積比率で混合して混合溶媒とした。この混合溶媒に電解質であるLiPF6を1M溶解することにより液状非水電解質を調製した。
作製した電極を作用極とし、対極及び参照極にリチウム金属を用いたビーカーセルを作製し、上述の液状非水電解質を注入してビーカーセルを完成させた。
電池用活物質の製造において、水中でクエンチする代わりに氷水中でのクエンチを1350℃で18時間焼成した後に行なうこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして電池用活物質を得た。得られた電池用活物質を用いて実施例1と同様にしてビーカーセルを完成させた。
電池用活物質の製造において、ペレット高さを5mmとする以外は実施例2と同様にして電池用活物質を得た。得られた電池用活物質を用いて実施例1と同様にしてビーカーセルを完成させた。
電池用活物質の製造において、ペレット高さを10mmとする以外は実施例2と同様にして電池用活物質を得た。得られた電池用活物質を用いて実施例1と同様にしてビーカーセルを完成させた。
電池用活物質の製造において、1350℃で18時間焼成した後に水中でクエンチする代わりに、焼成後に電気炉の電源を切り、そのまま炉内に放置することにより徐冷して電池用活物質を得ること以外は実施例1と同様にしてビーカーセルを完成させた。
但し、C0.2は0.2C容量で、C10は10C容量である。
Claims (7)
- 一般式LixTiNb2O7(0≦x≦5)で表され、かつ単位包体積が795Å3以上の単斜晶系酸化物を含むことを特徴とする活物質。
- 前記単位包体積が795Å3以上800Å3以下の範囲であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の活物質。
- 前記単斜晶系酸化物の格子定数は、aが20.37Å≦a≦20.53Åであることを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の活物質。
- 前記単斜晶系酸化物は酸素欠損を有することを特徴とする請求項1〜3いずれか1項記載の活物質。
- 正極と、
請求項1〜4いずれか1項記載の活物質を含む負極と、
非水電解質と
を含むことを特徴とする非水電解質電池。 - 請求項5記載の非水電解質電池を含むことを特徴とする電池パック。
- 前記非水電解質電池の電圧を検知可能な保護回路をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項6記載の電池パック。
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