JP4246994B2 - 滑膜由来の組織または細胞を使用する関節軟骨における欠陥または病変の処置および修復のための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
滑膜由来の組織または細胞を使用する関節軟骨における欠陥または病変の処置および修復のための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、軟骨における欠陥または病変(本明細書中で交換可能に使用される)の処置および修復に関する。本発明の組成物は、軟骨欠陥の充填に使用するためのマトリクスおよび滑膜(synovial)の組織および細胞を含む。形成層細胞もまた使用され得る。マトリクスおよび滑膜の組織および細胞の調製物はまた、滑膜細胞の拡大および軟骨細胞への滑膜細胞の分化をそれぞれ促進し、軟骨組織の形成を導くための、増殖因子および/またはトランスフォーミング因子を含み得る。本発明の組成物はまた、軟骨形成遺伝子をトランスフェクトされた滑膜細胞または形成層細胞を含み、その結果、これらの細胞は、軟骨形成を促進する軟骨形成因子を発現する。本発明の方法は、関節包の滑膜の最小侵襲性の生検から滑膜の組織または細胞を得る工程、この滑膜の組織または細胞に適切な増殖因子および/またはトランスフォーミング因子を添加する工程、および構造マトリクス有りまたは無しで組織(膜シートまたはミンスされた膜として)または細胞を欠陥に配置する工程を包含する。あるいは、欠陥は、層化された滑膜シートで充填され得る。滑膜組織は、その欠陥を充填する前に、部分的に失活され得る。あるいは、欠陥は、軟骨細胞を含むマトリクスで充填され得、この軟骨細胞は、インビトロまたはインサイチュで滑膜細胞または形成層細胞から調製される。あるいは、インビトロまたはインサイチュで形成された部分的に形質転換された滑膜由来の組織を使用して、欠陥を充填し得る。次いで、充填された欠陥は、被覆膜(好ましくは、部分的に失活された滑膜シートを含む)でカバーされ得る。本発明の方法は、変形性関節症に見出される関節軟骨欠陥の処置において、そして軟骨損傷を生じる他の疾患および外傷の処置において、特に有用である。
関節は、骨格中の骨が連結される共通様式の1つである。正常な関節をなした骨の末端は、関節軟骨組織によって覆われ、これは、実質的に摩擦のない、互いの骨の動きを可能にする[L.Weiss編、Cell and Tissue Biology(Munchen:Urban and Schwarzenburg、1988)247頁]。
本発明は、ヒトおよび他の動物の軟骨における病変の修復を誘導するための効果的な治療組成物および方法を提供する。本発明の組成物および方法の使用はまた、さもなければ効果的な関節機構の損失を導き、これが、可能性のある関節の切除ならびに金属および/またはプラスチックの人工関節での関節の置換を導く、外傷性の病変および変形性関節症の形成の治癒を促進する。
このような因子は、好ましくは、滑膜シートの間に配置される。適切な抗血管形成因子はまた、新たな軟骨組織の血管新生を防止するために使用され得、そして適切な鉱化/石灰化インヒビターが、新たな軟骨組織の骨化を防止するために使用され得る。
本発明をより完全に理解し得るために、以下の詳細な説明が示される。この説明において、以下の用語が使用される。
本発明に従って軟骨における欠損または損傷を処置する方法を実行するために、修復されるべき関節軟骨欠損が、まず同定される。動物における軟骨欠損は、関節の関節鏡検査または開放性手術の間の損傷または欠損の簡単な検査の間に、視覚的に容易に同定可能である。軟骨欠損はまた、コンピュータ補助連動断層撮影(CATスキャニング)、X線検査、磁気共鳴画像法(MRI)、滑液マーカーまたは血清マーカーの分析によってか、あるいは当該分野で公知の他の任意の手順によって、推論的にも同定され得る。
得られる滑膜組織は、迅速な手術内滑膜移植手順において使用され得る。滑膜組織は、必要に応じて、一回の凍結融解サイクルにより部分的に失活され得、その後、その欠損内に配置され得る。増殖因子および/またはトランスフォーミング因子を含むマトリクスが、必要に応じて、その欠損を充填するために滑膜組織とともに使用され得る。
上記のように得られた滑膜は、個々の滑膜管壁細胞および滑膜線維芽細胞様細胞がその膜組織から遊離されるように、部分消化される。標準的トリプシン消化が使用され得るか、または周囲の組織からそれらの細胞を解離するための他の手段が使用され得る。個々の細胞が、(例えば、フィコール密度勾配を介する差次的沈降を介して)収集され、そしてその迅速な増殖および拡大を保証する標準的細胞培養条件下でインビトロで培養される(増殖因子が、この工程をより迅速に行うために添加され得る)。滑膜細胞培養技術は、当該分野で公知である[Taguchi,K.ら、Cell Struct.Funct.22,pp.443−53(1997),Rodel,J.ら、Exp.Toxicol.Pathol.48,pp.243−7(1996)]。2〜3週間以内に、滑膜細胞は、その欠損の大きさに依存して、その欠損部位への移植可能な状態に十分な数(例えば、溶液またはマトリクス1mlあたり、10,000〜300,000細胞)にまで拡大する。
被覆膜として滑膜を使用する場合、部分的失活工程を実行することが好ましい。なぜならば、この組織はマクロファージを含むからである。このマクロファージは、軟骨組織形成に理想的ではない。なぜならば、マクロファージは、炎症細胞の増殖を導くか、または血管を誘引し得るシグナル物質を産生して、その結果、不必要な骨形成を導き得るからである。マクロファージは、一回の急速凍結および解凍プロセスにより取り出され得る。このプロセスは、滑膜被覆膜中の細胞の数を減少させる。これは、主に、マクロファージを取り出す一方で、間葉細胞の数は、減少はするが、軟骨細胞形成(従って、最終的な軟骨形成)のために十分である。さらに、細胞密度を減少させることによる、部分的な失活は、修復組織における軟骨形成のために、より適切な生理学的細胞密度を作る。マクロファージを取り出すために当該分野で公知の他の方法(例えば、抗マクロファージ抗体)は、追加でまたは代替として用いられ得る。
軟骨欠損部を補充するか、さもなければ、整えるための本発明の方法に有用なマトリクス材料としては、フィブリノーゲン(トロンビンで活性化されて、欠損部または病巣内でフィブリンを形成する)、コラーゲン、アガロース、ゼラチン、ならびに任意の他の生分解性材料(これらは、滑膜細胞または軟骨細胞が、マトリクス内に場所を占め、そして増殖することを可能にするために、十分に大きい孔を有するマトリクスを形成し、そして修復プロセスの間に、分解され得、そして軟骨と交換され得る)が挙げられる。
再移植した滑膜組織または滑膜細胞懸濁物は、一旦、欠損部位において、成熟軟骨組織を最終的に産生する軟骨細胞(これは、初めに、プロテオグリカン分解酵素を用いて処理した表面に付着する)へと一部自発的に形質転換し得る。[Hunziker,E.B.ら、J.Bone Joint Surg.Br.,80(1),144−50頁(1998)]。好ましくは、適切な濃度の形質転換因子(例えば、トランスフォーミング成長因子β(TGFβ)、骨形態形成タンパク質(BMP)[Majumdar,M.K.J.Cell.Physiol.,189(3),275−84頁(2001)]、軟骨由来形態形成タンパク質(CDMP)[Luyten,F.P.Acta Orthop.Scand.Suppl.266,51−4(1995)]、インディアンヘッジホッグタンパク質(Indian hedgehog protein)(IHHタンパク質)[St−Jacques,B.ら、Genes Dev.,13(16),2072−86頁(1999)]、ソニックヘッジホッグ(sonic hedgehog protein)(SHHタンパク質)[Iwamoto,Mら、Crit.Rev.Oral Biol.Med.,10(4),477−86頁(1999)]またはSOX−9[Kolettas,E.ら、Rheumatology,40(10),1146−56頁(2001)])が、移植された滑膜組織に添加されて、軟骨細胞への同種分化を誘導し得る。形質転換因子は、好ましくは、制御放出送達システム中で投与される。連続した増殖および軟骨産生は、欠損部位を補充し、それによりこの欠損部を修復する。新規の軟骨が、形成されそして密度が高まると、この新規の軟骨は、生分解性マトリクスに取って代わり、そして薄い被覆膜が溶解するか、または修復組織に組み込まれて、修復病巣に残る。当該分野で公知の維持因子(例えば、IGF I、IGF IIおよびIGF−BP)はまた、欠損部内の修復細胞集団を安定化するために用いられ得る。
さらに、欠損が、この欠損を満たすために使用される滑膜サンプルまたは細胞懸濁液内の細胞の濃度に対して大きい場合、増殖剤は、この欠損を満たす滑膜細胞の数を増加させる手段として、滑膜サンプルまたはマトリクスに添加され得る。増殖剤は、この欠損内の滑膜細胞に対する増殖効果を有するのに適切な濃度範囲で存在するべきである。好ましくは、この薬剤はまた、(例えば、TGF−βの場合)細胞に対して走化性効果を有するべきである;しかし、排他的な増殖効果を有する因子は、特に、被覆する膜が、欠損空間において、組織および細胞を保持するために存在する場合、使用され得る。あるいは、欠損内に配置される細胞に対する走化性効果を作り出し、続いて、細胞増殖を誘導するために、2つの異なる薬剤(それぞれ、それらの特定の効果(走化性または増殖性のいずれか)のうちの1つのみを有する)が使用され得る。このような薬剤は、米国特許第5,206,023号に記載される。フィブロネクチンまたは他の細胞接着促進因子もまた、米国特許第5,206,023号に記載されるように、マトリクス内に含まれ得る。上で考察されるような形質転換因子の引き続く投与は、滑膜サンプルまたは細胞懸濁液中の細胞を、軟骨産生軟骨細胞に分化するように誘導する。上で考察されるような制御放出送達系は、増殖剤および形質転換因子のうちのいずれかまたはその両方を投与するために使用され得る。
関節軟骨欠損を被覆するために滑膜を使用することの有用性を試験するために、5mmの幅、10mmの長さおよび0.7mmの深さの欠損を、成熟ヤギにおいて、平削り(planing)機器を用いて作製した。新たな欠損を、40ng/mlの濃度の自由増殖剤(IGF−1)および1.0μg/mlの濃度のリポソームカプセル化形質転換増殖因子(BMP−2)を含むフィブリンマトリクスを用いて満たした。次いで、欠損を、関節壁から切り出された同じサイズの滑膜で覆い、そして単回断続縫合を使用することによって、vycril 7.0縫合材料によって欠損境界に縫合された。関節の閉鎖の後、動物を、4週間にわたって、軟らかいギプス包帯中で関節を固定して維持した(n=6匹の動物)。安楽死および組織学的分析に続いて、滑膜が周りの軟骨組織境界に良好に組み込まれ、そしてそれがまた軟骨様組織に形質転換されたことが見出された。3匹の動物において、滑膜組織を、関節孔に向かう滑膜管壁細胞を用いて配向させ、そして3匹の動物において、管壁細胞を欠損空間に向かって配向させた。両方のグループにおいて、同様な結果が得られた(すなわち、被覆膜配向は、本発明の方法において有意な役割を果たさないようである)。
大きな関節軟骨欠損において、軟骨細胞に形質転換されて軟骨を修復し得る細胞を欠損に集める(populate)ために、滑膜から関節軟骨欠損に滑膜細胞を移動させるプロセスは、手術に続く最初の数週間以内での細胞増殖および組織分化による完全な充填を達成するには、非常に遅くあり得るかまたは不十分な数の細胞を提供し得る。修復のための非常に多数の細胞の供給源を提供するために、滑膜材料は、小さな組織ビットに切り取られ、そしてフィブリンマトリクスに混合され、そして欠損内で、形質転換因子と一緒に堆積された。次いで、欠損は、上記実施例Iに記載されるように、滑膜被覆膜によって覆われた。実験のすべての局面は、滑膜ビットのフィブリンマトリクスへの添加を除いて、上記の通りであって。動物の屠殺において、組織形質転換の多くの領域が存在し、そして修復細胞の数は、新たな軟骨組織の形成に十分であった。
II.A.(上記)における実験を、移植された滑膜被覆膜を1回凍結させ、そしてすぐに解凍するように、改変した。これはまた、滑膜組織内に存在するマクロファージの数を減少させるために、滑膜組織ビットを用いて行った。この工程を加えることによって、軟骨組織のより均一な形質転換が達成された。
実施例I.(上記)に記載の実験を、欠損がほぼ欠損自体の寸法の滑膜の重なりを用いて満たされるように、改変した。欠損での配置の前に、滑膜のそれぞれを、4.4mg/mlの濃度でBMP−2溶液中に浸して、軟骨組織への形質転換を誘導した。さらに、滑膜の層間に、形質転換因子(BMP−2、4.4mg/ml)を含む少量のフィブリンマトリクスまたはミクロスフェアを堆積させて、形質転換因子の制御放出を可能にした。肉眼の結果は、滑膜組織の軟骨様組織への形質転換を示した。
実施例I(上記)に記載される処理と同様の欠損の処理を、適切な量の滑膜および/または滑液が好ましくは修復される関節から抽出される外科的介入に続いて、得られる滑膜細胞が、10,000〜300,000細胞/1ml溶液の濃度に到達するまでインビトロで培養されるように、実行され得る。増殖剤を使用して、培養された滑膜細胞集団の増殖を早めることができる。
インサイチュでのBMP−2による滑膜組織形質転換の時間経過を、成体ウサギにおいて実験した。この研究は、各群において5匹のウサギの5つの群からなった。100ng/mlの濃度でBMP−2装填リポソームを含むコラーゲン性マトリクスを、各動物の膝関節における滑膜に縫合した。コラーゲン性マトリクスの移植に続いて、関節空間を層で外科的に閉鎖した。
Claims (44)
- 以下:
生分解性のマトリックスまたはマトリックス形成材料;
有効量の、BMP−2である形質転換因子;および
滑膜組織の片の調製物;
を含有する、ヒトを含む動物において関節軟骨欠損を処置するための組成物。 - 前記マトリックスが、フィブリン、コラーゲン、ゼラチン、アガロース、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記形質転換因子が、制御放出送達系に付随している、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記制御放出送達系が、リポソーム、ミクロスフィア、生体侵食性ポリマー、硫酸ヘパリンプロテオグリカンに化学結合したコラーゲン繊維、および炭水化物に基づく小体からなる群より選択される、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 有効量の増殖因子をさらに含有する、請求項1〜2のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 有効量の抗脈管形成因子をさらに含有する、請求項1〜2のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 有効量のビスホスホネートをさらに含有する、請求項1〜2のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- フィブリン接着剤、トランスグルタミナーゼまたはフィブロネクチンをさらに含有する、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 滑膜、および有効量の、BMP−2である形質転換因子を含む、ヒトを含む動物における、軟骨の欠損の処置のための、組成物。
- 前記滑膜が、部分的に誘導体化されている、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 前記欠損の表面のプロテオグリカンを分解するための薬剤をさらに含有する、請求項9〜10のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- プロテオグリカンを分解するための前記薬剤が、コンドロイチナーゼACである、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 滑膜細胞含有組成物、および有効量の、BMP−2である形質転換因子を含む、ヒトを含む動物において関節軟骨欠損を処置するための組成物。
- 前記滑膜細胞が自己由来である、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記滑膜細胞が、培養物中で増殖されている、請求項13または14に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が、生分解性マトリックスをさらに含有する、請求項13〜15のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 有効量の抗脈管形成因子をさらに含有する、請求項13または16に記載の組成物。
- 滑膜由来の自己由来の軟骨マトリックス、および有効量の、BMP−2である形質転換因子を含む、ヒトを含む動物において関節軟骨欠損を処置するための、組成物。
- 前記組成物が、前記欠損の表面のプロテオグリカンを分解するための薬剤をさらに含有する、請求項13または18のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- プロテオグリカンを分解するための前記薬剤が、コンドロイチナーゼACである、請求項19に記載の組成物。
- 前記マトリックスが、フィブリン、コラーゲン、ゼラチン、アガロース、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項16に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗脈管形成因子が、スラミン、アンギオスタチン、メタロプロテアーゼインヒビター、抗bFGF抗体、抗ESAF抗体、フマギリン、およびAGM−1470からなる群より選択される、請求項17に記載の組成物。
- 有効量の増殖因子をさらに含有する、請求項13または18に記載の組成物。
- 有効量のビスホスホネートをさらに含有する、請求項13または18のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- フィブリン接着剤、トランスグルタミナーゼ、フィブロネクチンおよびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される薬剤をさらに含有する、請求項13または18のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記形質転換因子が、制御放出送達系に付随している、請求項13または18に記載の組成物。
- 滑膜細胞含有組成物と有効量の、BMP−2である形質転換因子とを併せることによって処方される、ヒトを含む動物における、軟骨の欠損の処置するための医薬。
- 前記滑膜が、部分的に誘導体化されている、請求項27に記載の医薬。
- 前記欠損の表面のプロテオグリカンを分解するための薬剤をさらに含有する、請求項27〜28のいずれか1項に記載の医薬。
- プロテオグリカンを分解するための前記薬剤が、コンドロイチナーゼACである、請求項29に記載の医薬。
- 滑膜細胞含有組成物、と有効量の、BMP−2である形質転換因子とを併せることによって処方される、ヒトを含む動物において関節軟骨欠損を処置するための医薬。
- 前記滑膜細胞が自己由来である、請求項31に記載の医薬。
- 前記滑膜細胞が、培養物中で増殖されている、請求項31または32に記載の医薬。
- 前記医薬が、生分解性マトリックスをさらに含有する、請求項31〜33のいずれか1項に記載の医薬。
- 有効量の抗脈管形成因子をさらに含有する、請求項31または34に記載の医薬。
- 滑膜細胞含有組成物と、有効量の、BMP−2である形質転換因子とを併せることによって処方される、ヒトを含む動物において関節軟骨欠損を処置するため、医薬。
- 前記医薬が、前記欠損の表面のプロテオグリカンを分解するための薬剤をさらに含有する、請求項31または36のいずれか1項に記載の医薬。
- プロテオグリカンを分解するための前記薬剤が、コンドロイチナーゼACである、請求項37に記載の医薬。
- 前記マトリックスが、フィブリン、コラーゲン、ゼラチン、アガロース、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項34に記載の医薬。
- 前記抗脈管形成因子が、スラミン、アンギオスタチン、メタロプロテアーゼインヒビター、抗bFGF抗体、抗ESAF抗体、フマギリン、およびAGM−1470からなる群より選択される、請求項35に記載の医薬。
- 有効量の増殖因子をさらに含有する、請求項31または36に記載の医薬。
- 有効量のビスホスホネートをさらに含有する、請求項31または36のいずれか1項に記載の医薬。
- フィブリン接着剤、トランスグルタミナーゼ、フィブロネクチンおよびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される薬剤をさらに含有する、請求項31または36のいずれか1項に記載の医薬。
- 前記形質転換因子が、制御放出送達系に付随している、請求項31または36に記載の医薬。
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AU2002247044A2 (en) | 2002-08-12 |
EP1377661A2 (en) | 2004-01-07 |
CA2435767A1 (en) | 2002-08-08 |
EP1377661A4 (en) | 2009-10-21 |
JP2005500085A (ja) | 2005-01-06 |
WO2002060315A9 (en) | 2004-02-26 |
WO2002060315A2 (en) | 2002-08-08 |
JP2007105547A (ja) | 2007-04-26 |
US20080089871A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
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