JP2015110654A - 精製されたポリペプチド組成物を調製するための方法 - Google Patents
精製されたポリペプチド組成物を調製するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2015110654A JP2015110654A JP2015037711A JP2015037711A JP2015110654A JP 2015110654 A JP2015110654 A JP 2015110654A JP 2015037711 A JP2015037711 A JP 2015037711A JP 2015037711 A JP2015037711 A JP 2015037711A JP 2015110654 A JP2015110654 A JP 2015110654A
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- macrocycle
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、精製されたペプチド模倣大環状分子に関する。本発明はさらに、例えば、治療適用において、このような大環状分子を調製および用いる方法を提供する。一局面では、本発明は、精製されたペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物を調製するための方法を提供する。一実施形態では、この方法は、ペプチド模倣前駆体を接触させる工程と、粗ペプチド模倣大環状分子を精製して、精製されたペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物を得る工程とを包含する。このような実施形態では、このペプチド模倣前駆体は、粗ペプチド模倣大環状分子を生成するために、メタセシス触媒を用いるメタセシス反応を受けることができる少なくとも2つの部分を含んでもよい。
【選択図】なし
Description
本出願は、2008年9月22日に出願された、米国仮出願第61/099,099号(この出願は、本明細書に参考として援用される)の利益を主張する。
本発明は、これらおよび他の必要性に取り組む。一局面では、本発明は、精製されたペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物を調製するための方法を提供する。一実施形態では、この方法は、ペプチド模倣前駆体を接触させる工程と、粗ペプチド模倣大環状分子を精製して、精製されたペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物を得る工程とを包含する。このような実施形態では、このペプチド模倣前駆体は、粗ペプチド模倣大環状分子を生成するために、メタセシス触媒を用いるメタセシス反応を受けることができる少なくとも2つの部分を含んでもよい。
本発明は、例えば以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
精製されたペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物を調製するための方法であって:
a)メタセシス反応を受けることができる少なくとも2つの部分を含むペプチド模倣前駆体と、金属を含むメタセシス触媒とを接触させて粗ペプチド模倣大環状分子を作製する工程と;
b)該粗ペプチド模倣大環状分子を精製して、重量で30ppm未満の該金属を含む精製されたペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物を得る工程と、
を包含する、方法。
(項目2)
前記精製工程がDMSOでの洗浄工程を包含する、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記精製工程がさらに、例えば、HPLCによる少なくとも2回のクロマトグラフィー精製工程を含む、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記精製工程が結晶化を包含しない、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物が重量で20、10、5または1ppm未満の前記金属を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子が、らせんを含み、例えば、ここで該らせんがα−らせんである、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子がBCL−2ファミリーのメンバーのα−らせんドメインを含み、例えば、ここで該ペプチド模倣大環状分子がBH3ドメインを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目8)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子が、表1、2、3または4中の配列のうち少なくとも60%、70%、80%、または90%を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子が第二のアミノ酸に対して第一のアミノ酸を接続する架橋剤を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子が約18原子〜約26原子の環、または約29原子〜約37原子の環を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子がpH7.4で正味の正の電荷を担持する、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目12)
前記第一のアミノ酸および前記第二のアミノ酸が3つまたは6つのアミノ酸によって隔てられる、項目9に記載の方法。
(項目13)
前記架橋剤が、6個と14個との間の連続的な結合、または8個と16個との間の連続的な結合を含む、項目9に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記架橋剤がα−らせんの1ターン〜5ターンにまたがる、項目9に記載の方法。
(項目15)
前記架橋剤が前記α−らせんの1ターンあたり約5Å〜約9Åの長さを含む、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目16)
前記第一または第二のアミノ酸のα位置がさらに置換されている、項目9に記載の方法。
(項目17)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子が、治療剤、ハロゲン、アルキル基、蛍光性部分、アフィニティー標識、標的化部分、または放射性同位体のうちの1つ以上を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目18)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物が、重量で約0.5ppmと約10ppmとの間の濃度の金属を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目19)
前記メタセシス触媒がルテニウム触媒またはオスミウム触媒を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目20)
前記メタセシス触媒が、ヨウ素、臭素、塩素、フェニル、カルベン、シクロヘキシル、ホスフィン、トリシクロヘキシルホスフィン、イミダゾール、またはベンジリデンからなる群より選択される1つ以上の置換基を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目21)
前記ペプチド模倣前駆体が固体支持体に結合される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目22)
前記メタセシス触媒が固体支持体に結合される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目23)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物が、該ペプチド模倣大環状分子の薬学的に受容可能な塩、例えば、塩酸塩または酢酸塩を含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目24)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物が、被験体に対して安全に投与され得る、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目25)
αらせんペプチド模倣大環状分子組成物であって:
a)第一のアミノ酸と第二のアミノ酸を接続する架橋剤を含む、α−らせんペプチド模倣大環状分子と;
b)重量で約0.5ppmと約30ppmとの間の濃度のルテニウムまたはオスミウムとを含む、組成物。
(項目26)
項目25に記載の組成物であって、さらにここで前記アミノ酸のうち少なくとも1つがα,α−二置換アミノ酸であって、例えば、ここで前記第一または第二のアミノ酸がα,α−二置換である、組成物。
(項目27)
前記第一のアミノ酸および前記第二のアミノ酸が3つのアミノ酸によって隔てられる、項目25に記載の組成物。
(項目28)
前記架橋剤が6個と14個との間の連続的な結合、または8個と12個との間の連続的な結合を含む、項目27に記載の組成物。
(項目29)
前記第一のアミノ酸および前記第二のアミノ酸が6個のアミノ酸によって隔てられる、項目25に記載の組成物。
(項目30)
前記架橋剤が8個と16個との間の連続的な結合、または10個と13個との間の連続的な結合を含む、項目29に記載の組成物。
(項目31)
前記架橋剤が前記α−らせんの1ターン〜5ターン、例えば、該αらせんの1ターンまたは2ターンにまたがる、項目25に記載の組成物。
(項目32)
前記架橋剤の長さが前記α−らせんの1ターンあたり約5Å〜約9Åである、項目31に記載の組成物。
(項目33)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子がpH7.4で正味の正の電荷を担持する、項目32に記載の組成物。
(項目34)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子が、治療剤、ハロゲン、アルキル基、蛍光性部分、アフィニティー標識、標的化部分、または放射性同位体のうちの1つ以上を含む、項目25に記載の組成物。
(項目35)
前記金属が、メタセシス触媒またはメタセシス触媒の誘導体を含む、項目25に記載の組成物。
(項目36)
前記メタセシス触媒が、ヨウ素、臭素、塩素、フェニル、カルベン、シクロヘキシル、ホスフィン、トリシクロヘキシルホスフィン、イミダゾール、またはベンジリデンを含む、項目35に記載の組成物。
(項目37)
重量で約30、20、10、5または1ppm未満の金属の総濃度を含む、項目25に記載の組成物。
(項目38)
前記ペプチド模倣大環状分子がその薬学的に受容可能な塩、例えば、塩酸塩または酢酸塩を含む、項目25に記載の組成物。
本明細書において言及される全ての刊行物、特許、および特許出願は、各個々の刊行物、特許、または特許出願が、具体的にかつ個々に参照により組み込まれて示されるのと同程度まで、参照により本明細書に援用される。
本明細書において用いる場合、「大環状分子(macrocycle)」という用語は、少なくとも9個の共有結合された原子によって形成されるリングまたはサイクルを含む化学構造を有する分子を指す。
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子は、式(I):
A、C、D、およびEはそれぞれ独立して、天然または非天然のアミノ酸であり;
Bは、天然もしくは非天然アミノ酸、アミノ酸アナログ、
R1およびR2は独立して、非置換であるかもしくはハロ−で置換される、−H、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、シクロアルキルアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、またはヘテロシクロアルキルであり;
R3は、必要に応じてR5で置換される、水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリールアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、シクロアルキルアルキル、シクロアリール、またはヘテロシクロアリールであり;
Lは、式−L1−L2−の大環状分子形成リンカーであり;
L1およびL2は独立して、アルキレン、アルケニレン、アルキニレン、ヘテロアルキレン、シクロアルキレン、ヘテロシクロアルキレン、シクロアリーレン、ヘテロシクロアリーレン、または[−R4−K−R4−]nであり、それぞれ、必要に応じてR5で置換され;
R4はそれぞれ、アルキレン、アルケニレン、アルキニレン、ヘテロアルキレン、シクロアルキレン、ヘテロシクロアルキレン、アリーレン、またはヘテロアリーレンであり;
Kはそれぞれ、O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2、またはCONR3であり;
R5はそれぞれ独立して、ハロゲン、アルキル、−OR6、−N(R6)2、−SR6、−SOR6、−SO2R6、−CO2R6、蛍光性部分、放射性同位体、または治療剤であり;
R6はそれぞれ独立して、−H、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリールアルキル、シクロアルキルアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、蛍光性部分、放射性同位体、または治療剤であり;
R7は、必要に応じてR5で置換される、−H、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、シクロアルキルアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、シクロアリール、もしくはヘテロシクロアリール、またはD残基を有する環状構造の一部であり;
R8は、必要に応じてR5で置換される、−H、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、シクロアルキルアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、シクロアリール、もしくはヘテロシクロアリール、またはE残基を有する環状構造の一部であり;
vおよびwは独立して1〜1000の整数であり;
u、x、yおよびzは独立して0〜10の整数であり;かつ
nは1〜5の整数である。
式中、「AA」は、任意の天然または非天然アミノ酸側鎖を表し、かつ
他の実施形態において、本発明は、式(IV)または(IVa)のペプチド模倣大環状分子
式中:
A、C、DおよびEはそれぞれ独立して、天然または非天然のアミノ酸であり;
Bは、天然もしくは非天然のアミノ酸、アミノ酸アナログ、
R1およびR2は独立して、非置換であるかもしくはハロ−で置換される、−H、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、シクロアルキルアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、またはヘテロシクロアルキルであるか、あるいはE残基を有する環状構造の一部であり;
R3は、必要に応じてR5で置換される、水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリールアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、シクロアルキルアルキル、シクロアリール、またはヘテロシクロアリールであり;
L1およびL2は独立して、アルキレン、アルケニレン、アルキニレン、ヘテロアルキレン、シクロアルキレン、ヘテロシクロアルキレン、シクロアリーレン、ヘテロシクロアリーレン、または[−R4−K−R4−]nであり、それぞれ、必要に応じてR5で置換され;
R4はそれぞれ、アルキレン、アルケニレン、アルキニレン、ヘテロアルキレン、シクロアルキレン、ヘテロシクロアルキレン、アリーレン、またはヘテロアリーレンであり;
Kはそれぞれ、O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2、またはCONR3であり;
R5はそれぞれ、独立して、ハロゲン、アルキル、−OR6、−N(R6)2、−SR6、−SOR6、−SO2R6、−CO2R6、蛍光性部分、放射性同位体、または治療剤であり;
R6はそれぞれ、独立して、−H、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリールアルキル、シクロアルキルアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、蛍光性部分、放射性同位体、または治療剤であり;
R7は、必要に応じてR5で置換される、−H、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリールアルキル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、シクロアルキルアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、シクロアリール、もしくはヘテロシクロアリールであり;
vおよびwは独立して1〜1000の整数であり;
u、x、yおよびzは独立して0〜10の整数であり;かつ
nは1〜5の整数である。
生物学的活性を付与すると考えられる二次構造を含む既知の一次アミノ酸配列を有する任意のタンパク質またはポリペプチドは、ペプチド模倣前駆体として有用である。例えば、ポリペプチドの配列は、分析されてもよく、そして大環状分子化試薬と反応性の基を含むアミノ酸アナログを適切な位置で置換してもよい。適切な位置は、二次構造のどの分子表面(単数または複数)が生物学的活性に必要であり、従ってそれのまたがる本発明の大環状分子形成リンカーの他のどの表面(単数または複数)が生物学的活性に必要な表面(単数または複数)を立体的にブロックすることなく大環状分子を形成し得るかを確認することによって決定される。このような決定は、活性に重要な残基(および表面)を可視化するための、二次構造と天然の結合パートナーとの間の複合体のX線結晶学的分析(または他の構造的方法)などの方法を用いて;活性に重要な残基(および表面)を機能的に特定するための、二次構造における残基の連続的な変異誘発によって;または他の方法によって行われる。このような決定によって、適切なアミノ酸を、本発明のアミノ酸アナログおよび大環状分子形成リンカーで置換する。例えば、α−らせん二次構造については、らせんの一表面(例えば、らせんの軸にそって長軸方向におよびらせんの軸に対して放射状に45〜135°に伸びる分子表面)が、生物学的活性についてインビボまたはインビトロで別の生体分子と接触する必要があり得る。このような場合に、大環状分子形成リンカーは、活性に直接必要でないその表面の部分においてらせんの表面にそって長軸方向に伸びながら、そのらせんの2つのα−炭素を連結するように設計される。
概して、本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子の調製における最初の工程は、メタセシスを受けることができる部分を有するアミノ酸を含むペプチド模倣前駆体の合成である。このペプチド模倣前駆体は、その合成後に精製されてもよいし、精製されなくてもよい。次の工程は、このペプチド模倣前駆体と、環を閉じる(ring−closing)メタセシス触媒などの大環状分子形成試薬とを接触させて2つのアミノ酸の間の少なくとも1つの架橋を含む粗ペプチド模倣大環状分子を生成する工程である。引き続き、この粗ペプチド模倣大環状分子を精製して、不純物および金属、例えば、触媒由来の金属残渣を除去する。
Amino Acids,編集G.C.Barrett,Chapman and Hall,1985を参照のこと)。化学合成方法、例えば、Fieldsら.,Synthetic Peptides:A User’s Guideの第3章,編集Grant,W.H.Freeman & Co.,New York,N.Y.,1992,p.77に記載の方法を用いてもよい。従って、例えば、ペプチドは、例えば、自動化ペプチドシンセサイザーで側鎖が保護されたアミノ酸を用いてtBocまたはFmoc化学のいずれかによって保護されたアミンによる固相合成の自動化Merrifield技術を用いて合成する(例えば、Applied Biosystems(Foster City,CA),Model 430A,431、または433)。
架橋されるアミノ酸部分として2つのオレフィンを含む実施形態のために、環を閉じるオレフィンメタセシスを用いて、環化反応を行ってもよい。一実施形態では、オレフィンメタセシス反応は、環を閉じるオレフィンメタセシス反応を包含する。環を閉じるオレフィンメタセシスは、オレフィンメタセシス反応を利用して大環状分子を形成する。この反応では、鎖内の2つの二重結合が接続される。
式中:MがOsおよびRuからなる群より選択され;RおよびR1が独立して水素および官能基からなる群より選択され;XおよびX1は、アニオン性リガンドであり;かつLおよびL1は中性の電子供与体である触媒が挙げられる。さらに詳細には、LおよびL1は、式PR3R4R5のホスフィンであってもよく、ここでR3は二級アルキルおよびシクロアルキルからなる群より選択され、かつR4およびR5は独立して、アリール、C1−C10一級アルキル、二級アルキルおよびシクロアルキルから選択される。N−複素環リガンド、例えば、イミダゾリンおよびトリアゾリンリガンド(例えば、Grubbs’触媒,第二世代)もまた適切である。他の例としては、Strem Chemicals,Inc.およびZannan Pharma,Ltd.が販売するメタセシス触媒が挙げられる。
一般には、本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子を、精製工程の組み合わせを用いて精製する。本発明のいくつかの実施形態では、ペプチド模倣大環状分子前駆体を固相支持体上で合成する。環化後、固相支持体を単離して、DMSO、DMSO/ジクロロメタン混合物、またはDMSO/NMP混合物などの溶媒の溶液中に懸濁してもよい。DMSO/ジクロロメタンまたはDMSO/NMP混合物は、約30%、40%、50%または60%のDMSOを含んでもよい。特定の実施形態では、50%/50%のDMSO/NMP溶液を用いる。この溶液を1、6、12または24時間の期間インキュベートして、その後に樹脂を、例えば、ジクロロメタンまたはNMPを用いて洗浄してもよい。一実施形態では、この樹脂をNMPで洗浄する。振盪しながらその溶液中への不活性ガスのバブリングを行ってもよい。
本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子の特性は、例えば、下に記載される方法を用いることによってアッセイされる。いくつかの実施形態では、本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子は、本明細書に記載の置換基を欠く対応するポリペプチドに対して生物学的特性が改善されている。
溶液中で、α−らせんドメインを有するポリペプチドの二次構造は、ランダムコイル構造とα−らせん構造との間の動的平衡に到達し、「ヘリシティパーセント(percent helicity)」として表される場合が多い。従って、例えば、未改変のプロアポトーシス性BH3ドメインは大部分が、溶液中で通常25%未満のα−らせん含量を有するランダムコイルである。一方、最適化されたリンカーを有するペプチド模倣大環状分子は、例えば、対応するR置換基を欠く大環状分子のそれよりも少なくとも2倍高いα−ヘリシティを有する。いくつかの実施形態において、本発明の大環状分子は、50%より高いα−ヘリシティを有する。本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子(例えば、BH3ドメインベースの大環状分子)のヘリシティをアッセイするために、上記化合物を、水性溶液(例えば、pH7の50mMのリン酸カリウム溶液、または蒸留水(distilled H2O)、25〜50μMの濃度まで)に溶解する。標準的な測定パラメーター(例えば、温度、20℃;波長、190〜260nm;ステップ分解能、0.5nm;速度、20nm/秒;蓄積、10;応答、1秒;帯域幅、1nm;光路長(path length)、0.1cm)を用いて、分光偏光計(例えば、Jasco J−710)において円二色性(CD)スペクトルを得る。平均残基楕円率(例えば、[Φ]222obs)をらせんデカペプチドモデル(Yangら(1986)、Methods Enzymol.130:208)について報告されている値で割ることによって、各ペプチドのα−らせん含量を計算する。
α−らせんなどの二次構造を含む本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子は、例えば、対応するR置換基を欠く大環状分子よりも高い融解温度を示す。代表的には、本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子は、水性溶液中で高度に安定な構造を表す60℃超のTmを示す。融解温度に対する大環状分子形成の影響をアッセイするために、ペプチド模倣大環状分子または非改変ペプチドを、蒸留水中に溶解(例えば、50μMの最終濃度で)し、分光偏光計(例えば、Jasco J−710)において標準的なパラメーター(例えば、波長222nm;ステップ解像度、0.5nm;速度、20nm/秒;蓄積、10;応答、1秒;帯域幅、1nm;温度上昇速度:1℃/分;光路長、0.1cm)を用いて、ある温度範囲(例えば、4〜95℃)にわたって楕円率の変化を測定することによって、Tmを決定する。
ペプチド骨格のアミド結合は、プロテアーゼによる加水分解を受けやすく、そのためペプチド性化合物は、インビボでの急速な分解に対して脆弱になる。しかし、ペプチドらせん形成は、代表的にはアミド骨格を埋没させ、従って、タンパク質分解性の切断からアミド骨格を保護することができる。本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子をインビトロのトリプシンタンパク質分解に供して、対応するR置換基を欠く大環状分子と比較した分解速度の変化について評価し得る。例えば、ペプチド模倣大環状分子および対応するR置換基を欠く大環状分子を、トリプシンアガロースでインキュベートし、遠心分離によって種々の時点で反応をクエンチして、その後HPLC注入して、280nmでの紫外線吸収により残存基質を定量する。簡潔に述べると、ペプチド模倣大環状分子およびペプチド模倣物前駆体(5μg(mcg))を、トリプシンアガロース(Pierce)(S/E約125)で0、10、20、90、および180分間インキュベートする。高速での卓上遠心分離によって反応をクエンチし、HPLCによる280nmでのピーク検出によって単離した上清中の残存している基質を定量する。タンパク質分解反応は一次反応速度式(first−order kinetics)を示し、時間に対するln[S](k=−1X勾配)のプロットから速度定数、kを決定する。
最適化されたリンカーを有するペプチド模倣大環状分子は、例えば、対応するR置換基を欠く大環状分子のそれよりも少なくとも2倍高いエキソビボ半減期を有し、かつ12時間以上のエキソビボ半減期を有する。エキソビボの血清安定性研究には、種々のアッセイを用いてもよい。例えば、ペプチド模倣大環状分子および対応するR置換基を欠く大環状分子(2μg)を、新鮮なマウス血清、ラット血清および/またはヒト血清(2mL)とともに、37℃で0、1、2、4、8、および24時間インキュベートする。インタクトな化合物のレベルを決定するために、以下の手順を用いてもよい:100μlの血清を2mlの遠心管に移すこと、その後に10μLの50%ギ酸および500μLのアセトニトリルを添加し、4±2℃で10分間、14,000RPMで遠心分離することによって、サンプルを抽出する。次いで上清を新しい2mlのチューブに移し、TurbovapにおいてN2<10psi下、37℃でエバポレートさせる。サンプルを100μLのアセトニトリル:水(50:50)中で再構成し、LC−MS/MS分析にかける。
アクセプタータンパク質に対するペプチド模倣大環状分子およびペプチド模倣物前駆体の結合および親和性を評価するために、例えば、蛍光偏光アッセイ(FPA)を用いる。FPA技術は、偏光および蛍光トレーサーを用いて分子の配向および運動性を測定する。偏光によって励起されると、高い見かけの分子量を有する分子に結合している蛍光トレーサー(例えば、FITC)(例えば、大きなタンパク質に結合したFITC標識ペプチド)は、より小さい分子に結合している蛍光トレーサー(例えば、溶液中で遊離しているFITC標識ペプチド)と比較してそのより遅い回転速度のために、より高いレベルの偏光蛍光を発する。
ペプチド(例えば、BH3ペプチドまたはp53ペプチド)とアクセプタータンパク質との間の相互作用をアンタゴナイズする化合物の結合および親和性を評価するために、例えば、ペプチド模倣物前駆体配列に由来するフルオレセイン化ペプチド模倣大環状分子を利用する蛍光偏光アッセイ(FPA)を用いる。このFPA技術は、偏光および蛍光トレーサーを用いて分子の配向および運動性を測定する。偏光によって励起されるとき、高い見かけの分子量を有する分子に結合している蛍光トレーサー(例えば、FITC)(例えば、大きなタンパク質に結合したFITC標識ペプチド)は、より小さい分子に結合している蛍光トレーサー(例えば、溶液中で遊離しているFITC標識ペプチド)と比較してそのより遅い回転速度のために、より高いレベルの偏光蛍光を発する。フルオレセイン化ペプチド模倣大環状分子とアクセプタータンパク質との間の相互作用をアンタゴナイズする化合物は、競合的結合FPA実験において検出される。
インタクトな細胞における、それらの天然アクセプターに対するペプチドまたはペプチド模倣大環状分子の結合は、免疫沈降実験によって測定することが可能である。例えば、インタクトな細胞を、血清の非存在において、フルオレセイン化(fluoresceinated)(FITC標識)化合物とともに4時間インキュベートし、その後血清補充(serum replacement)を行い、さらに4〜18時間の範囲でインキュベートする。次いで細胞をペレットにして、溶解緩衝液(50mMのTris[pH7.6]、150mMのNaCl、1%CHAPSおよびプロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル)中で、10分間4℃でインキュベートする。抽出物を14,000rpmで15分間遠心分離にかけ、上清を回収して10μlのヤギ抗FITC抗体と4℃で回転させながら2時間インキュベートし、その後さらに4℃で2時間、プロテインA/Gセファロース(50μlの50%ビーズスラリー)とインキュベートする。短時間の遠心分離の後、ペレットを、漸増する塩濃度(例えば、150、300、500mM)を含有する溶解緩衝液中で洗浄する。次いで、ビーズを、150mMのNaClで再平衡化させて、その後SDS含有サンプル緩衝液の添加および煮沸を行う。遠心分離後、上清を必要に応じて、4%〜12%勾配Bis−Trisゲルを用いて電気泳動し、その後Immobilon−Pメンブレンに移す。ブロッキング後、必要に応じて、ブロットを、FITCを検出する抗体と、また、ペプチド模倣大環状分子に結合するタンパク質(BCL2、MCL1、BCL−XL、A1、BAX、BAK、MDM2またはMDMXを含む)を検出する1つ以上の抗体とともに、インキュベートする。
ペプチド模倣大環状分子は、例えば、R−置換基を欠く対応する大環状分子に比較して、さらに細胞透過性である。いくつかの実施形態では、このペプチド模倣大環状分子は、R−置換基を欠く対応する大環状分子よりも細胞透過性である。最適化されたリンカーを有するペプチド模倣大環状分子は例えば、R−置換基を欠く対応する大環状分子よりも少なくとも2倍大きい細胞透過性を保有し、かつ適用した(applied)ペプチド模倣大環状分子のうち20%以上が4時間後に細胞を透過したことが観察される場合が多い。ペプチド模倣大環状分子およびR−置換基を欠く対応する大環状分子の細胞透過性を測定するために、インタクトな細胞を、フルオレセイン化したペプチド模倣大環状分子またはR−置換基を欠く対応する大環状分子(10μM)とともに4時間、無血清培地中で37℃でインキュベートし、培地を用いて2回洗浄し、トリプシン(0.25%)とともに10分間37℃でインキュベートする。細胞を再度洗浄し、PBS中に再懸濁する。細胞の蛍光を、例えば、FACSCaliburフローサイトメーター、またはCellomics’KineticScan(登録商標)HCS Readerのいずれかを用いることによって分析する。
特定のペプチド模倣大環状分子の効力は、例えば、ヒトまたはマウス細胞集団に由来する種々の腫瘍形成性および非腫瘍形成性の細胞系統ならびに初代細胞を用いる細胞ベースの死滅アッセイにおいて決定される。細胞生存率を、例えば、ペプチド模倣大環状分子(0.5〜50μM)による24〜96時間のインキュベーションにわたってモニターして、EC50<10μMで死滅させるペプチド模倣大環状分子を特定する。細胞生存率を測定するいくつかの標準的なアッセイが市販されており、ペプチド模倣大環状分子の効力を評価するために必要に応じて用いられる。さらに、ペプチド模倣大環状分子がアポトーシス機構を活性化することによって細胞を死滅させるか否かを評価するために、アネキシンVおよびカスパーゼ活性化を測定するアッセイが必要に応じて用いられる。例えば、細胞内ATP濃度の関数として細胞生存率を決定するCell Titer−gloアッセイが用いられる。
ペプチド模倣大環状分子のインビボ安定性を検討するために、化合物を、例えば、マウスおよび/またはラットに、IV、IP、POまたは吸入経路によって0.1〜50mg/kgの範囲の濃度で投与し、注入後0分、5分、15分、30分、1時間、4時間、8時間および24時間で血液検体を採取する。次いで25μLの新鮮血清中のインタクトな化合物のレベルをLC−MS/MSによって上記のとおり測定する。
インビボでの本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子の抗腫瘍形成活性を決定するために、化合物を、例えば、単独で(IP、IV、PO、吸入または鼻腔内経路によって)または最適以下の用量の関連する化学療法(例えば、シクロフォスファミド、ドキソルビシン、エトポシド)と組み合わせて投与する。一例において、ルシフェラーゼを安定に発現する5×106個のRS4;11細胞(急性リンパ芽球性白血病患者の骨髄から樹立した)を、NOD−SCIDマウスの尾静脈内に、全身照射を受けてから3時間後に注入する。治療しないまま放置した場合、この形態の白血病はこのモデルにおいて3週間以内に死に至る。白血病は、例えば、マウスにD−ルシフェリン(60mg/kg)を注入し、麻酔をかけた動物をイメージングする(例えば、Xenogen In Vivo Imaging System、Caliper Life Sciences、Hopkinton、MA)ことによって、容易にモニターされる。全身の生物発光を、Living Image Software(Caliper Life Sciences、Hopkinton、MA)による光子フラックス(光子/秒)の積分によって定量する。単独のまたは最適以下の用量の関連する化学療法剤と組み合わせたペプチド模倣大環状分子を、例えば、白血病マウス(注入の10日後/実験の1日目、14〜16の生物発光範囲内)に尾静脈またはIP経路で0.1mg/kg〜50mg/kgの範囲の用量で7〜21日間投与する。必要に応じて、実験中1日おきにマウスをイメージングし、実験期間中、毎日生存をモニターする。死亡したマウスを必要に応じて、実験終了の時点で解剖する。別の動物モデルは、ルシフェラーゼを安定に発現する、ヒト濾胞性リンパ腫に由来する細胞系統DoHH2の、NOD−SCIDマウスへの移植である。これらのインビボ試験では必要に応じて、予備的な薬物動態的、薬力学的および毒性データを作成する。
ヒトの治療に対する本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子の適合を決定するために、臨床試験を行う。例えば、癌と診断されかつ治療を必要とする患者を選択して、治療群および1つ以上のコントロール群に分け、治療群には本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子を投与し、一方コントロール群には、プラセボ、または公知の抗癌剤を与える。従って、本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子の治療の安全性および効力は、生存およびクオリティー・オブ・ライフなどの因子に関して患者群の比較を行うことによって評価することができる。この例において、ペプチド模倣大環状分子で治療した患者群は、プラセボで治療した患者コントロール群と比較して長期生存の改善を示す。
本発明のペプチド模倣大環状分子はまた、薬学的に受容可能な誘導体またはそのプロドラッグも含む。「薬学的に受容可能な誘導体」とは、レシピエントへの投与の際、本発明の化合物を(直接的または間接的に)提供することができる、本発明の化合物の任意の薬学的に受容可能な塩、エステル、エステルの塩、プロドラッグまたは他の誘導体を意味する。特に好ましい薬学的に受容可能な誘導体は、哺乳動物に投与される場合、本発明の化合物のバイオアベイラビリティを増加させる(例えば、経口投与された化合物の血液中への吸収を増加させることによって)か、またはその親種と比較して生物学的区画(例えば、脳またはリンパ系)への活性な化合物の送達を増加させるものである。いくつかの薬学的に受容可能な誘導体は、水溶解度(aqueous solubility)または胃腸粘膜の能動輸送を増大する化学基を含む。
一局面では、本発明は、ペプチド模倣大環状分子がモデリングされる、タンパク質またはペプチドの天然のリガンド(単数または複数)に結合する剤を特定するために競合的結合アッセイで有用な新規なペプチド模倣大環状分子を提供する。例えば、p53 MDM2の系では、p53に基づく標識され安定化されたペプチド模倣大環状分子を、MDM2に競合的に結合する低分子と一緒にMDM2結合アッセイで用いる。競合的な結合研究によって、p53/MDM2の系に特異的である薬物候補の迅速なインビトロでの評価および決定が可能になる。BH3/BCL−XL抗−アポトーシスの系においてと同様、BH3に基づく標識されたペプチド模倣大環状分子を、BCL−XLに対して競合的に結合する低分子とともにBCL−XL結合アッセイに用いてもよい。競合的結合研究によって、BH3/BCL−XL系に特異的な薬物候補を迅速にインビトロで評価および決定することが可能になる。本発明はさらに、ペプチド模倣大環状分子に対する抗体の生成をもたらす。いくつかの実施形態では、これらの抗体はペプチド模倣大環状分子およびp53またはBH3ペプチド模倣前駆体(ペプチド模倣大環状分子が由来する)の両方に対して特異的に結合する。このような抗体は、例えば、それぞれ、p53/MDM2またはBH3/BCL−XL系を破壊する。
carcinoma)、乳頭状癌、乳頭状腺癌、嚢胞腺癌、髄様癌、気管支原性癌、腎細胞癌、肝癌、胆管癌、絨毛癌、精上皮腫、胎児性癌、ウィルムス腫瘍、子宮頸癌、精巣癌、小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、膀胱癌、上皮癌、グリオーマ、星状膠細胞腫、髄芽腫、頭蓋咽頭腫、上衣腫、松果体腫、血管芽腫、聴神経腫、乏突起膠腫、髄膜腫、メラノーマ、神経芽腫、網膜芽腫、白血病、リンパ腫、またはカポジ肉腫が挙げられる。
ペプチド模倣大環状分子の合成
ペプチド模倣大環状分子は、Walenskyら、(2004),Science 305:1466;およびWalenskyら.,米国特許出願公開第2005/0250680号に記載されるように固体支持体上で調製した。この手順を以下のようにさらに示す。
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ペプチド模倣大環状分子の精製
樹脂に結合したらせんペプチドからのルテニウムのスカベンジングのための一般的手順:NMP中で膨潤した樹脂上でらせんメタセシス化ペプチド(helical metathesized peptide)を含む懸濁液に、DMSOを添加して1:1のNMP−DMSO混合物を得た。得られた混合物を16時間振盪して、濾過し、3つに分けたNMPで(with three portions of NMP)、3つに分けたジクロロメタンでおよび3つに分けたジエチルエーテルで洗浄し、減圧下で乾燥した。
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CN104961795A (zh) | 2015-10-07 |
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AU2009294875B2 (en) | 2014-12-04 |
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EP2342221B1 (en) | 2018-11-07 |
JP2019214614A (ja) | 2019-12-19 |
IL254498A0 (en) | 2017-11-30 |
IL211837A0 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
BRPI0918838A2 (pt) | 2015-12-08 |
AU2009294875A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
JP6196640B2 (ja) | 2017-09-13 |
JP2017155063A (ja) | 2017-09-07 |
IL211837A (en) | 2017-09-28 |
CA2737921A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
CN102203126A (zh) | 2011-09-28 |
AU2009294875C1 (en) | 2015-05-14 |
US20220017569A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
WO2010034032A2 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
US20160115204A1 (en) | 2016-04-28 |
US20100210515A1 (en) | 2010-08-19 |
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