JP2011521237A - 螢光に基づく画像化およびモニタリング用装置ならびにその方法 - Google Patents
螢光に基づく画像化およびモニタリング用装置ならびにその方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
・小動物および大型動物(たとえば家畜)の臨床的および研究に基づく画像化。
・精肉業、養鶏業、酪農業、魚業、農業における食物/動物系産品の調製における汚染(たとえば細菌汚染)の検出およびモニタリング。
・公的(たとえば医療)環境および私的環境における「表面汚染」(たとえば細菌汚染または生物汚染)の検出。
・ヒトの患者および/または家畜の患者における癌のマルチスペクトル画像化および検出。
・ヒトの疾患(たとえば創傷および癌)の実験動物モデルにおける癌のマルチスペクトル画像化およびモニタリング用の研究ツールとして。
・非生物表面における潜伏指紋および体液などの法医学的検出。
・口腔内における歯垢、齲蝕および癌の画像化ならびにモニタリング。
・臨床微生物検査室における画像化およびモニタリング装置。
・抗菌剤(たとえば抗生物質)、殺菌剤の試験。
蛍光に基づくモニタリング用装置の一実施例を以下に記載する。実施例は、すべて、例示目的のためだけに与えられ、制限を与えるようには意図されない。実施例に記載される波長、寸法、インキュベーション時間のようなパラメータは近似のものであってもよく、例としてのみ与えられる。
画像化装置は、臨床微生物検査室における画像化および/またはモニタリングに有用であってもよい。本装置を、細菌コロニーの定量的画像化、および通常の微生物学的アッセイにおけるコロニー成長の定量化に用いてもよい。細菌コロニーの蛍光画像化を用いて、成長の動態を測定してもよい。ソフトウェアを用いて、細菌コロニーを自動計数してもよい。
創傷治癒のモニタリングにおける使用
励起光を創傷領域に照射させて、本装置で任意の創傷上(たとえば身体表面上)を走査してもよい。ついで、操作者が、リアルタイムで、たとえば画像化装置上のビューワーまたは外部の表示装置(たとえばヘッドアップディスプレイ、テレビディスプレイ、コンピュータモニタ、LDCプロジェクタ、または頭部装着型ディスプレイ)を介して創傷を見て、本装置を用いて創傷を検査してもよい。本装置から得られた画像をリアルタイムで(たとえば無線通信を介して)遠隔の表示場所に、たとえば遠隔医療の目的で送信すること、または画像を直接プリンタもしくはコンピュータメモリ保存部に送ることも可能であってもよい。画像化は、創傷を有する患者の日常的臨床評価の中で行なわれてもよい。
本装置を用い、画像化視野内に置かれた測定装置(たとえば定規)を用いて、正常な周囲の正常組織とともに創傷全体の白色光画像を撮ってもよい。これにより、創傷の視覚的評価、ならびに創傷の領域、周囲、直径および局所解剖学プロファイルなどの定量的パラメータの計算/判断が可能になる。創傷治癒の評価は、創傷治癒までの複数の時点(たとえば通院時)における創傷領域の面積測定によって行なってもよい。創傷治癒の時間的過程を、等式R=√A/π(R:半径、A:面積測定創傷領域、π:定数3.14)を用いて、創傷の半径の低下についての複数の時点での測定から計算される治癒時間の予想値と比較してもよい。この創傷の定量的情報を用いて、創傷の外観における変化を経時的に追跡およびモニタリングして、自然な手段または任意の治療介入による創傷治癒の程度を評価および判断してもよい。このデータは、将来の参照のために、患者の健康状態記録に電子的に保存してもよい。白色光画像化は、作業者による患者の初期臨床評価中に行なわれてもよい。
本装置の設計は、組織自己蛍光(AF)のすべてまたは大部分を検出するようになされてもよい。たとえば、マルチスペクトルバンドフィルタを用いて、本装置によって、たとえば405nmの励起下で、以下の組織生体分子:緑に見えるコラーゲン(I型、II型、III型、IV型、V型他)、緑がかった黄色オレンジに見えるエラスチン、青緑色の自己蛍光シグナルを発する還元型ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NADH)、フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチド(FAD)、およびほとんどが広い(たとえば緑および赤)自己蛍光発光を有するように見える細菌/微生物から発せられる組織自己蛍光、および血液に関連付けられる光吸収を画像化してもよい。
ここで図4を参照する。細菌で汚染された創傷のモデルにおいて本装置の試験を行なった。この試験のために、豚肉を皮膚付きで肉屋から購入した。創傷を模擬的に再現するため、メスを用いた切開を、皮膚においては1.5cm2から4cm2までの大きさの範囲で、筋肉層が見えるほど十分深く行なった。本装置を用いて、いくつかの肉試料の画像化を、模擬創傷に細菌を追加することなく行なった。そうするため、肉試料を室温にて24時間放置して、肉上の細菌を成長させ、ついで、本装置を用い、比較のため、白色光反射および自己蛍光の両方を用いて、画像化を行なった。
本装置は、たとえば、低用量のプロドラッグアミノレブリン酸(ALA)など、体外由来の造影剤とともに用いられてもよい。ALAは、創傷に対して局所的に投与されてもよく、画像化は、創傷細菌の赤色蛍光を高めるため、1〜3時間後に行なってもよい。
市販の蛍光分子細菌学的検出および生存性のキットの利用可能性によって、創傷ケアにおける本装置に関する他の使用法が提供されてもよい。そのようなキットを用いることにより、生きている細菌と死んでいる細菌とを、ある範囲の細菌種類を含む混合集団においてさえも、迅速に定量的に区別してもよい。従来の、細菌生存率の直接計数アッセイは、典型的には、代謝特性または膜の完全性に基づく。しかしながら、代謝特性に依存する方法は、限られた部分集合の細菌群に対してしか働かないことが多く、細菌膜の完全性を評価する方法は、共通して、高レベルのバックグラウンド蛍光を有する。これらの種類の測定は、両方とも、成長条件および染色条件に対して非常に敏感であることも欠点である。
ここで、図24を参照する。一実施例として、画像化装置を臨床的に用いて、慢性創傷の治癒状態および創傷郭清の成功を判断してもよい。たとえば、糖尿病患者の典型的な足部潰瘍を、(i)治癒障害を示す分子マーカを伴う潰瘍誘発細胞が含まれる非治癒縁部(胼胝)、および(ii)刺激することで治癒可能な、表現型においては正常であるが、生理学的には損傷のある細胞とともに、図に示す。創傷郭清後の創傷の外観にもかかわらず、それは、治癒していないかもしれず、特定の阻害の分子マーカおよび/または角質増殖組織(たとえばc−mycおよびβ−カテニン)の存在に対する評価を必要とするかもしれない。そのような分子標的に対する体外由来の蛍光標識がされた分子プローブと組合せて画像化装置を用いることにより、臨床医は、分子バイオマーカのin situ発現を判断することができる。本装置を用いて、一旦創傷が郭清されると、創傷領域の蛍光画像化および画像解析によって、その後の免疫組織化学のために標的化した生検が可能となり、これにより、創傷郭清の程度が十分であったかどうかを判断してもよい。創傷郭清の程度が、左下図に示されるように不十分であった場合には、(緑色に見える)c−mycに陽性であり(紫色に見える)核β−カテニンに陽性である細胞を、それらの蛍光に基づいて見つけ出すことができ、これによって創傷が適切に治癒することを妨げる潰瘍誘発細胞が存在することと、さらなる創傷郭清が必要であることとが分かる。治癒していないことは、厚みの増大した表皮、厚みの増大した角化層、および角化層中の核の存在によっても示されるかもしれない。創傷郭清が、右下図において示されるように成功した場合、c−mycまたはβ−カテニンに対する染色は全く見られず、これによって潰瘍誘発細胞が存在しないことおよび創傷郭清が成功したことが分かる。これらの阻害マーカは有用であるかもしれないが、その目的は、新しい表皮の出現、創傷領域の減少、および排液/排膿がないことにより規定される実際の治癒である。この情報を、蛍光画像化装置を用いて収集し、患者の医療記録に電子的に保存してもよく、それによって、病理学的報告および微生物学的報告と繋げられた客観的な分析が提供され得る。予測される治癒時間と実際の治癒(つまり治癒進行)時間との比較を、画像化装置を用いて行なうことにより、適合的治療戦略を患者単位で実施してもよい。
図5は、豚肉試料の皮膚表面上におけるコラーゲンおよびさまざまな細菌種の非侵襲的自己蛍光検出のために本装置が用いられる例を示す。白色光画像化とは対照的に、自己蛍光画像化は、皮膚に形成された小さな切開に数種類の細菌種(つまりストレプトコッカス・ピオゲネス、セラチア・マルセセンス、スタフィロコッカス・アウレウス、スタフィロコッカス・エピデルミデス、エシェリキア・コリ、およびシュードモナス・エルギノーサ)を局所的に与えた24時間後に、それら細菌種の存在を検出することができた。a)は、試験のために用いられる豚肉の白色光画像を示す。いくつかの細菌種を、第0日目に、皮膚に形成された小さな切開に与え、1)ストレプトコッカス・ピオゲネス、2)セラチア・マルセセンス、3)スタフィロコッカス・アウレウス、4)スタフィロコッカス・エピデルミデス、5)エシェリキア・コリ、および6)シュードモナス・エルギノーサとして標識した。画像化装置を用いて、コラーゲンおよび細菌の自己蛍光を経時的に検出した。結合組織蛍光も強いものであり、容易に検出された。ある細菌種(たとえばシュードモナス・エルギノーサ)は、装置のカメラを飽和させる有意な緑色蛍光(450nmから505nm)を生じさせた。b)は、第0日目における自己蛍光画像を示し、c)はそれを拡大して示す。
創傷の評価に用いられる際、組織自己蛍光画像化によって、創傷治癒中の結合組織再構築における相対的変化、ならびに汚染しているか、コロニー化しているか、および/または創傷に感染している細菌(細菌により誘発される創傷滲出物および炎症を含むが、それらに限定されるものではない)の早期の存在を検出してもよい。ほとんどの創傷は紫色/青色光によって照射されると、結合組織基質内の体内由来組織(たとえばコラーゲンおよびエラスチン)は特徴的な強い緑色蛍光シグナルを発し、一方、体内由来の細菌は、体内由来のポルフィリンの産生のため、独自の赤色蛍光シグナルを発する。これらの細菌は、創傷部位において典型的に見出される一般的な種(たとえばスタフィロコッカス、ストレプトコッカス、エシェリキア・コリ、およびシュードモナス種)を含むが、それらに限定されるものではない。自己蛍光を用いることにより、重要な創傷情報をリアルタイムで得て、創傷健康状態の鍵となる生体決定要因の早期検出手段を提供し、それにより、創傷治療および処置の最適化のため患者を分類することを支援してもよい。
血管新生、つまり新たな血管の成長は、創傷を治癒するため、および負傷または傷害後に組織への血流を回復するために必要とされる重要な自然な過程である。血管新生療法は、新たな毛細管成長を「オンにする」ために設計されており、有害であり生命を脅かす状態の治療に統一されたアプローチを提供することにより、医療に革命を起こしつつある。血管新生は、創傷治癒のために必要とされる生理学的過程である。負傷直後、血管新生は複数の分子シグナルによって開始され、それらのシグナルは、止血因子、炎症、サイトカイン成長因子、および細胞−基質の相互作用を含む。新たな毛細管は、生体事象の連なりを介して増殖し、創床において肉芽組織を形成する。この過程は、創傷の最終段階まで持続されてもよく、最終段階では、血管新生は、成長因子のレベル低下、炎症の解消、安定化された組織基質、および体内由来の血管新生阻害物質によって停止される。血管新生経路における欠陥は、肉芽を損ない、治癒を遅らせ、これらのことは慢性創傷において明らかである[Tonnesen et al. (2000) J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 5(1):40-6]。選択された狭い帯域幅(たとえば青色、緑色および赤色成分)の光で組織表面を照射するか、またはいくつかの狭い帯域幅の可視スペクトル(たとえば白色光の血液吸収スペクトルから選択されたピーク吸収の波長)内において、白色光の反射を検出することにより、本装置を用いて、創傷内および周囲の正常組織を含むその付近において血液および微小血管網の存在を画像化し、したがって、紅斑および炎症の領域を明らかにしてもよい。
本装置は、皮膚、口および口腔を画像化することに対して好適であってもよい。本装置によって、軽度の皮膚負傷(たとえば切傷、擦傷など)による結合組織変化、および正常な皮膚に一般的に見られる体内由来の細菌(たとえばプロピオニバクテリウム・アクネス(Propionibacterium acnes)またはP・アクネス(P. acnes))の検出を可能にしてもよい。
悪性創傷は、腫瘍壊死、菌状発育性創傷、潰瘍化癌性創傷または悪性皮膚創傷としても知られる。悪性創傷は、患者、家族にとって、さらには経験豊富な臨床医にとっても精神的および肉体的な課題であり得る。菌状発育性創傷および潰瘍化創傷は、見苦しく、悪臭を放ち、痛みを伴い得る。これらの創傷は、疾患の進行を示すものであり、感染して、治癒の遅延/妨害および関連の病的状態、ならびにそれらによる患者のクオリティ・オブ・ライフの低減に繋がり得る。
・偏平上皮癌またはメラノーマのような原発性皮膚腫瘍の結果として。
・たとえば乳癌など、下にある腫瘍、または皮膚T細胞リンパ腫(菌状息肉腫)のような血液悪性疾患による皮膚の構造の直接的浸潤を通じて。
・遠隔腫瘍の転移的拡散から。転移は、細胞面、毛細管またはリンパ管に沿って生ずる場合がある。
生体系を系レベルで探索することができる非常に効率のよい分析方法の開発は、台頭しつつあるシステムバイオロジーの分野の要件を満たすために必要とされる重要な課題である。光学的分子画像化はin vivoでリアルタイムで特定の生体分子およびそれらの相互作用の時間的および空間的力学を研究するための非常に強力なツールである。画像化を、より明るくし、より安定させ、より多くの生体情報を与える分子プローブ(たとえばFPおよび半導体ナノ結晶、量子ドットとも称される)の開発、より高い解像度およびより大きな組織貫通を与える画像化策の発展、ならびに分子から有機体レベルまでの生体事象を測定するための適用例など、近年、光学的分子画像化において、いくつかの進歩があった。これらの進歩は、疾患診断(たとえば創傷ケア)および薬物スクリーニングに適用されてもよい。しかしながら、現在の蛍光画像化装置は、大型で、複雑であり、高価な光学的構成要素および非常に感度のよいカメラ検出器を伴い、それは、そのようなシステムを極めて高価なものにする。ここで開発された装置は、前臨床またはリサーチ研究、およびそのような方法の臨床現場への移行の可能性のために、これら費用が制限されたシステムの代替物を提供する。
ある1つの台頭しつつある分野は、診断スクリーニングおよび画像誘導手術に対する蛍光画像化の使用である。白色光を用いた標準的な手術の限界を克服して、蛍光画像を用いることで、蛍光(たとえば体外由来の標的化/非標的化された造影剤からの自己蛍光または蛍光)に基づくin vivoでの腫瘍の外科的切除、および腫瘍除去の完全性(たとえば明瞭な縁部)に対するチェックを支援してもよい。蛍光画像誘導手術は、前臨床的および臨床的に、生存率の改善を示した[Bogaards et al. (2004) Lasers Surg Med. 35:181-90]。たとえば、ラットに対する実験的な手術において、本装置によって、手術部位の標準的白色光画像化を提供してもよい。
現在の創傷管理実務は患者の創傷の病的状態および死亡率を減少させることを目指しているが、1つの限界は、医療資源の利用可能性である。遠隔医療技術を創傷ケアのニーズに組込む可能性が現在探られている。創傷ケアは、長期的な特化された看護を必要とする慢性的な衰弱状態に対する看護を代表するものである。医療における改善された生存状態および進歩の大きな効果は、世界的に、人々がより長命であることに至っている。したがって、医療上の注意を必要とするであろう慢性的な医療状態を伴う世界中の高齢者および人々の割合は増加しつつある。医療コストが上昇し、業界が外来患者の治療に向かって推し進められる中、これは、今すぐ配慮を必要とする医療危機の一部である。
画像解析を、本装置とともに用いて、創傷および周囲の正常組織において、体外由来の光学的分子標的化プローブの複数の蛍光スペクトル(たとえば多重化画像化)における蛍光強度および相対的な変化を定量的に測定してもよい。蛍光性プローブの生体分布は、収集された蛍光画像に基づいて判断してもよく、これらを、個々の臨床創傷画像化セッション間で経時的にモニタリングして変化があるかどうかを見てもよい。本装置を用いて、スペクトルが独自の蛍光性プローブの各々およびすべての存在ならびに相対的変化を存在量において定量的に計測することにより、臨床作業者は、たとえば、図21に一例が示される、特異的組織シグナル、細胞シグナルおよび分子シグナルが創傷の健康、治癒および応答状態との相関関係において表示される参照テーブルを用いることによって、所与の創傷の健康および/または治癒状態ならびに経時的な治療応答をリアルタイムまたは近リアルタイムで判断してもよい(Bauer et al., Vasc & Endovasc Surg 2005, 39:4から適合される)。これにより、臨床医によって、既存の技術を用いて他の態様では可能ではないであろう、生体および分子情報に基づいて、創傷が治癒しつつあるかどうかを判断することが可能となってもよい。さらに、細菌/微生物の存在および存在量ならびにそれらの治療応答によって、創傷培養物に対する従来の細菌学的試験を伴う応答評価において遅延を引起す代わりに、治療法をリアルタイムで適合させる手段が提供されてもよい。
患者のデジタル画像管理
・さまざまな画像取得装置の統合
・すべての体外由来の蛍光造影剤を含むすべての画像化パラメータを記録する
・複数のスケールおよび較正環境
・組織/細菌自己蛍光および体外由来の物質蛍光シグナルの定量的計測のための、内蔵型スペクトル画像非混合および計算アルゴリズム
・便利な注釈ツール
・デジタルアーカイブ化
・ウェブ公開
基本的な画像処理および解析
・画像処理および定量的解析機能からなる完全な一式
画像つなぎ合わせアルゴリズムによって、一連の創傷のパノラマ画像または部分的に重複した画像が、単一の画像に、自動化モードまたは手動モードのいずれかにおいてつなぎ合わせることが可能となる。
・測定ツールの使用が容易
・処理パラメータの直感的設定
・便利な手動エディタ
レポート生成
・既存の臨床報告基盤または遠隔医療/eヘルス患者医療データ基盤に統合されてもよい専門的テンプレートを伴う強力な画像報告生成器。報告は、たとえば、PDF、ワード、エクセルなどにエクスポートされてもよい。
・定量的画像解析を含むさまざまな分野の創傷評価に対するカスタマイズされた自動化解決策。
本装置を、人間および/または動物における癌の画像化および検出に対して用いてもよい。本装置を用いて、患者における癌と周囲の正常組織との間における蛍光特性における固有の差異に基づいて、癌を検出してもよい。さらに、本装置を用いて、たとえば獣医学環境において、画像に基づくペットの癌の検出を行なってもよい。
本装置は、さらに、たとえば外科手術手順において、染料またはマーカの使用がなくても、蛍光画像誘導を提供するのに有用であってもよい。ある組織および/または器官は、画像化装置を用いて観察されると、またはたとえばある励起光条件下では、異なる蛍光スペクトル(たとえば自家蛍光)を有してもよい。
いくつかの生体工学皮膚製品または皮膚等価物が、急性創傷および慢性創傷ならびに熱傷の処置向けに、市場で入手可能となっている。これらは、ヒトの創傷において開発され試験されてきた。皮膚の等価物は、線維芽細胞もしくは角化細胞またはそれらの両方などのような生細胞を含んでもよく、一方、他のものは、無細胞材料または生細胞の抽出物からなってもよい(Phillips.J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993; 19(8): 794-800)。これらの構築物の臨床効果は従来の「制御」療法よりも15〜20%よいが、何によって適切な制御が構成されるかについては議論がある。生体工学皮膚は、「スマートマテリアル」として知られる生細胞を送達することによって働いてもよい。なぜならば、それらはそれらの環境に適合する能力があるからである。これらの生きた構築物の一部は成長因子およびサイトカインを放出することができるという証拠がある(Falanga et al. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119(3): 653-60)。体外由来の蛍光性分子物質をそのような皮膚代用物との関連において用いることにより、移植の完全性、および治療法に対する創傷の生体応答を判断してもよい。全厚みにわたる皮膚欠陥の治癒は、真皮成分および上皮成分の大規模な合成ならびに再構築を必要とするかもしれない。線維芽細胞はこの過程において重要な役割を演じ、最新世代の人工真皮代用物に組込まれつつある。
創傷ケアのために作られた市販の医療用ポリマー製品が数多くある。たとえば、Rimon Therapeuticsは、薬物の使用なしで、それら自体において、およびそれら自体から生体活性を有する医療用ポリマーであるTheramers(商標)(www.rimontherapeutics.com)を製造している。Rimon Therapeuticsは、405nm励起光で励起されると独自の蛍光を発するよう製造される以下のような創傷ケア製品:創傷または他の虚血組織において新たな血管の発達(つまり血管新生)を誘発するAngiogenic Theramer(商標);組織が弱められるかまたは破壊される数多くの状況において関係付けられる、遍在性の酵素群であるマトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ(MMP)の活性を阻害するMI Theramer(商標);哺乳類の細胞を傷付けることなくグラム陽性細菌およびグラム陰性細菌を死滅させる熱可塑性物質であるAM Theramer(商標);および体温付近で液体から強いゲルに可逆的に変化するポリマーであるThermaGel(商標)を製造している。これらは、各々、たとえば405nmの光で、より長い波長の蛍光発光で励起されるよう選択される蛍光染料または蛍光ナノ粒子の添加によって蛍光を発するようにされ得る。
食物製品に対する適用
画像化装置は、食物製品(たとえば精肉製品)の汚染をモニタリングするのに有用であってもよい。これは、たとえば、精肉業、養鶏業、酪農業、漁業および農業における食物/動物系製品の調理において有用であってもよい。本装置は、このセクタ内における分析検査所業務に対する統合された集学的アプローチの一部として用いられてもよく、それによって、試験のための標本を得るための、画像に基づく汚染の検出および誘導を含む能力が与えられてもよい。食物製品に対する細菌および他の微生物の肉汚染/混入のレベルのリアルタイムの検出、同定およびモニタリングに対して本装置を用いてもよい。それを、食物処理工場環境における細菌汚染追跡に対して用いてもよく、そのようにして、画像に基づく食物の安全性および品質の判断法を提供してもよい。本装置が手持ち式で、コンパクトで携帯可能である実施形態では、画像化装置は、細菌/微生物汚染に対する食物製品の安全性を判断するよう、食品調理エリアにおいて有用であってもよい。処理中、および最終的な食物製品において、たとえば、食品安全性および品質管理検査過程の一部として、収集または標本化された肉標本(および調理表面)において細菌/微生物を相対的に迅速に検出および分析するために本装置を用いてもよい。本装置を、精肉業、園芸業、および水産養殖業において、食物の安全性および品質に対する要件を満たす食物安全性検査/検出手順を実施する際に用いてもよい。本装置を用いて、食物汚染物質、たとえば精肉業、養鶏業および漁業において見られる汚染物質を検出してもよい。この技術は、糞便汚染検出システムとして有用であってもよく、なぜならば、糞便細菌は、本装置によって容易に検出されるであろうポルフィリンを産生するからである。
画像化装置は、医療環境における「表面細菌汚染」の検出のような、表面汚染の検出に対して有用であってもよい。本装置は、汚染が主な感染源である病院、長期ケア施設、および高齢者施設におけるさまざまな表面/物質/器具(特に、外科手術に関するもの)上における細菌/微生物および他の病原体の存在の検出および画像化に対して用いてもよい。本装置は、指標となる有機体の標準的検出、同定および列挙、ならびに病原体の対応策と関連付けて用いてもよい。
表面汚染物質および標的を画像化するよう画像化装置を使用することは法医学面での適用例において有用であってもよい。たとえば、本装置は、非生体表面上における潜伏指紋および体液の法医学的検出に有用であってもよい。本装置は、潜伏指紋および体液ならびに他の法医学上の対象となる他の物質を(たとえば白色光、蛍光および/または反射で)デジタル画像化するための、相対的に安価で、コンパクトで携帯可能な手段を提供してもよい。前者は、市販の指紋蛍光染料を用いて蛍光を放つようにされてもよく、後者は、流体の自己蛍光または体外由来的に適用された「標的化された」蛍光染料剤(Luminolなど)を用いて検出してもよい。画像はデジタルで記録されてもよい。さらに、本装置を、挫傷を検出する検視手順中に用いてもよい。
画像化装置は、蛍光に基づいて実験動物のような動物をカタログ化することを可能にしてもよい。図32は、実験動物に対する識別「バーコード」タグ付けのリアルタイムの蛍光検出を行なうことに対する画像化装置の使用例を示す。この図は、a)典型的な実験ラットの白色光画像、およびb)蛍光バーコードでタグ付けされたラットの蛍光画像を示す。バーコードパターン/バーとの組合せにおける複数の蛍光染料/色の使用は、たとえば、経時的リサーチ研究のための動物の「多重化されたカタログ化」に対して用いられてもよい。これらのデータは、たとえば、c)研究検査室における「病原体汚染物質」動物コロニーにおける使用、および動物の遺伝子型同定(たとえば遺伝子組換動物、cにおける挿入図)に関する、相対的に迅速な高出力の画像に基づく実験動物のバーコードカタログ化に対する画像化装置の使用を示唆する(405nmの励起、500nmから550nmの発光(緑)、>600nmの発光(赤))。さらに、在庫追跡および店頭追跡のような、他の適用例における、蛍光に基づくバーコード化または他のコード化システムの画像化に対して本装置を用いてもよい。
画像化装置は、たとえば、本装置および蛍光を発する造影剤を含むキットにおいて提供されてもよい。造影剤は上に記載されるもののうちの任意の1つ以上の造影剤であってもよい。たとえば、キットが創傷モニタリング適用例のためのものである場合、造影剤は創傷においてバイオマーカを標識するためのものであってもよい。
さらに、画像化装置を、化粧品または皮膚科学関連製品を画像化するために用いてもよい。
Claims (55)
- 蛍光に基づく標的の画像化およびモニタリング用装置であって:
前記標的を照射するための光を発する光源を含み、前記光は前記標的に関連付けられる少なくとも1つのバイオマーカが蛍光を発するようにする少なくとも1つの波長または波長帯域を含み;前記装置はさらに、
前記蛍光を検出するための光検出器を含む、装置。 - 前記光検出器と整列するフィルタホルダをさらに含み、前記フィルタホルダは前記光検出器と選択的に整列可能な複数の光学フィルタを有し、各光学フィルタは検出されるべきそれぞれの波長または波長帯域の光を選択するためのものである、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記標的は、手術部位、創傷、腫瘍、器官、皮膚標的、生体標的、非生体標的、食物製品、植物系物質、口腔標的、耳鼻咽喉標的、眼球標的、生殖器標的、および肛門標的からなる群から選択される、請求項1または2に記載の装置。
- 前記装置のすべての構成要素は携帯可能な枠上に取付けられる、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記装置は定置型の台の上に取付けられる、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記装置から前記標的までの距離を測定するための手段をさらに含む、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記距離を測定するための手段は、一定の距離をおいて離して設けられ、前記装置から前記標的までの距離を三角測量するための少なくとも2つの光源を含む、請求項6に記載の装置。
- 前記距離を測定するための手段は、前記装置から前記標的までの距離を測定するための超音波源を含む、請求項6に記載の装置。
- 前記距離を測定するための手段は、前記装置から前記標的までの距離を測定するための物理的度量器を含む、請求項6に記載の装置。
- データの送受信のためのデータポートをさらに含む、請求項1から9のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つのバイオマーカは、細菌、真菌、酵母、胞子、ウイルス、微生物、寄生生物、結合組織、組織成分、滲出物、pH、血管、還元型ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NADH)、フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチド(FAD)、微生物、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)、内皮増殖因子(EGF)、上皮増殖因子、上皮細胞膜抗原(ECMA)、低酸素誘導因子(HIF−1)、炭酸脱水酵素IX(CAIX)、ラミニン、フィブリン、フィブロネクチン、線維芽細胞増殖因子、トランスフォーミング増殖因子(TGF)、線維芽細胞活性化タンパク質(FAP)、メタロプロテイナーゼの組織阻害物質(TIMP)、一酸化窒素合成酵素(NOS)、惹起性内皮NOS、細胞のリソソーム、マクロファージ、好中球、リンパ球、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、抗神経ペプチド、中性エンドペプチダーゼ(NEP)、顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM−CSF)、好中球エラスターゼ、カテプシン、アルギナーゼ、線維芽細胞、内皮細胞および角化細胞、角化細胞増殖因子(KGF)、マクロファージ炎症蛋白−2(MIP−2)、マクロファージ炎症蛋白−2(MIP−2)、およびマクロファージ走化タンパク質−1(MCP−1)、多形核好中球(PMN)、マクロファージ、筋線維芽細胞、インターロイキン1(IL−1)、腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)、一酸化窒素(NO)、c−myc、ベータ−カテニン、内皮前駆細胞(EPC)、マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ(MMP)およびMMP阻害物質からなる群から選択される、請求項1から10のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記光は約400nmから約450nmの波長を含む、請求項1から11のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記光は、約450nmから約500nmの範囲、約500nmから約550nmの範囲、約600nmから約650nmの範囲、約650nmから約700nmの範囲、約700nmから約750nmの範囲、およびそれらの組合せから選択される波長帯域を含む、請求項1から12のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つのバイオマーカの蛍光データを記録するためのメモリをさらに含む、請求項1から13のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つのバイオマーカの蛍光スペクトルを、予め定められたバイオマーカの蛍光スペクトルの参照テーブルと比較するためのプロセッサをさらに含む、請求項14に記載の装置。
- 蛍光に基づく標的の画像化およびモニタリング用キットであって、
請求項1から15のいずれかに記載の装置;および
前記装置によって検出可能な蛍光波長または波長帯域で前記標的のバイオマーカを標識するための蛍光発光造影剤を含む、キット。 - 前記バイオマーカは細菌であり、前記造影剤はアミノレブリン酸(ALA)またはPpIXである、請求項16に記載のキット。
- 前記造影剤は、蛍光染料、色素産生染料、量子ドット(Qドット)、分子ビーコン、蛍光剤を有するナノ粒子、および散乱ナノ粒子または吸収ナノ粒子からなる群から選択される、請求項16に記載のキット。
- 前記造影剤は、前記バイオマーカを標的化するための少なくとも1つの部分を含む、請求項18に記載のキット。
- 前記少なくとも1つの部分は、抗体、抗体フラグメント、ペプチド、アプタマー、siRNA、オリゴマー、受容体結合分子、酵素阻害物質および毒素からなる群から選択される、請求項19に記載のキット。
- 前記バイオマーカは、細菌、真菌、酵母、胞子、ウイルス、微生物、寄生生物、結合組織、組織成分、滲出物、pH、血管、還元型ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NADH)、フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチド(FAD)、微生物、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)、内皮増殖因子(EGF)、上皮増殖因子、上皮細胞膜抗原(ECMA)、低酸素誘導因子(HIF−1)、炭酸脱水酵素IX(CAIX)、ラミニン、フィブリン、フィブロネクチン、線維芽細胞増殖因子、トランスフォーミング増殖因子(TGF)、線維芽細胞活性化タンパク質(FAP)、メタロプロテイナーゼの組織阻害物質(TIMP)、一酸化窒素合成酵素(NOS)、惹起性内皮NOS、細胞のリソソーム、マクロファージ、好中球、リンパ球、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、抗神経ペプチド、中性エンドペプチダーゼ(NEP)、顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM−CSF)、好中球エラスターゼ、カテプシン、アルギナーゼ、線維芽細胞、内皮細胞および角化細胞、角化細胞増殖因子(KGF)、マクロファージ炎症蛋白−2(MIP−2)、およびマクロファージ走化タンパク質−1(MCP−1)、多形核好中球(PMN)、マクロファージ、筋線維芽細胞、インターロイキン1(IL−1)、腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)、一酸化窒素(NO)、c−myc、ベータ−カテニン、内皮前駆細胞(EPC)、マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ(MMP)およびMMP阻害物質からなる群から選択される、請求項16に記載のキット。
- 画像パラメータを測定または較正するための較正標的をさらに含む、請求項16から21のいずれかに記載のキット。
- 蛍光に基づく標的の画像化およびモニタリング方法であって、
少なくとも1つのバイオマーカを蛍光発光させる少なくとも1つの波長または波長帯域の光を発する光源で前記標的を照射すること;および
前記少なくとも1つのバイオマーカの蛍光を画像検出器で検出することを含む、方法。 - 前記標的は、手術部位、創傷、腫瘍、器官、皮膚標的、生体標的、非生体標的、食物製品、植物系物質、口腔標的、耳鼻咽喉標的、眼球標的、生殖器標的、および肛門標的からなる群から選択される、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記蛍光を検出することは、前記バイオマーカの蛍光帯を検出することを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つのバイオマーカの蛍光帯を、予め定められたバイオマーカの蛍光スペクトルの参照テーブルと比較することをさらに含む、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つのバイオマーカは、細菌、真菌、酵母、胞子、ウイルス、微生物、寄生生物、結合組織、組織成分、滲出物、pH、血管、還元型ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド(NADH)、フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチド(FAD)、微生物、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)、内皮増殖因子(EGF)、上皮増殖因子、上皮細胞膜抗原(ECMA)、低酸素誘導因子(HIF−1)、炭酸脱水酵素IX(CAIX)、ラミニン、フィブリン、フィブロネクチン、線維芽細胞増殖因子、トランスフォーミング増殖因子(TGF)、線維芽細胞活性化タンパク質(FAP)、メタロプロテイナーゼの組織阻害物質(TIMP)、一酸化窒素合成酵素(NOS)、惹起性内皮NOS、細胞のリソソーム、マクロファージ、好中球、リンパ球、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、抗神経ペプチド、中性エンドペプチダーゼ(NEP)、顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM−CSF)、好中球エラスターゼ、カテプシン、アルギナーゼ、線維芽細胞、内皮細胞および角化細胞、角化細胞増殖因子(KGF)、マクロファージ炎症蛋白−2(MIP−2)、マクロファージ炎症蛋白−2(MIP−2)、およびマクロファージ走化タンパク質−1(MCP−1)、多形核好中球(PMN)、マクロファージ、筋線維芽細胞、インターロイキン1(IL−1)、腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)、一酸化窒素(NO)、c−myc、ベータ−カテニン、内皮前駆細胞(EPC)、マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ(MMP)およびMMP阻害物質からなる群から選択される、請求項23から26のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記標的における選択されたバイオマーカを少なくとも1つの蛍光発光造影剤で標識付けすることをさらに含む、請求項23から27のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記造影剤はアミノレブリン酸(ALA)である、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記造影剤は、蛍光分子、色素産生染料、量子ドット(Qドット)、分子ビーコン、蛍光剤を有するナノ粒子、および散乱ナノ粒子または吸収ナノ粒子からなる群から選択される、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記標的における前記選択されたバイオマーカを2つ以上の造影剤の組合せで標識することを含み、前記組合せは前記選択されたバイオマーカに特異的である、請求項28〜30のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 請求項1から15のいずれかに記載の装置を設けることをさらに含む、請求項23から31のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 照射された標的を別々の時間間隔で画像化して、前記標的からの蛍光シグナルからなる複数の画像を得ること、および各画像からの前記蛍光シグナルを評価して、前記蛍光シグナルにおける変化を判断することをさらに含み、前記変化は前記標的における変化を示すものである、請求項23から32のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記判断された変化を、既知のまたは期待される変化と比較する、請求項33に記載の方法。
- 前記標的は生体標的であり、前記標的を評価することにより、治療処置の効果を経時的にモニタリングする、請求項33または34に記載の方法。
- 前記治療処置は、薬物処置、薬物を含有するバイオポリマーを用いた処置、創傷郭清、光力学治療、高圧酸素療法(HOT)、低レベル光線療法、抗マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼを用いた処置、および創傷ケア製品を用いた処置からなる群から選択される、請求項35に記載の方法。
- 前記創傷ケア製品は、ヒドロゲル、Theramers(商標)、銀を含有するゲル、人工皮膚、ADD幹細胞、水分含有創傷被覆剤、親水コロイド創傷被覆剤、透明膜創傷被覆剤、抗菌剤、抗マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ、活性創傷被覆剤、およびヒアルロン酸からなる群から選択される、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 治療処置の効果を、生体レベルおよび生理学的レベルのうちの少なくとも1つでモニタリングする、請求項36から37のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 蛍光の検出が、前記標的の表面および前記標的の表面下のうちの少なくとも1つからの蛍光を検出することを含む、請求項23から38のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 画像誘導を医療手順または治療手順において提供するための、請求項23から39のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記医療手順または前記治療手順は、綿棒試料採取、ブラッシング、吸引、生検、高圧酸素療法、光力学療法、および低レベル光線療法からなる群から選択される、請求項40に記載の方法。
- 追加的な画像化技術を組合せる、請求項23から41のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記画像化技術は、熱を介した画像化、超音波、白色光写真術、および光学装置からなる群から選択される、請求項42に記載の方法。
- PDTにおける薬物動態、生体分布および光退色の少なくとも1つをモニタリングするための、請求項23から43のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 細菌株の存在または位置を検出するための、請求項23から43のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記細菌株は、スタフィロコッカス細菌、スタフィロコッカス・アウレウス、シュードモナス・エルギノーサ、リステリア・モノサイトゲネス、エンテロバクター・サカザキ、カンピロバクター種細菌、大腸菌群、エシェリキア・コリ細菌、プロピオニバクテリウム・アクネス、およびサルモネラからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つである、請求項45に記載の方法。
- 2つ以上の異なる細菌株の存在または位置を区別するための、請求項45〜46のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記異なる細菌株はスタフィロコッカス・アウレウスおよびシュードモナス・エルギノーサを含み、前記異なる細菌株はそれらの自己蛍光発光の特性に基づいて区別される、請求項47に記載の方法。
- 清掃または創傷郭清手順を評価するための、請求項23から43のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 検出された蛍光に関するデータを保存すること;および
前記データを受信装置に送信することをさらに含む、請求項23から43のいずれかに記載の方法。 - 前記受信装置は遠隔医療システムにおける構成要素である、請求項50に記載の方法。
- 前記送信は無線で行なわれる、請求項50または51の方法。
- 前記標的は人間の標的または動物の標的である、請求項23から43のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 汚染の検出のための、請求項23から43のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 創傷からの綿棒採取試料または綿棒採取試料培養物の直接評価のための、請求項23から43のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
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