JP2004084665A - 窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒を脱硫酸する方法 - Google Patents
窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒を脱硫酸する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2004084665A JP2004084665A JP2003296935A JP2003296935A JP2004084665A JP 2004084665 A JP2004084665 A JP 2004084665A JP 2003296935 A JP2003296935 A JP 2003296935A JP 2003296935 A JP2003296935 A JP 2003296935A JP 2004084665 A JP2004084665 A JP 2004084665A
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- storage catalyst
- exhaust gas
- temperature
- desulfation
- catalyst
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9481—Catalyst preceded by an adsorption device without catalytic function for temporary storage of contaminants, e.g. during cold start
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9481—Catalyst preceded by an adsorption device without catalytic function for temporary storage of contaminants, e.g. during cold start
- B01D53/949—Catalyst preceded by an adsorption device without catalytic function for temporary storage of contaminants, e.g. during cold start for storing sulfur oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9495—Controlling the catalytic process
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
- F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
- F01N3/0864—Oxygen
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
- F01N3/0885—Regeneration of deteriorated absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. desulfurization of NOx traps
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
- F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/0275—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus the exhaust gas treating apparatus being a NOx trap or adsorbent
- F02D41/028—Desulfurisation of NOx traps or adsorbent
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】 本発明は、窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒を脱硫酸する方法を提供し、ここで、この窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒は、保存した窒素酸化物およびイオウ酸化物を含有し、そして希薄燃焼エンジンの排気ガス精製システムの成分であり、この方法は、以下:(i)希薄排気条件下にて、触媒の温度を、窒素酸化物の熱脱着が開始する温度まで高める工程;および(ii)空気/燃料混合物を濃縮する工程であって、ここで、この濃縮は、熱脱着の開始時に始まり、そしてこの熱脱着は、濃縮を始める信号として働き、それにより、窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒の脱硫酸を引き起こす、工程、を包含する。
【選択図】 なし
Description
イオウ酸化物の除去には、NOx再生条件とは異なる特殊な条件が必要である;言い換えれば、NOx再生中では、この貯蔵触媒からのイオウ成分の除去はない(以下、脱硫酸と呼ぶプロセス)。脱硫酸には、この貯蔵触媒は、還元条件下(すなわち、濃縮排気)で作動しなければならない。それに加えて、この触媒を加熱するには、高い排気ガス温度が必要である。脱硫酸に必要な触媒温度は、使用する貯蔵物質の種類に依存している。代表的には、脱硫酸に必要な温度は、650℃より高い。低温では、脱硫酸の進行が遅すぎ、また、過度に高い温度では、この貯蔵触媒が熱によって永久に損傷し得るので、これは、重要なパラメータである。
(i)希薄排気条件下にて、触媒の温度を、窒素酸化物の熱脱着が開始する温度まで高める工程;および
(ii)空気/燃料混合物を濃縮する工程であって、ここで、この濃縮は、熱脱着の開始時に始まり、そしてこの熱脱着は、濃縮を始める信号として働き、それにより、窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒の脱硫酸を引き起こす、工程、
を包含する。
Claims (7)
- 窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒を脱硫酸する方法であって、ここで、該窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒は、保存した窒素酸化物およびイオウ酸化物を含有し、そして希薄燃焼エンジンの排気ガス精製システムの成分であり、該方法は、以下:
(i)希薄排気条件下にて、該触媒の温度を、該窒素酸化物の熱脱着が開始する温度まで高める工程;および
(ii)空気/燃料混合物を濃縮する工程であって、ここで、該濃縮は、該熱脱着の開始時に始まり、そして該熱脱着は、該濃縮を始める信号として働き、それにより、該窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒の脱硫酸を引き起こす、工程、
を包含する、方法。 - 前記温度を高める工程が、外部加熱手段により、または排気ガスを加熱するエンジン関連手段を使用することにより、起こる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記排気ガスを加熱するエンジン関連手段が、さらなる燃料噴射、遅延燃焼および多段燃焼からなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 化学量論的状態に正規化される空気/燃料比が、脱硫酸中にて、0.8と0.99との間の値に低下される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記脱硫酸の持続時間が、2〜10秒間に限定される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 脱硫酸中にて、前記化学量論的状態に正規化される空気/燃料比が、1Hzと5Hzとの間の周波数で、1未満の値と、1より高い値との間で、調節される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記貯蔵触媒の加熱中の前記窒素酸化物の熱脱着の開始が、窒素センサの助けを借りて決定され、該窒素センサが、該窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒の下流にある前記排気ガス精製システムに挿入される、請求項1に記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10238771A DE10238771B4 (de) | 2002-08-23 | 2002-08-23 | Verfahren zur Desulfatisierung eines Stickoxid-Speicherkatalysators |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2004084665A true JP2004084665A (ja) | 2004-03-18 |
JP4171681B2 JP4171681B2 (ja) | 2008-10-22 |
Family
ID=30775540
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003296935A Expired - Fee Related JP4171681B2 (ja) | 2002-08-23 | 2003-08-20 | 窒素酸化物貯蔵触媒を脱硫酸する方法 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6973775B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1391600B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4171681B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100959839B1 (ja) |
BR (1) | BR0303413B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2437069C (ja) |
DE (2) | DE10238771B4 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2017533373A (ja) * | 2014-10-01 | 2017-11-09 | マン・ディーゼル・アンド・ターボ・エスイー | 複数の内燃機関から成るシステムを動作させるための方法及び制御装置 |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP3876874B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-28 | 2007-02-07 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 触媒再生方法 |
FR2862708B1 (fr) * | 2003-11-24 | 2008-01-18 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif de desulfatation d'un piege a oxydes nitriques et de regeneration d'un filtre a particules |
JP4349119B2 (ja) * | 2003-12-19 | 2009-10-21 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | 排気ガス浄化方法及び排気ガス浄化システム |
US7213395B2 (en) * | 2004-07-14 | 2007-05-08 | Eaton Corporation | Hybrid catalyst system for exhaust emissions reduction |
US7197867B2 (en) * | 2004-10-04 | 2007-04-03 | Southwest Research Institute | Method for the simultaneous desulfation of a lean NOx trap and regeneration of a Diesel particulate filter |
JP4572709B2 (ja) * | 2005-03-18 | 2010-11-04 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化システム |
US20070056268A1 (en) * | 2005-09-10 | 2007-03-15 | Eaton Corporation | LNT-SCR packaging |
US7063642B1 (en) * | 2005-10-07 | 2006-06-20 | Eaton Corporation | Narrow speed range diesel-powered engine system w/ aftertreatment devices |
US7849678B2 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2010-12-14 | Eaton Corporation | Desulfation control strategy |
DE102006025050B4 (de) * | 2006-05-27 | 2014-04-03 | Fev Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Betrieb einer Abgasnachbehandlungsanlage |
US20080022660A1 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2008-01-31 | Eaton Corporation | Method for controlled DPF regeneration |
US20080016850A1 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2008-01-24 | Eaton Corporation | Simultaneous LNT and DPF regeneration |
US20080016851A1 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2008-01-24 | Eaton Corporation | System to reduce engine exhaust oxygen using exhaust hydrocarbons and a catalyst positioned upstream of a fuel reformer-LNT system |
US8209960B2 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2012-07-03 | International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc | System and method for coupled DPF regeneration and LNT DeNOx |
US7610751B2 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2009-11-03 | Eaton Corporation | Fuel injection before turbocharger |
DE602007004039D1 (de) * | 2006-08-01 | 2010-02-11 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Schwefelreinigungssteuerungsvorrichtung für einen Verbrennungsmotor |
US20080072575A1 (en) * | 2006-09-21 | 2008-03-27 | Eaton Corporation | Catalyst to improve low temperature deNOx activity in a reformer-LNT exhaust aftertreatment system |
US8459010B2 (en) * | 2010-02-26 | 2013-06-11 | General Electric Company | System and method for controlling nitrous oxide emissions of an internal combustion engine and regeneration of an exhaust treatment device |
GB2502832A (en) * | 2012-06-06 | 2013-12-11 | Gm Global Tech Operations Inc | Controlling a Desuiphation Process of a Lean NOx trap |
US9080524B2 (en) | 2013-02-25 | 2015-07-14 | Cummins, Inc. | System, method, and apparatus for sulfur recovery on an SCR catalyst |
FR3065486B1 (fr) * | 2017-04-20 | 2021-05-21 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Procede de desulfatation d’un piege a nox d’une ligne d’echappement d’un moteur thermique |
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DE69221287T3 (de) | 1991-10-03 | 2005-02-24 | Toyota Jidosha K.K., Toyota | Gerät zum reinigen von verbrennungsmotor-abgasen |
DE19636790A1 (de) | 1996-09-11 | 1998-03-12 | Volkswagen Ag | NOx-Abgasreinigungsverfahren |
US5832722A (en) * | 1997-03-31 | 1998-11-10 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for maintaining catalyst efficiency of a NOx trap |
US5974788A (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 1999-11-02 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for desulfating a nox trap |
DE19747222C1 (de) * | 1997-10-25 | 1999-03-04 | Daimler Benz Ag | Verbrennungsmotoranlage mit Stickoxid-Speicherkatalysator und Betriebsverfahren hierfür |
DE19750226C1 (de) | 1997-11-13 | 1998-10-29 | Daimler Benz Ag | Motorregelsystem für einen Dieselmotor |
DE19758018A1 (de) * | 1997-12-29 | 1999-07-01 | Volkswagen Ag | Regeneration eines NOx-Speicherkatalysators eines Verbrennungsmotors |
DE19827195A1 (de) | 1998-06-18 | 1999-12-23 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren zur De-Sulfatierung eines NOx-Speicherkatalysators |
JP2000045754A (ja) | 1998-07-31 | 2000-02-15 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
EP1102921B1 (de) | 1998-08-07 | 2002-06-05 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | VERFAHREN ZUR TEMPERATUR- UND LAMBDAABHÄNGIGEN DE-SULFATIERUNG EINES NO x?-SPEICHERKATALYSATORS |
DE19849082A1 (de) | 1998-08-07 | 2000-02-10 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren zur temperatur- und lambdaabhängigen De-Sulfatierung eines NOx-Speicherkatalysators |
DE19851843B4 (de) | 1998-11-10 | 2005-06-09 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Sulfatregeneration eines NOx-Speicherkatalysators für eine Mager-Brennkraftmaschine |
JP2000282848A (ja) | 1999-03-30 | 2000-10-10 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
DE19922962C2 (de) * | 1999-05-19 | 2003-02-27 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Verfahren zur periodischen Desulfatisierung eines Stickoxid- oder Schwefeloxid-Speichers einer Abgasreinigungsanlage |
DE19923481A1 (de) * | 1999-05-21 | 2000-11-23 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren zur Entschwefelung von wenigstens einem in einem Abgaskanal einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine angeordneten NOx-Speicherkatalysator |
DE10026762A1 (de) * | 2000-05-30 | 2001-12-06 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Verfahren zur Desulfatisierung eines NOx-Speicher-Katalysators |
DE10032561A1 (de) * | 2000-07-05 | 2002-07-11 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren zur Entschwefelung von wenigstens einem in einem Abgaskanal einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine angeordneten NOx-Speicherkatalysator |
DE10034143A1 (de) | 2000-07-13 | 2002-02-07 | Volkswagen Ag | Verfahren zur Adaption eines Katalysatortemperatur-Sollbereichs für einen NOx-Speicherkatalysator |
-
2002
- 2002-08-23 DE DE10238771A patent/DE10238771B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-08-08 US US10/637,884 patent/US6973775B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-12 CA CA2437069A patent/CA2437069C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-08-19 EP EP03018624A patent/EP1391600B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-19 DE DE50305883T patent/DE50305883D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-20 JP JP2003296935A patent/JP4171681B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-08-21 BR BRPI0303413-5A patent/BR0303413B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-08-23 KR KR1020030058510A patent/KR100959839B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2017533373A (ja) * | 2014-10-01 | 2017-11-09 | マン・ディーゼル・アンド・ターボ・エスイー | 複数の内燃機関から成るシステムを動作させるための方法及び制御装置 |
US10100755B2 (en) | 2014-10-01 | 2018-10-16 | Man Energy Solutions Se | Method and control device for operating a system consisting of a plurality of internal combustion engines |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1391600A1 (de) | 2004-02-25 |
DE10238771B4 (de) | 2009-01-22 |
CA2437069C (en) | 2011-04-26 |
CA2437069A1 (en) | 2004-02-23 |
EP1391600B1 (de) | 2006-12-06 |
DE50305883D1 (de) | 2007-01-18 |
US6973775B2 (en) | 2005-12-13 |
BR0303413B1 (pt) | 2012-11-27 |
BR0303413A (pt) | 2004-09-08 |
KR100959839B1 (ko) | 2010-05-28 |
JP4171681B2 (ja) | 2008-10-22 |
KR20040018228A (ko) | 2004-03-02 |
US20040112042A1 (en) | 2004-06-17 |
DE10238771A1 (de) | 2004-03-04 |
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