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EP2164711B1 - Darstellungsanordnung - Google Patents

Darstellungsanordnung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2164711B1
EP2164711B1 EP08759341.4A EP08759341A EP2164711B1 EP 2164711 B1 EP2164711 B1 EP 2164711B1 EP 08759341 A EP08759341 A EP 08759341A EP 2164711 B1 EP2164711 B1 EP 2164711B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
image
viewing
solid
grid
motif image
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP08759341.4A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2164711A1 (de
Inventor
Wittich Kaule
Michael Rahm
Wolfgang Rauscher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Giesecke and Devrient GmbH
Original Assignee
Giesecke and Devrient GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Giesecke and Devrient GmbH filed Critical Giesecke and Devrient GmbH
Publication of EP2164711A1 publication Critical patent/EP2164711A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2164711B1 publication Critical patent/EP2164711B1/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
    • B42D25/29—Securities; Bank notes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
    • B44F—SPECIAL DESIGNS OR PICTURES
    • B44F1/00—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects
    • B44F1/08—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects characterised by colour effects
    • B44F1/10—Changing, amusing, or secret pictures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
    • B42D25/23—Identity cards
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/324—Reliefs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/342—Moiré effects
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
    • B44F—SPECIAL DESIGNS OR PICTURES
    • B44F7/00—Designs imitating three-dimensional effects
    • B42D2035/20—

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a representation arrangement for security papers, value documents, electronic display devices or other data carriers for representing one or more predetermined three-dimensional body (s).
  • Data carriers such as valuables or identity documents, but also other valuables, such as branded goods, are often provided with security elements for the purpose of security, which permit verification of the authenticity of the data carrier and at the same time serve as protection against unauthorized reproduction.
  • Data carriers in the context of the present invention are in particular banknotes, stocks, bonds, certificates, vouchers, checks, high-quality admission tickets, but also other forgery-prone papers, such as passports and other identity documents, credit cards, health cards and product security elements such as labels, seals, packaging and the like.
  • the term "data carrier” in the following includes all such objects, documents and product protection means.
  • the security elements may be in the form of, for example, a security thread embedded in a banknote, a tearing thread for product packaging, an applied security strip, a cover sheet for a banknote having a through opening or a self-supporting transfer element, such as a patch or label after its manufacture is applied to a document of value.
  • Security elements with optically variable elements which give the viewer a different image impression at different viewing angles, play a special role, since they can not be reproduced even with high-quality color copying machines.
  • the security elements can be equipped with security features in the form of diffractive optical effective micro- or nanostructures, such as with conventional embossed holograms or other hologram-like diffraction structures, as described for example in the publications EP 0 330 733 A1 or EP 0 064 067 A1 are described.
  • the security device described therein has a regular array of substantially identical printed microimages of up to 250 ⁇ m in size and a regular two-dimensional array of substantially identical spherical microlenses.
  • the microlens array has substantially the same pitch as the microimage array.
  • moiré magnification thereafter refers to a phenomenon that occurs when viewing a raster of identical image objects through a lenticular of approximately the same pitch. As with any pair of similar rasters, this results in a moiré pattern, which in this case appears as an enlarged and possibly rotated image of the repeated elements of the image raster.
  • the present invention seeks to avoid the disadvantages of the prior art and in particular to provide a generic embarrassedsan Aunt that offers a lot of leeway in the design of the motif images to be considered.
  • magnification term V can represent either a scalar or a matrix, so that no unique name with lowercase or uppercase letters is possible. In the context, however, it always becomes clear whether a scalar, a matrix, or both alternatives come into question.
  • the invention generally relates to the generation of three-dimensional images and to three-dimensional images with varying image contents when the viewing direction is changed.
  • the three-dimensional images are referred to as body in the context of this description.
  • body refers in particular to point sets, line systems or patches in three-dimensional space, by which three-dimensional "bodies” are described by mathematical means.
  • z k (x, y, x m , y m ), ie the z coordinate of a common point of the visual line with the body, more than one value can be considered, from which a value is formed or selected according to rules to be determined becomes. This selection can be made, for example, by specifying an additional characteristic function, as explained below using the example of an opaque body and a transparency step function given in addition to the body function f.
  • the representation arrangement according to the invention contains a raster image arrangement in which a motif (or the predetermined body) appears to float individually or not necessarily as an array in front of or behind the image plane or penetrates it.
  • the illustrated three-dimensional image moves in tilting the security element, which is formed by the superimposed motif image and the viewing grid, in predetermined by the magnification and movement matrix A directions.
  • the motif image is not produced photographically, not even by an exposure grating, but is mathematically constructed with a modulo algorithm, whereby a variety of different magnification and motion effects can be generated, which are described in more detail below.
  • the image to be displayed consists of individual motifs which are arranged periodically in a grid.
  • the motif image to be viewed through the lenses represents a greatly reduced version of the image to be displayed, with the area associated with each individual motif corresponding at most to approximately one lens cell. Due to the small size of the lens cells, only relatively simple entities can be considered as individual motifs.
  • the illustrated three-dimensional image in the "modulo mapping" described here is generally a single image; it does not necessarily have to be composed of a grid of periodically repeated individual motifs.
  • the illustrated three-dimensional image may represent a complex, high-resolution frame.
  • the name component "Moiré” is used for embodiments in which the moiré effect is involved, in the use of the name component “modulo” a moiré effect is not necessarily involved.
  • the name component “Mapping” indicates any illustrations, while the name component “Magnifier” indicates that not any illustrations but only enlargements are involved.
  • the expression s mod W as a natural extension of the usual scalar modulo operation represents a reduction of the vector s into the fundamental mesh of the lattice described by the matrix W (the "phase" of the vector s within the grid W).
  • a transparency step function t (x, y, z) is given, where t (x, y, z) is equal to 1 when the body f (FIG. x, y, z) obscures the background at the location (x, y, z) and otherwise equals 0.
  • the smallest value for z k (x, y, x m , y m ) for which t (x, y, z K ) is not equal to zero is the body front side to look at from the outside.
  • the values z k (x, y, x m , y m ) can assume positive or negative values or also be 0 depending on the position of the body with respect to the plane of the drawing (penetrating behind or in front of the plane of the drawing or the plane of the drawing).
  • This elevation profile model uses a two-dimensional drawing f (x, y) of a body to simplify the calculation of the motif image, with an additional z coordinate z (x, y) for each point x, y of the two-dimensional image of the body , y) indicates height / depth information for this point.
  • the two-dimensional drawing f (x, y) is a brightness distribution (grayscale image), a color distribution (color image), a binary distribution (line drawing) or a distribution of other image characteristics such as transparency, reflectivity, density or the like.
  • a x y z 1 x y e 0 z 1 x y e ⁇ tan ⁇ 1 1 given.
  • the illustrated body moves in this variant, when viewed with eye relief in the x-direction and tilting of the array in the x-direction in the direction of ⁇ 1 to the x-axis. When tilting in the y direction, there is no movement.
  • the cylindrical lens axis lies in the y-direction.
  • d 2 , ⁇ can be arbitrary.
  • Another variant describes an orthoparallactic 3D effect.
  • the body moves in the direction of ⁇ 2 to the x-axis.
  • the index j is selected, the smallest index is taken for which t j x K y K is not equal to zero, you get an image that shows the front of the body from the outside. In contrast, the largest index is taken for the t j x K y K is not equal to zero, we obtain a deeply reversed (pseudoscopic) image showing the back of the body from the inside.
  • fj (x, y) is the image function of the jth section which can indicate a brightness distribution (grayscale image), a color distribution (color image), a binary distribution (line drawing) or other image properties such as transparency, reflectivity, density or the like ,
  • the transparency step function t j (x, y) is equal to 1 if the cut j at the location (x, y) obscures objects behind it and is otherwise equal to 0.
  • a j z j e k ⁇ z j e ⁇ cot ⁇ 2 z j e ⁇ tan ⁇ 1 k ⁇ z j e given, so that the body shown when viewed with eye relief in the x-direction and tilting the array in the x-direction in the direction of ⁇ 1 to the x-axis moves and when viewed with eye relief in the y-direction and tilting of the array in the y-direction moved in the direction of ⁇ 2 to the x-axis and is stretched by the change factor k in the depth dimension.
  • the shape of W and A obtained by rotation through an angle ⁇ has already been explicitly stated above.
  • a j 0 k ⁇ z j e ⁇ cot ⁇ z j e k ⁇ z j e .
  • a j z j e k ⁇ z j e ⁇ cot ⁇ 1 z j e ⁇ tan ⁇ 1 k ⁇ z j e given, so that the body shown always moves independently of the tilting direction in the direction of ⁇ 1 to the x-axis.
  • the viewing elements of the viewing grid are preferably arranged periodically or locally periodically, with the local period parameters preferably changing only slowly in relation to the periodicity length in the latter case.
  • the periodicity length or the local periodicity length is preferably between 3 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m, preferably between 5 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m, particularly preferably between about 10 ⁇ m and about 20 ⁇ m.
  • An abrupt change in the periodicity length is also possible if it was previously kept constant or nearly constant over a length which is large in comparison to the periodicity length, for example for more than 20, 50 or 100 periodicity lengths.
  • the viewing elements can be formed in all aspects of the invention by non-cylindrical microlenses, in particular by microlenses with a circular or polygonal limited base surface, or by elongated cylindrical lenses whose extension in the longitudinal direction more than 250 microns, preferably more than 300 microns, more preferably more than 500 ⁇ m and in particular more than 1 mm.
  • the viewing elements are pinhole apertures, slotted apertures, apertured apertured or slit apertures, aspheric lenses, Fresnel lenses, GRIN (Gradient Refraction Index) lenses, zone plates, holographic lenses, concave mirrors, Fresnel mirrors, zone mirrors, or other focusing or focusing elements also formed with a masking effect.
  • aspheric lenses Fresnel lenses
  • GRIN Gradient Refraction Index
  • the carrier of the image function f A - I ⁇ x y is greater than the unit cell of the viewing grid W.
  • the carrier of a function referred to in the usual way, the closed envelope of the area in which the function is not zero.
  • the carriers of the sectional images f j A - I ⁇ x y preferably larger than the unit cell of the viewing grid W.
  • the illustrated three-dimensional image has, in advantageous embodiments, no periodicity, ie is a representation of a single 3D motif.
  • the viewing grid and the motif image of the presentation arrangement are firmly connected to one another and thus form a security element with a viewing grid and motif image arranged at a distance one above the other.
  • the motif image and the viewing grid are advantageously arranged on opposite surfaces of an optical spacer layer.
  • the security element may in particular be a security thread, a tear thread, a security tape, a security strip, a patch or a label for application to a security paper, value document or the like.
  • the total thickness of the security element is preferably below 50 ⁇ m, preferably below 30 ⁇ m and particularly preferably below 20 ⁇ m.
  • the viewing grid and the motif image of the presentation arrangement are at different Positioning a disk arranged that the viewing grid and the motif image for self-authentication are superimposed and form a security element in the superimposed state.
  • the viewing grid and the motif image are superimposed in particular by bending, folding, bending or folding the data carrier.
  • the motif image is displayed by an electronic display device and the viewing grid for viewing the displayed motif image is firmly connected to the electronic display device.
  • the viewing grid can also be a separate viewing grid, which can be brought onto or in front of the electronic display device for viewing the displayed motif image.
  • the security element can thus be formed both as a permanent security element by a viewing grid and motif image fixedly connected to one another, as well as by a spatially separated viewing grid and an associated motif image, wherein the two elements form a temporarily present security element when superimposed.
  • Statements in the description about the movement behavior or the visual impression of the security element relate both to firmly connected permanent security elements and to superimposed temporary security elements.
  • the cell boundaries in the motif image may advantageously be spatially independent, so that the vector (d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y)) occurring in the image function m (x, y) is constant.
  • the cell boundaries in the motif image may also be spatially dependent.
  • the motif image may have two or more subregions with different, each constant cell grid.
  • a location-dependent vector (d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y)) can also be used to define the outline of the cells in the motif image. For example, instead of parallelogram-shaped cells, it is also possible to use cells with a different uniform shape which match one another in such a way that the area of the motif image is filled up completely (tiling of the surface of the motif image). By choosing the location-dependent vector (d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y)), the cell shape can be set as desired. As a result, the designer has particular influence on which viewing angles subject jumps occur.
  • the motif image can also be subdivided into different regions, in which the cells each have identical shape, while the cell shapes differ in the different regions. This causes parts of the motif, which are assigned to different areas, to jump at different tilt angles when tilting the security element. If the areas with different cells are large enough that they are visible to the naked eye, additional visible information can be accommodated in the security element in this way. On the other hand, if the areas are microscopic, ie can only be seen with magnifying aids, additional hidden information can be accommodated in the security element in this way, which can serve as a higher-level security feature.
  • a location-dependent vector (d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y)) can also be used to generate cells, all of which are mutually different in shape differ. As a result, it is possible to generate a completely individual security feature that can be tested, for example, by means of a microscope.
  • the relative position of the center of the viewing elements within the cells of the motif image is location-independent, ie the vector (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) is constant. In other embodiments, however, it may also be appropriate to make the relative position of the center of the viewing elements within the cells of the motif image location-dependent, as explained in more detail below.
  • the motif image for enhancing the three-dimensional visual impression is filled with Fresnel structures, Blazegittern or other optically active structures.
  • the raster image arrangement of the representation arrangement always represents a single three-dimensional image.
  • the invention also encompasses configurations in which a plurality of three-dimensional images are displayed simultaneously or alternately.
  • a transparency step function character (characteristic function) t i (x, y, z) may be predetermined, where t i (x, y, z) is equal to 1 is when the body f i (x, y, z) at the location (x, y, z) obscures the background and otherwise equals 0.
  • the values z ik (x, y, x m , y m ) may take positive or negative values, or be 0, depending on the position of the body with respect to the plane of the drawing (penetrating behind or in front of the plane of the drawing or the plane of the drawing).
  • the largest value may be taken for which t i (x, y, z k ) is non-zero in order to view the body back of body f i from the inside ,
  • All versions f made during the first three aspects of the invention for single body also apply to the plurality of bodies f i of the general raster image arrays of the fourth to sixth aspect of the invention.
  • at least one (or even all) of the descriptive functions of the fourth, fifth or sixth aspect of the invention may be designed as indicated above for the image function m (x, y) of the first, second or third aspect of the invention.
  • the motif image is present in particular in an embossed or printed layer.
  • the security element has in all aspects an opaque cover layer for covering the raster image arrangement by area.
  • This cover layer is advantageously in the form of patterns, characters or codes before and / or has recesses in the form of patterns, characters or codes.
  • the permanent security element itself in all aspects of the invention preferably represents a security thread, a tear-open thread, a security strip, a security strip, a patch or a label for application to a security paper, value document or the like.
  • the security element can form a transparent or recessed area Span the disk. Different appearances can be realized on different sides of the data carrier. Also two-sided designs come into question, in which both sides of a motif image viewing grid are arranged.
  • the raster image arrangements according to the invention can be combined with other security features, for example with diffractive structures, with hologram structures in all variants, metallized or non-metallized, with sub-wavelength structures, metallized or non-metallized, with subwavelength gratings, with layer systems which show a color change on tilting, semitransparent or opaque , with diffractive optical elements, with refractive optical elements, such as prismatic beam formers, with special hole shapes, with safety features with specifically set electrical conductivity, with incorporated materials with magnetic coding, with substances with phosphorescent, fluorescent or luminescent effect, with safety features based on liquid crystals , with matt structures, with micromirrors, with elements with louvre effect or with sawtooth structures.
  • Further security features with which the raster image arrangements according to the invention can be combined are disclosed in the document WO 2005/052650 A2 stated on pages 71 to 73; These are included in the present description.
  • the image contents of individual cells of the motif image can be interchanged with one another after the determination of the image function m (x, y).
  • the invention also includes methods of making the display assemblies of the first to sixth aspects of the invention wherein a motif image is calculated from one or more predetermined three-dimensional bodies.
  • a motif image is calculated from one or more predetermined three-dimensional bodies.
  • the size of the motif picture elements and the viewing elements is within the scope of the invention typically about 5 to 50 microns, so that the influence of the modulo magnification arrangement on the thickness of the security elements can be kept low.
  • the production of such small lens arrays and such small images is for example in the document DE 10 2005 028162 A1 described, the disclosure of which is included in the present application in this respect.
  • a typical procedure is the following:
  • techniques of semiconductor structuring can be used, for example photolithography or electron beam lithography.
  • a particularly suitable method is to expose the structures in photoresist by means of a focused laser beam. Subsequently, the structures, which may have binary or more complex three-dimensional cross-sectional profiles, are exposed with a developer.
  • laser ablation can be used.
  • the original obtained in one of these ways can be further processed into a stamping tool, with the help of the structures, for example, by embossing in UV varnish, thermoplastic embossing or by the in the document WO 2008/00350 A1 microtip technique described can be duplicated.
  • the latter technique is a micro-gravure technique that combines the benefits of printing and embossing technologies. Details of this micro-gravure printing process and the associated advantages of the document WO 2008/00350 A1 are removed, the disclosure content of which is included in the present application in this respect.
  • metal-coated embossed structures coloring by metallic nanostructures, embossing in colored UV lacquer, micro gravure printing according to the publication WO 2008/00350 A1 , the coloring of the embossed structures and subsequent doctoring of the embossed film, or else in the German patent application 10 2007 062 089.8 described method for selectively transferring an imprint material on elevations or depressions of an embossed structure.
  • the subject image may be written directly into a photosensitive layer with a focused laser beam.
  • the microlens array can also be fabricated by laser ablation or grayscale lithography. Alternatively, a binary exposure can take place, wherein the lens shape is formed only later by melting of photoresist ("thermal reflow"). From the original, as in the case of the microstructure array, an embossing tool can be produced with the aid of which mass production can take place, for example by embossing in UV lacquer or thermoplastic embossing.
  • the modulo-magnifier principle or modulo-mapping principle according to the invention can also be used for three-dimensional computer and television images which are generally shown on an electronic display device.
  • the size of the images to be introduced and the size of the lenses in the lens array to be mounted in front of the screen in this case is about 50 to 500 microns.
  • the screen resolution should be at least an order of magnitude better, so that high-resolution screens are required for this application.
  • the invention also includes a security paper for the production of security or value documents, such as banknotes, checks, identity cards, documents or the like, with a representation arrangement of the type described above.
  • the invention further includes a data carrier, in particular a branded article, a value document, a decorative article, such as a package, postcards or the like with a representation arrangement of the type described above.
  • the viewing grid and / or the motif image of the presentation arrangement can be arranged over the entire surface, on partial surfaces or in a window region of the data carrier.
  • the invention also relates to an electronic display device having an electronic display device, in particular a computer or television screen, a control device and a display device of the type described above.
  • the control device is designed and configured to display the motif image of the display device on the electronic display device.
  • the viewing grid for viewing the displayed motif image can be connected to the electronic display device or can be a separate viewing grid, which can be brought onto or in front of the electronic display device for viewing the displayed motif image.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a banknote 10, which is provided with two security elements 12 and 16 according to embodiments of the invention.
  • the first security element represents a security thread 12 that emerges in certain window areas 14 on the surface of the banknote 10, while it is embedded in the intervening areas inside the banknote 10.
  • the second security element is formed by a glued transfer element 16 of any shape.
  • the security element 16 can also be designed in the form of a cover film, which is arranged over a window area or a through opening of the banknote.
  • the security element may be designed for viewing in supervision, review or viewing both in supervision and in review.
  • Both the security thread 12 and the transfer element 16 may include a modulo magnification arrangement according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the mode of operation and the production method according to the invention for such arrangements will be described in more detail below with reference to the transfer element 16.
  • Fig. 2 schematically shows the layer structure of the transfer element 16 in cross section, wherein only the parts of the layer structure required for the explanation of the principle of operation are shown.
  • the transfer element 16 includes a carrier 20 in the form of a transparent plastic film, in the embodiment of an approximately 20 micron thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the spacing of adjacent microlenses 22 is preferably chosen as small as possible in order to ensure the highest possible area coverage and thus a high-contrast representation.
  • the spherically or aspherically configured microlenses 22 preferably have a diameter between 5 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m and in particular a diameter between only 10 ⁇ m and 35 ⁇ m and are therefore not visible to the naked eye. It is understood that in other designs, larger or smaller dimensions come into question.
  • the microlenses may have a diameter between 50 ⁇ m and 5 mm for decoration purposes, while dimensions below 5 ⁇ m may also be used in modulo magnification arrangements which are intended to be decipherable only with a magnifying glass or a microscope.
  • a motif layer 26 is arranged, which contains a divided into a plurality of cells 24 motif image with motif picture elements 28.
  • the optical thickness of the carrier film 20 and the focal length of the microlenses 22 are coordinated so that the motif layer 26 is located approximately at a distance of the lens focal length.
  • the carrier film 20 thus forms a optical spacer layer, which ensures a desired, constant distance of the microlenses 22 and the motif layer 26 with the motif image.
  • FIG. 3 very schematically a side view of a body 30 in space, the perspective in the scene image plane 32, which is also referred to below as drawing plane to be displayed.
  • the body 30 is generally described by a body function f (x, y, z) and a transparency step function t (x, y, z), where the z-axis is perpendicular to the plane of the drawing spanned by the x and y axes 32 stands.
  • the body function f (x, y, z) indicates a characteristic property of the body at the position (x, y, z), for example a brightness distribution, a color distribution, a binary distribution or other body properties, such as transparency, reflectivity, density or the like , In general, therefore, it can represent not only a scalar function but also a vector-valued function of the location coordinates x, y and z.
  • the transparency step function t (x, y, z) is equal to 1 if the body conceals the background at the location (x, y, z) and is otherwise, ie in particular if the body is at the location (x, y, z). z) is transparent or absent, equal to 0.
  • the three-dimensional image to be displayed may comprise not only a single object but also a plurality of three-dimensional objects which need not necessarily be related.
  • body used in this description is used in the sense of any three-dimensional structure and includes structures having one or more separate three-dimensional objects.
  • the arrangement of the microlenses in the lens plane 34 is described by a two-dimensional Bravais grating whose unit cell is indicated by vectors w 1 and w 2 (with the components w 11 , w 21 , and w 12 , w 22 , respectively).
  • the lenticular matrix W is often referred to simply as a lens matrix or lenticular array hereinafter.
  • the term pupil plane is also used below.
  • the positions x m , y m in the pupil plane designated below as pupil positions represent the grid points of the W grid in the lens plane 34.
  • lens plane 34 instead of lenses 22, it is also possible, for example, to use pinholes on the principle of the pinhole camera.
  • lenses and imaging systems such as aspheric lenses, cylindrical lenses, slit diaphragms, apertured apertured or slit diaphragms, Fresnel lenses, GRIN (Gradient Refraction Index) lenses, zoned diffraction lenses, holographic lenses, concave mirrors, Fresnel mirrors, zone mirrors and other elements with focussing or also fading effect, can be used as viewing elements in the viewing grid.
  • GRIN Gradient Refraction Index
  • elements with focussing effect are used as viewing elements in the viewing grid.
  • the observer looks through the partially transparent in this case motif image on the underlying mirror array and sees the individual small mirror as light or dark points, from which builds the image to be displayed.
  • the motif image is generally so finely structured that it can only be seen as a veil.
  • the formulas described for the relationships between the image to be displayed and the motif image apply, even if this is not mentioned in detail, not only for lenticular, but also for mirror grid. It is understood that in the inventive use of concave mirrors in place of the lens focal length, the mirror focal length occurs.
  • a mirror array instead of a lens array is in Fig. 2 to think of the viewing direction from below, and in Fig. 3
  • the levels 32 and 34 are interchanged.
  • the description of the invention is based on lens grids, which are representative of all other viewing grids used in the invention.
  • Fig. 3 e denotes the lens focal length (in general, the effective distance e takes into account the lens data and the refractive index of the medium between the lens grid and the motif grid).
  • a point (x k, y k, z k) of the body 30 located in the room is in the plane 32 to the pupil position (x m, y m, 0) shown in perspective.
  • f (x k, y k, z k (x, y, x m, y m)) is applied to the location (x, y, e) in the plane 32 registered, where (x k, y k , z k (x, y, x m , y m )) the common point of the body 30 with the characteristic function t (x, y, z) and view line [(xm, y m , 0), (x, y, e)] with the smallest z value.
  • the vector (c 1 , c 2 ), which in the general case can be location-dependent, that is by (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) with 0 ⁇ c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y) ⁇ 1, indicates the relative position of the center of the viewing elements within the cells of the motif image.
  • the height profile is based on a two-dimensional drawing f (x, y) of a body, with an additional z-coordinate z (x, y) given for each point x, y of the two-dimensional image of the body How far is this point in the real body away from the drawing plane 32? z (x, y) can assume both positive and negative values.
  • Fig. 4 (a) a two-dimensional representation 40 of a cube in central projection, wherein at each pixel (x, y) a gray value f (x, y) is given.
  • the two-dimensional representation f (x, y) can also be a fantasy image; what is important is that each pixel has a height in addition to the gray (or more generally color, transparency, reflectivity, density, etc.) information - / depth information z (x, y) is assigned.
  • Such height representation 42 is in Fig. 4 (b) shown schematically in gray coding, with the front lying pixels of the cube white, further behind pixels gray or black are shown.
  • a x y z 1 x y e 0 z 1 x y e ⁇ tan ⁇ 1 1 receives.
  • d 2 , ⁇ can be arbitrary.
  • the arrangement has an orthoparallactic 3D effect, wherein the body is in normal viewing (eye distance direction in the x direction) and moved when tilting the arrangement in the x-direction perpendicular to the x-axis.
  • the body When rotated by 90 ° viewing (eye distance direction in the y direction) and tilting the arrangement in the y direction, the body moves in the direction of ⁇ 2 to the x-axis.
  • a three-dimensional effect comes about here in normal observation (eye distance direction in x-direction) only by movement.
  • the A j matrix must then be chosen such that the upper left coefficient is equal to z j / e.
  • f j (x, y) is the image function of the jth section indicating a brightness distribution (grayscale image), a color distribution (color image), a binary distribution (line drawing) or other image properties such as transparency, reflectivity, density or the like can.
  • the transparency step function t j (x, y) is equal to 1 if the intersection j conceals objects behind it at the position (x, y) and is otherwise equal to 0.
  • a woodcut or copper engraving 3D image is obtained, for example, if the sections f j , t j are described by several function values in the following way:
  • fj black and white (or grayscale value) on the contour line, or black and white (or grayscale) values in different areas of the section, adjacent to the edge
  • t j ⁇ 1 opacity a ⁇ t opacity within the sectional figure of the K O ⁇ rpers 0 opacity a ⁇ t opacity outside the cut figure of the K O ⁇ rpers
  • the depth impression of the illustrated body changes by the change factor k.
  • the body moves in the direction ⁇ 1 to the x-axis.
  • tilting in the y direction there is no movement.
  • x k y k x y + V x y ⁇ x y + w d x y ModW - w d x y - w c x y .
  • w d x y W ⁇ d 1 x y d 2 x y
  • w c x y W ⁇ c 1 x y c 2 x y ,
  • the vector (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) with 0 ⁇ c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y) ⁇ 1 gives the relative position of the center of the viewing elements within the cells of the motif image.
  • the vector (d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y)) with 0 ⁇ d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y) ⁇ 1 represents a shift of the cell boundaries in the motif image
  • g (x, y) is a mask function for adjusting the visibility of the body.
  • an angle constraint may be desirable when viewing the motif images, i.
  • the illustrated three-dimensional image should not be visible from all directions or even be recognized only in a small solid angle range.
  • Such an angle restriction may be particularly advantageous in combination with the alternate frames described below since switching from one subject to another is generally not perceived by both eyes simultaneously. This can lead to an unwanted double image being seen as a superimposition of adjacent image motifs during the switchover. However, if the frames are bordered by an edge of appropriate width, such visually undesirable overlay can be suppressed.
  • the image quality can slacken significantly under oblique view of the lens array under certain circumstances: While a sharp image can be seen when viewed vertically from the arrangement, the image is blurred in this case with increasing tilt angle and blurred. For this reason, an angle restriction may also be advantageous in the representation of individual images if, in particular, it fades out the surface areas between the lenses, which are only probed through the lenses at relatively high tilt angles. As a result, the three-dimensional image for the viewer disappears when tilted, before it can be perceived blurry.
  • Such an angle restriction can be achieved by a mask function g ⁇ 1 in the general formula for the motif image m (x, y).
  • a mask function g ⁇ 1 in the general formula for the motif image m (x, y).
  • function g (x, y) can generally arbitrarily specify the distribution of occupied and free areas within a cell.
  • mask functions can also define areas in which the three-dimensional image is not visible as a field constraint.
  • the embodiments with adjacent images mentioned below can be described by such macroscopic mask functions.
  • the vector (d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y)) was identically zero, the cell boundaries were uniformly distributed over the entire area. In some embodiments, however, it may also be advantageous to shift the grid of the cells in the motif plane in a location-dependent manner in order to achieve special optical effects when changing the viewing direction.
  • the image function m (x, y) is then in the form f x y + A - I ⁇ x y + W d 1 x y d 2 x y ModW - W d 1 x y d 2 x y - W ⁇ c 1 c 2 with 0 ⁇ d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y) ⁇ 1.
  • the vector (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) may also be a function of the location.
  • the image function m (x, y) then appears in the form f x y + A - I ⁇ x y ModW - W ⁇ c 1 x y c 2 x y with 0 ⁇ c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y) ⁇ 1.
  • the vector (d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y)) may be nonzero and the motion matrix A (x, y) be location-dependent, so that for g ⁇ 1 it generally follows: f x y + A x y - I ⁇ x y + W d 1 x y d 2 x y ModW - W d 1 x y d 2 x y - W ⁇ c 1 x y c 2 x y with 0 ⁇ c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y); d 1 (x, y), d 2 (x, y) ⁇ 1.
  • the vector (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) describes the position of the cells in the scene image plane relative to the lens array W, whereby the raster of the lens centers can be considered as the reference point set. If the vector (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) is a function of the location, this means that changes in (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) occur in a change in relative positioning between the cells in the scene image plane and the lenses, resulting in variations in the periodicity of the motif picture elements.
  • a location dependence of the vector (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) can advantageously be used if a film web is used which carries a lens embossing on the front side with a homogeneous homogeneous pattern W. If a modulo magnification arrangement with location-independent (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) is impressed on the rear side, it is left to chance, under which viewing angles one recognizes which features, if there is no exact registration between Front and back side embossing is possible.
  • (c 1 (x, y), c 2 (x, y)) can also be varied, for example, in the running direction of the film in order to find sections in each strip in the longitudinal direction of the film which have the correct registration. This makes it possible to prevent the appearance of metallized hologram strips or security threads from banknote to banknote.
  • the three-dimensional image should not only be visible when viewed through a normal hole / lenticular grid, but also when viewed through a slit grid or cylindrical lens grid, wherein a three-dimensional image can be given in particular a non-periodically repeating individual image.
  • the matrix (A-1) in the relationship (A-1) W acts only on the first row of W, so that W can represent an infinitely long cylinder.
  • the modulo magnification arrangement usually represents a single three-dimensional image (body) when viewed.
  • the invention also encompasses configurations in which several three-dimensional images are displayed simultaneously or alternately.
  • the three-dimensional images can in particular have different movement behavior when tilting the arrangement.
  • these can merge into one another in particular when tilting the arrangement.
  • the different images can be independent of each other or content related to each other and represent, for example, a movement.
  • F ( h 1 , h 2 ,... H N ) is a master function which specifies a combination of the N descriptive functions h i (x, y).
  • the matrices A i x y a i 11 x y a i 12 x y a i 21 x y a i 22 x y each describe the desired magnification and movement behavior of the given body f i and I is the unit matrix.
  • the vectors (c i1 (x, y), c i2 (x, y)) with 0 ⁇ c i 1 (x, y), c i2 (x, y) ⁇ 1 give the relative position to the body f i, respectively of the center of the viewing elements within the cells i of the motif image.
  • the vectors (d i1 (x, y), d i2 (x, y)) with 0 ⁇ d i1 (x, y), d i2 (x, y) ⁇ 1 represent respectively a shift of the cell boundaries in the motif image, and g i (x, y) are mask functions for adjusting the visibility of the body f i .
  • a simple example of multi-dimensional image (body) designs is a simple tilt image in which two three-dimensional bodies f 1 (x, y) and f 2 (x, y) alternate as the security element is tilted in a similar manner. Under what angles the change between the two bodies takes place is determined by the mask functions g 1 and g. 2 To prevent - even when viewing with only one eye - both images can be seen simultaneously, the carriers of the functions g 1 and g 2 are chosen disjointly.
  • the boundaries between the image areas in the motif image were chosen to be 0.5, so that the area sections belonging to the two images f 1 and f 2 are the same size. Of course, the limits can be chosen arbitrarily in the general case. The location of the borders determines the solid angle ranges from which the two three-dimensional images can be seen.
  • the displayed images can also alternate in strips, for example by using the following mask functions:
  • a change of image information occurs when the security element is tilted along the direction indicated by the vector (w 11 , w 21 ), whereas tilting along the second vector (w 12 , w 22 ) results in no image change.
  • the border was chosen at 0.5, ie the area of the motif image was divided into strips of equal width, which alternately contain the information of the two three-dimensional images.
  • the boundary between the stripes can of course be arbitrarily set.
  • modulo-morphing or modulo-cinema the various three-dimensional images are directly related, wherein in the case of modulo morphing, a starting image is transformed into a final image over a defined number of intermediate stages, and preferably simple sequences of motion are displayed in the modulo-cinema become.
  • the three-dimensional images are in the elevation profile model through images f 1 x y . f 2 x y ⁇ ⁇ f n x y given and z is 1 (x, y) ... z n (x, y), the predetermined during tipping along the by the vector (w 11, w 21) direction are to appear in succession.
  • the stripe width can be selected irregularly.
  • the image content can be rendered using drawings
  • the location and motion of the displayed objects in the dimensions of the space are described using the motion matrices A i .
  • the relative phase of the individual displayed images can be set individually, as expressed by the coefficients c ij in the general formula for m (x, y). The relative phase controls in which viewing directions the motifs can be recognized.
  • All embodiments discussed in the context of this description can also be arranged side by side or in one another, for example as exchangeable images or as superimposed images.
  • the boundaries between The image parts do not have to run in a straight line, but can be designed as desired. In particular, the boundaries may be chosen to represent the outlines of symbols or lettering, patterns, shapes of any kind, plants, animals or humans.
  • the juxtaposed or nested image parts are considered in preferred embodiments with a uniform lens array.
  • magnification and motion matrix A of the different image parts may differ, for example, to allow special motion effects of the individual magnified motifs. It may be advantageous to control the phase relationship between the image parts so that the enlarged motifs appear at a defined distance from each other.
  • This three-dimensional appearance can be enhanced by filling surfaces of different inclinations with blazed gratings whose parameters differ from each other.
  • a blaze grating is defined by specifying the parameters azimuth angle ⁇ , period d and inclination ⁇ .
  • Fresnel structures for the visual appearance of a three-dimensional structure is the Reflection of the incident light at the surface of the structure crucial. Since the volume of the body is not critical to this effect, it can be eliminated using a simple algorithm. Round surfaces can be approximated by a large number of small flat surfaces.
  • the period d of the saw teeth is sufficiently large in order to largely avoid the formation of colored diffraction effects.
  • This development of the invention is therefore based on combining two methods for generating three-dimensional structures with one another: location-dependent magnification factor and filling with Fresnel structures, blazed gratings or other optically active structures, such as sub-wavelength structures.
  • each of the three sides is assigned a blaze grating, which differ in their azimuth angle.
  • the azimuth angles are 0 °, 120 ° and 240 °.
  • All surface areas representing side 1 of the pyramid are equipped with the blaze grating with azimuth 0 ° - regardless of their size defined by the location-dependent A matrix.
  • pages 2 and 3 of the pyramid are used: they are filled with blaze gratings with azimuth angle 120 ° (page 2) or 240 ° (page 3).
  • Another possibility is the use of light-absorbing structures. Instead of blaze grids, it is also possible to use structures that not only reflect light, but also absorb it to a greater extent. This is usually the case when the aspect ratio depth / width (period or quasi-period) is relatively high, for example 1/1 or 2/1 or higher.
  • the period or quasi-period can range from sub-wavelength structures to microstructures - this also depends on the size of the cells. How dark a surface should appear can be regulated, for example, via the surface density of the structures or the aspect ratio. Surfaces of different inclinations can be assigned structures with different absorption properties.
  • Each grid point w ⁇ W is assigned a subset M ( w ) of the drawing plane.
  • M w
  • the different subsets disjoint for different halftone dots.

Landscapes

  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
  • Finance (AREA)
  • Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
  • Controls And Circuits For Display Device (AREA)
  • Holo Graphy (AREA)
  • Stereoscopic And Panoramic Photography (AREA)
  • Facsimile Scanning Arrangements (AREA)
  • Processing Or Creating Images (AREA)
EP08759341.4A 2007-06-25 2008-06-25 Darstellungsanordnung Active EP2164711B1 (de)

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DE102007029204A DE102007029204A1 (de) 2007-06-25 2007-06-25 Sicherheitselement
PCT/EP2008/005171 WO2009000527A1 (de) 2007-06-25 2008-06-25 Darstellungsanordnung

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CN101687427A (zh) 2010-03-31
US8400495B2 (en) 2013-03-19
AU2008267368B2 (en) 2013-04-18
RU2010101423A (ru) 2011-07-27
US20100177094A1 (en) 2010-07-15
WO2009000530A2 (de) 2008-12-31
CN101711203B (zh) 2013-03-13
RU2010101424A (ru) 2011-07-27
DE102007029204A1 (de) 2009-01-08
AU2008267368A1 (en) 2008-12-31
US20100208036A1 (en) 2010-08-19
AU2008267365A1 (en) 2008-12-31
EP2164711A1 (de) 2010-03-24
RU2466875C2 (ru) 2012-11-20
WO2009000530A3 (de) 2009-04-30
WO2009000527A1 (de) 2008-12-31
CN101687427B (zh) 2012-01-18
EP2164713B1 (de) 2016-04-06
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US8878844B2 (en) 2014-11-04
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AU2008267365B2 (en) 2013-04-04

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