EP1797588A2 - Procede d'elaboration de structures empilees mixtes, a zones isolantes diverses et/ou zones de conduction electrique verticale localisees - Google Patents
Procede d'elaboration de structures empilees mixtes, a zones isolantes diverses et/ou zones de conduction electrique verticale localiseesInfo
- Publication number
- EP1797588A2 EP1797588A2 EP05850920A EP05850920A EP1797588A2 EP 1797588 A2 EP1797588 A2 EP 1797588A2 EP 05850920 A EP05850920 A EP 05850920A EP 05850920 A EP05850920 A EP 05850920A EP 1797588 A2 EP1797588 A2 EP 1797588A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mask
- substrate
- layer
- insulating
- semiconductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract 32
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract 22
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims abstract 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims 49
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims 29
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 8
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims 8
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims 8
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims 5
- -1 or Si 3 N 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 5
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910017083 AlN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000010070 molecular adhesion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910021426 porous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/76—Making of isolation regions between components
- H01L21/762—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers
- H01L21/7624—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers using semiconductor on insulator [SOI] technology
- H01L21/76251—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers using semiconductor on insulator [SOI] technology using bonding techniques
- H01L21/76254—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers using semiconductor on insulator [SOI] technology using bonding techniques with separation/delamination along an ion implanted layer, e.g. Smart-cut, Unibond
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/76—Making of isolation regions between components
- H01L21/762—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers
- H01L21/76224—Dielectric regions, e.g. EPIC dielectric isolation, LOCOS; Trench refilling techniques, SOI technology, use of channel stoppers using trench refilling with dielectric materials
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of semiconductor-on-insulator type structures, for example silicon-on-insulator structures also known as SOI.
- a material substrate generally semiconductor, supports a buried insulator film, for example silicon dioxide, and a film of superficial semiconductor material.
- BSOI type processes Mechanical and / or chemical thinning (BSOI type processes), Mechanical thinning and etching with a stop on a sacrificial layer (BESOI type processes),
- the invention relates primarily to the field of molecular bonding processes and structures made by such methods. Various needs have been expressed:
- zones 233 with a vertical conduction (similar in its behavior to a solid semiconductor, epitaxial, etc.), which separate zones 232a, 232b electrically insulated from the substrate,
- Document FR-2847077 discloses the possibility of producing surface-structured silicon wafers, so that zones comprising, for example, thick oxides 34a, 34b (FIG. 1A) alternate with thin oxide zones 32a, b, c or that oxide zones 232a, 232b alternate with zones 233 without oxide, that is, virgin silicon (FIG. 2A).
- insulating zones or layers are produced in a first semiconductor substrate (silicon will be taken for example) (the example will be taken of the oxide silicon SiO 2 ) 32a, 32b, 32c, 34a, 34b having different thicknesses.
- a first semiconductor substrate silicon will be taken for example
- the example will be taken of the oxide silicon SiO 2
- 32a, 32b, 32c, 34a, 34b having different thicknesses.
- Different techniques can be implemented for the realization of these insulating zones. They will be described later, in connection with FIGS. 3A and following.
- Such structured plates can then be glued by molecular bonding onto virgin silicon plates 40 or oxidized silicon plates, the oxide layer 47 of which is of small thickness.
- the second semiconductor substrate 40 is carried out an atomic or ion implantation, forming a thin layer 42 which extends substantially parallel to a surface 41 of the substrate 40.
- a layer or an embrittlement plane or fracture delimiting, in the volume of the substrate 40, a lower region 45 intended to constitute a thin film and a region
- This implantation is generally a hydrogen implantation, but can also be done using other species, or with H / He co-implantation.
- the two substrates 30 and 40 thus prepared are then assembled by a "wafer bonding" type technique or by adherent type contact, for example by molecular adhesion or by bonding.
- a "wafer bonding" type technique or by adherent type contact, for example by molecular adhesion or by bonding.
- adherent type contact for example by molecular adhesion or by bonding.
- Part of the substrate 40 is then detached by a treatment to cause a fracture along the embrittlement plane 42.
- An example of this technique is described in the article by A. J. Auberton-Hervé et al. "Why can Smart-Cut change the future of microelectronics? Published in International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000), p. 131-146.
- a first substrate is a semiconductor substrate 230 (for example: of silicon), in which areas of insulation (for example: SiO 2) 232a, 232b are performed next to raw silicon areas.
- a second substrate 240 there is created by atomic implantation or ions, for example hydrogen ions, an embrittlement layer 242 similar to the layer 42 described above. This embrittlement layer delimits, in the volume of the substrate 240, the thin layer 245.
- the two substrates 230 and 240 thus prepared are then assembled by one of the techniques already mentioned above ("wafer bonding" or bonding or contact-type contact, for example by molecular adhesion).
- the portion of the substrate 240, located on the side opposite to the substrate assembly face 241, is then removed or detached, as already described above in connection with FIG. 1B.
- a component or a semiconductor element or a planar mixed semiconductor structure according to the structure of Figure 2B, having an alternation (or any other form of juxtaposition or distribution) of zones 232a, 232b of insulation ( here: oxide SiO2), which can have different thicknesses from each other and semiconductor zones or raw silicon.
- Various electronic components can then be produced in the surface layers 45, 245 of semiconductor or silicon, in particular in the part of the layer located above the zones of insulator or of silicon oxide.
- zones 532a, 532b of silicon dioxide are produced on a substrate 530 by LOCOS ("Locally Oxide Silicon”) growth through a mask 531. These zones can have the shape pellets or strips or more complex shapes.
- the mask is then removed (FIG. 3B), leaving the zones 532a, 532b of silicon oxide.
- a planarization step by chemical-mechanical polishing (FIG. 3C) is then carried out, which leads to a substrate having silicon dioxide zones 534a, b juxtaposed with silicon of the substrate itself.
- This substrate is for example the one used in FIG. 2A.
- a surface oxidation layer 533 of the substrate is made from the structure of FIG. 3B and then (FIG. 3E) the assembly is planarized by chemical mechanical polishing, to leave a layer 535 of superficial oxidation.
- a layer of a few hundred nm (for example 300 nm) can thus be removed, leaving a juxtaposition of areas of silicon dioxide of different thicknesses.
- This type of substrate is used in Figure IA above.
- FIGS. 4A-4C Another method that can be implemented illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4C.
- trenches 632a, 632b are etched, for example by dry etching through a mask 634, in a silicon substrate 630.
- the mask is then removed (FIG. 4B), then the substrate is thermally oxidized on the surface, or a layer of silicon dioxide is deposited, forming a layer 636 of silicon dioxide.
- a planarization step by chemical-mechanical polishing (FIG. 4C) is then carried out, which leads to a substrate having zones 634a, b of silicon dioxide juxtaposed with silicon 633 of the substrate itself.
- This substrate is for example that used in Figure 2B.
- FIG. 4D the assembly of FIG. 4B is flattened, but less than in the case of FIG. 4C, leaving a layer 638 of silicon dioxide remaining. A juxtaposition of silicon dioxide zones of different thicknesses at the surface of the silicon substrate 630 is thus performed. This type of substrate is used in FIG. 1A above.
- a first lithography step for producing a mask (for example nitride) with a view to localized oxidation of the plate
- this step can induce a lack of homogeneity of thickness at various points of the plate. This lack of homogeneity is proportional in particular to the thickness removed.
- this chemical mechanical polishing step is also critical when it is performed at the same time on two different materials, for example silicon and silicon oxide, as in the case of the substrate of FIG. 3B or FIG. 4B to arrive at the structure of Figure 3C or 4C respectively.
- the thickness homogeneity of the insulating films in the end insulating zones be good. It is also sought that a minimum of topology is present on the surface (and therefore a minimum of "dishing" or of difference of levels between the zones of insulator and the zones of semiconductor, as explained above), especially when there is alternation, on the surface, virgin semiconductor and insulator.
- the invention firstly relates to a method for producing a semiconductor structure, comprising, the controlled formation, in a first substrate made of a semiconductor material, through a mask, at least a first zone in one insulating material, up to the level of the lower surface of the mask, before or during the removal of the mask.
- This method does not implement any step of thinning by chemical mechanical polishing, and in particular after removal of the mask, and thus allows to obtain the desired structures without encountering the problems of flatness explained above. Surface cleaning is sufficient to then remove hydrocarbon contaminants, or particles.
- the formation of the insulation may comprise a step of controlled growth of an insulating material, up to the level of the lower surface of the mask, and then the removal of the mask.
- the formation of the insulation may comprise a step of controlled growth of an insulating material, up to the level of the lower surface of the mask. It is then possible to bring the upper surface of the insulation down to the lower surface of the mask.
- the upper surface of the insulation is brought to an intermediate level, above the lower surface of the mask, so as to maintain a residual layer of insulation above that surface.
- This residual layer can be removed at least partly during the removal of the mask and / or at least partly during the removal of a surface layer covering the mask.
- the removal of the residual layer or the thinning of the insulation can be carried out by etching.
- the substrate may further comprise an insulating layer on the surface, which may optionally be removed after growth or formation of the insulating zone to form an alternation of conductive zones, and / or semiconductors and / or insulating zones.
- This insulating layer may have a thickness of, for example, between 1 nm and 50 ⁇ m.
- the substrate may further comprise, on the surface, a conductive layer, for example made of silicide or metal, optionally covered with a protective layer not removed after removing the mask.
- a conductive layer for example made of silicide or metal, optionally covered with a protective layer not removed after removing the mask.
- the first substrate may be previously etched in the area in which at least a portion of the insulation is formed, thereby forming an etched area in the semiconductor material.
- the area etched in the semi ⁇ conductive material may have a depth of between for example, 1 nm to 10 microns.
- the etching may also be an etching of an insulating layer of surface and / or of a conductive layer, and possibly a protective layer of this conductive layer.
- the removal of the mask is preferably performed selectively with respect to the insulating material.
- an overgrowth of the insulating material above the level of the lower surface of the mask can be achieved, as already explained above, overgrowth then compensated by a thinning step, as already explained ci above, during the removal of the mask or a step of removing a surface layer covering the mask.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a semiconductor component, comprising:
- a mask covering at least a second zone of the substrate or covering an insulating layer or a conductive layer or a protective layer of such a conductive layer covering at least a second zone of the substrate, an insulation through the mask,
- the attack of the insulation may leave a residual layer of insulation above the level defined by the lower surface of the mask.
- the residual layer may be removed at least in part during the attack of a surface layer covering the mask and / or at least partly during the attack of the mask.
- the substrate may be previously etched in the area in which at least a portion of the insulation is formed, thereby forming an etched area in the semiconductor material.
- the area etched in the semi ⁇ conductive material may have a depth of between for example, 1 nm to 10 microns.
- the semiconductor material may be silicon or Sil-XGex (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) or any other semiconductor material.
- the insulating material may be SiO 2 , or Al 2 O 3 , or AlN, or SiON, or Si 3 N 4 , or diamond, or HfO 2 , or a dielectric material with high dielectric constant.
- the mask may be, for example, of Si3N4 nitride, or of Al2O3 or AlN.
- the resulting component can hearth assembled, in particular by molecular bonding with a second substrate, eg also in semiconductor material ⁇ driver, and which may comprise a layer of insulating, e.g. Si02 at its surface. It is then possible to carry out a step of thinning the first and / or second substrate, for example by forming a layer of porous material or by implantation of ions, such as hydrogen ions and possibly helium ions, or by rectification , or by polishing or engraving.
- ions such as hydrogen ions and possibly helium ions
- the two substrates may be of different conductivity types.
- the first and / or second substrate may include at least one first conductivity area and a second surface conductivity area.
- the second substrate may comprise at least one circuit part or surface component.
- the material of the first substrate can in turn have electrical conduction zones and / or zones with different dopings.
- the formation of insulation through the mask may comprise at least partly a thermal oxidation of the semiconductor substrate, and / or possibly additionally a deposit of insulator or oxide.
- the reiteration of a method according to the invention makes it possible to produce several insulating zones in the same semiconductor substrate, these different zones being of different geometrical characteristics and / or compositions.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a semiconductor structure comprising the formation of: a) a first insulating zone in a semiconductor substrate, b) - then the formation of at least a second zone insulating in the same substrate, steps a) and b) being performed according to a method as described above. Steps a) and b) can be performed with different masks.
- At least two of the formed insulating zones may have different depths and / or widths in the substrate and / or be formed of different insulating materials.
- An insulating film can be made on at least one of the two substrates.
- the invention also relates to a semiconductor device, comprising a semiconductor substrate, at least one insulating zone in this substrate, a surface of this insulating zone flush with the surface of the semiconductor material with an accuracy of less than + 5 nm.
- a semiconductor device comprising a semiconductor substrate, at least one insulating zone in this substrate, a layer conductive on the substrate, outside the insulating zones, this conductive layer possibly being covered with a protective layer, a surface of the insulating zone flush with the surface of the conductive layer or possibly the protective layer.
- the conductive layer may be silicide or metal.
- the surface of the insulating zone can be flush with the surface of the conductive layer or possibly the protective layer with an accuracy of less than +5 nm.
- a layer of an insulating material may cover the insulating area and the substrate or conductive layer or layer covering the conductive layer.
- the semiconductor material may be silicon or Si x Ge x (CK x).
- the insulating material of the insulating zone may in turn be SiO 2 , or Al 2 O 3 , or AlN, or SiON, or Si 3 N 4 , or diamond, or HfO 2 , or in one dielectric material having a high dielectric constant and / or a combination comprising at least one of these materials.
- FIGS. 8A - 8h and 9A - 9E show steps of another method according to the invention
- FIGS. 10A and 10B represent another type of substrate that can be used in the context of the present invention, with a conductive layer,
- FIGS HA - HE represent another type of substrate used in the context of the present invention, with a conductive layer and protective layer,
- FIGS. 12A to 12C show variant steps of a method according to the present invention
- FIGS. 13A and 13B show a component according to the invention with an insulating layer on the surface
- FIG. 14 represents a component according to the invention with two different insulating zones.
- FIGS. 15A-18H show examples of methods according to the invention and variants of these examples.
- Figures 6C-6E show a first embodiment of a method according to the invention.
- FIG. 6C Starting from a substrate 30 (FIG. 6C) made of semiconductor material, in which a trench 34 has been etched through a mask 31, FIG.
- the accuracy of the alignment between the two surfaces is compatible with good subsequent molecular bonding, for example this accuracy is less than + 10 nm or + 5 nm.
- it is better than 10 nm (+ 5 nm), especially if it undergoes a chemical cleaning, which leaves them hydrophilic.
- the surface of the plate or of the substrate 30 is then flat and constituted by an alternation of semiconductor zones 40, 48 and zones 37 of insulator (FIG. 6E).
- the semiconductor plate thus structured can then be cleaned, for example with a view to molecular adhesion with a plate, for example also semiconductor ⁇ virgin or structured material.
- the adhesion of the plates can be enhanced for example by heat treatment, then at least one of the two plates can be thinned (examples of thinning techniques will be given later).
- Such a method does not require a step of thinning by polishing before assembly, unlike in particular the method of the prior art described in connection with Figures IA - 5B. At most, as we shall see later, a slight Polishing can be performed to remove or reduce roughness or surface roughness, for example for molecular bonding.
- the insulator 36 increases to a level 39 (FIG. 6D) situated at a height h
- etching is then performed, preferably selective with respect to the mask 31, at a controlled speed, making it possible to bring the surface of the insulator back to or near the mask 31 - substrate interface 30, with a precision lower than + 10 nm or + 5 nm.
- the mask may then be removed (FIG. 6E) and the surface of the substrate 30 may be cleaned, for example with a view to bonding by molecular adhesion.
- No mechanochemical polishing step is required to bring an insulator level, greater than a semiconductor level of more than 30 nm, to the semiconductor level.
- the growth rate or formation is for example between 0.1 nm / min and 5 nm / min or 10 nm / min.
- the etching rate is for example between 0.01 nm / min and a few tens of nm / min, for example 50 nm / min.
- the realization of a trench in the semiconductor substrate 30 can be obtained, starting from a virgin substrate (for example in silicon, FIG. 6A) by a deposit of a film 32, for example a nitride film, and then engraving of this film.
- photosensitive resin is spread on the surface of the film 32.
- photolithography is transferred to the resin on the surface of the film 32.
- an ionic etching step for example of reactive ionic etching RIE type, is used.
- the semiconductor plate 30 is not etched. From the structure of FIG. 7A (layer 32 on semiconductor substrate 30, structure identical to that of FIG. 6A), it is possible to form mask 31 (FIG. 7B) by etching layer 32, and then thermal oxidation of the semiconductor plate 30 through the mask 31 ( Figure 7C), but without etching of the semiconductor substrate. The oxidation can take place up to a level 39 higher than that of the mask-semiconductor interface 30. The mask 31 is then removed (FIG. 7D). We then obtains a structure similar to that of Figure 6E.
- the surface of the plate or of the substrate 30 is then flat and constituted by an alternation of semiconductor zones 40, 48 and zones 37 of insulator (FIG. 7D, structure similar to that of FIG. 6E) again with a very good accuracy (less than + 10 nm or + 5 nm).
- the thus structured plate can be cleaned for molecular bonding.
- any surface preparation to obtain hydrophilic or hydrophobic all or part surfaces this preparation may include heat treatments, and / or wet or dry chemical treatments. or in plasma, or even by outcropping of CMP (chemical-mechanical polishing aiming at attenuating the surface microroughness, of less than 20 nm or 30 nm, without risk of causing "dishing", and this step is not intended to thin an excess thickness greater than 20 nm or 30 nm).
- CMP chemical-mechanical polishing aiming at attenuating the surface microroughness, of less than 20 nm or 30 nm, without risk of causing "dishing", and this step is not intended to thin an excess thickness greater than 20 nm or 30 nm).
- the thus structured and cleaned plate may be glued for example to a second plate 50, for example virgin semiconductor (FIG. 6F) also cleaned for molecular bonding.
- a second plate 50 for example virgin semiconductor (FIG. 6F) also cleaned for molecular bonding.
- the stacked structure is for example subjected to a heat treatment.
- One of the plates can then be thinned to obtain the superficial film thickness. wanted (Figure 6G).
- This structure makes it possible alternately to arrange vertical conduction zones and zones comprising an insulator 36 (SOI zones in the case where the layer 52 is made of Si, the zone 36 made of SiO2 and the substrate 30 made of Si).
- FIG. 6F the substrate 30 which, from the structure of FIG. 6F, is thinned, a part - 2 of this substrate being eliminated, leaving the other part 30 - 1 in which the insulation 36 is made.
- a thin film 30 - 1 of variable thickness is thus obtained.
- the structured plate of FIG. 6E or 7D and cleaned is bonded for example to a second plate 60, for example in semiconductor, supporting an insulating film surface
- the insulating film, for example of oxide 62, of the second plate will advantageously be of thin thickness, for example between a few nm and 50 nm.
- the stacked structure is for example subjected to a heat treatment.
- One of the plates is then thinned. If it is the plate 60 which is thinned, we obtain an alternation of zones with variable insulation thickness (alternating between the thickness of the film 62 and that of this film plus that of the zone 36). If it is the structured plate which is thinned, an alternation of zones of variable thin film thickness is obtained (similar to the case of FIG. 6J). Whatever the variant envisaged, the reduction of a part of the thickness of one of the two bonded plates can be done for example by one of the following techniques:
- the step of growth or formation of the insulator or the step of growth or formation and then etching of the insulator prior to the step of removing the mask 31.
- the growth of the insulator 36 Affects the surface of the mask by forming a surface layer 311 on the mask.
- the oxidation can form a surface layer 311 on the mask 31. It is then sought to eliminate this layer 311 before eliminating the mask, since the techniques of elimination of these two elements are generally not the same.
- the growth of the insulator is increased, or the growth thereof is increased to a level higher than that of the mask interface 31 - semi - substrate.
- conductor as in Figure 6D or 7C (level 39).
- the adaptation of the height h is possible because of the controlled nature, and in particular the controlled speed, during the growth and etching of the insulation.
- the layer 311 is removed by HF etching for a time proportional to its thickness.
- the HF burns at a known speed the thickness h of insulation 36 (for example, 1% of severe HF at 6 nm / min.
- the growth of the insulator 36 is preceded by an overgrowth of the latter, or by a growth thereof, so as to reach a level higher than that of the mask interface 31 - substrate semiconductor, as in the case of Figure 6D
- the two steps i) and ii) can take place in reverse order (ii) and then i)).
- Step i) is then deleted.
- Overgrowths vary in thickness depending on the growth and shrinkage processes used.
- the levels 391 and 393 can be estimated at about 20 nm and the level 392 at about 5 nm above the interface 35.
- the mask 31 is selected from a material having an etching selectivity with respect to the insulator 36.
- the ratio of the etching rate of the mask to the etching rate of the insulator is greater than 2 or 5 or 10 or 100. It is 20 in the case of etching with H3PO4 at 160 ° C. for Si3N4 mask and thermal SiO2 as insulator.
- silicon as a semiconductor material of the substrate 30, thermal silicon dioxide as an insulating material 36 and silicon nitride as a material of the mask 31.
- the method is that of FIGS. 6A - 6J.
- the silicon nitride is advantageous because it constitutes a good oxidation barrier for the silicon and therefore the underlying zones of this mask. For example 10 nm may be sufficient to ensure this barrier effect.
- SiO2 thermal oxide 36 can therefore be generated in the etched patterns of silicon (FIG. 6D).
- the oxygen atoms penetrate the silicon mesh, which causes the silicon to swell. Thanks to this swelling, the surface of the forming oxide approaches the surface of the nitride of the mask 31.
- the oxide height generated is approximately twice as large as the height of silicon subjected to oxidation.
- the rate of formation of the oxide being controlled it can be stopped when the height generated oxide reaches the level of the interface 35 between the silicon 30 and the nitride mask 31.
- the oxide is formed above the substrate-mask interface 31.
- the surface 39 of the oxide is then above the silicon-nitride interface. This is the case for example when the etching depth does not allow to obtain the sufficient height of oxide by simply filling the etched area.
- a selective rate controlled thinning process is then used to stop the surface of the oxide 37 near or at the silicon nitride interface.
- this thinning process is a chemical etching with hydrofluoric acid diluted to 1%, the attack rate of the thermal oxide SiO 2 is of the order of 6 nanometers per minute, while it does not attack the nitride of the mask 31.
- etching for example chemical etching, at a speed of between 0.01 nm / min and a few tens of nm / min, for example 30 nm / min. or 50 nm / min.
- the mask 31 can be removed, for example using etching with orthophosphoric acid, for example at 160 ° C. This attack can be considered as very little active for thermal oxide (a selectivity greater than 20 has been measured).
- a first attack with a solution of hydrofluoric acid may be considered before the attack by orthophosphoric acid.
- An oversize h of the oxide above the silicon / nitride interface is then provided, with an allowance corresponding to that which will be removed by the hydrofluoric acid etching. The formation of the oxide being carried out at controlled speed, this extra thickness is also controlled.
- the orthophosphoric acid would attack the silicon oxide 36 (for example at a different solution temperature or dilution), again by controlling the rate of formation of the oxide 36, an extra thickness of this oxide above the silicon-nitride interface, the thickness corresponding to that which will be removed by the attack with orthophosphoric acid.
- an extra thickness of the insulation can therefore be achieved, in the case where the removal of the mask would lead to an attack or a withdrawal of this insulation.
- the oxidation is carried out under conditions such that the thermal oxide is formed at a low speed, which makes it possible to easily control the level reached by the oxide pad 36.
- the oxidation is carried out under a humid atmosphere, for example "steam" or steam water, at a temperature, for example, between 65O 0 C and 115O 0 C, or between 900 0 C and 1000 0 C.
- the oxide is formed at a speed of between a few tenths of a nm / min and a few nm / min as a function of the oxidation temperature, which makes the process quite controllable. This rate is about 5 nm / min at 95O 0 C. It also depends on the oxidation time. For more precision on these speeds, reference can be made to conventional microelectronic works such as the Handbook of Semiconductor Technology, Ed W. VS . O 'Mara, Noyes Publications (1990).
- the oxidation is carried out under a dry oxide atmosphere, at a low temperature, for example between 700 ° C. and 800 ° C. or between 700 ° C. and 1200 ° C. Under these conditions, the oxide is formed at a speed of about a few tenths of nm / min to a few nm / min. The process remains quite controllable with, for example, a speed of the order of 0.5 nm / min at 900 0 C.
- the surface of the plate is flat and formed by alternating zones 40, 48 of silicon and zones 37 of thermal oxide (FIG. 6E), the alignment accuracy between the surfaces being able to be less than + 10 nm or + 5 nm.
- the thus structured silicon wafer can be cleaned for molecular bonding.
- the silicon plate thus structured and cleaned can be glued for example on a second plate of virgin silicon ( Figure 6F) also cleaned for molecular bonding, so as to form a structure called "silicon on insulator partial" (PSOI in English).
- the plates are cleaned to render the areas of bare silicon hydrophobic.
- the plates are cleaned to render the areas of bare silicon hydrophilic, which then have a very fine surface oxide, typically less than 2 nm.
- the stacked structure is for example subjected to a heat treatment.
- the heat treatment may be used to remove the very thin film of oxide generated by the cleaning.
- One of the plates can then be thinned to obtain the desired silicon film thickness 52 (FIG. 6G).
- This structure makes it possible to alternately have vertical conduction zones and SOI zones.
- the structured and cleaned silicon plate is glued, for example on a second oxidized silicon plate 60 (oxide layer 62) and also cleaned for molecular bonding, so as to form a structure called "multiple silicon on insulator" (MSOI in English, Figure 6H).
- the oxide film 62 of the second plate will advantageously be of thin thickness, for example between a few nm, for example 5 nm, and 50 nm.
- the stacked structure is for example subjected to a heat treatment.
- One of the plates is then thinned.
- the reduction of a part of the thickness of one of the two bonded plates can be done for example by one of the techniques already mentioned above (mechanical thinning, for example of grinding type, and / or chemical mechanical polishing on a very small thickness (less than 20 nm or 30 nm), and / or thinning by ion etching and / or chemical etching, and / or inclusion before bonding of a zone of embrittlement buried in the plate to thin then fracture).
- SiO2 thermal oxide is used. It is also possible to produce a thermal oxide up to a certain level, and / or to make a deposit of another insulator, deposited for example by PECVD in the trench 34.
- a thin film of this other insulator may also be deposited on the mask, in which case a preparative CMP type polishing of the surface of the mask 31 may be carried out.
- FIGS. 8A-8E A second embodiment of a method according to the invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 8A-8E.
- a substrate 30 made of semiconductor material, covered with an insulating layer 33, in which a trench 34 has been etched through a mask 31
- a growth of a material is produced (FIG. 8D).
- insulation 36 in a controlled manner, for example in the range of speeds between 0.1 nm / min and a few nm / min, for example 5 nm / min or 10 nm / min so that the surface 37 of this material reaches the interface 41 between the mask 31 and the insulator 33.
- the mask 31 is then removed, leaving the insulating material 36 of the trench flush with the surface of the insulating layer 33 ( Figure 8E), and with a tolerance compatible with the molecular bonding, for example with a "dishing" less than about 5 nm.
- the surface of the plate or of the substrate 30 is then flat and constituted by alternating zones 70, 78 of thin insulation and zones 37 of thicker insulation (FIG. 8E).
- the semiconductor plate thus structured can then be cleaned, for example for molecular bonding.
- the adhesion of the plates can be enhanced for example by heat treatment, then at least one of the two plates can be thinned (examples of thinning techniques have been given above).
- Such a method therefore does not require a step of thinning by mechanochemical polishing before assembly, unlike the prior art.
- a slight polishing allowing to remove asperities of the order of 20 nm or 30 nm at most, can be practiced, but this step is not likely to cause the problems encountered in the prior art and discussed in connection with FIGS. 5A and 5B.
- the insulator 36 increases to a level 39 (FIG. 8D) situated at a height h above the mask interface 31 - insulator 33.
- An etching is then carried out, preferably selective with respect to the mask 31, at a controlled speed, making it possible to bring the surface of the insulator near or at the level 41 of the mask interface 31 - insulator 33 and with a tolerance compatible with molecular bonding, for example with a "dishing" of less than about 5 nm.
- the mask can then be removed (FIG. 8E) and possibly cleaned of the surface of the insulator 33, for example with a view to bonding by molecular adhesion. Again, no thinning step by chemical mechanical polishing is necessary. The homogeneity of the surface obtained is less than 5% or 4% or 3%. Both the growth of the insulator and its possible etching are carried out at a controlled rate, for example as already indicated above, between 0.1 nm / min and a few nm / min, for example 5 nm / min or 10 nm / mn.
- a film 331 of initial insulation of a certain thickness obtained, in the case of SiO 2 , for example by a high temperature thermal oxidation of a plate, is produced. of silicon ( Figure 8A).
- the semiconductor plate 30 is not etched. From the structure of FIG. 9A (layers 33 and 32 on semiconductor substrate 30, structure identical to that of FIG. 8A), it is possible to proceed with the formation of the mask 31 (FIG. 9B) by etching of the layer 32, without etching of the layer 33, then by a thermal oxidation of the semiconductor plate 30 through the mask 31
- the surface of the plate or of the substrate 30 is then flat and constituted by alternating zones 70, 78 of thin insulation and zones of thicker insulator (FIG. 9E, structure similar to that of FIG. 8E).
- the thus structured plate can be cleaned for molecular bonding.
- the thus structured and cleaned plate can be glued for example on a second plate 50, for example virgin semiconductor ( Figure 8F) also cleaned for molecular bonding.
- a second plate 50 for example virgin semiconductor ( Figure 8F) also cleaned for molecular bonding.
- the stacked structure is for example subjected to a heat treatment.
- One of the plates can then be thinned, for example the plate 50 is thinned down to a plane 51, so as to obtain the superficial film thickness
- This structure makes it possible alternately to arrange vertical conduction zones and zones comprising an insulator 36 (SOI zones in the case where the layer 52 is Si, the insulating zones are made of SiO 2 and the substrate 30 is Si).
- FIG. 8H it is the substrate 30 which, from the structure of FIG. 8F, is thinned, a part - 2 of this substrate being eliminated, leaving the other part 30 - 1 in which the insulator 36 is made. A thin film 30 - 1 of variable thickness is thus obtained.
- the structured plate of FIG. 8E or 9E is cleaned is glued for example on a second plate 60 (FIG.
- the oxide film 62 of the second plate will advantageously be of thin thickness, for example between a few nm and 50 nm.
- the stacked structure is for example subjected to a heat treatment.
- One of the plates is then thinned. If it is the plate 60 which is thinned, an alternation of zones with a variable insulating thickness (alternating between the thickness of the film 62 plus that of the layer 33 and that of these two films plus that of the zone 36 is obtained. ).
- the reduction of a part of the thickness of one of the two bonded plates can be done for example by one or more of the techniques already mentioned (mechanical thinning, and / or chemical mechanical polishing (but, again, this step only polishes the surface and is not thinning over a large thickness, for example greater than 20 or 30 nm), thinning by ionic and / or chemical etching, inclusion prior to bonding an embrittlement zone buried in the plate to thin and fracture at this weakened zone).
- further growth of the insulator may be appropriate for the case where the growth of the insulator affects the surface of the mask, and / or where the elimination the mask causes that of a part of the insulation 36.
- the mask 31 is selected from a material having an etching selectivity with respect to the insulator 36.
- the ratio of the etching rate of the mask to the etching rate of the insulator is greater than 2 or 5 or 10 or 100.
- the oxide height generated is preferably such that the surface 37 of the oxide corresponds at least to the interface 41 between the nitride 32 and the silicon oxide 331 initially produced.
- this oxide height may be greater. This is the case for example when only the mask is engraved.
- the surface 39 of the oxide is then above the initial oxide-nitride interface 41 at a height h (FIG. 8D).
- a selective thinning process is then used to locate the surface of the oxide at the initial oxide / nitride interface with sufficient precision.
- this thinning process is a chemical attack by hydrofluoric acid diluted to 1%, the rate of attack of the thermal oxide is of the order of 6 nanometers per minute whereas it do not attack the nitride.
- etching for example chemical etching, can be used at a speed of between 0.01 nm / min and 99 nm / min.
- the surface of the plate is formed by an alternation of zones of thermal oxide 70, 78, thin, made initially, and zones 36 of thicker thermal oxide, made in the patterns. engraved.
- the thus structured silicon wafer is cleaned for molecular bonding.
- One of the two plates may be thinned, for example to obtain a silicon film 52, 63 (FIGS. 8F, 8G).
- the plate consists of areas 70, 78 thin insulator and thick areas 36 of insulation, with a flat surface. It is therefore possible to attack this surface in a global manner in order to open onto the semiconductor material 30 after having removed a thickness of insulator corresponding to the thickness of the thin zones 70, 78 of insulation.
- This oxide attack can be done in different ways: by a chemical solution, by a plasma, by an ion bombardment .... One chooses a type of attack for which the difference between the speed of attack of the semiconductor and that of the insulator is the lowest possible (ratio of attack speeds typically less than 2).
- the stacked structure is for example subjected to a heat treatment.
- One of the plates is thinned to obtain the desired silicon film thickness or thicknesses.
- the reduction of a part of the thickness of one of the two bonded plates, to obtain the correct thickness of the silicon surface film and to produce the desired MSOI or PSOI structures can be done for example by one of the techniques described herein. above or by any combination of at least two of these techniques.
- the realized structures may result from a combination of the various process variants.
- the method can be applied to various doping semiconductor plates, within the same plate, for example a silicon plate can be P + doped at vertically conductive zones (where there is no areas of insulation), while other areas are not doped or have different doping.
- a silicon plate can be P + doped at vertically conductive zones (where there is no areas of insulation), while other areas are not doped or have different doping.
- FIG. 8E for example, there may be different dopings under the thin layers 70, 78 and under the thick zones 36. This can be obtained, for example before etching for the zone under the mask and after the etching for the zone under the insulator 36.
- There may also be assembly of a first and a second different doping plates for example an N-type Si plate 30 and a P-type Si 50, 60 plate.
- a film 310 of strong conduction can be produced in the zones protected by the mask 31, for example a silicide or metal film in the zones protected by a nitride mask.
- a film 310 of silicide or metal may be deposited before depositing the nitride film 31.
- this high-conduction film for example made of silicide or metal, located vertically above the spans (so-called non-etched areas of the substrate 30), is compatible with the temperature of the thermal generation treatment. insulation, for example oxide, in the etched patterns.
- this film 310 is a tungsten silicide film (WSi2) or a tungsten film (which will subsequently react with the underlying silicon during heat treatment).
- FIGS. 6A-6E leads (FIG. 10B) to a structuring of the surface comprising an alternation of insulating zones 36 and highly conductive zones 310-1, 310-2. These different areas can be aligned with very good accuracy, unless + _ 10 nm or +; 5 nm. Assembling steps with another substrate, as illustrated in Figures 6F - 6J can be performed with such a structure.
- the film 310 with strong conduction of the attack used for the removal of the mask 31 will be protected.
- This protection can be a stop layer 410 (by example SiO 2 ) very fine (see Figure HA which also incorporates the other references of Figure 1OA to designate identical or similar elements).
- Next steps of etching (FIG. HB), formation (growth or deposition) of the insulator 36 (FIG. HC), removal of the mask (FIG. HD) can take place.
- the highly conductive zone 310 may correspond to a ground plane.
- the component of the figure HD can be used as it is, without removing the protective layer 410. If it further removed this layer 410 protection ( Figure HE), a structure such as that of FIGS. 8E and 9E is obtained (but with conductive portions between the insulating areas 36). The steps of FIGS. 8F - 8H can then be applied to this structure.
- silicon has been given, but a method according to the invention can be applied to other semiconductors than silicon, for the first plate. and / or for the second plate 50, 80, 82.
- the thickness of the initial oxide film 33 may be in the range of lnm to a few tenths of micrometers, for example 0, 1 or 0.5 microns.
- the depth (P in FIGS. 6C and 8C) of the etched patterns 34 in the substrate may be from a few nanometers to a few micrometers, for example between 5 nm and 2 ⁇ m. It is zero in the case of FIGS. 7A-7D and 9A-9E, which illustrate embodiments without etching of the substrate.
- the depth p In general, to achieve the controlled growth of the insulator, one seeks to know the depth p with a certain precision. If this depth is relatively low, some means allow to measure it accurately (for example: optical or mechanical profilometers, or optical interferometer or ellipsometer).
- the thickness of this mask is known precisely (for example by ellipsometry).
- the insulator is then formed up to a level 39 raised with respect to the mask-substrate interface (FIG. 6D or 7C) or mask-insulating layer (FIGS. 8D and 9C).
- the difference in height between the surface of the mask and that of the insulator then becomes an order of magnitude of what is measurable with the means stated above.
- patterns 34 will typically be in the range from 0.1 ⁇ m to a few millimeters, for example 5 mm.
- the thickness adaptation of the insulator 36 in the etched patterns 34 may be effected by various techniques allowing a selective etching of the insulator in the etched patterns but not (or little) attack of the mask 31.
- SiO 2 is attacked with 1% HF, resulting in an etching rate of 6 nm / min, while there is no attack of the Si 3 N 4 mask by this acid.
- reactive ion etching may be mentioned.
- the thickness of the superficial semiconductor films produced by thinning one of the plates of the stacked structure (52 or 30) will for example be between a few nanometers and a few tens of microns, for example between 1 nm and 5 nm and 10 nm. ⁇ m or 50 ⁇ m or 100 ⁇ m.
- the thin insulation can also be produced on at least one of the two adhesive plates (deposition, growth, etc.) after the step of preparing the structured surface.
- the process can easily be adapted with other insulators than silicon oxide SiO 2, as a film 331 end of initial insulation deposited before the nitride and / or as a thin film of insulation developed on the second plate and / or as a thin film of insulation developed, in an additional step, on a structured plate as shown in Figure 6E.
- other insulators than silicon oxide SiO 2
- Al 2 O 3 , or AlN, or SiON, or Si 3 N 4 , or diamond, or HfO 2 or any dielectric with a high dielectric coefficient K (conventionally called microelectronic material type "High K"). or any combination comprising at least one of these materials.
- the process may be used with other barrier films than Si3N4 nitride film 32.
- films of A12O3 or AlN may be used.
- the selective shrinkage with respect to the insulator 331 will, for example, be carried out by chemical etching in a solution of NH 4 OH: H 2 O 2 : H 2 O for A12O3 and etching in a solution of TMAH (tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide) ) for AlN.
- TMAH tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide
- the process can be repeated several times on the same first plate, thus making SOI zones with various thicknesses of buried oxide.
- the surface of the insulator 36 can be precisely controlled by limiting the rate of growth or the etch rate when a shrinkage is to be made (as in the case of the level of insulation 32 above).
- the mask - semiconductor interface FIG. 6D
- the initial insulating interface - mask FIG. 7D
- the conductive film - mask interface FIG. 10B
- the method according to the invention does not require any thinning by mechanical-chemical polishing, and thus eliminates the risks mentioned in the introduction in connection with FIGS. 5A and 5B.
- a chemical mechanical polishing may be practiced during the finishing of the surface or surfaces to be contacted, but, again, this step only polishes the surface to eliminate some surface roughness, having a relief of at most a few nm or at most 20 nm or 30 nm, and is not thinning over a large thickness, for example greater than 20 or 30 nm.
- a method according to the invention makes it possible to produce a semiconductor structure, such as that of FIG. 1B, comprising insulating zones, for example at least a first insulating zone at the surface, or buried if the substrate is assembled with a layer. such as the layer 45, this first insulating zone having a first non-zero thickness, preferably uniform, and at least one second insulating zone at the surface, or buried if the substrate is assembled with a layer such as the layer 45, having a second non-zero thickness, preferably uniform, and different from the first thickness.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to produce 3 (or more) different thicknesses of insulation in the same substrate. It is possible, for this, to repeat the process with several levels of masks deposited consecutively. It is also possible to create cavities of different depths, to generate the oxide or the insulator, then to manage the local oxide thickenings by localized engravings.
- a method according to the invention makes it possible to produce a semiconductor structure, such as that of FIG. 2B, comprising insulating zones, for example at least a first insulating zone at the surface, or buried if the substrate is assembled with a layer such as that the layer 245, having a first non-zero thickness, preferably uniform, and at least a second surface or buried semi-conductor zone if the substrate is assembled with a layer such as the layer 245.
- Zones 36 may also be made of a first type of insulator and then zones of another type of insulator.
- FIG. 14 represents a semiconductor substrate 30 with insulating zones 36, 36-1 which may be different in their geometrical dimensions (depth and / or width) and / or in the natures of the materials constituting them.
- a method according to the invention makes it possible to produce a semiconductor structure, such as that of FIG. 8B, comprising insulating zones, for example at least a first insulating zone at the surface or buried, having a first non-zero thickness, preferably uniform, and at least a second surface or buried conductive zone having a second thickness, preferably uniform, possibly different from the first thickness.
- FIGS. 13A and 13B are shown the structures of FIGS. 6E and 8E with such an insulating film 100, for example in AlN. If there is assembly with another substrate, such a film may be present on the surface of this other substrate.
- the second substrate 50, 60 may comprise at least one zone of first conductivity and one zone of second conductivity in area . It may also include at least one portion of circuit or surface component intended to be the assembly face with the substrate 30.
- the second substrate may therefore also be structured.
- the assembly with the first substrate can then implement an alignment of the two substrates.
- the stacked structure can be subjected to heat treatment.
- the heat treatment is carried out at high temperature (for example greater than or equal to H 0 O 0 C)
- H 0 O 0 C high temperature
- the crystallographic misalignment between the two substrate (for example silicon) assembled plates will be minimized.
- the nitride film 32 is deposited by a plasma-assisted vapor deposition technique (PECVD) or by a low pressure deposition technique (LPCVD).
- PECVD plasma-assisted vapor deposition technique
- LPCVD low pressure deposition technique
- This film has a thickness of 80 nanometers ( Figure 6A).
- the patterns 34 are etched in nitride and silicon with a RIE (reactive ion etching) method and have a depth of 50 nanometers in silicon ( Figure 6C).
- the thermal oxide 36 is obtained in these units by a heat treatment at 900 ° C. under a steam atmosphere. Its thickness is 100 nanometers.
- the surface 37 of the oxide generated in the etched patterns is at the nitride-silicon interface.
- the thus structured plate is etched with orthophosphoric acid at 140 ° C. Areas covered with nitride are exposed.
- the structured plate is flat, smooth, compatible with subsequent molecular bonding.
- the plate is then cleaned to remove any hydrocarbons, remove the particles, and make the surface hydrophilic.
- This first structured plate is then bonded to a second oxidized silicon plate 60, the thickness of the oxide film being 20 nanometers (FIG. 6H), this second plate being cleaned according to the same procedure.
- the stacked structure is subjected to a thermal treatment at 110 ° C. for 2 hours under an argon atmosphere.
- the second silicon plate of this stacked structure is then thinned, for example by a grinding technique to leave, for example, only 25 microns of silicon 64. in this way obtains a stacked structure of the MSOI type.
- a variation of this example can be made to obtain thicker insulator areas in the silicon wafer.
- the nitride film is deposited for example by LPCVD.
- the thickness of the nitride film is adapted according to the decrease in thickness which it will undergo during the subsequent thermal oxidation (as explained above in connection with FIG. 12A). For example it will have an initial thickness of 180nm.
- the etched patterns have a silicon etch depth of 1.5 ⁇ m (FIGS. 15A, 15B).
- a thermal oxidation is used at HO 0 0 C to generate for example about 3 .mu.m of oxide in a humid atmosphere ("steam" type processes, conventional in microelectronics).
- steam type processes, conventional in microelectronics.
- the thickness of the nitride film is reduced by oxidation of about 10 nm. After a step of removing the oxide generated, during this oxidation, on the surface of the nitride film, only about 70 nm of nitride remains.
- FIG. 15C In such a case appear (FIG. 15C) at the edges of the patterns of the zones 700 of overflow of the oxide consisting of a local extra thickness of the oxide with respect to the upper level 701 of the mask 31 (for example nitride mask).
- These overflow zones represent a very low surface density of the face being structured.
- the use of a planarization process according to a technique known elsewhere (see for example the planarization chapter of oxides in the book Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Microelectronic Materials, J. Steigerwald et al. , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997) allows the elimination of these overflow areas (Figure 15D).
- the insulator height in this case SiO 2
- the insulator height that is to say the upper level of the oxide of the units
- the insulator height is lowered to bring it to the lower level of the nitride, leaving, with respect to this same level, a slight oversize oxide (Figure 15E) which will be removed when removing the nitride mask 31 ( Figure 15F).
- the upper surface of the oxide 36 then arrives at the lower surface of the mask 31, during or after removal thereof.
- a thin layer of oxide 702 is introduced under the nitride film 31 serving as a mask.
- This oxide film can be produced by an initial thermal oxidation of the silicon wafer 30 and have for example a thickness of 20 nm.
- the oxide film is, for example, etched just after the etching of the nitride film 31 to allow subsequent etching of the patterns in the silicon 30 with a depth of, for example, 1.5 ⁇ m.
- Such an alternative method makes it possible to obtain, in fine, after steps similar to those described above in relation with FIGS. 15B - 15E, a structured plate having (FIG. 16B) an alternation of zones covered with a film 702. thin oxide ( ⁇ 20nm in this variant) and 36 covered areas a thicker oxide ( ⁇ 3 ⁇ m in this example). Again, the upper surface of the oxide 36 then arrives at the lower surface of the mask 31, during or after removal thereof.
- This second example is a variant of the first example.
- the structured plate is bonded to a second non-oxidized silicon plate 50 (FIG. 6F). Because of the cleaning procedure, a native oxide film is present on the exposed silicon area 40, 48 of the structured plate and on the second silicon plate. Thermal treatments at high temperature, for example greater than HO 0 0 C for two hours can remove locally this oxide. In this way, a stacked structure of the PSOI type is obtained. In order to facilitate the disappearance of the possible interface oxide, as far as possible, the crystallographic misalignment between the two adhered silicon wafers will be minimized.
- a first silicon plate 30 is thermally oxidized at 900 ° under a dry oxygen atmosphere, to generate an oxide film 33 of 20 nanometers thick (FIG. 8A).
- a PECVD nitride film 32 with a thickness of 80 nanometers is deposited on the latter.
- the reasons 34 are etched in silicon with a RIE (reactive ion etching) method and have a depth of 50 nanometers in silicon ( Figure 8C).
- the thermal oxide 36 is obtained in these units by a heat treatment at 900 ° C. under a steam atmosphere. Its thickness is 140 nanometers.
- the surface 37 of the oxide 36 generated in the etched patterns is at the initially deposited silicon nitride-oxide interface (FIG. 8D).
- the thus structured plate is etched with orthophosphoric acid at 140 ° C. Areas covered with nitride are attacked. The surface of the structured plate is then composed of thermal oxide (FIG. 8C). It is flat, smooth, compatible with a subsequent molecular bonding. The plate is then cleaned in order to remove any hydrocarbons, to remove the particles, to make the surface hydrophilic.
- This first structured plate 50 is then bonded to a second unoxidized silicon plate cleaned according to the same procedure (FIG. 8F).
- the stacked structure is subjected to heat treatment, for example to HO OC 0 , for 2 hours under an argon atmosphere.
- the second silicon plate of this stacked structure is then thinned by a grinding technique to leave, for example, only 20 microns of silicon 52. In this way, a stacked structure of the MSOI type is obtained.
- the variant of the first example described above in connection with FIGS. 16A and 16B is also a variant of this third example.
- This fourth example is a variant of the third example.
- the thickness of the initial oxide film 33 is 10 nanometers (FIG. 8A).
- the thickness of the nitride film and the depth of the etched patterns in the silicon are identical to the previous example.
- the oxide 36 generated in the patterns 34 has a thickness of 120 nanometers.
- the end of the preparation of this first structured plate is identical to Example 3.
- This first plate is then bonded to a second oxidized silicon plate, the thickness of the oxide of this second plate being 10 nanometers, made by thermal oxidation at 900 ° C. under dry oxygen, this second plate being cleaned according to the same procedure.
- the stacked structure is subjected to a heat treatment, for example at 110 ° C. for 2 hours, under an argon atmosphere.
- the second silicon wafer of this stacked structure is then thinned by a grinding technique to leave, for example, only 5 microns of silicon 52. In this way, a stacked structure of the MSOI type is obtained (FIG. 8F).
- the second plate 50 is implanted by hydrogen ions, for example at the energy of
- a fracture is induced in this second plate when the stacked structure is subjected, for example, to heat treatment at 500 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- a silicon film 52 having a thickness of about 0.5 microns is obtained, secured by molecular bonding with the first structured plate.
- the stacked structure is then subjected to a heat treatment at high temperature, for example greater than 1000 0 C, so as to consolidate the molecular bonding. In this way, a stacked structure of MSOI type with thin surface silicon film is obtained.
- This sixth example is a variant of the third, fourth or fifth example.
- a film 20 of 20 nanometers of oxide is initially made on a first plate ( Figure 8A).
- An 80 nanometer thick nitride film 32 is made by PECVD on this oxide.
- Patterns 34 are etched on this first plate with a depth of 50 nanometers in the silicon.
- a thermal oxidation treatment under a steam atmosphere makes it possible to produce an oxide 36 of 160 nanometers thick in engraved patterns.
- the surface 37 of the oxide formed in the patterns is higher (about 20 nanometers) than the initial oxide-nitride interface.
- Selective etching reduces the thickness of oxide in the patterns without decreasing the nitride thickness.
- This etching consists of an attack with hydrofluoric acid diluted to 1%.
- the etching rate of the oxide is of the order of 6 nanometers per minute.
- this step allows to precisely align the surface of the oxide 36 made in the patterns and the 41 nitride / oxide interface. initial. A flat and smooth surface compatible with a subsequent molecular bonding is then obtained.
- an 80 nanometer thick nitride film is made by PECVD on a first silicon wafer (FIG. 6A). Patterns 34 are etched on this first plate with a depth of 50 nanometers in the silicon. A thermal oxidation treatment under a steam atmosphere makes it possible to produce an oxide 36 of 120 nanometers in thickness in the etched patterns (FIG. 6D). The surface 39 of the oxide made in the patterns is higher (about 20 nanometers) than the silicon / nitride interface. Selective etching reduces the oxide thickness in the patterns without decreasing the nitride thickness. This etching consists of an attack with hydrofluoric acid diluted to 1%.
- the attack speed of the oxide is of the order of 6 nanometers per minute.
- this step allows the surface 37 of the oxide made in the patterns and the initial nitride / oxide interface to be accurately aligned. .
- a flat and smooth surface compatible with a subsequent molecular bonding is then obtained.
- a resin film for example a positive film, is then layered and then insulated through a first mask, the revelation is carried out and a mask is thus formed with the uninsulated resin.
- this resin mask is transferred into the nitride film. The remaining resin is removed.
- the silicon 30 is etched, for example to a depth of 1.5 ⁇ m, by dry etching (for example RIE) or by wet etching (for example TMAH) to form patterns 34. then deposits an insulating film 703 (FIG.
- 17B for example silica, 1, 6 ⁇ m thick, and for example by a PECVD deposition technique or by an LPCVD deposition technique.
- the silica film is then removed from the nitride zones 31 by using a litho etching technique based on a counter mask principle, according to a technique known elsewhere (see, for example, US Pat. book cited above, chapter on Shallow Trench Isolation, p274).
- a resin is layered on the oxide, for example a positive one, and insolation is caused by means of a mask.
- This mask is said against-mask because it is complementary to the first mask used initially and it allows to define a zone 700 of overflow not insolated around the patterns 34 made initially.
- RIE dry etching
- the zones of overflow of the oxide consist of a local extra thickness of the deposited oxide with respect to the upper level of the mask 31 (nitride mask in this example).
- overflow zones represent a very low surface density of the face being structured.
- planarization process according to a technique known elsewhere (see the chapter on planarization of oxides in the book above) allows the elimination of these zones of overflow.
- the upper level of the silica film 36 in the patterns is then close to the upper level of the nitride film 31 (FIG. 17D).
- the upper level of the oxide of the units is lowered to bring it to the lower level of the nitride 31 leaving a slight excess of oxide which will be removed during the removal of the nitride (FIG. 17E).
- the nitride film has a thickness of 50 nm, an oxide overprint 36 of 5 nm will be left.
- the nitride 31 is removed by etching in H3PO4 at 160 ° C.
- the upper level of the oxide 36 of the patterns 34 is at the top of the silicon areas that were underlying the nitride mask (Fig. 17F).
- the upper surface of the oxide 36 then arrives at the lower surface of the mask 31, during or after removal thereof.
- a surface preparation (chemical cleaning, surface activation by CMP or plasma ...) can be used to make the surface suitable for subsequent bonding.
- Such a structured plate can then be glued to another plate, for example silicon or oxidized silicon.
- a thin layer of oxide 702 (FIG. 17A) is introduced under the nitride film 31 serving as a mask.
- This oxide film can be produced by an initial thermal oxidation of the silicon wafer and have a thickness of, for example, 20 nm.
- the oxide film is, for example, etched just after the etching of the nitride film to allow subsequent etching of the patterns in the silicon.
- FIG. 17G Such an alternative method makes it possible to obtain, in fine, after steps similar to those described above in connection with FIGS. 17B - 17E, a structured plate (FIG. 17G) presenting alternating zones covered with a film 702. thin oxide ( ⁇ 20 nm in this example) and zones covered with a thicker oxide ( ⁇ 1, 5 .mu.m in this example).
- a nitride film On a silicon plate is deposited, for example by LPCVD, a nitride film, about 120nm thick. A resin film, for example a positive film, is then coated, then it is insulated through a mask, the revelation is carried out and thus, on the silicon substrate 30, a mask 31 is formed with the uninsulated resin (FIG. 18A). By dry etching (ex RIE) is transferred this resin mask in the nitride film. The remaining resin is removed.
- RIE dry etching
- etching is carried out to a depth of 1.5 ⁇ m by means of dry etching (for example RIE) or by wet etching. (eg TMAH) to form, for example, patterns 34 (FIG. 18A).
- dry etching for example RIE
- wet etching eg TMAH
- This silica film is removed directly above the nitride zones 31 by using these nitride zones as planarization stop pads, making it possible to maintain good homogeneity of elimination by a planarization process, according to a known technique. moreover (see the chapter on planarization of oxides in the book already quoted above).
- the upper level 360 of the oxide in the pattern 34 is then in depression with respect to the upper level of the nitride mask 31 with a height h of the order of 80 nm (FIG. 18C).
- a second silica film 705 of about 0.25 ⁇ m in thickness is then deposited, for example by PECVD or by LPCVD (FIG. 18D).
- Such a step can be carried out one or more times and with deposits of thicker or thicker oxide films for each deposition / planarization cycle by using these nitride zones as planarization stop pads.
- the silica film is removed above the nitride zones 31 using these nitride zones as planarization stop pads. For example, a planarization process of the same type as above is used.
- the upper level of the silica film in the patterns is then close to the upper level of the nitride film (FIG. 18E).
- the upper level of the oxide of the units is lowered to the lower level of the nitride, leaving a slight excess of oxide (FIG. 18F) which will be removed during removal of the nitride mask.
- FOG. 18F a slight excess of oxide
- the nitride film has a thickness of 50 nm, an excess thickness of oxide of 8 nm will be left.
- the nitride can be etched away in H3PO4.
- the upper level of the oxide 36 of the patterns 34 is at the upper level of the silicon zones, which were underlying the nitride film 31 (FIG. 18G).
- the upper surface of the oxide 36 therefore arrives at the lower surface of the mask 31, during or after removal thereof.
- a surface preparation (chemical cleaning, surface activation by CMP or plasma ...) can be used to make the surface suitable for subsequent bonding.
- Such a structured plate can then be glued to another plate, for example silicon, whether or not oxidized at the surface, depending on whether the application relates to PSOI or MSOI structures.
- a thin layer 702 of oxide is introduced under the nitride film 31 serving as a mask (FIG. 18A).
- This oxide film 702 can be produced by an initial thermal oxidation of the silicon wafer and have a thickness of, for example, 20 nm.
- the oxide film is, for example, etched just after the etching of the nitride film to allow subsequent etching of the patterns in the silicon.
- FIG. 18H Such an alternative method makes it possible to obtain, in fine, after steps similar to those described above in connection with FIGS. 18A-18F, a structured plate (FIG. 18H) having alternating zones covered with a 702 film. thin oxide ( ⁇ 20nm in this example) and zones 36 covered with a thicker oxide ( ⁇ l, 5 ⁇ m in this example).
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0452284A FR2876220B1 (fr) | 2004-10-06 | 2004-10-06 | Procede d'elaboration de structures empilees mixtes, a zones isolantes diverses et/ou zones de conduction electrique verticale localisees. |
PCT/IB2005/054432 WO2006072871A2 (fr) | 2004-10-06 | 2005-10-06 | Procede d'elaboration de structures empilees mixtes, a zones isolantes diverses et/ou zones de conduction electrique verticale localisees |
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EP1797588A2 true EP1797588A2 (fr) | 2007-06-20 |
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EP05850920A Withdrawn EP1797588A2 (fr) | 2004-10-06 | 2005-10-06 | Procede d'elaboration de structures empilees mixtes, a zones isolantes diverses et/ou zones de conduction electrique verticale localisees |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US7781300B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1797588A2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5329808B2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2876220B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2006072871A2 (fr) |
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2004
- 2004-10-06 FR FR0452284A patent/FR2876220B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-10-06 WO PCT/IB2005/054432 patent/WO2006072871A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2005-10-06 EP EP05850920A patent/EP1797588A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-10-06 US US11/576,743 patent/US7781300B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-06 JP JP2007535322A patent/JP5329808B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2006072871A3 (fr) | 2006-11-30 |
US20070202660A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 |
FR2876220B1 (fr) | 2007-09-28 |
JP5329808B2 (ja) | 2013-10-30 |
FR2876220A1 (fr) | 2006-04-07 |
JP2008516443A (ja) | 2008-05-15 |
US7781300B2 (en) | 2010-08-24 |
WO2006072871A2 (fr) | 2006-07-13 |
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