EP1235897B1 - Detergent tablets - Google Patents

Description

Field of the Invention

The invention is in the field of molded detergents and relates to tablets special surfactant granules.

State of the art

Nowadays are preferred for the production of solid washing, rinsing and cleaning agents Surfactants used in granular, practically anhydrous form. To make such A wide variety of methods have proven to be suitable. From the DE 28 32 288 tablets are known which are water-soluble or water-dispersible Proteins, water-soluble polymers, sequestering agents, preservatives and auxiliaries contain. The ingredients are mixed and pressed on a rotary tablet machine. DE 198 01 085 A1 describes homogeneous surfactant granules containing alkali halogens with a Grain in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 mm known for the manufacture of this washing and Own detergent. The granules are made by extrusion or tableting further processed. DE 22 63 939 describes tablets which contain 85 to 98% by weight of one Granular bleach activator containing hydrogen peroxide and water-soluble ones contain film-forming polymers and a water-soluble or swellable starch. The ingredients are mixed and processed into granules, which are then compressed into tablets can be. EP 0 799 886 A2 describes detergent tablets, the nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and 20 to 50 wt .-% polyfunctional carboxylic acids, layered silicates and Potassium carbonate included. The tablets are made by removing a solid fraction from the polyfunctional carboxylic acids, the layered silicates and the potassium carbonate is produced and the surfactant fraction is then sprayed onto this. The resulting powder is in conventional tableting machines pressed into tablets. DE 197 23 028 A1 describes a Aid granules for detergent tablets. It contains 10 to 95% by weight Cellulose with a particle size <100 mm and 5 to 90 wt .-% microcrystalline cellulose and / or one or more ingredients of washing and cleaning agents. The so obtained Granules can be pressed into shaped articles, in particular detergent tablets.

Common to the commercially available surfactant granules is that they have a have insufficient dissolution rate, especially in cold water. Detergent tablets based on anionic or nonionic surfactant granules can be produced for this reason, despite the use of considerable quantities Explosives are not used directly in the washing-up chamber of the washing machine, but have to be be added directly to the wash liquor.

The object of the present invention was therefore to provide detergent tablets To make available particularly quickly without contact with cold water Gel phase disintegrate, so that the disadvantages of the prior art are reliably overcome.

Description of the invention

The invention relates to detergent tablets which contain surfactant granules which have a Grain size in the range of 0.01 to 6 mm, these granules by granulation and compacting surface-active protein hydrolyzates and / or Protein fatty acid condensates in the presence of disintegrants selected from the group consisting of is formed by polysaccharides, polyacrylates, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethanes, Polyethylene glycols, alginic acids, alginates and layered silicates.

Surprisingly, it was found that detergent tablets are based on the new Surfactant granules show such a high dissolution rate that they are directly over the dispenser of the washing machine can be metered in and there quickly and Dissolve without residue. Of course, this effect can also be used in other for example in the machine Dishwashing can be used. The term laundry detergent also includes others below Applications in the field of cleaning hard surfaces, but especially detergents and cleaning agents Roger that.

Proteins and protein derivatives

Protein hydrolyzates and their condensation products with fatty acids are preferred as protein components, and subordinate protein hydrolyzate esters and quaternized protein fatty acid condensates are also suitable. Protein hydrolysates are breakdown products of animal or vegetable proteins, for example collagen, elastin or keratin and preferably almond and potato protein, and in particular wheat, rice and soy protein, which are split by acidic, alkaline and / or enzymatic hydrolysis and then have an average molecular weight in Have range from 600 to 4000, preferably 2000 to 3500. Although protein hydrolyzates, in the absence of a hydrophobic residue, are not surfactants in the classical sense, they are widely used for the formulation of surface-active agents because of their dispersing properties. Overviews of the production and use of protein hydrolyzates are, for example, by G. Schuster and A. Domsch in Seifen Öle Fette Wachsen 108 , 177 (1982) and Cosm.Toil . 99 , 63 (1984) , by HW Steisslinger in Parf.Kosm. 72, 556 (1991) and F. Aurich et al. in Tens.Surf.Det. 29 , 389 (1992) . Vegetable protein hydrolyzates based on wheat gluten or rice protein are preferably used, the production of which is described in the two German patents DE 19502167 C1 and DE 19502168 C1 (Henkel). Anionic surfactants, so-called protein fatty acid condensates, which have properties comparable to soaps, can be produced from the protein hydrolyzates by condensation with C ₆ -C ₂₂ , preferably C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ fatty acids. Preference is given to condensates of the hydrolysates mentioned with caproic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, isotridecanoic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmoleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, aradoleic acid, araoleic acid, elasoleic acid, elaoleic acid used.

Anionic surfactants

Typical examples of anionic surfactants, which can also be contained in the surfactant granules, are soaps, alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkanesulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfonates, glycerol ether sulfonates, α-methyl ester sulfonates, sulfofatty acids, alkysulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, hydroxyl ether amide sulfates (glycerol ether sulfates) (glycerol ether sulfates), ether) sulfates, mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinates, mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinamates, sulfotriglycerides, amide soaps, ether carboxylic acids and their salts, fatty acid isethionates, fatty acid sarcosinates, fatty acid taurides, N-acylamino acids such as, for example, acyl lactylates, acyl glutamate fatty acids, acyl glucosate fatty acids, acyl glucosate fate, acyl acylate methacrylate products, in particular acyl glucosate fate Wheat base) and alkyl (ether) phosphates. If the anionic surfactants contain polyglycol ether chains, these can have a conventional, but preferably a narrow, homolog distribution. Alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, soaps, alkane sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, methyl ester sulfonates and mixtures thereof are preferably used. Preferred alkylbenzenesulfonates preferably follow the formula (I) R-Ph-SO ₃ X (I) in which R stands for a branched, but preferably linear alkyl radical having 10 to 18 carbon atoms, Ph for a phenyl radical and X for an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium. Of these, dodecylbenzenesulfonates, tetradecylbenzenesulfonates, hexadecylbenzenesulfonates and their technical mixtures in the form of the sodium salts are particularly suitable. Alkyl and / or alkenyl sulfates, which are also often referred to as fatty alcohol sulfates, are to be understood as meaning the sulfation products of primary and / or secondary alcohols, which preferably follow the formula (II) R ² O-SO ₃ Y (II) in which R ^{2 represents} a linear or branched, aliphatic alkyl and / or alkenyl radical having 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms and Y represents an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium. Typical examples of alkyl sulfates which can be used in the context of the invention are the sulfation products of capron alcohol, caprylic alcohol, capric alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, aryl selenyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, Behenyl alcohol and erucyl alcohol as well as their technical mixtures, which are obtained by high pressure hydrogenation of technical methyl ester fractions or aldehydes from Roelen's oxosynthesis. The sulfation products can preferably be used in the form of their alkali metal salts and in particular their sodium salts. Alkyl sulfates based on C _16/18 tallow fatty alcohols or vegetable fatty alcohols of comparable C chain distribution in the form of their sodium salts are particularly preferred. In the case of branched primary alcohols, these are oxo alcohols, as are obtainable, for example, by converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen to alpha-containing olefins using the shop process. Such alcohol mixtures are commercially available under the trade name Dobanol® or Neodol®. Suitable alcohol mixtures are Dobanot 91®, 23®, 25®, 45®. Another possibility are oxo alcohols, such as those obtained by the classic Enichema or Condea oxo process by adding carbon monoxide and hydrogen to olefins. These alcohol mixtures are a mixture of strongly branched alcohols. Such alcohol mixtures are commercially available under the trade name Lial®. Suitable alcohol mixtures are Lial 91®, 111®, 123®, 125®, 145®.

Nonionic surfactants

The nonionic surfactants, which are also suitable as an additional surfactant component of the granules for the purposes of the present invention, can be, for example, fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers, fatty acid polyglycol esters, fatty acid amide polyglycol ethers, fatty amine polyglycol ethers, alkoxylated triglycerides, mixed ethers or mixed formulas, alk (enoglyl) glycerols, alk (enol) glycosyl alcohols Act fatty acid-N-alkylglucamides, protein hydrolyzates (especially vegetable products based on wheat), polyol fatty acid esters, sugar esters, sorbitan esters, polysorbates and amine oxides. If the nonionic surfactants contain polyglycol ether chains, they can have a conventional, but preferably a narrow, homolog distribution. Preference is given to using nonionic surfactants which can be dried off, in particular alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglycosides which preferably follow the formula (III), R ³ O- [G] _p (III) in which R ^{3 is} an alkyl and / or alkenyl radical having 4 to 22 carbon atoms, G is a sugar radical having 5 or 6 carbon atoms and p is a number from 1 to 10. They can be obtained according to the relevant procedures in preparative organic chemistry. As representative of the extensive literature, reference is made here to the documents EP 0301298 A1 and WO 90/03977 . The alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglycosides can be derived from aldoses or ketoses with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably glucose. The preferred alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglycosides are thus alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglucosides. The index number p in the general formula (III) indicates the degree of oligomerization (DP), ie the distribution of mono- and oligoglycosides, and stands for a number between 1 and 10. While p must always be an integer in a given compound and especially here can assume the values p = 1 to 6, the value p for a specific alkyl oligoglycoside is an analytically determined arithmetic parameter, which usually represents a fractional number. Alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglycosides with an average degree of oligomerization p of 1.1 to 3.0 are preferably used. From an application point of view, preference is given to those alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglycosides whose degree of oligomerization is less than 1.7 and is in particular between 1.2 and 1.4. The alkyl or alkenyl radical R ³ can be derived from primary alcohols having 4 to 11, preferably 8 to 10, carbon atoms. Typical examples are butanol, caprona alcohol, caprylic alcohol, capric alcohol and undecyl alcohol and their technical mixtures, such as are obtained, for example, in the hydrogenation of technical fatty acid methyl testers or in the course of the hydrogenation of aldehydes from Roelen's oxosynthesis. Alkyl oligoglucosides of chain length C ₈ -C ₁₀ (DP = 1 to 3) are preferred, which are obtained as a preliminary step in the final separation of technical C ₈ -C ₁₈ coconut fatty alcohol and with a proportion of less than 6% by weight of C _12- Alcohol can be contaminated and alkyl oligoglucosides based on technical C _9/11 oxo alcohols (DP = 1 to 3). The alkyl or alkenyl radical R ³ can also be derived from primary alcohols having 12 to 22, preferably 12 to 14, carbon atoms. Typical examples are lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol. alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, arachyl alcohol, gadoleyial alcohol, behenyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol, brassidyl alcohol and their technical mixtures, which can be obtained as described above. Alkyl oligoglucosides based on hardened C _12/14 coconut alcohol with a DP of 1 to 3 are preferred.

Are proteins and / or protein derivatives on the one hand and anionic and / or nonionic surfactants on the other hand, it is recommended to use them in a weight ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, preferably 1: 5 to 5: 1 and in particular 1.2 to 2: 1 to use. The surfactants - individually or together - both as aqueous pastes with solids contents (= active substance contents) from, for example, 1 to 60, preferably 5 to 50 and in particular 15 to 35% by weight or as dry Solids with residual water contents of typically less than 10 and preferably less than 5% by weight be used.

explosives

The term disintegrant is to be understood as meaning substances which are contained in the surfactant granules in order to accelerate their disintegration when brought into contact with water. Overviews can be found, for example, in J.Pharm.Sci. 61 (1972) or Römpp Chemielexikon, 9th edition, volume 6, p. 4440 . The disintegrants can be present in the granules homogeneously distributed macroscopically, but microscopically they can form zones of increased concentration due to the manufacturing process. The preferred disintegrants include polysaccharides, such as, for example, natural starch and its derivatives (carboxymethyl starch, starch glycolates in the form of their alkali salts, agar agar, guar gum, pectins etc.), celluloses and their derivatives (carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose), polyacrylates, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alginic acid and their alkali salts (alginates), amorphous or also partially crystalline phyllosilicates (bentonites), polyurethanes, polyethylene glycols and gas-generating systems. Further disintegrants which may be present in the sense of the invention are, for example, the publications WO 98/40462 (Rettenmaier), WO 98/55583 and WO 98/55590 (Unilever) and WO 98/40463, DE 19709991 and DE 19710254 (Henkel) refer to. To prepare the granules according to the invention, the surfactants and the disintegrants - in each case based on the solids content - can be used in a weight ratio of 1:10 to 10: 1, preferably 1: 5 to 5: 1 and in particular 1: 2 to 2: 1. It is also advisable to adjust the water content of the disintegrants or the surfactant granules so that swelling does not automatically occur during storage. The residual water content should preferably not exceed 10% by weight.

Granulation and compacting

The production of the surfactant granules, ie the granulation and compacting, can be carried out for detergents known way. It is particularly possible during the granules or compact after granulation. The compaction is imperative to to achieve a sufficient increase in the dissolution rate. For application technology Visibility has proven to be very favorable if the surfactant granules used have a grain size in Have range from 0.01 to 6, preferably 0.1 to 5 mm and in particular the proportion which is not in the range of 0.1 to 5 mm, makes up less than 25% by weight.

A particularly preferred way of producing the surfactant granules is to subject the mixtures to fluidized bed granulation (“SKET” granulation). This is understood to mean granulation with simultaneous drying, which is preferably carried out batchwise or continuously. The mixtures of surfactants and disintegrants can be used both in the dried state and as an aqueous preparation. Fluidized bed apparatuses which are preferably used have base plates with dimensions of 0.4 to 5 m. The granulation is preferably carried out at fluidizing air speeds in the range from 1 to 8 m / s. The granules are preferably discharged from the fluidized bed via a size classification of the granules. The classification can take place, for example, by means of a sieve device or by means of an opposed air flow (classifier air) which is regulated in such a way that only particles of a certain particle size are removed from the fluidized bed and smaller particles are retained in the fluidized bed. The inflowing air is usually composed of the heated or unheated classifier air and the heated floor air. The soil air temperature is between 80 and 400, preferably 90 and 350 ° C. A starting compound, for example a surfactant granulate from an earlier test batch, is advantageously introduced at the start of the granulation.

In another variant, the mixtures are only after the granulation, for example in one Mixer or a fluid bed, subjected to a compacting step, with further ingredients the agents are only added after the compacting step. Compacting the ingredients takes place in a preferred embodiment of the invention in a press agglomeration process instead of. The press agglomeration process to which the solid premix is subjected can be carried out in various devices can be realized. Depending on the type of agglomerator used differentiated press agglomeration processes. The three most common and in the context of In this case, preferred press agglomeration processes are extrusion, roll pressing or compacting, and the hole pressing (pelletizing), so that within the scope of the present Invention preferred press agglomeration operations extrusion, roll compacting or Are pelleting operations.

All processes have in common that the premix is compressed and plasticized under pressure and the individual particles are pressed together and the porosity is reduced be liable. In all processes, the tools can be heated to higher temperatures or cool to dissipate the heat generated by shear forces.

In all processes, one or more binders can be used as an aid to compaction. However, it should be made clear that the use of several different ones is always inherent Binders and mixtures of different binders is possible. In a preferred embodiment the invention a binder is used that at temperatures up to 130 ° C, preferably up to a maximum of 100 ° C. and in particular up to 90 ° C. is already completely in the form of a melt. The binder must therefore be selected depending on the process and process conditions or the process conditions, especially the process temperature - if a certain one Binder is desired - to be adapted to the binder.

The actual compression process is preferably carried out at processing temperatures that at least in the compression step at least the temperature of the softening point, if not correspond to the temperature of the melting point of the binder. In a preferred embodiment the process temperature is significantly above the melting point or above the temperature at which the binder is in the form of a melt. In particular, however, it is preferred that the process temperature in the compression step is not more than 20 ° C above the melting temperature or the upper limit of the melting range of the binder. It is technical quite possible to set even higher temperatures; but it has been shown that a Temperature difference to the melting temperature or the softening temperature of the binder of 20 ° C is generally sufficient and even higher temperatures are no additional advantages cause. Therefore it is particularly preferred - especially for energy reasons - above, but as close as possible to the melting point or the upper temperature limit of the melting range of the binder. Such a temperature control has the other Advantage that also thermally sensitive raw materials, for example peroxy bleaching agents such as perborate and / or percarbonate, but also enzymes, increasingly processed without serious loss of active substance can be. The possibility of precise temperature control of the binder in particular in the decisive step of compression, i.e. between the mixing / homogenization of the Premix and the shape, allows an energetically very favorable and for the temperature sensitive Components of the premix extremely gentle process management, because the premix is only exposed to the higher temperatures for a short time. In preferred press agglomeration processes have the working tools of the press agglomerator (the screw (s) of the extruder, the roller (s) of the roller compactor and the press roller (s) of the pellet press) have a temperature of a maximum of 150 ° C, preferably a maximum of 100 ° C and in particular a maximum of 75 ° C and the process temperature is 30 ° C and in particular a maximum of 20 ° C above the melting temperature or the upper temperature limit of the melting range of the binder. The duration is preferably the temperature effect in the compression area of the press agglomerators a maximum of 2 minutes and is particularly in a range between 30 seconds and 1 minute.

Preferred binders which can be used alone or in a mixture with other binders are polyethylene glycols, 1,2-polypropylene glycols and modified polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols. The modified polyalkylene glycols include in particular the sulfates and / or the disulfates of polyethylene glycols or polypropylene glycols with a relative molecular weight between 600 and 12,000 and in particular between 1,000 and 4,000. Another group consists of mono- and / or disuccinates of the polyalkylene glycols, which again have relative molecular weights between 600 and 6,000, preferably between 1,000 and 4,000. For a more detailed description of the modified polyalkylene glycol ethers, reference is made to the disclosure of the international patent application WO 93/02176 . Within the scope of this invention, polyethylene glycols include those polymers which, in addition to ethylene glycol, also use C ₃ -C ₅ glycols and glycerol and mixtures of these as starting molecules. Ethoxylated derivatives such as trimethylolpropane with 5 to 30 EO are also included. The preferably used polyethylene glycols can have a linear or branched structure, linear polyethylene glycols being preferred in particular. The particularly preferred polyethylene glycols include those with relative molecular weights between 2,000 and 12,000, advantageously around 4,000, polyethylene glycols with relative molecular weights below 3,500 and above 5,000, in particular in combination with polyethylene glycols with a relative molecular weight of around 4,000, and can be used such combinations advantageously have more than 50% by weight, based on the total amount of polyethylene glycols, of polyethylene glycols with a relative molecular weight of between 3,500 and 5,000. However, polyethylene glycols can also be used as binders, which are per se in liquid state at room temperature and a pressure of 1 bar; here we are mainly talking about polyethylene glycol with a relative molecular mass of 200, 400 and 600. However, these per se liquid polyethylene glycols should only be used in a mixture with at least one further binder, this mixture again having to meet the requirements according to the invention, that is to say having a melting point or softening point of at least above 45 ° C. Low molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidones and derivatives thereof with relative molecular weights of up to a maximum of 30,000 are also suitable as binders. Relative molecular mass ranges between 3,000 and 30,000, for example around 10,000, are preferred. Polyvinylpyrrolidones are preferably not used as the sole binder, but in combination with others, in particular in combination with polyethylene glycols.

The compacted material preferably has temperatures immediately after it leaves the production apparatus not above 90 ° C, with temperatures between 35 and 85 ° C particularly preferred are. It has been found that outlet temperatures - especially in the extrusion process - from 40 to 80 ° C, for example up to 70 ° C, are particularly advantageous.

In a further embodiment, the surfactant granules are produced by means of an extrusion , as described, for example, in European patent EP 0486592 B1 or international patent applications WO 93/02176 and WO 94/09111 or WO 98/12299 . In this case, a solid premix is extruded under pressure and the strand is cut to the predeterminable size of the granulate by means of a cutting device after it has emerged from the hole shape. The homogeneous and solid premix contains a plasticizer and / or lubricant, which causes the premix to become plastically softened and extrudable under the pressure or under the entry of specific work. Preferred plasticizers and / or lubricants are surfactants and / or polymers. To explain the actual extrusion process, reference is hereby expressly made to the patents and patent applications mentioned above. The premix is preferably fed to a planetary roller extruder or a 2-shaft extruder or 2-screw extruder with co-rotating or counter-rotating screw guidance, the housing and the extruder pelletizing head of which can be heated to the predetermined extrusion temperature. Under the shear action of the extruder screws, the premix is compressed, plasticized, extruded in the form of fine strands through the perforated die plate in the extruder head, and finally, under pressure, which is preferably at least 25 bar, but can also be lower at extremely high throughputs depending on the apparatus used the extrudate is preferably reduced to approximately spherical to cylindrical granules by means of a rotating cutting knife. The hole diameter of the perforated nozzle plate and the strand cut length are matched to the selected granule size. In this way, granules of an essentially uniformly predeterminable particle size can be produced, the absolute particle sizes in particular being able to be adapted to the intended use. particle diameters of up to at most 0.8 cm are generally preferred. Important embodiments provide for the production of uniform granules in the millimeter range, for example in the range from 0.5 to 5 mm and in particular in the range from approximately 0.8 to 3 mm. The length / diameter ratio of the chopped-off primary granules is preferably in the range from about 1: 1 to about 3: 1. It is also preferred to feed the still plastic primary granules to a further shaping processing step; edges present on the crude extrudate are rounded off, so that ultimately spherical to approximately spherical extrudate grains can be obtained. If desired, small amounts of dry powder, for example zeolite powder such as zeolite NaA powder, can also be used in this step. This shape can be done in standard rounding machines. It is important to ensure that only small amounts of fine particles are produced in this stage. Drying, which is described as a preferred embodiment in the above-mentioned prior art documents, is subsequently possible, but not absolutely necessary. It may just be preferred not to carry out any drying after the compacting step. Alternatively, extrusions / pressings can also be carried out in low-pressure extruders, in the Kahl press (from Amandus Kahl) or in the Bepex extruder. The temperature control in the transition region of the screw, the pre-distributor and the nozzle plate is preferably designed such that the melting temperature of the binder or the upper limit of the melting range of the binder is at least reached, but preferably exceeded. The duration of the temperature influence in the compression range of the extrusion is preferably less than 2 minutes and in particular in a range between 30 seconds and 1 minute.

The surfactant granules can also be produced by means of roller compaction. Here will the premix between two smooth or with wells of a defined shape Rolls metered in and between the two rolls under pressure to a sheet-like compact, the so-called Schülpe, rolled out. The rollers exert a high line pressure on the premix and can be additionally heated or cooled as required. When using Smooth rolling gives you smooth, unstructured sash bands, while using structured ones Correspondingly structured slugs can be produced in which, for example certain forms of the later detergent particles can be specified. The Schülpenband is subsequently broken up into smaller pieces by a knock-off and crushing process and can be processed in this way to Granulatkömem, known by others Surface treatment process refined, especially brought into an approximately spherical shape can be. Even with roller compaction, the temperature of the pressing tools is So the rollers, preferably at a maximum of 150 ° C, preferably at a maximum of 100 ° C and in particular at a maximum of 75 ° C. Particularly preferred manufacturing processes work in roller compaction with process temperatures that are 10 ° C, in particular a maximum of 5 ° C above the melting temperature or the upper temperature limit of the melting range of the binder. Here it is more preferred that the duration of temperature exposure in the compression range of the smooth or rollers provided with depressions of a defined shape is a maximum of 2 minutes and in particular is in a range between 30 seconds and 1 minute.

The surfactant granules can also be produced by pelleting. The premix is applied to a perforated surface and pressed through the holes by means of a pressure-producing body with plasticization. In conventional embodiments of pellet presses, the premix is compressed under pressure, plasticized, pressed through a perforated surface by means of a rotating roller in the form of fine strands, and finally comminuted into granules using a knock-off device. The most varied configurations of the pressure roller and perforated die are conceivable here. For example, flat perforated plates are used as well as concave or convex ring matrices through which the material is pressed using one or more pressure rollers. The press rollers in the Tefler devices can also be conical in shape, in the ring-shaped devices the dies and press roll (s) can have the same or opposite direction of rotation. An apparatus suitable for carrying out the method is described, for example, in German laid-open specification DE 3816842 A1 . The ring die press disclosed in this document consists of a rotating ring die interspersed with press channels and at least one press roller which is operatively connected to its inner surface and which presses the material supplied to the die space through the press channels into a material discharge. Here, the ring die and the press roller can be driven in the same direction, which means that a reduced shear stress and thus a lower temperature increase in the premix can be achieved. Of course, it is also possible to work with heatable or coolable rollers in the pelletizing in order to set a desired temperature of the premix. In pelleting too, the temperature of the pressing tools, that is to say the pressure rollers or pressure rollers, is preferably at most 150 ° C., preferably at most 100 ° C. and in particular at a maximum of 75 ° C. Particularly preferred production processes work in roller compacting with process temperatures which are 10 ° C., in particular a maximum of 5 ° C. above the melting temperature or the upper temperature limit of the melting range of the binder.

Auxiliaries and additives

In addition to the ingredients mentioned, the detergent tablets can contain other known additives, above all builders, but also optical brighteners, enzymes, enzyme stabilizers, defoamers, co-disintegrants, contain small amounts of neutral filling salts as well as colors and fragrances and the like.

Zeolites , for example, can be used as builders. The fine crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite which is frequently used as a detergent builder is preferably zeolite A and / or P. As zeolite P, for example, zeolite MAP ^(R) (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred. However, zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P and Y are also suitable. Of particular interest is also a cocrystallized sodium / potassium aluminum silicate made of zeolite A and zeolite X, which is soft as VEGOBOND AX® (commercial product from Condea Augusta SpA) is commercially available. The zeolite can be used as a spray-dried powder or as an undried stabilized suspension that is still moist from its production. In the event that the zeolite is used as a suspension, it can contain small additions of nonionic surfactants as stabilizers, for example 1 to 3% by weight, based on zeolite, of ethoxylated C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ fatty alcohols with 2 to 5 ethylene oxide groups , C ₁₂ -C ₁₄ fatty alcohols with 4 to 5 ethylene oxide groups or ethoxylated isotridecanols. Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 μm (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.

Suitable substitutes or partial substitutes for phosphates and zeolites are crystalline, layered sodium silicates ( “layer silicates” ) of the general formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} .yH ₂ O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x are 2, 3 or 4. Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP 0164514 A1 . Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicate Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ .yH ₂ O are preferred, wherein β-sodium disilicate can be obtained, for example, by the method described in international patent application WO 91/08171 . Further suitable layered silicates are known, for example, from patent applications DE 2334899 A1 , EP 0026529 A1 and DE 3526405 A1 . Their usability is not limited to a special composition or structural formula. However, smectites, in particular bentonites, are preferred here. Suitable layered silicates, which belong to the group of water-swellable smectites, are, for example, those of the general formulas (OH) ₄ Si _8-y Al _y (Mg _x Al _4-x ) O ₂₀ montmorrilonite (OH) ₄ Si _8-y Al _y (Mg _6-z Li _z ) O ₂₀ hectorite (OH) ₄ Si _8-y Al _y (Mg _6-z Al _z ) O ₂₀ saponite with x = 0 to 4, y = 0 to 2, z = 0 to 6. In addition, small amounts of iron can be incorporated into the crystal lattice of the layered silicates according to the above formulas. Furthermore, due to their ion-exchanging properties, the layered silicates can contain hydrogen, alkali, alkaline earth ions, in particular Na ⁺ and Ca ²⁺ . The amount of water of hydration is usually in the range from 8 to 20% by weight and depends on the swelling condition or the type of processing. Useful layer silicates are known, for example, from US 3,966,629, US 4,062,647, EP 0026529 A1 and EP 0028432 A1 . Layered silicates are preferably used which are largely free of calcium ions and strongly coloring iron ions due to an alkali treatment.

The preferred builder substances also include amorphous sodium silicates with a modulus Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ from 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2, 6, which are delayed release and have secondary washing properties. The delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”. This means that the silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not produce sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles provide washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates, which also have a delay in dissolution compared to conventional water glasses, are described, for example, in German patent application DE 4400024 A1 . Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.

It goes without saying that the generally known phosphates are also used as builder substances possible if such use should not be avoided for ecological reasons. Suitable are in particular the sodium salts of orthophosphates, pyrophosphates and in particular the tripolyphosphate. Their content is generally not more than 25% by weight, preferably not more than 20 wt .-%, each based on the finished agent. In some cases it has been shown that in particular tripolyphosphates even in small amounts up to a maximum of 10% by weight, based on the finished agents, in combination with other builder substances to a synergistic improvement of secondary washing power.

The builders are preferably in the detergent tablets in amounts of 10 to 60, in particular 20 up to 40 wt .-% - based on the agent - contain.

Useful organic builders are, for example, those that can be used in the form of their sodium salts Polycarboxylic acids, such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, Sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), provided such use ecological reasons are not objectionable, as well as mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, Sugar acids and mixtures of these. The acids themselves can also be used. In addition to their builder action, the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH value of Detergents or cleaning agents. In particular, citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, Adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures of these.

Other suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches. The hydrolysis can be carried out by customary, for example acid or enzyme-catalyzed, processes. They are preferably hydrolysis products with average molecular weights in the range from 400 to 500,000. A polysaccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range from 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30, is preferred, DE being a customary measure for the reducing effect of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100. Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glucose syrups with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and white dextrins with higher molar masses in the range from 2,000 to 30,000 can be used. A preferred dextrin is described in British patent application GB 9419091 A1 , The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function. Such oxidized dextrins and processes for their preparation are known, for example, from European patent applications EP 0232202 A1, EP 0427349 A1 , EP 0472042 A1 and EP 0542496 A1 and from international patent applications WO 92/18542, WO 93/08251 , WO 93/16110 , WO 94128030 , WO 95/07303 , WO 95/12619 and WO 95/20608 are known. An oxidized oligosaccharide according to German patent application DE 19600018 A1 is also suitable. A product oxidized at C _{6 of} the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.

Other suitable cobuilders are oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenediamine disuccinate. Also particularly preferred in this context are glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates , such as are described, for example, in US Pat. Nos . 4,524,009, 4,639,325 , in European patent application EP 0150930 A1 and in Japanese patent application JP 93/339896 . Suitable amounts used in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate are from 3 to 15% by weight.

Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may also be in lactone form and which have at least 4 Contain carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and a maximum of two acid groups.

Such cobuilders are described, for example, in international patent application WO 95/20029 .

Suitable polymeric polycarboxylates are, for example, the sodium salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 800 to 150,000 (based on acid and measured in each case against polystyrene sulfonic acid). Suitable copolymeric polycarboxylates are, in particular, those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable. Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 5,000 to 200,000, preferably 10,000 to 120,000 and in particular 50,000 to 100,000 (measured in each case against polystyrene sulfonic acid). The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution, with 20 to 55% by weight aqueous solutions being preferred. Granular polymers are usually subsequently mixed into one or more basic granules. Also particularly preferred are biodegradable polymers composed of more than two different monomer units, for example those which, according to DE 4300772 A1, are salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid, as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives, or, according to DE 4221381 C2, are monomer salts of acrylic acid and the 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives. Further preferred copolymers are those which are described in German patent applications DE 4303320 A1 and DE 4417734 A1 and which preferably contain acrolein and acrylic acid-acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers. Also to be mentioned as further preferred builder substances are polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, their salts or their precursor substances. Polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives are particularly preferred.

Further suitable builder substances are polyacetals, which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups, for example as described in European patent application EP 0280223 A1 . Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and mixtures thereof and from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.

In addition, the agents can also contain components that make the oil and fat washable made of textiles. The preferred oil and fat-dissolving components include, for example nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose a proportion of methoxyl groups from 15 to 30 wt .-% and of hydroxypropoxyl groups from 1 to 15% by weight, based in each case on the nonionic cellulose ether, and that from the prior art Polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known from technology, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives of these. Particularly preferred of these are the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers.

Other suitable ingredients of the agents are water-soluble inorganic salts such as bicarbonates, carbonates, amorphous silicates, normal water glasses which have no outstanding builder properties, or mixtures of these; in particular, alkali carbonate and / or amorphous alkali silicate, especially sodium silicate with a molar ratio Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ of 1: 1 to 1: 4.5, preferably of 1: 2 to 1: 3.5, are used. The content of sodium carbonate in the final preparations is preferably up to 40% by weight, advantageously between 2 and 35% by weight. The content of sodium silicate in the agents (without special builder properties) is generally up to 10% by weight and preferably between 1 and 8% by weight.

Of the compounds which serve as bleaching agents and which are H ₂ O ₂ in water, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are of particular importance. Further bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, sodium percarbonate, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H ₂ O ₂ -producing peracidic salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperic acid or diperdodecanedioic acid. The bleaching agent content of the agents is preferably 5 to 35% by weight and in particular up to 30% by weight, advantageously using perborate monohydrate or percarbonate.

Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Substances are suitable which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Multi-acylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, especially triacetyloxy, 2,5-diacetyloxy, 2,5-ethylene glycol 2,5-dihydrofuran and the enol esters known from German patent applications DE 19616693 A1 and DE 19616767 A1 as well as acetylated sorbitol and mannitol or their mixtures described in European patent application EP 0525239 A1 (SORMAN), acylated sugar derivatives, in particular pentaacetylglucose (PAG), pentaacetylfructose , Tetraacetylxylose and Octaacetyllactose as well as acetylated, optionally N-alkyl ized glucamine and gluconolactone, and / or N-acylated lactams, for example N-benzoylcaprolactam, which are known from international patent applications WO 94/27970 , WO 94/28102 , WO 94/28103 , WO 95/00626 , WO 95/14759 and WO 95 / 17498 are known. The hydrophilically substituted acylacetals known from German patent application DE 19616769 A1 and the acyl lactams described in German patent application DE 19616 770 and international patent application WO 95/14075 are also preferably used. The combinations of conventional bleach activators known from German patent application DE 4443177 A1 can also be used. Bleach activators of this type are present in the customary quantitative range, preferably in amounts of 1% by weight to 10% by weight, in particular 2% by weight to 8% by weight, based on the total agent. In addition to the conventional bleach activators listed above or in their place, the sulfonimines and / or bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes known from European patents EP 0446982 B1 and EP 0453 003 B1 can also be present as so-called bleaching catalysts. The transition metal compounds in question include in particular the manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium or molybdenum-salt complexes known from German patent application DE 19529905 A1 and their N-analog compounds known from German patent application DE 19620267 A1 , which are known from German Patent application DE 19536082 A1 known manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium or molybdenum carbonyl complexes, the manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium described in German patent application DE 196 05 688 - and copper complexes with nitrogen-containing tripod ligands that from German patent application DE known cobalt 19620411 A1, iron-, copper- and ruthenium-ammine complexes, the manganese in the German patent application DE 4416438 A1 described, copper and cobalt complexes, the cobalt complexes described in European patent application EP 0272030 A1 , the manganese ko known from European patent application EP 0693550 A1 mplexes, the manganese, iron, cobalt and copper complexes known from European patent EP 0392592 A1 and / or those described in European patent EP 0443651 B1 or European patent applications EP 0458397 A1 , EP 0458398 A1 , EP 0549271 A1 , EP 0549272 A1 , EP 0544490 A1 and EP 0544519 A1 described manganese complexes. Combinations of bleach activators and transition metal bleach catalysts are known, for example, from German patent application DE 19613103 A1 and international patent application WO 95/27775 . Bleach-enhancing transition metal complexes, in particular with the central atoms Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, V, Ti and / or Ru, are used in customary amounts, preferably in an amount of up to 1% by weight, in particular 0.0025% by weight. % to 0.25% by weight and particularly preferably from 0.01% by weight to 0.1% by weight, in each case based on the total agent.

Enzymes in particular include those from the class of hydrolases, such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All of these hydrolases contribute to the removal of stains, such as stains containing protein, fat or starch, and graying in the laundry. By removing pilling and microfibrils, cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can contribute to color retention and increase the softness of the textile. Oxidoreductases can also be used for bleaching or for inhibiting color transfer. Enzymes obtained from bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces griseus and Humicola insolens are particularly suitable. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used. Enzyme mixtures, for example from protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytically active enzymes and cellulase, but especially protease- and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest. Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes. Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases. Suitable amylases include in particular α-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases. Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and β-glucosidases, which are also called cellobiases, or mixtures thereof, are preferably used as cellulases. Since the different cellulase types differ in their CMCase and avicelase activities, the desired activities can be set by targeted mixtures of the cellulases. The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers and / or embedded in coating substances in order to protect them against premature decomposition. The proportion of the enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.1 to about 2% by weight.

In addition to the mono- and polyfunctional alcohols, the agents can contain further enzyme stabilizers. For example, 0.5 to 1% by weight sodium formate can be used. It is also possible to use proteases which are stabilized with soluble calcium salts and a calcium content of preferably about 1.2% by weight, based on the enzyme. In addition to calcium salts, magnesium salts also serve as stabilizers. However, the use of boron compounds, for example boric acid, boron oxide, borax and other alkali metal borates such as the salts of orthoboric acid (H ₃ BO ₃ ), metaboric acid (HBO ₂ ) and pyrobic acid (tetraboric acid H ₂ B ₄ O ₇ ), is particularly advantageous. Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing the dirt from being re-absorbed. Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this purpose, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether carboxylic acids or ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch. Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for this purpose. Soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can also be used, for example degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc. Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. However, cellulose ethers, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers, such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, for example in amounts of 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the composition, are preferred , used.

The agents can contain derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or their alkali metal salts as optical brighteners. Suitable are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis (2-anilino-4-morpholino-1,3,5-triazinyl-6-amino) stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of similar structure which instead of the morpholino- Group carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group. Brighteners of the substituted diphenylstyryl type may also be present, for example the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, or 4- (4-chlorostyryl) -4 '- (2-sulfostyryl). Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used. Uniformly white granules are obtained if, in addition to the usual brighteners, the agents are used in customary amounts, for example between 0.1 and 0.5% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 0.3% by weight, and also small amounts, for example ^Contain 10 ^-6 to 10 ^-3 wt .-%, preferably by 10- ⁵ wt .-%, of a blue dye. A particularly preferred dye is iinolux® (commercial product from Ciba-Geigy).

Soil repellants are substances which preferably contain ethylene terephthalate and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalate groups, the molar ratio of ethylene terephthalate to polyethylene glycol terephthalate being in the range from 50:50 to 90:10. The molecular weight of the linking polyethylene glycol units is in particular in the range from 750 to 5000, ie the degree of ethoxylation of the polymers containing polyethylene glycol groups can be approximately 15 to 100. The polymers are characterized by an average molecular weight of about 5000 to 200,000 and can have a block, but preferably a random structure. Preferred polymers are those with molar ratios of ethylene terephthalate to polyethylene glycol terephthalate from about 65:35 to about 90:10, preferably from about 70:30 to 80:20. Also preferred are those polymers which have linking polyethylene glycol units with a molecular weight of 750 to 5000, preferably from 1000 to about 3000 and a molecular weight of the polymer from about 10,000 to about 50,000. Examples of commercially available polymers are the products Milease® T (ICI) or Repelotex® SRP 3 (Rhône-Poulenc).

Wax-like compounds can be used as defoamers . Compounds which have a melting point at atmospheric pressure above 25 ° C. (room temperature), preferably above 50 ° C. and in particular above 70 ° C., are understood to be “waxy”. The waxy defoamer substances are practically insoluble in water, ie at 20 ° C. they have a solubility of less than 0.1% by weight in 100 g of water. In principle, all wax-like defoamer substances known from the prior art can be contained. Suitable waxy compounds are, for example, bisamides, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, carboxylic acid esters of mono- and polyhydric alcohols, and paraffin waxes or mixtures thereof. Alternatively, the silicone compounds known for this purpose can of course also be used.

Suitable paraffin waxes generally represent a complex mixture of substances without a sharp melting point. For characterization, one usually determines its melting range by differential thermal analysis (DTA), as described in "The Analyst" 87 (1962), 420 , and / or its solidification point , This is the temperature at which the paraffin changes from the liquid to the solid state by slow cooling. Paraffins which are completely liquid at room temperature, that is to say those having a solidification point below 25 ° C., cannot be used according to the invention. For example, the paraffin wax mixtures known from EP 0309931 A1 of, for example, 26% by weight to 49% by weight of microcrystalline paraffin wax with a solidification point of 62 ° C. to 90 ° C., 20% by weight to 49% by weight hard paraffin can be used with a solidification point from 42 ° C to 56 ° C and 2% by weight to 25% by weight soft paraffin with a solidification point from 35 ° C to 40 ° C. Paraffins or paraffin mixtures which solidify in the range from 30 ° C. to 90 ° C. are preferably used. It should be noted that even paraffin wax mixtures that appear solid at room temperature can contain different proportions of liquid paraffin. In the paraffin waxes which can be used according to the invention, this liquid fraction is as low as possible and is preferably absent entirely. Particularly preferred paraffin wax mixtures at 30 ° C have a liquid fraction of less than 10% by weight, in particular from 2% by weight to 5% by weight, at 40 ° C a liquid fraction of less than 30% by weight, preferably of 5 % By weight to 25% by weight and in particular from 5% by weight to 15% by weight. at 60 ° C a liquid fraction from 30% by weight to 60% by weight, in particular from 40% by weight to 55% by weight, at 80 ° C a liquid fraction from 80% by weight to 100% by weight %, and at 90 ° C a liquid content of 100% by weight. The temperature at which a liquid content of 100% by weight of the paraffin wax is reached is still below 85 ° C., in particular at 75 ° C. to 82 ° C., in particularly preferred paraffin wax mixtures. The paraffin waxes can be petrolatum, microcrystalline waxes or hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated paraffin waxes.

Suitable bisamides as defoamers are those which differ from saturated fatty acids with 12 to 22, preferably derived from 14 to 18 carbon atoms and from alkylenediamines with 2 to 7 carbon atoms. suitable Fatty acids are lauric, myristic, stearic, arachic and behenic acid and mixtures thereof, such as they are available from natural fats or hardened oils, such as tallow or hydrogenated palm oil are. Suitable diamines are, for example, ethylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, Pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine and toluenediamine. preferred Diamines are ethylenediamine and hexamethylenediamine. Bisamides are particularly preferred Bismyristoylethylenediamine, bispalmitoylethylenediamine, bisstearoylethylenediamine and mixtures thereof and the corresponding derivatives of hexamethylenediamine.

Suitable carboxylic acid esters as defoamers are derived from carboxylic acids with 12 to 28 carbon atoms. In particular, these are esters of behenic acid, stearic acid, hydroxystearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and / or lauric acid. The alcohol part of the carboxylic acid ester contains a mono- or polyhydric alcohol with 1 to 28 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. Examples of suitable alcohols are behenyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, coconut alcohol, 12-hydroxystearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol as well as ethylene glycol, glycerin, polyvinyl alcohol, sucrose, erythritol, pentaerythritol, sorbitan and / or sorbitol. Preferred esters are those of ethylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitan, the acid part of the ester being selected in particular from behenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid or myristic acid. Eligible esters of polyhydric alcohols are, for example, xylitol monopalmitate, pentaryanth monostearate, glycerol monostearate, ethylene glycol monostearate and sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan dilaurate, sorbitan distearate, sorbitan dibundyl alkylate, and sorbitan dibehenate, and sorbitan dibehenate, mixed sorbitan dibehenate, and sorbitan dibehenate, and sorbitan dibehenate, as well as mixed sorbitan dibehenate. Glycerol esters which can be used are the mono-, di- or triesters of glycerol and the carboxylic acids mentioned, the mono- or diesters being preferred. Glycerol monostearate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol monobehenate and glycerol distearate are examples of this. Examples of suitable natural esters as defoamers are beeswax, which mainly consists of the esters CH ₃ (CH ₂ ) ₂₄ COO (CH ₂ ) ₂₇ CH ₃ and CH ₃ (CH ₂ ) ₂₆ COO (CH ₂ ) ₂₅ CH ₃ , and camauba wax , which is a mixture of Camaubasäurealkylestem, often in combination with small amounts of free Camaubasäure, other long-chain acids, high molecular weight alcohols and hydrocarbons.

Suitable carboxylic acids as a further defoamer compound are in particular behenic acid, stearic acid, Oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and lauric acid and their mixtures, as made up natural fats or optionally hardened oils, such as tallow or hydrogenated palm oil are. Saturated fatty acids with 12 to 22, in particular 18 to 22, carbon atoms are preferred.

Suitable fatty alcohols as a further defoamer compound are the hydrogenated products of the described Fatty acids.

Dialkyl ethers may also be present as defoamers. The ethers can be asymmetric or be symmetrical, i.e. two identical or different alkyl chains, preferably containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms. Typical examples are di-n-octyl ether, di-octyl ether and di-n-stearyl ether, particularly suitable are dialkyl ethers which have a melting point above Have 25 ° C, especially above 40 ° C.

Other suitable defoamer compounds are fatty ketones, which are based on the relevant methods of preparative organic chemistry can be obtained. One goes to their production, for example of carboxylic acid magnesium salts, which at temperatures above 300 ° C below Elimination of carbon dioxide and water are pyrolyzed, for example according to the German Laid-open specification DE 2553900 OS. Suitable fat ketones are those obtained by pyrolysis of the magnesium salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, Elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, arachic acid, gadoleic acid, behenic acid or erucic acid become.

Other suitable defoamers are fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters, which are preferably obtained by base-homogeneously catalyzed addition of ethylene oxide to fatty acids. In particular, the addition of ethylene oxide to the fatty acids takes place in the presence of alkanolamines as catalysts. The use of alkanolamines, especially triethanolamine, leads to an extremely selective ethoxylation of the fatty acids, especially when it comes to producing low-ethoxylated compounds. Within the group of fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters, preference is given to those which have a melting point above 25 ° C., in particular above 40 ° C.
Within. In the group of wax-like defoamers, the paraffin waxes described are particularly preferably used alone as wax-like defoamers or in a mixture with one of the other wax-like defoamers, the proportion of paraffin waxes in the mixture preferably making up more than 50% by weight, based on the wax-like defoamer mixture. The paraffin waxes can be applied to carriers if necessary. All known inorganic and / or organic carrier materials are suitable as carrier materials. Examples of typical inorganic carrier materials are alkali carbonates, aluminosilicates, water-soluble layered silicates, alkali silicates, alkali sulfates, for example sodium sulfate, and alkali phosphates. The alkali silicates are preferably a compound with a molar ratio of alkali oxide to SiO ₂ of 1: 1.5 to 1: 3.5. The use of such silicates results in particularly good grain properties, in particular high abrasion stability and nevertheless a high rate of dissolution in water. The aluminosilicates referred to as carrier material include, in particular, the zeolites, for example zeolite NaA and NaX. The compounds referred to as water-soluble layered silicates include, for example, amorphous or crystalline water glass. Silicates which are commercially available under the names Aerosil® or Sipemat® can also be used. Examples of suitable organic carrier materials are film-forming polymers, for example polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, poly (meth) acrylates, polycarboxylates, cellulose derivatives and starch. Usable cellulose ethers are, in particular, alkali carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and so-called cellulose mixed ethers, such as, for example, methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof. Particularly suitable mixtures are composed of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and methyl cellulose, the carboxymethyl cellulose usually having a degree of substitution of 0.5 to 0.8 carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit and the methyl cellulose having a degree of substitution of 1.2 to 2 methyl groups per anhydroglucose unit. The mixtures preferably contain alkali carboxymethyl cellulose and nonionic cellulose ethers in weight ratios from 80:20 to 40:60, in particular from 75:25 to 50 50. Also suitable as a carrier is native starch, which is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Starch is referred to as native starch, as it is available as an extract from natural sources, for example from rice, potatoes, corn and wheat. Native starch is a commercially available product and is therefore easily accessible. Carrier materials which can be used individually or more than one of the abovementioned compounds, in particular selected from the group of alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal sulfates, alkali metal phosphates, zeolites, water-soluble sheet silicates, alkali metal silicates, polycarboxylates, cellulose ethers, polyacrylate / polymethacrylate and starch. Mixtures of alkali carbonates, in particular sodium carbonate, alkali silicates, in particular sodium silicate, alkali sulfates, in particular sodium sulfate and zeolites are particularly suitable.

Suitable silicones are conventional organopolysiloxanes, which can have a content of finely divided silica, which in turn can also be silanized. Such organopolysiloxanes are described, for example, in European patent application EP 0496510 A1 . Polydiorganosiloxanes which are known from the prior art are particularly preferred. However, compounds crosslinked via siloxane can also be used, as are known to the person skilled in the art under the name silicone resins. As a rule, the polydiorganosiloxanes contain finely divided silica, which can also be silanized. Silica-containing dimethylpolysiloxanes are particularly suitable. The polydiorganosiloxanes advantageously have a Brookfield viscosity at 25 ° C. in the range from 5,000 mPas to 30,000 mPas, in particular from 15,000 to 25,000 mPas. The silicones are preferably applied to carrier materials. Suitable carrier materials have already been described in connection with the paraffins. The carrier materials are generally present in amounts of 40 to 90% by weight, preferably in amounts of 45 to 75% by weight, based on defoamers.

As perfume oils or fragrances, individual fragrance compounds, e.g. the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type. Fragrance compounds of the ester type are e.g. Benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, Linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinylacetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalylbenzoate, Benzyl formate, ethyl methylphenyl glycinate, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. The ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether, the aldehydes e.g. the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, Lilial and bourgeonal, to the ketones e.g. the Jonone, α-isomethylionon and methylcedryl ketone, to the alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol, The hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes such as limonene and pinene. Prefers however, mixtures of different odoriferous substances are used, which together make an appealing Generate fragrance. Such perfume oils can also contain natural fragrance mixtures, as they are accessible from plant sources, e.g. Pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or Ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, Cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil. The fragrances can be directly in the agents according to the invention are incorporated, but it may also be advantageous to use the fragrances to apply on carriers which increase the adhesion of the perfume to the laundry and by a slower fragrance release ensures long-lasting fragrance of the textiles. As such carrier materials Cyclodextrins have proven themselves, for example, with the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes additionally can be coated with other auxiliaries.

If desired, the final preparations can also contain inorganic salts as fillers or fillers contain, such as sodium sulfate, which is preferably present in amounts of 0 to 10, in particular 1 to 5 wt .-% - based on agent - is included.

Manufacture of detergent tablets

The detergent tablets can be produced using the new surfactant granules and further auxiliaries and additives, such as, for example, builders, in a manner known per se, for example by tableting. The tablets obtained can either be used directly as detergents or aftertreated and / or prepared beforehand by customary methods. The usual aftertreatments include, for example, powdering with finely divided ingredients from washing or cleaning agents, which generally further increases the bulk density. However, a preferred aftertreatment is also the procedure according to German patent applications DE 19524287 A1 and DE 19547457 A1 , in which dusty or at least finely divided ingredients (the so-called fine fractions) are adhered to the particulate end products of the process, which serve as the core, and thus give rise to means , which have these so-called fines as an outer shell. In turn, this advantageously takes place by melting agglomeration. For melt agglomeration of the fine fractions, reference is expressly made to the disclosure in German patent applications DE 19524287 A1 and DE 19547457 A1 . In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the solid detergents are in the form of tablets, these preferably having rounded corners and edges, in particular for storage and transport reasons. The base of these tablets can be circular or rectangular, for example. Multi-layer tablets, in particular tablets with 2 or 3 layers, which can also have different colors, are particularly preferred. Blue-white or green-white or blue-green-white tablets are particularly preferred. The tablets can also contain pressed and unpressed parts.

Examples

Manufacturing example H1. 100 g of cellulose (Technocel® 150) were mixed with 200 g of protein fatty acid condensate (Lamepon® SCE-B, 95% by weight, powder, Cognis Deutschland GmbH / DE) and compacted using a gear roller mill. A sieve fraction between 1.2 and 1.6 mm was then removed.

Manufacturing example H2. 1000 g of cellulose (Technocel® 150) were mixed with 300 g of protein fatty acid condensate (Lamepon® SCE-B), 200 g of coconut alkyl oligoglucoside (Glucopon® 600 CSUP, 50% by weight aqueous paste, Cognis Deutschland GmbH / DE) and 150 g of a polyethylene glycol wax mixed with an average molecular weight of 4000 in a mixer and the water content reduced by drying to 12 wt .-%. The extrusion was then carried out at 45 ° C. through a sieve plate (diameter of the bores: 2 mm). The crude product was crushed and a sieve fraction between 1.2 and 1.6 mm was removed.

Manufacturing example H3. 100 g of cellulose (Technocel® 150) were mixed with 100 g of protein fatty acid condensate (Lamepon® SCE-B) and 20 g of coconut alkyl sulfate sodium salt (Sulfopon® 1218 G, residual water content 5% by weight, Cognis Deutschland GmbH / DE) and mixed over one Compact gear roller mill. A sieve fraction between 1.2 and 1.6 mm was then removed.

Comparative Example V1. Surfactant granules consisting of 50% by weight protein fatty acid condensate (Lamepon® SCE-B), 5% by weight coconut alkyl sulfate sodium salt, 5% by weight soda, 10% by weight sodium silicate and 30% by weight sodium sulfate; Sieve fraction between 1.2 and 1.6 mm.

Comparative example V2. Granular surfactant consisting of 95% by weight protein fatty acid condensate (Lamepon® SCE-B), sieve fraction between 1.2 and 1.6 mm.

Application tests. The surfactant granules H1, H2 and H3 and the two comparative samples were used in detergent formulations. The preparations were pressed into tablets (weight 40 g, constant breaking hardness), packed airtight and then stored at 40 ° C. for 2 weeks. The composition of the detergent tablets is shown in Table 1. Formulations 1, 2 and 3 are according to the invention, formulations V1 and V2 are used for comparison. To assess the dissolution behavior, the tablets were placed on a wire rack which was in water (0 ° d, 25 ° C). The tablets were completely surrounded by water. The disintegration time from immersion to complete dissolution was measured. The disintegration times are also shown in Table 1. Test formulation for detergent tablets and solubility tests (data in% by weight, water ad 100%) composition 1 2 3 V1 V2 C _12/18 coconut alcohol sulfate sodium salt 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 C _12/14 alkyl polyglucoside 6.0 3.4 2.4 6.0 6.0 Protein fatty acid condensate - 1.3 1.3 - - C _12/18 coconut _fatty alcohol + 7EO 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Paimkemfettsäure sodium salt 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 H1 surfactant granules 8.0 - - - - Granules of surfactant H2 - 20.0 - - - H3 surfactant granules - - 20.0 - - Granular surfactant V1 - - - 8.0 - Granular surfactant V2 - - - - 8.0 sodium sulphate 12.0 11.0 11.0 12.0 12.0 sodium 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Sodium percarbonate 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Zeolite A 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 polycarboxylate 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 TAED 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 defoamers 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 sodium 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Dissolution rate [s] 50 25 26 65 85

Claims (7)

1. Detergent tablets, characterized in that they contain surfactant granules with a particle size of 0.01 to 60 mm obtained by granulation and compacting of surface-active protein hydrolyzates and/or protein fatty acid condensates in the presence of disintegrators selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides, polyacrylates, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyurethanes, polyethylene glycols, collodion, alginic acids, alginates and layer silicates.
2. Detergent tablets as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that they contain granules in which the proteins or protein derivatives and disintegrators are present in a ratio by weight of 1:10 to 10:1.
3. Detergent tablets as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that they contain the surfactant granules in quantities of 1 to 50% by weight, based on the detergent.
4. Detergent tablets as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that they contain surfactant granules which were compacted before, during or after granulation.
5. Detergent tablets as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that they contain surfactant granules of which those in the 0.1 to 5 mm size range make up less than 25% by weight.
6. Detergent tablets as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that they also contain builders.
7. Detergent tablets as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that they contain the builders in quantities of 10 to 60% by weight.