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EP1175443A1 - Modifizierte exendine und exendin agonisten - Google Patents

Modifizierte exendine und exendin agonisten

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Publication number
EP1175443A1
EP1175443A1 EP00928685A EP00928685A EP1175443A1 EP 1175443 A1 EP1175443 A1 EP 1175443A1 EP 00928685 A EP00928685 A EP 00928685A EP 00928685 A EP00928685 A EP 00928685A EP 1175443 A1 EP1175443 A1 EP 1175443A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
exendin
xaa
agonist
modified
ala
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP00928685A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Andrew Young
Kathryn Prickett
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP
Original Assignee
Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=22452067&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP1175443(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC filed Critical Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC
Priority to EP10011852A priority Critical patent/EP2264064A1/de
Publication of EP1175443A1 publication Critical patent/EP1175443A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/575—Hormones
    • C07K14/57563—Vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP]; Related peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
    • A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
    • A61P5/50—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones for increasing or potentiating the activity of insulin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel modified exendins and exendin agonists having an exendin or exendin agonist peptide linked to one or more polyethylene glycol polymers (or other molecular weight increasing agents) , and related products and methods that are useful, for example, in the treatment of diabetes, including Type 1 and 2 diabetes, in the treatment of disorders which would be benefited by agents which modulate plasma glucose levels, and in the treatment of disorders which would be benefited by the administration of agents useful in modulating glucagon or triglyceride levels, or the rate of gastric emptying or food intake, including obesity, eating disorders, and insulin-resistance syndrome.
  • BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
  • exendins are peptides that are found in the salivary secretions of the Gila monster and the Mexican
  • Exendin-3 [SEQ. ID. NO. 1] is present in the salivary secretions of Heloderma horridum (Mexican Beaded Lizard), and exendin-4 [SEQ. ID. NO. 2] is present in the salivary secretions of Heloderm suspectum (Gila monster) (Eng, J. , et al . , J. Biol . Chem . , 265:20259-62, 1990; Eng, J. , et al . , J. Biol . Chem . , 267:7402-05, 1992).
  • the amino acid sequence of exendin-3 is shown in Figure 1.
  • exendin-4 The amino acid sequence of exendin-4 is shown in Figure 2. Exendin-4 was first thought to be a (potentially toxic) component of the venom. It now appears that exendin-4 is devoid of toxicity, and that it instead is made in salivary glands in the Gila monster.
  • the exendins have some sequence similarity to several members of the glucagon-like peptide family, with the highest homology, 53%, being to GLP-1 [7-36] NH 2 [SEQ. ID. NO. 3] (Goke, et al . , J. Biol . Chem . , 268:19650-55, 1993).
  • GLP- 1[7-36]NH 2 also sometimes referred to as proglucagon [78-107] or simply "GLP-1”
  • GLP-1 has also been reported to inhibit glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells ( ⁇ rsov, et al .
  • GLP- 1 has been reported to inhibit gastric emptying (Willms B, et al . , J. Clin . Endocrinol . Metab . 81 (1): 327-32, 1996; ettergren A, et al . , Dig. Dis . Sci . 38 (4): 665-73, 1993), and gastric acid secretion (Schjoldager BT, et al . , Dig. Dis . Sci . 34 (5): 703-8, 1989; O'Halloran DJ, et al .
  • GLP-l[7-37] which has an additional glycine residue at its carboxy terminus, is reported to stimulate insulin secretion in humans ( ⁇ rsov, et al . , Diabetes, 42:658-61, 1993). Other reports relate to the inhibition of glucagon secretion (Creutzfeldt WOC, et al .
  • GLP-1 has also been reported to restore islet glucose sensitivity in aging rats, restoring their glucose tolerance to that of younger rats (Egan JM, et al . , Diabetologia 1997 Jun;40(Suppl 1) :A130) .
  • the short duration of biological action of GLP-1 in vivo is one feature of the peptide that has hampered its development as a therapeutic agent.
  • Various methods have been tried to prolong the half- life of GLP-1 or GLP-1 (7-37), including attempts to alter their amino acid sequences and to deliver them using certain formulations (see, e . g. , European Patent Application, entitled “Prolonged Delivery of Peptides," by Darley, et al . , publication number 0 619 322 A2, regarding the inclusion of polyethylene glycol in formulations containing GLP-1 (7-37)).
  • exendin-4 can act at GLP-1 receptors in vitro on certain insulin-secreting cells, at dispersed acinar cells from guinea pig pancreas, and at parietal cells from stomach; the peptide is also reported to stimulate somatostatin release and inhibit gastrin release in isolated stomachs (Goke, et al . , J. Biol . Chem . 268:19650-55, 1993; Schepp, et al . , Eur. J. Pharmacol . , 69:183-91, 1994; Eissele, et al . , Life Sci . , 55:629-34, 1994).
  • Exendin-3 and exendin-4 were reportedly found to stimulate cAMP production in, and amylase release from, pancreatic acinar cells (Malhotra, R. , et al . , Regula tory Peptides, 41:149-56, 1992; Raufman, et al . , J. Biol . Chem . 267 :21432-37 , 1992; Singh, et al . , Regul . Pept . 53:47-59, 1994). Exendin-4 has a significantly longer duration of action than GLP-1.
  • Novel exendin agonist compounds are described in commonly owned PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US98/16387 filed August 6, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/055,404, filed August 8, 1997.
  • PEG modification of therapeutic peptides and proteins may yield both advantages and disadvantages. While PEG modification may lead to improved circulation time, reduced antigenicity and immunogenicity, improved solubility, resistance to proteolysis, improved bioavailability, reduced toxicity, improved stability, and easier formulation of peptides (See, Francis et al . , In terna tional Journal of Hema tology, 68:1-18, 1998) problems with PEGylation in most cases is substantial reduction in bioactivity. Id. In addition, most methods involve use of linkers that have several types of adverse effects including immunogenicity, instability, toxicity, and reactivity. Id.
  • the present invention relates to novel modified exendins and exendin agonists having an exendin or exendin agonist linked to one or more molecular weight increasing compounds, of which polyethylene glycol polymers (or other molecular weight increasing agents) , and related products and methods.
  • Such products and methods that are useful for many applications, including, for example, in the treatment of diabetes, including Type 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes (see U.S. patent application serial no.
  • VLDL cholesterol, and/or decreased HDL cholesterol see U.S. provisonal patent application serial no. 60/175,365, entitled, “Use of Exendins and Agonists Thereof for Modulation of Triglyceride Levels and Treatment of Dyslipidemia,” filed January 10, 2000).
  • the methods are also useful for lowering plasma lipid levels, reducing cardiac risk, reducing the appetite, and reducing the weight of subjects.
  • Still other embodiments concern methods for suppressing glucagon secretion (see U.S. provisonal patent application serial no. 60/132,017, entitled, “Methods for Glucagon Suppression,” filed April 30, 1999, which is commonly owned) .
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for use in the methods of the invention are also disclosed.
  • the present invention is related to the surprising discovery that exendin is cleared from the plasma almost entirely by renal filtration, and not primarily by proteolytic degradation, as occurs for many other biologically active peptides, for example, GLP-1.
  • This surprising discovery supports the determination that PEGylation or other modification of exendin or exendin agonists to increase molecular size, will have pharmaceutical benefit.
  • the present invention provides a modified exendin or exendin agonist having an exendin or exendin agonist linked to one or more polyethylene glycol polymers or other molecular weight increasing compounds.
  • a "molecular weight increasing compound” is one that can be conjugated to an exendin or exendin agonist and thereby increase the molecular weight of the resulting conjugate.
  • Representative examples of molecular weight increasing compounds, in addition to PEG, are polyamino acids (e.g., poly-lysine, poly-glutamic acid, and poly-aspartic acid; see Gombotz, et al. (1995), Bioconjugate Chem., vol. 6: 332-351; Hudecz, et al. (1992), Bioconjugate Chem., vol. 3, 49-57; Tsukada, et al. (1984), J. Natl. Cancer Inst., vol 73,: 721-729;
  • albumin see Gombotz, et al. (1995) and the references cited therein
  • succinyl- gelatin see Gombotz, et al . (1995) and the references cited therein
  • (hydroxypropyl) -methacrylamide see Gombotz, et al.
  • the modified exendin or exendin agonist has a molecular weight that is greater than the molecular weight of the exendin or exendin agonist (preferably about 10%, 50% or 90% greater), the modified exendin or exendin agonist has a negative charge that is greater than the negative charge of the exendin or exendin agonist (preferably about 10%, 50% or 90% greater), the modified exendin or exendin agonist has a kidney clearance that is less than the kidney clearance of the exendin or exendin agonist (preferably about 10%, 50% or 90% less), the modified exendin or exendin agonist has a half-life that is greater than the half-life of the exendin or exendin agonist (preferably about 10%, 50% or 90% greater) , the modified exendin or exendin agonist has a immunogenicity/antigenicity that is less than the immunogenicity/antigenicity that is less than the immunogenicity/antigenicity that is less than the immunogenicity/antigenicity that is less than the immunogenicity/antigenicity that
  • the exendin or exendin agonist may be linked to one, two or three polyethylene glycol polymers or other molecular weight increasing agents.
  • the polyethylene glycol polymers (or other molecular weight increasing agents) may preferably have molecular weights between 500 and 20,000.
  • the modified exendin or exendin agonist is one of compounds 201-230, more preferably one of compounds 209, 210 and 213, or one of compounds 201 and 202, or one of compounds 216 and 217 (See Example 4 below) .
  • the polyethylene glycol polymers are preferably linked to an amino, carboxyl, or thio group, and may be linked by N or C termini of side chains of lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine, or alternatively, the polyethylene glycol polymers or other molecular weight increasing agents may be linked with diamine and dicarboxylic groups.
  • the exendin or exendin agonist is preferably linked to the polyethylene glycol polymers or other molecular weight increasing agents through an epsilon amino group on a lysine amino acid of the exendin or exendin agonist.
  • the present invention also features a method of making a modified exendin or exendin agonist. The method involves linking one or more polyethylene glycol polymers or other molecular weight increasing agents to an exendin or exendin agonist. In preferred embodiments, the linking is performed by solid-phase synthesis.
  • the present invention also provides a method of treating a disease benefited by administration of an exendin or exendin agonist.
  • the method involves providing a modified exendin or exendin agonist of the invention to a patient having such a disease and thereby treating the disease.
  • Exemplary diseases include postprandial dumping syndrome, postprandial hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, a condition or disorder which can be alleviated by reducing food intake, obesity, an eating disorder, insulin-resistance syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and a hyperglycemic condition.
  • the postprandial hyperglycemia is a consequence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • the postprandial hyperglycemia is a consequence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance.
  • a pharmaceutical composition contains a modified exendin or exendin agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention also provides a kit.
  • the kit contains a modified exendin or exendin agonist and instructions and/or packaging for use.
  • the kit may also include a document indicating that the kit, its components, or the methods of using them, has received regulatory approval.
  • the present invention also provides a method of beneficially regulating gastro-intestinal motility in a subject. The method involves administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a modified exendin or exendin agonist of the present invention.
  • the methods involve: (a) administering an amount of a modified exendin or exendin agonist of the present invention effective to prevent or reduce the passage of stomach contents to the intestines; and (b) aspirating the contents of the stomach.
  • the invention also provides methods for reducing the appetite or weight, or lowering plasma lipids, of a subject, as well as methods for treating gestational diabetes.
  • the invention also provides methods for reducing the appetite or weight, or lowering plasma lipids, of a subject, as well as methods for treating gestational diabetes. Additional methods include modulating triglyceride levels, and treating subjects suffering from dyslipidemia, as well as suppressing glucagon levels. These and other methods of the invention involve administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a modified exendin or exendin agonist of the present invention.
  • Modified exendins and exendin agonists are useful, for example, as inhibitors of gastric emptying for the treatment of, for example, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
  • the present invention is also directed to novel methods for reducing gastric motility and slowing gastric emptying.
  • the methods involve the administration of a modified exendin or exendin agonist, for example one or more PEG polymers linked to exendin-3 [SEQ ID NO. 1], exendin-4 [SEQ ID NO. 2], or other compounds which effectively bind to the receptor at which exendins exert their action on gastric motility and gastric emptying.
  • exendin agonist is meant a compound which mimics the effects of exendins, e . g. , on gastric motility and gastric emptying (namely, a compound which effectively binds to the receptor at which exendins exert their action on gastric motility and gastric emptying, preferably an analog or derivative of an exendin) or a compound, e . g. , that mimics the effects of exendin on the reduction of food intake by binding to the receptor or receptors where exendin causes this effect.
  • Preferred exendin agonist compounds include those described in United States Patent Application Serial No.
  • the amylin agonist is an amylin or an amylin agonist analog such as 25,28 ' 29 Pro-human-amylin.
  • amylin agonists to treat post-prandial hyperglycemia, as well as to beneficially regulate gastrointestinal motility, is described in International Application No. PCT/US94/10225, published March 16, 1995 which has been incorporated by reference herein.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an insulin or insulin analog is also administered, separately or together with a modified exendin or exendin agonist, to the subject.
  • the subject is a vertebrate, more preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.
  • the modified exendin or exendin agonist of the invention is administered parenterally, more preferably by injection. In a most preferred aspect, the injection is a peripheral injection.
  • about 1 ⁇ g-30 ⁇ g to about 5 mg of the modified exendin or exendin agonist of the invention is administered per day. More preferably, about 1-30 ⁇ g to about 2mg, or about 1-30 ⁇ g to about lmg of the modified exendin or exendin agonist of the invention is administered per day. Most preferably, about 3 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g of the modified exendin or exendin agonist of the invention is administered per day.
  • exendins or exendin agonists for modification and use include: exendin-4 (1-30) [SEQ ID NO 4 : His Gly Glu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp Leu Ser Lys Gin Met Glu Glu Glu Ala Val Arg Leu Phe He Glu Trp Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly] ; exendin-4 (1-30) amide [SEQ ID NO 5: His Gly Glu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp Leu Ser Lys Gin Met Glu Glu Glu Ala Val Arg Leu Phe He Glu Trp Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly-NH 2 ] ; exendin-4 (1-28) amide [SEQ ID NO 6: His Gly Glu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp Leu Ser Lys Gin Met Glu Glu Glu Ala Val Arg Leu Phe He Glu Trp Leu Lys Asn-NH 2 ] ;
  • the modified exendins or exendin agonists may be administered separately or together with one or more other compounds and compositions that exhibit a long term or short-term satiety action, including, but not limited to other compounds and compositions that include an amylin agonist, cholecystokinin (CCK) , or a leptin (ob protein) .
  • Suitable amylin agonists include, for example, [ 25,28,29 Pro-] -human amylin (also known as "pramlintide, " and previously referred to as "AC-137") as described in "Amylin Agonist Peptides and Uses Therefor," U.S. Patent No.
  • CCK-8 CCK octopeptide
  • Leptin is discussed in, for example, Pelleymounter, M.A. , et al . Science 269:540-43 (1995); Halaas, J.L., et al . Science 269:543-46 (1995); and Campfield, L.A., et al . Eur. J. Pharmac . 262:133-41 (1994).
  • the invention also provides compositions and methods for providing therapeutically effective amounts of the modified exendins or exendin agonists of the invention in order to increase urine flow in an individual, decrease the amount of potassium in the urine of an individual, prevent or alleviate a condition or disorder associated with hypervolemia or toxic hypervolemia in an individual, induce rapid diuresis, prepare an individual for a surgical procedure, increase renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rates, or treat pre-eclampsia or eclampsia of pregnancy.
  • amino acid refers to natural amino acids, unnatural amino acids, and amino acid analogs, all in their D and L stereoisomers if their structure allow such stereoisomeric forms.
  • Natural amino acids include alanine (Ala) , arginine (Arg) , asparagine (Asn) , aspartic acid (Asp), cysteine (Cys), glutamine (Gin), glutamic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), histidine (His), isoleucine (He), leucine (Leu), Lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), proline (Pro), serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), typtophan (Trp) , tyrosine (Tyr) and valine (Val) .
  • Unnatural amino acids include, but are not limited to azetidinecarboxylic acid, 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, beta-alanine, aminopropionic acid, 2-aminobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 2-aminoheptanoic acid, 2- aminoisobutyric acid, 3-aminoisbutyric acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, tertiary-butylglycine, 2, 4-diaminoisobutyric acid, desmosine, 2, 2 ' -diaminopimelic acid, 2, 3-diaminopropionic acid, N-ethylglycine, N-ethylasparagine, homoproline, hydroxylysine, allo-hydroxylysine, 3-hydroxyproline, 4- hydroxyproline, isodesmosine, allo-isoleucine, N- methylalanine, N-methylglycine, N-methyl
  • Amino acid analogs include the natural and unnatural amino acids which are chemically blocked, reversibly or irreversibly, or modified on their N- terminal amino group or their side chain groups, as for example, methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfone, S- (carboxymethyl) -cysteine, S- (carboxymethyl) -cysteine sulfoxide and S- (carboxymethyl) -cysteine sulfone.
  • amino acid analog refers to an amino acid wherein either the C-terminal carboxy group, the N-terminal amino group or side chain functional group has been chemically codified to another functional group.
  • aspartic acid- (beta-methyl ester) is an amino acid analog of aspartic acid
  • N-ethylglycine is an amino acid analog of glycine
  • alanine carboxamide is an amino acid analog of alanine.
  • amino acid residue refers to radicals having the structure: (1) -C(0)-R-NH-, wherein R typically is - CH(R')-/ wherein R' is an amino acid side chain, typically H or a carbon containing substitutent ;
  • p is 1, 2, or 3 representing the azetidinecarboxylic acid, proline, or pipecolic acid residues, respectively.
  • the term "lower” referred to herein in connection with organic radicals such as alkyl groups defines such groups with up to and including about 6, preferably up to and including 4 and advantageously one or two carbon atoms. Such groups may be straight chain or branched chain.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes salts of the compounds of the present invention derived from the combination of such compounds and an organic or inorganic acid. In practice the use of the salt form amounts to use of the base form. The compounds of the present invention are useful in both free base and salt form, with both forms being considered as being within the scope of the present invention.
  • ACN or "CH 3 CN” refers to acetonitrile .
  • Boc tBoc or “Tboc” refers to t-butoxy carbonyl .
  • DCC refers to N, N' -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide .
  • Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl refers to fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl .
  • HBTU refers to 2- (lH-benzotriazol-1-yl) -
  • HOBt 1,1,3,3, -tetramethyluronium hexaflurophosphate .
  • homoP or hPro refers to homoproline
  • MeAla or “Nme” refers to N-methylalanine .
  • naph refers to naphthylalanine .
  • pG or pGly refers to pentylglycine .
  • tBuG refers to tertiary-butylglycine .
  • ThioP or tPro refers to thioproline.
  • NAG N-alkylglycine
  • NAPG N-alkylpentylglycine
  • Figure 1 depicts the amino acid sequence for exendin-3 [SEQ. ID. NO. 1] .
  • Figure 2 depicts the amino acid sequence for exendin-4 [SEQ. ID. NO. 2] .
  • Figure 3 depicts the amino acid sequences for certain exendin agonist compounds useful in the present invention [SEQ. ID. NOS. 10 TO 40] .
  • Figure 4 depicts the amino acid sequences for certain compounds of the present invention, Compounds 1-174.
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing the effect of functional nephrectomy on exendin-4 clearance.
  • Figure 6 is a graph showing the terminal decay of exendin-4 plasma levels in nephrectomized and sham subjects.
  • the present invention relates to novel modified exendins and exendin agonists having an exendin or exendin agonist linked to one or more polythylene glycol polymers, and related products and methods that are useful, for example, in the treatment of diabetes, including Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes, in the treatment of disorders which would be benefited by agents which modulate plasma glucose levels or suppress glucagon secretion, and in the treatment of disorders which would be benefited by the administration of agents useful in modulating the rate of gastric emptying or food intake, including obesity, eating disorders, insulin-resistance syndrome, and trigyceride levels, and to treat subjects suffering from dyslipidemia.
  • the methods are also useful for lowering plasma lipid levels, reducing cardiac risk, reducing appetite, and reducing the weight of subjects.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for use in the methods of the invention are also disclosed.
  • modified exendins and exendin agonists of the present invention include one or more PEG polymers linked to an exendin or exendin agonist, such as a naturally occurring exendin, a synthetic exendin or an exendin agonist.
  • Exendin-4 is a naturally occurring peptide isolated from the salivary secretions of the Gila monster. Animal testing of exendin-4 has shown that its ability to lower blood glucose persists for several hours. Exendin-4, a 39- amino acid polypeptide, is synthesized using solid phase synthesis as described herein.
  • exendin-4 As described herein, the nonclinical pharmacology of exendin-4 has been studied. In the brain, exendin-4 binds principally to the area postrema and nucleus tractus soli tarius region in the hindbrain and to the subfornical organ in the forebrain. Exendin-4 binding has been observed in the rat and mouse brain and kidney. The structures to which exendin-4 binds in the kidney are unknown.
  • exendin-4 An insulinotropic action of exendin-4 has also been observed in rodents, improving insulin response to glucose by over 100% in non-fasted Harlan Sprague Dawley (HSD) rats, and by up to ⁇ 10-fold in non-fasted db/db mice. Higher pretreatment plasma glucose concentrations were associated with greater glucose-lowering effects. Thus the observed glucose lowering effect of exendin-4 appears to be glucose- dependent, and minimal if animals are already euglycemic. Exendin-4 dose dependently slowed gastric emptying in HSD rats and was ⁇ 90-fold more potent than GLP-1 for this action.
  • Exendin-4 has also been shown to reduce food intake in NIH/Sw (Swiss) mice following peripheral administration, and was at least 1000 times more potent than GLP-1 for this action. Exendin-4 reduced plasma glucagon concentrations by approximately 40% in anesthetized ZDF rats during hyperinsulinemic, hyperglycemic clamp conditions, but did not affect plasma glucagon concentrations during euglycemic conditions in normal rats. Exendin-4 has been shown to dose-dependently reduce body weight in obese ZDF rats, while in lean ZDF rats, the observed decrease in body weight appears to be transient.
  • modified exendins or exendin agonists containing exendin-4 will be useful in people with type 2 diabetes who retain the ability to secrete insulin. Its effects on food intake, gastric emptying, other mechanisms that modulate nutrient absorption, and glucagon secretion also support the utility of such modified exendins and exendin agonists containing exendin-4, for example, in the treatment of, for example, obesity, type 1 diabetes, and people with type 2 diabetes who have reduced insulin secretion.
  • exendin-4 has been investigated in single-dose studies in mice, rats and monkeys, repeated-dose (up to 28 consecutive daily doses) studies in rats and monkeys and in vi tro tests for mutagenicity and chromosomal alterations. To date, no deaths have occurred, and there have been no observed treatment-related changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, or gross or microscopic tissue changes. Exendin-4 was demonstrated to be non- mutagenic, and did not cause chromosomal aberrations at the concentrations tested (up to 5000 ⁇ g/mL) . In support of the investigation of the nonclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of exendin-4, a number of immunoassays have been developed.
  • a radioimmunoassay with limited sensitivity ( ⁇ 100 pM) was used in initial pharmacokinetic studies.
  • a two-site IRMA assay for exendin- 4 was subsequently validated with a lower limit of quantitation of 15 pM.
  • the bioavailability of exendin-4, given subcutaneously, was found to be approximately 50-80% using the radioimmunoassay. This was similar to that seen following intraperitoneal administration (48-60%). Peak plasma concentrations (C max ) occurred between 30 and 43 minutes (T max ) . Both C max and AUC values were monotonically related to dose.
  • the apparent terminal half-life for exendin-4 given subcutaneously was approximately 90-110 minutes. This was significantly longer than the 14-41 minutes seen following intravenous dosing. Similar results were obtained using the IRMA assay. Degradation studies with exendin-4 compared to GLP-1 indicate that exendin-4 is relatively resistant to degradation.
  • Exendin agonists include exendin peptide analogs in which one or more naturally occurring amino acids are eliminated or replaced with another amino acid(s).
  • Preferred exendin agonists are agonist analogs of exendin-4.
  • Particularly preferred exendin agonists are described in commonly owned PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US98/16387 filed August 6, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds," which claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/055,404, filed August 8, 1997; commonly owned PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US98/24210, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
  • exendin agonists can be indicated, for example, by activity in the assays described below. Effects of exendins or exendin agonists on gastric motility and gastric emptying can be identified, evaluated, or screened for, using the methods described herein, or other art-known or equivalent methods for determining gastric motility. For example, see U.S. patent application serial no. 60/166,899, entitled, "High Affinity Exendin Receptor, " filed November 22, 1999, . Negative receptor assays or screens for exendin agonist compounds or candidate exendin agonist compounds, such as an amylin receptor assay/screen using an amylin receptor preparation as described in U.S. Patent No.
  • one or more calcitonin receptor assays/screens using, for example, T47D and MCF7 breast carcinoma cells, which contain calcium receptors coupled to the stimulation of adenyl cyclase activity, and/or a CGRP receptor assay/screen using, for example, SK- N-MC cells.
  • One such method for use in identifying or evaluating the ability of a compound to slow gastric motility involves: (a) bringing together a test sample and a test system, the test sample containing one or more test compounds, the test system containing a system for evaluating gastric motility, the system being characterized in that it exhibits, for example, elevated plasma glucose in response to the introduction to the system of glucose or a meal; and, (b) determining the presence or amount of a rise in plasma glucose in the system. Positive and/or negative controls may be used as well.
  • compositions including said compounds and salts thereof are also included within the scope of the present invention.
  • Exendin agonist compounds also include those described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/065,442, including compounds of the formula (I) [SEQ ID NO. 41] : Xaai Xaa 2 Xaa 3 Gly Xaa 5 Xaa 6 Xaa 7 Xaa 8 Xaa 9 Xaaio Xaan Xaa i2 Xaa ⁇ 3 Xaa i4 Xaa i5 Xaa ⁇ 6 Xaa ⁇ 7 Ala Xaaig Xaa 2 o Xaa2i Xaa22 Xaa2 3 Xaa2 4 Xaa25 Xaa 2 6 Xaa 2 7 Xaa 2 8 ⁇ Z ⁇ ; wherein
  • Xaa 2 is Ser, Gly, Ala or Thr;
  • Xaa 3 is Asp or Glu
  • Xaa 5 is Ala or Thr
  • Xaa 6 is Ala, Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa is Thr or Ser; Xaa 8 is Ala, Ser or Thr;
  • Xaa 9 is Asp or Glu
  • Xaaio is Ala, Leu, He, Val, pentylglycme or Met;
  • Xaan is Ala or Ser; Xaa i3 is Ala or Gin;
  • Xaai 4 is Ala, Leu, He, pentylglycme, Val or Met;
  • Xaais is Ala or Glu
  • Xaai ⁇ is Ala or Glu
  • Xaa i7 is Ala or Glu
  • Xaaig is Ala or Val
  • Xaa 2 o is Ala or Arg
  • Xaa 2 ⁇ is Ala or Leu
  • Xaa 22 is Ala, Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 23 is He, Val, Leu, pentylglycme, tert-butylglycine or Met ;
  • Xaa 24 is Ala, Glu or Asp
  • Xaa 5 is Ala, Trp, Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 27 is Ala or Lys
  • Zi is-OH, -NH 2 Gly-Z 2 , Gly Gly-Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3 ⁇ -Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser-Z 2 ,
  • Gly Gly Xaa 3 ⁇ Ser Ser Gly AsD-i4956. ⁇ Gly Xaa 3i Ser Ser Gly Ala Xaa 36 -Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser Ser Gly Ala Xaa 36 Xaa 37 -Z 2 or
  • Gly Gly Xaa 3 ⁇ Ser Ser Gly Ala Xaa 36 Xaa 37 Xaa 38 -Z 2 ; Xaa 3 ⁇ , Xaa 36 , Xaa 37 and Xaa 38 are independently Pro, homoproline, 3Hyp, 4Hyp, thioproline, N-alkylglycine, N-alkylpentylglycine or N-alkylalanine; and
  • Z 2 is -OH or -NH 2 ; provided that no more than three of Xaa 3 , Xaa 5 , Xaa 6 , Xaas, Xaaio, Xaan, Xaa ⁇ 2 , X a ⁇ 3 , Xaa ⁇ 4 , Xaais, Xaa 6, Xaa 7 , Xaaig, Xaa 2 o? Xaa 2 ⁇ , Xaa 24 , Xaa 2 s, Xaa26, Xaa 2 and Xaa 2 ⁇ are Ala.
  • N-alkyl groups for N-alkylglycine, N- alkylpentylglycine and N-alkylalanine include lower alkyl groups preferably of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, more preferably of 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Preferred exendin agonist compounds include those wherein Xaai is His or Tyr. More preferably Xaai is His. Preferred are those compounds wherein Xaa 2 is Gly. Preferred are those compounds wherein Xaa i4 is Leu, pentylglycme or Met.
  • Preferred compounds are those wherein Xaa 2 s is Trp or Phe.
  • Preferred compounds are those where Xaa 6 is Phe or naphthylalanine; Xaa 2 is Phe or naphthylalanine and Xaa 3 is He or Val.
  • Xaa 3 ⁇ , Xaa 36 , Xaa 37 and Xaa 38 are independently selected from Pro, homoproline, thioproline and N-alkylalanine.
  • Z x is -NH 2 .
  • Z 2 is -NH 2 .
  • Xaai is His or Tyr, more preferably His;
  • Xaa 2 is Gly;
  • Xaa 6 is Phe or naphthylalanine;
  • Xaa i is Leu, pentylglycme or Met;
  • Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine;
  • Xaa 23 is He or Val;
  • Xaa 3i , Xaa 36 , Xaa 37 and Xaa 38 are independently selected from Pro, homoproline, thioproline or N- alkylalanine. More preferably Zi is -NH 2 .
  • especially preferred compounds include those of formula (I) wherein: Xaai is His or Arg; Xaa2 is Gly or Ala; Xaa 3 is Asp or Glu; Xaa 5 is Ala or Thr; Xaa 6 is Ala, Phe or nephthylalaine; Xaa 7 is Thr or Ser; Xaa 8 is Ala, Ser or Thr; Xaa 9 is Asp or Glu; Xaaio is Ala, Leu or pentylglycme; Xaau is Ala or Ser; Xaa 2 is Ala or Lys; Xaa ⁇ 3 is Ala or Gin; Xaa ⁇ 4 is Ala, Leu or pentylglycme; Xaa i5 is Ala or Glu; Xaa ⁇ 6 is Ala or Glu; Xaa ⁇ 7 is Ala or Glu; Xaai is Ala or Val
  • Xaa2i, Xaa2 4 , Xaa25, Xaa26? Xaa2 7 and Xaa 2 8 are Ala.
  • Especially preferred compounds include those set forth in PCT application Serial No. PCT/US98/24210, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds” identified therein as compounds 2-23.
  • Xaa i4 is Leu, He, Val or pentylglycine, more preferably Leu or pentylglycine
  • Xaa 2 s is Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine, more preferably Phe or naphthylalanine.
  • Exendin agonist compounds also include those described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/066,029, including compounds of the formula (II) [SEQ ID NO. 42] :
  • Xaai is His, Arg, Tyr, Ala, Norval, Val or Norleu
  • Xaa 2 is Ser, Gly, Ala or Thr
  • Xaa 3 is Ala, Asp or Glu
  • Xaa 4 is Ala, Norval, Val, Norleu or Gly;
  • Xaa 5 is Ala or Thr
  • Xaa 6 is Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 7 is Thr or Ser
  • Xaa 8 is Ala, Ser or Thr;
  • Xaag is Ala, Norval, Val, Norleu, Asp or Glu;
  • Xaaio is Ala, Leu, He, Val, pentylglycine or Met;
  • Xaan is Ala or Ser
  • Xaa ⁇ 2 is Ala or Lys
  • Xaa ⁇ 3 is Ala or Gin
  • Xaai 4 is Ala, Leu, He, pentylglycine, Val or Met;
  • Xaa ⁇ is Ala or Glu
  • Xaai is Ala or Glu
  • X ig is Ala or Val
  • Xaa 2 o is Ala or Arg
  • Xaa 2 ⁇ is Ala or Leu
  • Xaa 22 is Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 23 is He, Val, Leu, pentylglycine, tert-butylglycine or
  • Xaa 24 is Ala, Glu or Asp
  • Xaa 25 is Ala, Trp, Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 28 is Ala or Asn
  • Xaa 3 ⁇ , Xaa 36 , Xaa 37 and Xaa 38 are independently Pro, homoproline, 3Hyp, 4Hyp, thioproline, N-alkylglycine, N-alkylpentylglycine or N-alkylalanine; and Z 2 is -OH or -NH 2 ; provided that no more than three of Xaa 3 , Xaa 4 , Xaa 5 , Xaa 6 , Xaa 8 , Xaag, Xaaio, Xaan, Xaa ⁇ , Xaa 3 , Xaai , Xaais, Xaaig, Xaa7, Xaag, Xaa 2 o, Xaa 2 ⁇ , Xaa2 , Xaa 2 s, Xaa 26 , Xaa 27 and Xaa 28 are Ala; and
  • N-alkyl groups for N-alkylglycine, N- alkylpentylglycine and N-alkylalanine include lower alkyl groups preferably of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, more preferably of 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable compounds of formula (II) include those described in application Serial No. PCT/US98/24273, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds", identified therein in Examples 1-89 ("Compounds 1-89,” respectively), as well as those corresponding compounds identified therein in Examples 104 and 105.
  • Preferred such exendin agonist compounds include those wherein Xaa x is His, Ala or Norval. More preferably Xaa x is His or Ala. Most preferably Xaai is His.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (II) are those wherein Xaa 25 is Trp or Phe.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (II) are those where Xaa 6 is Ala, Phe or naphthylalanine; Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine; and Xaa 23 is He or Val.
  • Z x is -NH 2 .
  • Z 2 is -NH 2 .
  • Xaai is Ala, His or Tyr, more preferably Ala or His
  • Xaa 2 is Ala or Gly
  • Xaa 6 is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa i4 is Ala, Leu, pentylglycine or Met
  • Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 3 is He or Val
  • Xaa 3i , Xaa 3 g, Xaa 37 and Xaa 38 are independently selected from Pro, homoproline, thioproline or N-alkylalanine
  • Xaa 39 is Ser or Tyr, more preferably Ser. More preferably Zi is -NH 2 .
  • especially preferred compounds include those of formula (II) wherein: Xaai is His or Ala; Xaa 2 is Gly or Ala; Xaa 3 is Ala, Asp or Glu; Xaa is Ala or Gly; Xaa 5 is Ala or Thr; Xaa 6 is Phe or naphthylalanine; Xaa 7 is Thr or Ser; Xaa 8 is Ala, Ser or Thr; Xaa 9 is Ala, Asp or Glu; Xaaio is Ala, Leu or pentylglycine; Xaan is Ala or Ser; Xaa ⁇ 2 is Ala or Lys; Xaa i3 is Ala or Gin; Xaa i4 is Ala, Leu, Met or pentylglycine; Xaa i5 is Ala or Glu; Xaaig is Ala or Glu; Xaa ⁇ 7 is Al
  • Xaa 25 , Xaa 26 , Xaa 27 and Xaa 28 are Ala; and provided also that, if Xaai is His, Arg or Tyr, then at least one of Xaa 3 , Xaa 4 and Xaa 9 is Ala.
  • Especially preferred compounds of formula (II) include those described in application Serial No. PCT/US98/24273, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds" as having the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. NOS. 5-93 therein.
  • Xaa i4 is Ala, Leu, He, Val or pentylglycine, more preferably Leu or pentylglycine
  • Xaa 2 5 is Ala, Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine, more preferably Phe or naphthylalanine.
  • narrower genera of compounds having peptides of various lengths for example genera of compounds which do not include peptides having a length of 28, 29 or 30 amino acid residues, respectively.
  • present invention includes narrower genera of compounds described in PCT application Serial No. PCT/US98/24210, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds” and having particular amino acid sequences, for example, compounds of the formula (III) [SEQ. ID. NO. 43] :
  • Xaai Xaa 2 Xaa 3 Gly Xaa 5 Xaa 6 Xaa 7 Xaa 8 Xaag Xaa 10 Xaan Xaa X2 Xaa 3 Xaa ⁇ 4 Xaais X a g Xaa7 Ala Xaa ⁇ 8 Xaai Xaa 2 o Xaa ⁇ Xaa 2 2 Xaa2 3 Xaa24 Xaa 2 s Xaa 2 g Xaa 2 7 Xaa 28 — Zi;
  • Xaa 2 is Gly or Ala; Xaa 3 is Asp or Glu;
  • Xaa 5 is Ala or Thr
  • Xaa 6 is Ala, Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 7 is Thr or Ser
  • Xaa 8 is Ala, Ser or Thr; Xaaio is Ala, Leu or pentylglycine;
  • Xaan is Ala or Ser
  • Xaa ⁇ 3 is Ala or Gin
  • Xaai4 is Ala, Leu or pentylglycine; Xaais is Ala or Glu;
  • Xaaig is Ala or Glu
  • Xaa ⁇ 9 is Ala or Val
  • Xaa 20 is Ala or Arg; Xaa 2 ⁇ is Ala or Leu;
  • Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 23 is He, Val or tert-butylglycine
  • Xaa 25 is Ala, Trp, or Phe;
  • Xaa 26 is Ala or Leu;
  • Xaa 2 is Ala or Lys
  • Xaa 28 is Ala or Asn
  • Zi is -OH, -NH 2 , Gly-Z 2 ,
  • Gly Gly -Z 2 Gly Gly Xaa 3X -Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser-Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser Ser-Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser Ser Gly-Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser Ser Gly Ala-Z 2 ,
  • Xaa 3 ⁇ Ser Ser Gly Ala Xaa 36 Xaa 37 Xaa 38 -Z 2 ; Xaa 3 ⁇ , Xaa 3 g, Xaa 37 and Xaa 38 are independently selected from the group consisting of Pro, homoproline, thioproline and N-methylylalanine; and
  • Z 2 is -OH or -NH 2 ; provided that no more than three of Xaa 3 , Xaa 5 , Xaa 6 , Xaa 8 , Xaaio, X an, Xaai2, Xaa ⁇ 3 , Xaa 4 , Xaais, Xaag, Xaa ⁇ 7 , Xaa ⁇ 9 ,
  • Xaa 2 o, Xaa 2 ⁇ , Xaa 24 , Xaa 2 s, Xaa 2 6, Xaa 7 and Xaa8 are Ala; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the present invention includes narrower genera of peptide compounds described in PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US98/24273, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds" as having particular amino acid sequences, for example, compounds of the formula [IV] [SEQ. ID. NO. 44] :
  • Xaa 2 is Gly or Ala ;
  • Xaa 3 is Ala , Asp or Glu
  • Xaag is Phe or naphthylalanine ;
  • Xaa 7 is Thr or Ser;
  • Xaa 8 is Ala, Ser or Thr;
  • Xaa 9 is Ala, Asp or Glu;
  • Xaaio is Ala, Leu or pentylglycine;
  • Xaan is Ala or Ser;
  • Xaa B is Ala or Gin;
  • Xaa X4 is Ala, Leu, Met or pentylglycine; Xaais is Ala or Glu; Xaai is Ala or Glu; Xaa i is Ala or Glu; Xaaig is Ala or Val; Xaa 2 o is Ala or Arg; Xaa i is Ala or Leu; Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine;
  • Xaa 23 is He, Val or tert-butylglycine;
  • Xaa 24 is Ala, Glu or Asp;
  • Xaa 25 is Ala, Trp or Phe;
  • Xaa 26 is Ala or Leu;
  • Zi is -OH, -NH 2 , Gly-Z 2 , Gly Gly-Z 2
  • Gly Gly Xaa 3i -Z 2 Gly Gly Xaa 3X Ser-Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser Ser-Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser Ser-Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3X Ser Ser Gly-Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser Ser Gly Ala-Z 2 , Gly Gly Xaa 3i Ser Ser Gly Ala Xaa 36 -Z 2 ,
  • Xaa 3 ⁇ , Xaa 3 g, Xaa 37 and Xaa 38 are independently Pro, homoproline, thioproline, or
  • Z 2 is -OH or -NH 2 ; provided that no more than three of Xaa 3 , Xaa 5 , Xaa 6 , Xaa 8 , Xaa o, Xaan, Xaa ⁇ 2 , Xaa ⁇ 3 , Xaai4, Xaais, Xaaig, Xaai 7 , Xaaig, Xaa 20 , Xaa 2 ⁇ , Xaa 2 , Xaa 2 5, Xaa 26 , Xaa 2 , and Xaa 8 are Ala; and provided that, if Xaai is His, Arg or Tyr, then at least one of Xaa 3 , Xaa 4 and Xaag is Ala; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaai is His, Ala, Norval or 4-imidazopropionyl .
  • Xaai is His, or 4-imidazopropionyl or Ala, more preferably His or 4-imidazopropionyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaa 2 is Gly.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaa 4 is Ala.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaa 9 is Ala.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaa ⁇ 4 is Leu, pentylglycine or Met.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaa 25 is Trp or Phe.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaa 6 is Ala, Phe or naphthylalanine; Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine; and Xaa 23 is He or Val.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Zi is -NH 2 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaa ⁇ , Xaa 3 g, Xaa 3 7 and Xaa 38 are independently selected from the group consisting of Pro, homoproline, thioproline and N-alkylalanine.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaa 39 is Ser or Tyr, preferably Ser.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Z 2 is -NH 2 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Zi is -NH 2 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xaa 2 ⁇ is Lys-NH ⁇ -R where R is Lys, Arg, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 0 straight chain or branched alkanoyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those wherein Xi is Lys Asn, Lys-NH ⁇ -R Asn, or Lys-NH ⁇ -R Ala where R is Lys, Arg, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 0 straight chain or branched alkanoyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (IV) include those having an amino acid sequence described in PCT application Serial No. PCT/US98/24273, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds" as being selected from SEQ. ID. NOS. 95-110 therein.
  • Xaai is His , Arg or Tyr or 4 -imidazopropionyl ;
  • Xaa 2 is Ser , Gly, Ala or Thr ;
  • Xaa 3 is Asp or Glu;
  • Xaa 5 is Ala or Thr ;
  • Xaag is Ala, Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 7 is Thr or Ser
  • Xaa 8 is Ala, Ser or Thr;
  • Xaaio is Ala, Leu, He, Val, pentylglycine or Met;
  • Xaan is Ala or Ser
  • Xaa i2 is Ala or Lys
  • Xaa ⁇ is Ala or Gin
  • Xaa i4 is Ala, Leu, He, pentylglycine, Val or Met;
  • Xaa 15 is Ala or Glu
  • Xaa i6 is Ala or Glu
  • Xaa i7 is Ala or Glu
  • Xaa 2 ⁇ is Ala, Leu or Lys-NH ⁇ -R where R is Lys, Arg, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 0 straight chain or branched alkanoyl or cycloalkylalkanoyl;
  • Xaa 22 is Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 23 is He, Val, Leu, pentylglycine, tert-butylglycine or Met;
  • Xaa 24 is Ala, Glu or Asp
  • Xaa 25 is Ala, Trp, Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xi is Lys Asn, Asn Lys, Lys-NH ⁇ -R Asn, Asn Lys-NH ⁇ -R, Lys-NH ⁇ R Ala, Ala Lys-NH ⁇ -R where R is Lys, Arg, Ci-Cio straight chain or branched alkanoyl or cycloalkylalkanoyl Zi is -OH,
  • Gly Gly-Z 2 Gly Gly Xaa 3i -Z 2 ,
  • Xaa 3 ⁇ , Xaa 3 g, Xaa 3 7 and Xaa 38 are independently selected from the group consisting of Pro, homoproline, 3Hyp, 4Hyp, thioproline,
  • N-alkylglycine N-alkylpentylglycine
  • Z 2 is -OH or -NH 2 ; provided that no more than three of Xaa 3 , Xaa 5 , Xaag, Xaa 8 , Xaao, Xaan, Xaa ⁇ 2 , Xaa ⁇ 3 , Xaa ⁇ 4 , Xaas, Xaaig, Xa i7, Xaaig, Xaa 0 , Xaa 2 ⁇ , Xaa4, Xaa 25 , and Xaa 26 are Ala. Also within the scope of the present invention are pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound of formula (V) and pharmaceutical compositions including said compounds and salts thereof.
  • Preferred exendin agonist compounds of formula (V) include those wherein Xaai is His, Tyr or 4-imidazopropionyl. More preferably Xaai is His.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (V) are those wherein Xaai 4 is Leu, pentylglycine or Met.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (V) are those wherein
  • Xaa 6 is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 23 is He or Val.
  • Zi is -NH 2 .
  • especially preferred are such compounds of formula (V) wherein Xaa 3i , Xaa 3e , Xaa 37 and Xaa 38 are independently selected from the group consisting of Pro, homoproline, thioproline and N- alkylalanine . More preferreds, Z 2 is -NH 2 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula (V) include those wherein Xi is Lys Asn, Lys-NH ⁇ -R Asn, or Lys-NH ⁇ -R Ala where R is Lys, Arg, Ci-Cio straight chain or branched alkanoyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (V) include compounds described in PCT application Serial No. PCT/US98/24210, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds" and identified therein as Compound Nos. 62-69.
  • Preferred such exendin agonist compounds include those wherein Xaa x is His, Ala or Norval. More preferably Xaai is His or Ala. Most preferably Xaai is His.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (V) are those wherein Xaa 25 is Trp or Phe.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (V) are those where Xaag is Ala, Phe or naphthylalanine; Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine; and Xaa 23 is He or Val.
  • Zi is -NH 2 .
  • Z 2 is -NH 2 .
  • Xaai is Ala, His or Tyr, more preferably Ala or His
  • Xaa 2 is Ala or Gly
  • Xaa 5 is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa ⁇ 4 is Ala, Leu, pentylglycine or Met
  • Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 23 is He or Val
  • Xaa 3 ⁇ , Xaa 3 g, Xaa 37 and Xaa 3 s are independently selected from Pro, homoproline, thioproline or N-alkylalanine
  • Xaa 3 g is Ser or Tyr, more preferably Ser. More preferably Zi is -NH 2 .
  • especially preferred compounds include those of formula (V) wherein: Xaai is His or Ala; Xaa 2 is Gly or Ala; Xaa 3 is Ala, Asp or Glu; Xaa 4 is Ala or Gly; Xaa 5 is Ala or Thr; Xaag is Phe or naphthylalanine; Xaa 7 is Thr or Ser; Xaa 8 is Ala, Ser or Thr; Xaa 9 is Ala, Asp or Glu; Xaaio is Ala, Leu or pentylglycine; Xaan is Ala or Ser; Xaa ⁇ 2 is Ala or Lys; Xaa ⁇ 3 is Ala or Gin; Xaai 4 is Ala, Leu, Met or pentylglycine; Xaais is Ala or Glu; Xaaig is Ala or Glu; Xaan is Ala or Glu;
  • Xaa 25 , Xaa g, Xaa7 and Xaa 28 are Ala; and provided also that, if Xaai is His, Arg or Tyr, then at least one of Xaa 3 , Xaa and Xaa 9 is Ala.
  • Especially preferred compounds of formula (V) include those described in PCT application Serial No. PCT/US98/24210, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds" and having the amino acid sequences identified therein as SEQ. ID. NOS. 5-93.
  • Xaa i4 is Ala, Leu, He, Val or pentylglycine, more preferably Leu or pentylglycine
  • Xaa 2 5 is Ala, Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine, more preferably Phe or naphthylalanine.
  • Xaa 4 is Ala, Norval, Val, Norleu or Gly;
  • Xaa 5 is Ala or Thr;
  • Xaa ⁇ is Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine; Xaa 7 is Thr or Ser; Xaa 8 is Ala, Ser or Thr;
  • Xaa 9 is Ala, Norval, Val, Norleu, Asp or Glu
  • Xaaio is Ala, Leu, He, Val, pentylglycine or Met
  • Xaan is Ala or Ser
  • Xaa i2 is Ala or Lys
  • Xaa i3 is Ala or Gin
  • Xaa 23 is He, Val, Leu, pentylglycine, tert-butylglycine or Met;
  • Xaa 2 is Ala, Glu or Asp;
  • Xaa 25 is Ala, Trp, Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xi is Lys Asn, Asn Lys, Lys-NH ⁇ -R Asn, Asn Lys-NH ⁇ -R, Lys-NH ⁇ - R Ala, Ala Lys-NH ⁇ -R where R is Lys, Arg, C ⁇ -C ⁇ 0 straight chain or branched alkanoyl or cycloalkylalkanoyl Zi is -OH,
  • Gly Gly-Z 2 Gly Gly Xaa 3i -Z 2 ,
  • N-alkylglycine N-alkylpentylglycine
  • Z 2 is -OH or -NH 2 ; provided that no more than three of Xaa 3 , Xaa 4 , Xaa 5 , Xaa 6 , Xaa 8 , Xaag, Xaaio, X an, a ⁇ 2 , Xaa ⁇ , Xaa ⁇ 4 , Xaais, X a , Xaai7, Xaaig, Xaa 2 o, Xaa 2 ⁇ , Xaa 24 , Xaa2s, Xaa 2 g, are Ala; and provided also that, if Xaai is His, Arg, Tyr, or 4- imidazopropionyl then at least one of Xaa 3 , Xaa 4 and Xaag is Ala.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaai is His, Ala, Norval or 4-imidazopropionyl.
  • Xaai is His, or 4-imidazopropionyl or Ala, more preferably His or 4-imidazopropionyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaa 2 is Gly.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaa 4 is Ala.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaag is Ala.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaa ⁇ 4 is Leu, pentylglycine or Met.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaa 25 is Trp or Phe.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaa 6 is Ala, Phe or naphthylalanine; Xaa 22 is Phe or naphthylalanine; and Xaa 23 is He or Val.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Zi is -NH 2 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaa 3 ⁇ , Xaa 36 , Xaa 37 and Xaa 38 are independently selected from the group consisting of Pro, homoproline, thioproline and N-alkylalanine.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaa 3g is Ser or Tyr, preferably Ser.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Z 2 is -NH 2 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those 42 wherein Zi is -NH 2 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xaa 2i is Lys-NH ⁇ -R where R is Lys, Arg, C ⁇ -C ⁇ o straight chain or branched alkanoyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those wherein Xi is Lys Asn, Lys-NH ⁇ -R Asn, or Lys-NH ⁇ -R Ala where R is Lys, Arg, Ci-Cio straight chain or branched alkanoyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula (VI) include those described in PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US98/24273, filed November 13, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds” as having an amino acid sequence selected from those identified therein as SEQ. ID. NOS. 95-110.
  • Xaa 3 is Asp or Glu
  • Xaa 4 is Phe, Tyr or naphthalanine
  • Xaa 5 is Thr or Ser
  • Xaa 6 is Ser or Thr
  • Xaa 7 is Asp or Glu
  • Xaas is Leu, He, Val, pentylglycine or Met
  • Xaa g is Leu, He, pentylglycine, Val or Met
  • Xaaio is Phe, Tyr or naphthalanine
  • Xaan is He, Val, Leu, pentylglycine, tert- butylglycine or Met
  • Xaa i2 is Glu or Asp
  • Xaa i3 is Trp, Phe, Tyr, or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa ⁇ 4 , Xaais, Xaaig and Xaa ⁇ 7 are independently Pro, homoproline, 3Hyp, 4
  • N-alkyl groups for N- alkylglycine, N-alkylpentylglycine and N-alkylalanine include lower alkyl groups preferably of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, more preferably of 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable compounds include those having amino acid sequences of SEQ. ID. NOS. 10 to 40.
  • Also useful in the present invention are pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (VII) .
  • Preferred exendin agonist compounds include those wherein Xaai is His or Tyr. More preferably Xaai is His. Preferred are those compounds wherein Xaa 2 is Gly. Preferred are those compounds wherein Xaa 9 is Leu, pentylglycine or Met.
  • Preferred compounds include those wherein Xaa ⁇ 3 is Trp or Phe. Also preferred are compounds where Xaa 4 is Phe or naphthalanine; Xaan is He or Val and Xaa ⁇ 4 , Xaais, Xaa i6 and Xaa i7 are independently selected from Pro, homoproline, thioproline or N-alkylalanine. Preferably N-alkylalanine has a N-alkyl group of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. According to an especially preferred aspect, Xaa ⁇ 5 , Xaai and Xaa i7 are the same amino acid reside.
  • Xaa ⁇ 8 is Ser or Tyr, more preferably Ser.
  • Z is -NH 2 .
  • especially preferred compounds include those of formula (VII) wherein: Xaai is His or Arg; Xaa 2 is Gly; Xaa 3 is Asp or Glu; Xaa 4 is 52
  • Xaa 5 is Thr or Ser
  • Xaa 6 is Ser or Thr
  • Xaa 7 is Asp or Glu
  • Xaa 8 is Leu or pentylglycine
  • Xaa 9 is Leu or pentylglycine
  • Xaaio is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaan is He, Val or t-butyltylglycine
  • Xaa i2 is Glu or Asp
  • Xaa ⁇ 3 is Trp or Phe
  • Xaa ⁇ 4 , Xaais, Xaa ⁇ 6 , and Xaa ⁇ 7 are independently Pro, homoproline, thioproline, or N- methylalanine
  • Xaa X8 is Ser or Tyr: and Z is -OH or -NH 2 ; with the proviso that the compound does not have the formula of either SEQ. ID. NOS. 1 or 2. More preferably Z is
  • Xaa 9 is Leu, He, Val or pentylglycine, more preferably Leu or pentylglycine
  • Xaa i3 is Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine, more preferably Phe or naphthylalanine.
  • Xaai is His, Arg, Tyr or 4-imidazopropionyl
  • Xaa 2 is Ser, Gly, Ala or Thr
  • Xaa 3 is Asp or Glu
  • Xaa 4 is Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaa 5 is Thr or Ser
  • Xaa ⁇ is Ser or Thr
  • Xaa 7 is Asp or Glu
  • Xaa 8 is Leu, He, Val, pentylglycine or Met
  • Xaag is Leu, He, pentylglycine, Val or Met
  • Xaaio is Phe, Tyr or naphthylalanine
  • Xaan is He, Val, Leu, pentylglycine, tert-butylglycine or Met
  • Xaai 2 is Glu or Asp
  • Xaai 2 is Glu or Asp
  • Xaai 2 is Glu or Asp
  • Suitable compounds of formula (VIII) include compounds described in PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US98/16387, filed August 6, 1998, entitled “Novel Exendin Agonist Compounds" having the amino acid sequences of SEQ. ID. NOS. 37-40 therein.
  • Preferred exendin agonist compounds of formula (VIII) include those wherein Xaai is His, Tyr or 4-imidazopropionyl. More preferably, Xaai is His or 4-imidazopropionyl.
  • Xaa 4 is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaaio is Phe or naphthylalanine
  • Xaan is He or Val
  • Xaa i4 , Xaa X5 , Xaa i6 and Xaa i7 are independently selected from Pro, homoproline, thioproline or N-alkylalanine.
  • Xaais is Ser or Tyr.
  • Z is -NH 2 .
  • the modified exendins and exendin agonists of the present invention may be made by linking one or more polyethylene glycol polymers or other molecular weight increasing agents to an exendin or exendin agonist.
  • the synthesis of exendins and exendin agonists is thus described first, followed by methodology for linking the polyethylene glycol polymer (s) to the exendin or exendin agonist.
  • Exendins and exendin agonist compounds such as exendin analogs and exendin derivatives, described herein may be prepared through peptide purification as described in, for example, Eng, et al . , J. Biol .
  • exendins and exendin agonist peptides may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in Raufman, et al . ( J. Biol . Chem . 267 :21432-37 , 1992), hereby incorporated by reference herein, using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis techniques and preferably an automated or semiautomated peptide synthesizer.
  • the compounds that constitute active ingredients of the formulations and dosages of the present invention may be prepared using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis techniques and preferably an automated or semiautomated peptide synthesizer.
  • an ⁇ -N-carbamoyl protected amino acid and an amino acid attached to the growing peptide chain on a resin are coupled at room temperature in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone or methylene chloride in the presence of coupling agents such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in the presence of a base such as diisopropylethylamine .
  • the ⁇ -N- carbamoyl protecting group is removed from the resulting peptide-resin using a reagent such as trifluoroacetic acid or piperidine, and the coupling reaction repeated with the next desired N-protected amino acid to be added to the peptide chain.
  • a reagent such as trifluoroacetic acid or piperidine
  • Suitable N-protecting groups are well known in the art, with t-butyloxycarbonyl (tBoc) and fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) being preferred herein.
  • the solvents, amino acid derivatives and 4- methylbenzhydryl-amine resin used in the peptide synthesizer may be purchased from Applied Biosystems Inc. (Foster City, CA) .
  • the following side chain-protected amino acids may be purchased from Applied Biosystems, Inc.: BSD-112344.1- Arg(Pmc), Boc-Thr (Bzl) , Fmoc-Thr (t-Bu) , Boc-Ser (Bzl) , Fmoc- Ser(t-Bu), Boc-Tyr (BrZ) , Fmoc-Tyr (t-Bu) , Boc-Lys (Cl-Z) , Fmoc-Lys (Boc) , Boc-Glu (Bzl) , Fmoc-Glu (t-Bu) , Fmoc-His (Trt ) , Fmoc-Asn (Trt) , and Fmoc-Gln (Tr
  • Boc-His may be purchased from Applied Biosystems, Inc. or Bachem Inc. (Torrance, CA) .
  • Anisole, dimethylsulfide, phenol, ethanedithiol, and thioanisole may be obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI). Air Products and
  • Solid phase peptide synthesis may be carried out with an automatic peptide synthesizer (Model 430A, Applied
  • Boc-peptide-resins may be cleaved with HF (-50°C to 0°C, 1 hour) .
  • the peptide may be extracted from the resin with alternating water and acetic acid, and the filtrates lyophilized.
  • the Fmoc-peptide resins may be cleaved according to standard methods (Introduction to Cleavage Techniques, Applied Biosystems, Inc., 1990, pp. 6-12). Peptides may also be assembled using an Advanced Chem Tech Synthesizer (Model MPS 350, Louisville, Kentucky) .
  • Peptides may be purified by RP-HPLC (preparative and analytical) using a Waters Delta Prep 3000 system.
  • a C4, C8 or C18 preparative column (10 ⁇ , 2.2 x 25 cm; Vydac, Hesperia, CA) may be used to isolate peptides, and purity may be determined using a C4, C8 or C18 analytical column (5 ⁇ , 0.46 x 25 cm; Vydac).
  • Amino acid analyses may be performed on the Waters Pico Tag system and processed using the Maxima program.
  • Peptides may be hydrolyzed by vapor-phase acid hydrolysis (115°C, 20-24 h) .
  • Hydrolysates may be derivatized and analyzed by standard methods (Cohen, et al . , The Pico Tag Method: A Manual of Advanced Techniques for Amino Acid Analysis, pp. 11-52, Millipore Corporation, Milford, MA (1989) ) .
  • Fast atom bombardment analysis may be carried out by M-Scan, Incorporated (West Chester, PA) .
  • Mass calibration may be performed using cesium iodide or cesium iodide/glycerol .
  • Plasma desorption ionization analysis using time of flight detection may be carried out on an Applied Biosystems Bio-Ion 20 mass spectrometer. Electrospray mass spectroscopy may be carried and on a VG- Trio machine.
  • Peptide active ingredient compounds useful in the formulations and dosages of the invention may also be prepared using recombinant DNA techniques, using methods now known in the art. See, e . g. , Sambrook et al . , Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbor (1989). Alternatively, such compounds may be prepared by homogeneous phase peptide synthesis methods. Non-peptide compounds useful in the present invention may be prepared by art-known methods. For example, phosphate-containing amino acids and peptides containing such amino acids, may be prepared using methods known in the art. See, e . g. , Bartlett and Landen, Biorg. Chem . 14:356-377 (1986).
  • the attachment of a PEG on an intact peptide or protein can be accomplished by coupling to amino, carboxyl or thiol groups. These groups will typically be the N and C termini and on the side chains of such naturally occurring amino acids as lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cysteine. Since exendin-4 and other exendins and exendin agonists can be prepared by solid phase peptide chemistry techniques, a variety of moieties containing diamino and dicarboxylic groups with orthogonal protecting groups can be introduced for conjugation to PEG.
  • the present invention also provides for conjugation of an exendin or exendin agonist to one or more polymers other than polyethylene glycol which can regulate kidney clearance in a manner similar to polyethylene glycol. Examples of such polymers include albumin and gelatin. See, Gombotz and Pettit, Bioconj uga te Chem . , 6:332-351, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the formulations and dosages described herein are useful in view of their pharmacological properties.
  • the compounds of the invention possess activity as agents to reduce food intake and as agents to regulate gastric motility and to slow gastric emptying, as evidenced by the ability to inhibit gastric emptying levels in mammals. They can be used to treat conditions or diseases which can be alleviated by reducing food intake or regulating gastric motility.
  • the formulations and dosages of the invention are also effective as exendins and exendin agonists, and possess activity as agents to lower blood glucose, and to regulate gastric motility and to slow gastric emptying, as evidenced by the ability to reduce post-prandial glucose levels in mammals.
  • the compounds of the present invention are useful in in vi tro and in vivo scientific methods for investigation of exendins and exendin agonists for example in methods such as those described herein.
  • the compounds referenced above may form salts with various inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • Such salts include salts prepared with organic and inorganic acids, for example, HCl, HBr, H 2 S0 4 , H 3 P0 4 , trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, methanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and camphorsulfonic acid.
  • Salts prepared with bases include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts, e . g. , sodium and potassium salts, and alkali earth salts, e . g. , calcium and magnesium salts.
  • Acetate, hydrochloride, and trifluoroacetate salts are preferred.
  • the salts may be formed by conventional means, as by reacting the free acid or base forms of the product with one or more equivalents of the appropriate base or acid in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble, or in a solvent such as water which is then removed in vacuo or by freeze-drying or by exchanging the ions of an existing salt for another ion on a suitable ion exchange resin.
  • Modified exendin and exendin agonist formulations and dosages of the invention are useful in view of their exendin-like effects, and may conveniently be provided in the form of formulations suitable for parenteral (including intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous) administration. Also described herein are formulations and dosages useful in alternative delivery routes, including oral, nasal, buccal, sublingual and pulmonary.
  • formulations and dosages useful in alternative delivery routes including oral, nasal, buccal, sublingual and pulmonary.
  • the feasibility of alternate routes of delivery for exendin-4 has been explored by measuring exendin-4 in the circulation in conjunction with observation of a biologic response, such as plasma glucose lowering in diabetic animals, after administration. Passage of exendin-4 has been investigated across several surfaces, the respiratory tract (nasal, tracheal and pulmonary routes) and the gut (sublingual, gavage and intraduodenal routes).
  • a modified exendin or exendin agonist either co-formulated or separately with other glucose lowering agents such as insulin.
  • a suitable administration format may best be determined by a medical practitioner for each patient individually. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and their formulation are described in standard formulation treatises, e . g. , Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E.W. Martin. See also Wang, Y.J. and Hanson, M.A. "Parenteral Formulations of Proteins and Peptides: Stability and Stabilizers," Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Technical Report No. 10, Supp. 42:2S (1988).
  • compositions useful in the invention can be provided as parenteral compositions for injection or infusion. They can, for example, be suspended in an inert oil, suitably a vegetable oil such as sesame, peanut, olive oil, or other acceptable carrier. Preferably, they are suspended in an aqueous carrier, for example, in an isotonic buffer solution at a pH of about 4.0 to about 7.4. These compositions may be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH buffering agents. Useful buffers include for example, sodium acetate/acetic acid buffers. A form of repository or "depot" slow release preparation may be used so that therapeutically effective amounts of the preparation are delivered into the bloodstream over many hours or days following transdermal injection or delivery.
  • the desired isotonicity may be accomplished using sodium chloride or other pharmaceutically acceptable agents such as dextrose, boric acid, sodium tartrate, propylene glycol, polyols (such as mannitol and sorbitol), or other inorganic or organic solutes.
  • sodium chloride is preferred particularly for buffers containing sodium ions.
  • the claimed compounds can also be formulated as pharmaceutically acceptable salts (e.g., acid addition salts) and/or complexes thereof.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic salts at the concentration at which they are administered. The preparation of such salts can facilitate the pharmacological use by altering the physical-chemical characteristics of the composition without preventing the composition from exerting its physiological effect. Examples of useful alterations in physical properties include lowering the melting point to facilitate transmucosal administration and increasing the solubility to facilitate the administration of higher concentrations of the drug.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts such as those containing sulfate, hydrochloride, phosphate, sulfamate, acetate, citrate, lactate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p- toluenesulfonate, cyclohexylsulfamate and quinate.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be obtained from acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, methanesu-lfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, and quinic acid.
  • acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, methanesu-lfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, and quinic acid.
  • Such salts may be prepared by, for example, reacting the free acid or base forms of the product with one or more equivalents of the appropriate base or acid in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble, or in a solvent such as water which is then removed in vacuo or by freeze-drying or by exchanging the ions of an existing salt for another ion on a suitable ion exchange resin.
  • Carriers or excipients can also be used to facilitate administration of the compound.
  • carriers and excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars such as lactose, glucose, or sucrose, or types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols and physiologically compatible solvents.
  • the compositions or pharmaceutical composition can be administered by different routes including intravenously, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular, orally, topically, or transmucosally .
  • solutions of the above compositions may be thickened with a thickening agent such as methyl cellulose.
  • a thickening agent such as methyl cellulose.
  • They may be prepared in emulsified form, either water in oil or oil in water.
  • emulsifying agents including, for example, acacia powder, a non-ionic surfactant (such as a Tween) , or an ionic surfactant (such as alkali polyether alcohol sulfates or sulfonates, e.g., a Triton).
  • compositions useful in the invention are prepared by mixing the ingredients following generally accepted procedures.
  • the selected components may be simply mixed in a blender or other standard device to produce a concentrated mixture which may then be adjusted to the final concentration and viscosity by the addition of water or thickening agent and possibly a buffer to control pH or an additional solute to control tonicity.
  • the compounds will be provided in dosage unit form containing an amount of an exendin agonist, with or without another anti-emptying agent.
  • Therapeutically effective amounts of an exendin agonist for use in the control of gastric emptying and in conditions in which gastric emptying is beneficially slowed or regulated are those that decrease post-prandial blood glucose levels, preferably to no more than about 8 or 9 mM or such that blood glucose levels are reduced as desired. In diabetic or glucose intolerant individuals, plasma glucose levels are higher than in normal individuals. In such individuals, beneficial reduction or "smoothing" of post-prandial blood glucose levels, may be obtained. As will be recognized by those in the field, an effective amount of therapeutic agent will vary with many factors including the age and weight of the patient, the patient's physical condition, the blood sugar level or level of inhibition of gastric emptying to be obtained, and other factors .
  • compositions are useful in causing gastric hypomotility in a subject and may be used as well in other disorders where gastric motility is beneficially reduced.
  • the effective daily anti-emptying dose of the compounds will typically be in the range of 0.01 or 0.03 to about 5 mg/day, preferably about 0.01 or 0.5 to 2 mg/day and more preferably about 0.01 or 0.1 to 1 mg/day, for a 70 kg patient, administered in a single or divided doses.
  • the exact dose to be administered is determined by the attending clinician and is dependent upon where the particular compound lies within the above quoted range, as well as upon the age, weight and condition of the individual.
  • Administration should begin at the first sign of symptoms or shortly after diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Administration may be by injection, preferably subcutaneous or intramuscular. Orally active compounds may be taken orally, however dosages should be increased 5-10 fold. Generally, in treating or preventing elevated, inappropriate, or undesired post-prandial blood glucose levels, the compounds of this invention may be administered to patients in need of such treatment in a dosage ranges similar to those given above, however, the compounds are administered more frequently, for example, one, two, or three times a day.
  • the optimal formulation and mode of administration of compounds of the present application to a patient depend on factors known in the art such as the particular disease or disorder, the desired effect, and the type of patient. While the compounds will typically be used to treat human patients, they may also be used to treat similar or identical diseases in other vertebrates such as other primates, farm animals such as swine, cattle and poultry, and sports animals and pets such as horses, dogs and cats. To assist in understanding the present invention the following Examples are included which describe the results of a series of experiments.
  • Deprotection (Fmoc group removal) of the growing peptide chain was achieved using piperidine.
  • Final deprotection of the completed peptide resin was achieved using a mixture of triethylsilane (0.2 mL) , ethanedithiol (0.2 mL) , anisole (0.2 mL) , water (0.2 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (15 mL) according to standard methods (Introduction to Cleavage Techniques, Applied Biosystems, Inc.)
  • the peptide was precipitated in ether/water (50 mL) and centrifuged. The precipitate was reconstituted in glacial acetic acid and lyophilized. The lyophilized peptide was dissolved in water) . Crude purity was about 75%.
  • the kidney can play a major role in the elimination of some molecules (drugs, peptides, proteins) .
  • this process begins when the kidney filters the blood at the glomerulus to produce the ultrafiltrate described below.
  • the glomerular filter discriminates not only on the basis of molecular weight but also by acting as a negatively charged selective barrier, promoting retention of anionic compounds.
  • the free fraction of molecules in the plasma (not protein bound) with a molecular weight less than 5kD and an effective radii less than 15 A are easily filtered.
  • the cutoff point for glomerular filtration lies between albumin (67kD) which is retained and hemoglobin (68kD) which is filtered.
  • Albumin, with an effective radius of about 36 A is filtered less than 1% at the glomerulus .
  • a molecule travels to the proximal tubule where it is either reabsorbed or it passes on through the loop of Henle to the distal tubule where collecting ducts drain the filtrate into the bladder.
  • Filtered proteins and peptides are typically cleaved by brush border enzymes in the proximal tubule, from where they are efficiently retrieved by sodium/amino cotransporters (scavenging pumps) . Otherwise, molecules which are polar, ionized and of large molecular weight will not be reabsorbed. Throughout this process metabolizing enzymes in the renal cortex (proximal tubules) may also degrade the molecule into more polar molecules, thereby increasing the probability for excretion into the urine.
  • peptide hormones for example, amylin, calcitonins, and GLP-1
  • GLP-1 vascular ectoenzymes accessible to the plasma, independently of the process of glomerular filtration.
  • rates of peptide clearance from the plasma are similar to the rate of renal plasma flow, which is ⁇ 3- fold greater than the rate of glomerular filtration.
  • Exendin-4 clearance rates in intact rats were similar to glomerular filtration rates expected in those rats (4.2 mL/min) . Taken together these results indicate that very little metabolism seems to occur systemically and that most of the clearance of exendin-4 is through the kidney via filtration (but not by renal intravascular proteolysis) . The low amounts of immunoreactive full-length exendin-4 in the urine are consistent with it being cleaved by brush border enzymes in the proximal tubule after filtration.
  • exendin- 4 Different spectra of biological activities of exendin- 4 may be selected by putting a PEG group at appropriate positions. Loss or alteration of bioactivity has been reported for PEGylated proteins which may be due to the presence of the PEG chains themselves, the particular site occupied by the PEG chain, or the coupling conditions having an adverse effect on the protein.
  • Primary considerations for PEG modification in terms of filtration at the kidney of exendin and exendin agonists are size and charge.
  • exendin-4 has a molecular weight of approximately 4.2 kD and is anionic in nature with an overall net charge of approximately -2 at physiological pH.
  • PEG constituents may be covalently linked to exendin-4 or an analog of exendin-4, for example, with one PEG constituent being preferred.
  • the size of each independent PEG constituent can vary from a molecular weight of 500 to 20,000, preferably between 5,000 and 12,000.
  • Exendin-4 has two lysines that could be modified by attachment of PEG (see compounds 201 and 202, below) .
  • the epsilon- amino groups at these positions may be masked, thereby increasing the anionic nature of the peptide.
  • HGEGK(PEG) FTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS-NH 2 (205) HGEGTFTK(PEG)DLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS-NH 2
  • HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRK(PEG) FIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS-NH 2 (213) * HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIK(PEG)WLKNGGPSSGAPPPS-NH 2 (214) HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEK ( PEG) LKNGGPSSGAPPPS-NH 2 (215) HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKK(PEG)GGPSSGAPPPS-NH 2
  • E(PEG) substituted molecules at these positions can instead be modified by conjugation of a PEG moiety to the glutamic side chain carboxyl group, which modification is referred to herein as E(PEG).
  • Lys-PEG can be substituted include : (216) HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNK(PEG)GPSSGAPPPS-NH 2 (217) HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGK(PEG) PSSGAPPPS-NH 2
  • GLP-1 [7-36]NH 2 was purchased from Bachem (Torrance, CA) . All other peptides were prepared using synthesis methods such as those described herein. All chemicals were of the highest commercial grade.
  • the cAMP SPA immunoassay was purchased from Amersham. The radioligands were purchased from New England Nuclear (Boston, MA) . RINm5f cells (American Type Tissue Collection, Rockville, MD) were grown in DME/F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 2mM L-glutamine.
  • Receptor binding can be assessed by measuring displacement of [ 125 I] GLP-1 or [ 125 I] exendin (9-39) from RINm5f membranes.
  • Assay buffer contained 5 ⁇ g/ml bestatin, 1 ⁇ g/ml phosphoramidon, 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (fraction V), 1 mg/ml bacitracin, and 1 mM MgCl 2 in 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4.
  • membrane protein (Bradford protein assay) is resuspended in 200 ⁇ l assay buffer and incubated with 60 pM [ 125 I]GLP-1 or [ 125 I] exendin ( 9-39) and unlabeled peptides for 120 minutes at 23DC in 96 well plates (Nagle Nunc, Rochester, NY) . Incubations are terminated by rapid filtration with cold phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, through polyethyleneimine-treated GF/B glass fiber filters (Wallac Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) using a Tomtec Mach II plate harvester (Wallac Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) .
  • Filters are dried, combined with scintillant, and radioactivity determined in a Betaplate liquid scintillant counter (Wallac Inc. ) .
  • Peptide samples are run in the assay as duplicate points at 6 dilutions over a concentration range of 10 "6 M to 10 ⁇ 12 M to generate response curves.
  • the biological activity of a sample can be expressed as an IC 50 value, calculated from the raw data using an iterative curve-fitting program using a 4-parameter logistic equation (Prizm, GraphPAD Software) .
  • Assay buffer contained 10 ⁇ M GTP, 0.75 mM ATP, 2.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.5mM phosphocreatine, 12.5 U/ml creatine kinase, 0.4 mg/ml aprotinin, 1 ⁇ M IBMX in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4.
  • Membranes and peptides was combined in 100 ml of assay buffer in 96 well filter-bottom plates (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) . After 20 minutes incubation at 37°C, the assay was terminated by transfer of supernatant by filtration into a fresh 96 well plate using a Millipore vacuum manifold. Supernatant cAMP contents were quantitated by SPA immunoassay.
  • Peptide samples were run in the assay as triplicate points at 7 dilutions over a concentration range of 10 "6 M to 10 _12 M to generate response curves.
  • the biological activity of a particular sample was expressed as an EC 5 o value calculated as described above.
  • mice at least 3 months of age are utilized for the study.
  • the mice can be obtained from The Jackson Laboratory and allowed to acclimate for at least one week before use.
  • Mice can be housed in groups of ten at 22°C ⁇ 1°C with a 12:12 light: dark cycle, with lights on at 6 a.m. All animals can be deprived of food for 2 hours before taking baseline blood samples.
  • Approximately 70 ⁇ l of blood is drawn from each mouse via eye puncture, after a light anesthesia with metophane.
  • mice C57BLKS/J-m-db/db mice, at least 3 months of age, were utilized.
  • the mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory and allowed to acclimate for at least one week before use.
  • Mice were housed in groups of ten at 22°C ⁇ 1°C with a 12:12 light:dark cycle, with lights on at 6 a.m. All animals were deprived of food for 2 hours before taking baseline blood samples. Approximately 70 ⁇ l of blood was drawn from each mouse via eye puncture, after a light anesthesia with metophane. After collecting baseline blood samples, to measure plasma glucose concentrations, all animals receive subcutaneous injections of either vehicle, exendin-4 or test compound.
  • Plasma samples were drawn again, using the same procedure, after exactly one hour from the injections, and plasma glucose concentrations were measured.
  • the % change in plasma value, from baseline value was calculated and a dose dependent relationship was evaluated using Graphpad PrizmTM software.
  • a gastric emptying study may also be carried out to examine the effects of exendin-4 and/or an exendin agonist compound on gastric emptying in rats.
  • Such experiments typically follow a modification of the method of Scarpignato, et al., Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 246:286- 94, 1980.
  • Male Harlan Sprague Dawley (HSD) rats are used. All animals are housed at 22.7 ⁇ 0.8°C in a 12:12 hour light: dark cycle (experiments being performed during the light cycle) and were fed and watered ad libi tum (Diet
  • the determination of gastric emptying by the method described below can be performed after a fast of ⁇ 20 hours to ensure that the stomach contained no chyme that would interfere with spectrophotometric absorbance measurements.
  • Conscious rats receive by gavage 1.5ml of an acaloric gel containing 1.5% methyl cellulose (M-0262, Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, MO) and 0.05% phenol red indicator. Twenty minutes after gavage, rats are anesthetized using 5% halothane, the stomach is exposed and clamped at the pyloric and lower esophageal sphincters using artery forceps, removed and opened into an alkaline solution made up to a fixed volume. Stomach content is derived from the intensity of the phenol red in the alkaline solution, measured by absorbance at a wavelength of 560 nm. In separate experiments on several other rats, the stomach and small intestine can be both excised and opened into an alkaline solution.
  • the quantity of phenol red that could be recovered from the upper gastrointestinal tract within 20 minutes of gavage can then be determined.
  • Dye which appears to bind irrecoverably to the gut luminal surface accounts for the balance.
  • mice All mice (NIH: Swiss mice) were housed in a stable
  • mice dark cycle; with lights on at 0600. Mice were housed in groups of four in standard cages with ad libi tum access to food (Teklad: LM 485; Madison, WI) and water except as noted, for at least two weeks before the experiments.
  • mice All experiments were conducted between the hours of 0700 and 0900.
  • the mice were food deprived (food removed at 1600 hr from all animals on day prior to experiment) and thereafter individually housed. All mice received an intraperitoneal injection (5 ⁇ l/kg) of either saline or test compound at doses of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 ⁇ g/kg, and were immediately presented with a pre-weighed food pellet (Teklad LM 485) . The food pellet was weighed at 30-minute, 1-hr, 2- hr and 6-hr intervals to determine the amount of food eaten. The ED 50 for inhibition of food intake over 30 min was determined for several test compounds, and the results appear in Table II, below. Table II

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US8080516B2 (en) 1999-05-17 2011-12-20 Conjuchem, Llc Long lasting synthetic exendin-4 peptide conjugates
US8084414B2 (en) 1999-05-17 2011-12-27 Conjuchem, Llc Methods involving long lasting synthetic exendin-4-peptide conjugates
US8093206B2 (en) 1999-05-17 2012-01-10 Conjuchem, Llc Methods involving long lasting synthetic exendin-4 peptide conjugates

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