EP0798402B1 - Oxidationsschutzschicht - Google Patents
Oxidationsschutzschicht Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0798402B1 EP0798402B1 EP97200888A EP97200888A EP0798402B1 EP 0798402 B1 EP0798402 B1 EP 0798402B1 EP 97200888 A EP97200888 A EP 97200888A EP 97200888 A EP97200888 A EP 97200888A EP 0798402 B1 EP0798402 B1 EP 0798402B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- oxidation protection
- oxidation
- carbon
- protection layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
- Y10T428/12576—Boride, carbide or nitride component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
- Y10T428/12597—Noncrystalline silica or noncrystalline plural-oxide component [e.g., glass, etc.]
- Y10T428/12604—Film [e.g., glaze, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
- Y10T428/12625—Free carbon containing component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
- Y10T428/12819—Group VB metal-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
- Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
- Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/1284—W-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31678—Of metal
Definitions
- the invention relates to a high-melting on a substrate Metal from the group of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium and their alloys, or composite materials thereof, applied anti-oxidation layer, which in consists essentially of silicon and 1-14% by weight boron.
- Refractory metals have the properties, up to the highest Temperatures to maintain their strength. However, the problem is that this Metals and alloys have little resistance to Have oxidation if they are air or at high temperatures above 400 ° C are exposed to other oxidizing media.
- the surface of the high-melting metals In order to improve this strong susceptibility to oxidation, it is known to provide the surface of the high-melting metals with appropriate protective layers.
- the application of coatings based on silicon, which form a corresponding silicide through a diffusion annealing treatment with the high-melting metal have been widely used for this purpose. If such coated high-melting metals are exposed to an oxygen-containing atmosphere at high temperatures, an oxide layer forms on the surface of the silicide, which acts as a protective layer against further oxidation. If a pure silicon layer is applied to the high-melting metal, the oxide layer on the silicide layer is SiO 2 .
- SiO 2 forms relatively slowly and has a high melting point, so that such a layer has poor crack-healing properties, in particular at operating temperatures of the high-melting metal below 1200 ° C., and thus forms in many cases inadequate protection against oxidation.
- modified coatings has become particularly important Two-substance basis, such as SiC, SiB, SiGe, SiMn, SiTi, SiCr, but also on a three-substance basis, such as SiCrAl, SiTiAl, SiCrB, SiCrTi and SiCrFe, enforced in practice.
- Two-substance basis such as SiC, SiB, SiGe, SiMn, SiTi, SiCr
- three-substance basis such as SiCrAl, SiTiAl, SiCrB, SiCrTi and SiCrFe
- modified coatings based on silicon has the advantage that, compared to pure SiO 2, lower melting oxide mixtures form on the silicide layers, so that such coating layers have good crack-healing properties and protect the surface of the high-melting metal over a wide temperature range.
- the oxidation protection layers can be applied by a wide variety of coating processes, such as plasma spraying, electrophoresis, melt flow electrolysis, melt immersion processes, CVD or PVD processes, by applying a slip of the desired powder mixture to the surface of the refractory metal (slurry coating) or by outsourcing the refractory metal in a corresponding powder mixture with activator (pack cementation).
- a diffusion treatment is carried out at temperatures between 1200 ° C and 1600 ° C under protective gas or in a high vacuum to form the silicide layers.
- the high-temperature coating processes (melt flow electrolysis, hot-dip process, CVD process, pack cementation and generally also plasma spraying)
- sufficiently dense layers are deposited so that the silicide layers can form during the oxidation without oxygen being able to penetrate to a greater extent .
- U.S. Patent No. 5,246,736 describes a method according to which a Refractory composite material in or on the surface of which Corrosion protection using a ternary "silicon-boron-carbon system" uniform distribution of elements is applied or applied.
- the Boron concentration in this Si-B-C system should not be less than 5 atomic% be.
- the refractory composite material consists of fibrous reinforcing elements, which are embedded and compressed in a matrix, whereby loud Description of the fibers generally made of carbon or ceramic, such as Silicon carbide.
- the matrix consists of carbon or at least partly made of SiC.
- the object of the present invention is therefore an oxidation protection layer for high-melting metals to create an improved layer adhesion, Uniformity and tightness and thus a significantly improved Protection against oxidation compared to previously known oxidation protection layers having.
- the oxidation protection layer contains 0.1 - 4% by weight of carbon in addition to boron and silicon.
- An oxidation protection layer consisting of 5 to 12% by weight boron, 0.5 to 3% by weight carbon, balance silicon.
- the oxidation protection layer according to the invention has proven itself extremely well both for massive substrates made of high-melting metals and for intermediate layers made of these materials. It was completely surprising and to this extent not to be expected that such small amounts of carbon in the oxidation protection layer could result in improvements in the oxidation resistance, which can go up to a factor of 2 compared to pure boron silicon layers for certain conditions of use.
- the carbon added to produce the protective layer obviously serves not only as an alloying element, but also as an activator that removes diffusion-inhibiting oxygen in the form of CO or CO 2 during high-temperature coating, during heat treatment or even in the first period of use in an oxidizing atmosphere , which could be recognized from the fact that the carbon content in the heat-treated or in the oxidation protection layer that was already in use for a short time at elevated temperature is up to a factor of 10 less than the originally applied amount of carbon. This initially reduced carbon content then stabilizes and remains largely constant until the oxidation protection layer fails.
- the special oxidation-improving effect of the carbon was in no way foreseeable, since the carbonization of the substrate material was primarily to be expected for the person skilled in the art.
- the layer thicknesses of the oxidation protection layer according to the invention which are of interest in practice lie in a range between 50 ⁇ m and 500 ⁇ m. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the oxidation protection layer, layer thicknesses between 100 and 300 ⁇ m have proven successful.
- oxidation protection layers according to the invention is in principle possible with all known coating processes.
- atmospheric plasma spraying and the slip process have proven to be particularly advantageous coating processes.
- Cylindrical test specimens with a diameter of 10 - 25 mm and a length of 50 - 250 mm made of molybdenum were sandblasted on the surface and all sharp edges were rounded.
- a powder mixture of 880 g silicon powder, 100 g boron powder and 20 g carbon powder was mixed in a tumble mixer for 30 minutes.
- a corresponding slip was then prepared by adding 560 ml of a colorless nitro lacquer, dissolved in 140 ml of nitro thinner, and homogenizing the mixture in a tumble mixer for four hours.
- the test specimens were coated with slurry by spraying. After air drying for 24 hours, the test specimens were subjected to protective gas annealing (H 2 , 1 bar) at 1370 ° C.
- test specimens were then freed from poorly adhering slip residues and optically checked for layer defects such as cracks or flaking and, if necessary, coated again.
- the specimens coated in this way had layer thicknesses in the range between 50 and 100 ⁇ m.
- the coated test specimens were annealed in air at 1200 ° C., whereby an average service life of 3000 hours until the oxidation protection layer failed.
- test specimens were coated in the same way with a slip of the same composition, but without carbon components, and also tested in air at 1200 ° C. With the specimens coated in this way, an average service life of only about 2000 hours could be determined.
- Example 2 Plate-like samples, as in Example 2, but made of tungsten, were also used the same wettable powder and the same conditions as in Example 2 coated. When the samples coated in this way glow at 1400 ° C Air reached an average life of 200 hours.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
Es war völlig überraschend und in diesem Ausmaß nicht zu erwarten, daß durch derartig geringfügige Kohlenstoff-Anteile in der Oxidationsschutzschicht Verbesserungen in der Oxidationsbeständigkeit erreicht werden konnten, die gegenüber reinen Bor-Siliziumschichten für gewisse Einsatzbedingungen bis zum Faktor 2 gehen können. Der zur Herstellung der Schutzschicht zugegebene Kohlenstoff dient offensichtlich nicht nur als Legierungselement, sondern auch als Aktivator, der bei der Hochtemperatur-Beschichtung, bei der Wärmebehandlung oder auch in der ersten Zeit des Einsatzes in oxidierender Atmosphäre diffusionshemmenden Sauerstoff in Form von CO oder CO2 entfernt, was daran zu erkennen war, daß der Kohlenstoff-Gehalt in der wärmebehandelten bzw. bei der bereits kurzzeitig bei erhöhter Temperatur im Einsatz befindlichen Oxidationsschutzschicht bis zu einem Faktor 10 geringer ist als die ursprünglich aufgebrachte Menge von Kohlenstoff. Dieser anfänglich verringerte Kohlenstoff-Anteil stabilisiert sich dann und bleibt bis zum Versagen der Oxidationsschutzschicht weitgehend konstant.
Die in der Praxis interessanten Schichtstärken der erfindungsgemäßen Oxidationsschutzschicht liegen in einem Bereich zwischen 50 µm und 500 µm. In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Oxidationsschutzschicht haben sich Schichtstärken zwischen 100 und 300 µm bewährt.
Das atmosphärische Plasmaspritzen und das Schlickerverfahren haben sich jedoch als besonders vorteilhafte Beschichtungsverfahren bewährt.
Claims (5)
- Substrat aus einem hochschmelzenden Metall aus der Gruppe Molybdän, Wolfram, Tantal, Niob und deren Legierungen, bzw. Verbundwerkstoffen davon, mit darauf aufgebrachter Oxidationsschutzschicht, die im wesentlichen aus Silizium sowie 1 - 14 Gew.% Bor besteht,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Schutzschicht zusätzlich 0,1 - 4 Gew.% Kohlenstoff enthält. - Substrat mit Oxidationsschutzschicht nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schicht aus 5 - 12 Gew.% Bor, 0,5 - 3 Gew.% Kohlenstoff, Rest Silizium besteht.
- Substrat mit Oxidationsschutzschicht nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schicht eine Schichtstärke zwischen 100 und 300 µm aufweist.
- Substrat mit Oxidationsschutzschicht nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schicht durch atmosphärisches Plasmaspritzen hergestellt ist.
- Substrat mit Oxidationsschutzschicht nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schicht durch ein Schlickerverfahren hergestellt ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT170/96 | 1996-03-27 | ||
AT0017096U AT1251U1 (de) | 1996-03-27 | 1996-03-27 | Oxidationsschutzschicht |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0798402A1 EP0798402A1 (de) | 1997-10-01 |
EP0798402B1 true EP0798402B1 (de) | 1999-05-12 |
Family
ID=3483437
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97200888A Expired - Lifetime EP0798402B1 (de) | 1996-03-27 | 1997-03-24 | Oxidationsschutzschicht |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5776550A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0798402B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4064490B2 (de) |
AT (1) | AT1251U1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE59700159D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2135281T3 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102007016411A1 (de) | 2007-04-02 | 2008-10-09 | Gfe Fremat Gmbh | Halbzeug aus Refraktärmetallen, insbesondere aus Molybdän, welches mit einer Schutzschicht versehen ist und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
DE102007037592B3 (de) * | 2007-08-06 | 2009-03-19 | Gfe Fremat Gmbh | Halbzeug aus Refraktärmetallen, insbesondere aus Molybdän oder Titan, welches mit einer Schutzschicht versehen ist und Verfahren zur Herstellung der Schutzschicht |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2732338B1 (fr) * | 1995-03-28 | 1997-06-13 | Europ Propulsion | Materiau composite protege contre l'oxydation par matrice auto-cicatrisante et son procede de fabrication |
US5958605A (en) * | 1997-11-10 | 1999-09-28 | Regents Of The University Of California | Passivating overcoat bilayer for multilayer reflective coatings for extreme ultraviolet lithography |
US6485791B1 (en) | 2000-04-06 | 2002-11-26 | Bangalore A. Nagaraj | Method for improving the performance of oxidizable ceramic materials in oxidizing environments |
US6607852B2 (en) | 2001-06-27 | 2003-08-19 | General Electric Company | Environmental/thermal barrier coating system with silica diffusion barrier layer |
US6643353B2 (en) | 2002-01-10 | 2003-11-04 | Osmic, Inc. | Protective layer for multilayers exposed to x-rays |
US20070231595A1 (en) * | 2006-03-28 | 2007-10-04 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | Coatings for molybdenum-based substrates |
CA2692487A1 (en) * | 2007-07-13 | 2009-01-22 | Peter Jeney | Coated susceptor for a high-temperature furnace and furnace comprising such a susceptor |
WO2009044090A1 (en) * | 2007-10-05 | 2009-04-09 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Improved metal protection |
DE102009010109A1 (de) * | 2009-02-21 | 2010-09-23 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | Herstellung einer Turbinenblisk mit einer Oxikations- bzw. Korrosionsschutzschicht |
US8887839B2 (en) * | 2009-06-25 | 2014-11-18 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Drill bit for use in drilling subterranean formations |
RU2012103934A (ru) | 2009-07-08 | 2013-08-20 | Бейкер Хьюз Инкорпорейтед | Режущий элемент для бурового долота, используемого для бурения подземных пород |
BR112012000527A2 (pt) | 2009-07-08 | 2019-09-24 | Baker Hughes Inc | elemento de corte e método de formação desse |
US8500833B2 (en) * | 2009-07-27 | 2013-08-06 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Abrasive article and method of forming |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3690686A (en) * | 1969-08-11 | 1972-09-12 | Ramsey Corp | Piston with seal having high strength molybdenum alloy facing |
BE788747A (fr) * | 1971-09-16 | 1973-03-13 | Kempten Elektroschmelz Gmbh | Formation de couches de borures metalliques |
FR2382509A1 (fr) * | 1976-12-21 | 1978-09-29 | Eutectic Corp | Application a la flamme d'un revetement metallique sur un organe de forme cylindrique, notamment rouleau secheur |
US4701356A (en) * | 1981-07-22 | 1987-10-20 | Allied Corporation | Method of facing using homogeneous, ductile nickel based hardfacing foils |
US4655851A (en) * | 1985-06-11 | 1987-04-07 | Hughes Tool Company-Usa | Simultaneous carburizing and boronizing of earth boring drill bits |
FR2668477B1 (fr) * | 1990-10-26 | 1993-10-22 | Propulsion Ste Europeenne | Materiau composite refractaire protege contre la corrosion, et procede pour son elaboration. |
CH684196A5 (de) * | 1991-05-30 | 1994-07-29 | Castolin Sa | Verschleissfeste Schicht auf einem Bauteil sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung. |
US5455068A (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1995-10-03 | Aves, Jr.; William L. | Method for treating continuous extended lengths of tubular member interiors |
-
1996
- 1996-03-27 AT AT0017096U patent/AT1251U1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-03-13 US US08/816,985 patent/US5776550A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-24 ES ES97200888T patent/ES2135281T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-24 EP EP97200888A patent/EP0798402B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-24 JP JP08879397A patent/JP4064490B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-24 DE DE59700159T patent/DE59700159D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102007016411A1 (de) | 2007-04-02 | 2008-10-09 | Gfe Fremat Gmbh | Halbzeug aus Refraktärmetallen, insbesondere aus Molybdän, welches mit einer Schutzschicht versehen ist und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
DE102007037592B3 (de) * | 2007-08-06 | 2009-03-19 | Gfe Fremat Gmbh | Halbzeug aus Refraktärmetallen, insbesondere aus Molybdän oder Titan, welches mit einer Schutzschicht versehen ist und Verfahren zur Herstellung der Schutzschicht |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AT1251U1 (de) | 1997-01-27 |
ES2135281T3 (es) | 1999-10-16 |
JPH1053854A (ja) | 1998-02-24 |
DE59700159D1 (de) | 1999-06-17 |
US5776550A (en) | 1998-07-07 |
JP4064490B2 (ja) | 2008-03-19 |
EP0798402A1 (de) | 1997-10-01 |
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