EP0716163B1 - Bain de chromatation et procédé pour la finition de surfaces de zinc, d'alliage de zinc, ou de cadmium - Google Patents
Bain de chromatation et procédé pour la finition de surfaces de zinc, d'alliage de zinc, ou de cadmium Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0716163B1 EP0716163B1 EP95402602A EP95402602A EP0716163B1 EP 0716163 B1 EP0716163 B1 EP 0716163B1 EP 95402602 A EP95402602 A EP 95402602A EP 95402602 A EP95402602 A EP 95402602A EP 0716163 B1 EP0716163 B1 EP 0716163B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- bath
- ions
- chromating
- zinc
- acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/24—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing hexavalent chromium compounds
- C23C22/30—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing hexavalent chromium compounds containing also trivalent chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/24—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing hexavalent chromium compounds
- C23C22/26—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing hexavalent chromium compounds containing also organic compounds
- C23C22/27—Acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/82—After-treatment
- C23C22/84—Dyeing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the finishing of surfaces of zinc, of alloy of zinc, or cadmium in order to give them a high resistance to corrosion.
- Corrosion resistance is assessed in the laboratory by an accelerated test salt spray, executed in accordance with AFNOR NFX41002 / ASTM B117-73 / DIN40046-11. Automotive industry demands that shocked parts have no zinc salt point (or white rust) after 200 hours of salt spray exposure and no red rust spots after 400 hours, even 600 hours. In addition, also after thermal shock, said parts must also successfully pass natural corrosion testing.
- patent RO 94 238 summarized in Chemical Abstracts under number 111: 138906s recommends adding to the bath chromating of metal ions (Cu, Ag, Mo, Co, Fe) or a combination of these (Cu + Ag + Mo or Cu + Fe + Co). All the baths exemplified contain copper.
- Patent FR 947 164 describes a chromium-containing chromating bath hexavalent, silver and sulfate and acetate ions. This bath does not contain cobalt and its minimum content of sulfate ions is 34 g / l.
- Patent EP 274 543 which describes a chromating bath comprising a acrylic polymer emulsion provides for the optional addition of heavy metals such as Co, Ni, Mn or Zn, but it indicates that sulfate ions are to be avoided.
- patent DE 4 005 112 recommends incorporating copper sulphate into the chromating bath and applying a black dye.
- patent HU 18,661 summarized in Chemical Abstracts under number 94: 144073q recommends immersion pieces in a bath of sodium acetate, sodium benzoate and nigrosine.
- a chromating bath comprising an acrylic polymer, a chromate and a strong mineral acid allows according to patent EP 264 472 to obtain a beautiful black coloration resistant to corrosion in salt spray after thermal shock.
- the implementation of such a bath is more delicate than that of a classic chromate.
- the film obtained turns out to be unstable (formation of salts chromium yellow) and the use of a polymer causes the appearance of "drops" on the parts treated at the fastener and difficulties in cleaning the equipment (assemblies and wringer baskets) used for processing.
- the present invention therefore relates to a process for finishing surfaces zinc, zinc alloy, or cadmium, characterized in that the parts to to be treated are brought into contact first with an acid chromate bath based on chromium, cobalt and silver salts, then with an aqueous finishing bath comprising colloidal silica, a corrosion inhibitor, a complexing agent, an agent surfactant and a black dye.
- chromating bath preferably used sodium dichromate, cobalt sulfate and silver nitrate, but we would not depart from the scope of the present invention by using other water-soluble salts hexavalent chromium, cobalt or silver.
- weak organic acid whose role is to reduce hexavalent chromium and regulate the attack of zinc, we preferably uses acetic acid, formic acid or oxalic acid.
- the pH of chromating bath advantageously adjusted by means of sulfuric acid, is preferably between 1.2 and 1.8.
- the finishing bath must be able to operate at a pH of between 1 and 5, preferably between 2.5 and 4, and have excellent chemical stability without any gelling of the colloidal silica during storage or working.
- the colloidal silica is present at a concentration such that there is from 20 to 40 g / l expressed as SiO 2 .
- the weak complexing agent, used in a concentration of 0.1 to 2 g / l, can be for example gluconic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, phthalic acid, or a salt potassium, sodium or ammonium of such an acid.
- the corrosion inhibitor is used at a concentration of 0.01 to 1 g / l and can be, for example, hydrazine hydrate or a benzoate such as sodium benzoate.
- the surfactant used at a concentration of 0.01 to 2 g / l can be of nonionic or anionic nature.
- a soluble black dye can be added to the finishing bath in water, preferably a dye of the azo metalliferous complex type, at a concentration from 1 to 8 g / l.
- PTFE particles can be added to the finishing bath about 0.1 to 0.2 microns.
- This product must be compatible with the pH of the medium of use; for a 60% aqueous dispersion of PTFE, the concentration can go from 1 to 10 ml / l. This also allows, during the barrel treatment of the pieces of screws, to obtain an adequate coefficient of friction.
- an acrylic polymer for example an aqueous emulsion density 1.055 g / ml at a concentration of 10 to 100 ml / l; we can also use a polyethylene glycol.
- the contacting of the parts with the chromating bath, then with the finishing bath can be made by spraying, but preferably carried out by immersion. Depending on the nature of the parts to be treated, this operation can be carried out the attachment (dead bath) or barrel (loose), with or without taking back to the basket in the case of barrel treatment.
- the treatment can be carried out at a temperature ranging from 15 to 40 ° C, but it is preferably carried out at a temperature between 20 and 30 ° C.
- the duration of bringing the parts into contact with each of the baths can vary within wide limits. It is generally between 10 seconds and 10 minutes, but is preferably one to two minutes.
- the chromation is advantageously carried out with stirring, this being preferably obtained by means of an air ramp.
- the parts are not dried, but only rinsed with water before contacting them with the finishing bath, this treatment preferably being carried out without agitation.
- the pieces are dried for 5 to 15 minutes at a temperature ranging from 60 to 100 ° C. Their corrosion resistance is only tested after a storage for at least 48 hours so that the film formed is stabilized.
- a bath was prepared aqueous chromatography with 30 g / l of sodium dichromate dihydrate, 5 g / l of anhydrous sodium sulfate, 8 g / l sulfuric acid, 0.6 g / l cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, 0.37 g / l of silver nitrate and 85 ml / l of acetic acid.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
Description
- 5 à 40 g (de préférence 7 à 15 g) d'ions chrome hexavalent,
- 5 à 20 g (de préférence 7 à 12 g) d'ions sulfate,
- 0,1 à 0,3 g (de préférence 0,1 à 0,2 g) d'ions cobalt,
- 0,1 à 0,65 g (de préférence 0,15 à 0,3 g) d'ions argent, et
- 50 à 150 ml (de préférence 70 à 120 ml) d'au moins un acide organique faible.
- silice colloïdale(*) 27 g (exprimé comme SiO2)
- gluconate de sodium 0,2 g
- benzoate de sodium 0,02 g
- tensio-actif fluoré(**) 0,1 g
- dispersion aqueuse à 60 % de PTFE 5 ml
- colorant noir (***) 4 g
Claims (8)
- Bain de chromatation caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste d'une solution aqueuse ayant un pH compris entre 1 et 2 et contenant par litre 5 à 40 g d'ions chrome hexavalent, 5 à 20 g d'ions sulfate, 0,1 à 0,3 g d'ions cobalt, 0,1 à 0,65 g d'ions argent, et 50 à 150 ml d'au moins un acide organique faible.
- Bain de chromatation selon la revendication 1, ayant un pH compris entre 1,2 et 1,8 et contenant par litre 7 à 15 g d'ions chrome hexavalent, 7 à 12 g d'ions sulfate, 0,1 à 0,2 g d'ions cobalt, 0,15 à 0,3 g d'ions argent, et 70 à 120 ml d'acide-organique faible.
- Bain de chromatation selon la revendication 1 ou 2 dans lequel l'acide organique est l'acide acétique, l'acide formique ou l'acide oxalique.
- Bain de chromatation selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3 préparé à partir de bichromate de sodium, de sulfate de cobalt et de nitrate d'argent.
- Procédé pour la finition des surfaces de zinc, d'alliage de zinc, ou de cadmium, caractérisé en ce que les pièces à traiter sont mises en contact d'abord avec un bain de chromatation selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, puis avec un bain de finition ayant un pH compris entre 1 et 5 et contenant dans l'eau et par litre 20 à 40 g (exprimé comme SiO2) d'une silice colloïdale, 0,1 à 2 g d'un complexant faible, 0,01 à 1 g d'un inhibiteur de corrosion, 0,01 à 2 g d'un agent tensio-actif, et 1 à 8 g d'un colorant noir hydrosoluble.
- Procédé selon la revendication 5, dans lequel le bain de finition contient en outre des particules de PTFE et/ou un polymère acrylique.
- Procédé selon la revendication 5 ou 6, dans lequel le traitement dans chacun des bains est effectué à une température allant de 15 à 40°C.
- Procédé selon la revendication 7, dans lequel la température est comprise entre 20 et 30°C.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9414701 | 1994-12-07 | ||
FR9414701A FR2727983B1 (fr) | 1994-12-07 | 1994-12-07 | Bain de chromatation et procede pour la finition de surfaces de zinc, d'alliage de zinc, ou de cadmium |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0716163A1 EP0716163A1 (fr) | 1996-06-12 |
EP0716163B1 true EP0716163B1 (fr) | 1999-01-20 |
Family
ID=9469556
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95402602A Expired - Lifetime EP0716163B1 (fr) | 1994-12-07 | 1995-11-20 | Bain de chromatation et procédé pour la finition de surfaces de zinc, d'alliage de zinc, ou de cadmium |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5876517A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0716163B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH08218182A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR100322935B1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2164555C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69507441T2 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2128679T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2727983B1 (fr) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6572756B2 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2003-06-03 | Elisha Holding Llc | Aqueous electrolytic medium |
US6592738B2 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2003-07-15 | Elisha Holding Llc | Electrolytic process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby |
US6599643B2 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2003-07-29 | Elisha Holding Llc | Energy enhanced process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby |
US6866896B2 (en) | 2002-02-05 | 2005-03-15 | Elisha Holding Llc | Method for treating metallic surfaces and products formed thereby |
Families Citing this family (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5549559A (en) | 1990-03-22 | 1996-08-27 | Argomed Ltd. | Thermal treatment apparatus |
US6849063B1 (en) | 1994-03-11 | 2005-02-01 | Wit Ip Corporation | Thermal treatment apparatus |
GB9425030D0 (en) | 1994-12-09 | 1995-02-08 | Alpha Metals Ltd | Silver plating |
GB9425031D0 (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1995-02-08 | Alpha Metals Ltd | Printed circuit board manufacture |
US6544397B2 (en) | 1996-03-22 | 2003-04-08 | Ronald Redline | Method for enhancing the solderability of a surface |
US6905587B2 (en) | 1996-03-22 | 2005-06-14 | Ronald Redline | Method for enhancing the solderability of a surface |
DE19615664A1 (de) | 1996-04-19 | 1997-10-23 | Surtec Produkte Und Systeme Fu | Chrom(VI)freie Chromatschicht sowie Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
US7314671B1 (en) | 1996-04-19 | 2008-01-01 | Surtec International Gmbh | Chromium(VI)-free conversion layer and method for producing it |
DE19740248A1 (de) * | 1997-09-12 | 1999-03-18 | Henkel Kgaa | Chromatierung oder Nachpassivierung mit stabilisierten Cr(III)/Cr(VI)-haltigen Lösungen |
US6893430B2 (en) | 1998-02-04 | 2005-05-17 | Wit Ip Corporation | Urethral catheter and guide |
USRE45842E1 (en) | 1999-02-17 | 2016-01-12 | Ronald Redline | Method for enhancing the solderability of a surface |
US20040188262A1 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2004-09-30 | Heimann Robert L. | Method for treating metallic surfaces and products formed thereby |
US7144637B2 (en) | 2004-07-12 | 2006-12-05 | Thomae Kurt J | Multilayer, corrosion-resistant finish and method |
US20070119715A1 (en) * | 2005-11-25 | 2007-05-31 | Sacks Abraham J | Corrosion Resistant Wire Products and Method of Making Same |
DE102006025847A1 (de) * | 2006-06-02 | 2007-12-06 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Verwendung von Phosphinsäure in der Galvanotechnik |
JP2007333186A (ja) * | 2006-06-19 | 2007-12-27 | Japan Power Fastening Co Ltd | ねじ式ファスナー及びその製造方法 |
US20100221574A1 (en) * | 2009-02-27 | 2010-09-02 | Rochester Thomas H | Zinc alloy mechanically deposited coatings and methods of making the same |
US10717922B2 (en) * | 2009-05-13 | 2020-07-21 | Abdullah Al-Dhafeeri | Composition and method for stimulation of oil production in sandstone formations |
US20110070429A1 (en) * | 2009-09-18 | 2011-03-24 | Thomas H. Rochester | Corrosion-resistant coating for active metals |
US20120203210A1 (en) * | 2011-02-07 | 2012-08-09 | Schanz Richard W | Urinary catheter and method |
KR102285559B1 (ko) | 2014-08-29 | 2021-08-04 | 신헌철 | 농작물 재배용 점적 조절장치 |
KR101902044B1 (ko) | 2014-09-02 | 2018-09-27 | 홍학표 | 관수 시설용 점적 버튼 |
CN105088325B (zh) * | 2015-07-20 | 2017-10-20 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第十二研究所 | 一种磁控溅射类石墨碳膜的退镀方法 |
CN112176376B (zh) * | 2020-10-09 | 2022-03-11 | 伸荣(上海)水处理环保工程有限公司 | 一种金属表面的处理工艺 |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB586517A (en) * | 1944-04-20 | 1947-03-21 | Taylor Frank | Improvements in or relating to the protective surface treatment of zinc, zinc coated and zinc alloy articles |
US2393640A (en) * | 1944-11-11 | 1946-01-29 | Rheem Res Products Inc | Dyed metals |
US2483510A (en) * | 1945-04-14 | 1949-10-04 | United Chromium Inc | Composition for dip coating solution and dip process for coloring zinc |
FR2522023B1 (fr) * | 1982-02-19 | 1987-08-21 | Waldberg | Bains et procedes utilisables pour realiser le chromatage de surfaces de zinc et de cadmium |
GB8507181D0 (en) * | 1985-03-20 | 1985-04-24 | Omi International Benelux Bv | Passivation |
WO1988000622A1 (fr) * | 1986-07-14 | 1988-01-28 | Nihon Parkerizing Co., Ltd. | Composition et procede de traitement de surfaces metalliques |
RO94238B1 (ro) * | 1986-09-17 | 1988-04-01 | Institutul De Cercetare Stiintifica Si Inginerie Tehnologica Pentru Industria Constructiilor De Masini | Procedeu pentru pasivarea neagra a depunerilor de zinc sau cadmiu |
EP0264472A1 (fr) | 1986-10-21 | 1988-04-27 | Procoat, S.A. | Composition aqueuse pour la passivation de surfaces de zinc et de cadmium |
JPS6456877A (en) * | 1987-08-28 | 1989-03-03 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Production of chromated galvanized steel sheet |
DE3909694A1 (de) * | 1988-03-30 | 1989-10-12 | Nihon Parkerizing | Erzeugung schwarzer ueberzuege auf harten oberflaechen |
JPH0730456B2 (ja) * | 1988-10-05 | 1995-04-05 | 日本表面化学株式会社 | 亜鉛・ニッケル合金メッキに黒色クロメート皮膜を化成せしめる処理液 |
DE4005112A1 (de) * | 1989-12-23 | 1991-06-27 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Verfahren zum behandeln von teilen |
JP2841912B2 (ja) * | 1991-03-29 | 1998-12-24 | 日本鋼管株式会社 | 溶接可能な黒色鋼板 |
ES2046921B1 (es) * | 1991-05-13 | 1994-09-01 | Enthone Omi Inc | Procedimiento de sellado de revestimientos de conversion de cromato sobre cinc electrodepositado. |
-
1994
- 1994-12-07 FR FR9414701A patent/FR2727983B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-11-20 ES ES95402602T patent/ES2128679T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-11-20 EP EP95402602A patent/EP0716163B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-11-20 DE DE69507441T patent/DE69507441T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-11-29 JP JP7310842A patent/JPH08218182A/ja active Pending
- 1995-12-06 KR KR1019950047170A patent/KR100322935B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-06 CA CA002164555A patent/CA2164555C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-10-28 US US08/959,713 patent/US5876517A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6572756B2 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2003-06-03 | Elisha Holding Llc | Aqueous electrolytic medium |
US6592738B2 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2003-07-15 | Elisha Holding Llc | Electrolytic process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby |
US6599643B2 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2003-07-29 | Elisha Holding Llc | Energy enhanced process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby |
US6994779B2 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 2006-02-07 | Elisha Holding Llc | Energy enhanced process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby |
US6866896B2 (en) | 2002-02-05 | 2005-03-15 | Elisha Holding Llc | Method for treating metallic surfaces and products formed thereby |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69507441D1 (de) | 1999-03-04 |
CA2164555A1 (fr) | 1996-06-08 |
KR960023236A (ko) | 1996-07-18 |
ES2128679T3 (es) | 1999-05-16 |
DE69507441T2 (de) | 1999-07-15 |
JPH08218182A (ja) | 1996-08-27 |
FR2727983A1 (fr) | 1996-06-14 |
CA2164555C (fr) | 2001-09-11 |
EP0716163A1 (fr) | 1996-06-12 |
US5876517A (en) | 1999-03-02 |
FR2727983B1 (fr) | 1997-01-24 |
KR100322935B1 (ko) | 2002-06-27 |
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