Classifications

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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
  • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
  • C10L1/1832—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom mono-hydroxy
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
  • C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/223—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond having at least one amino group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/232—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
  • C10L1/2406—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium mercaptans; hydrocarbon sulfides
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
  • C10L1/305—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
  • C10L1/306—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond) organo Pb compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a gasoline composition
• a gasoline composition comprising a major amount of a gasoline suitable for use in spark-ignition engines and a minor amount of at least one additive.
• US Patent No. 3,632,510 discloses lubricating and fuel compositions comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and a minor proportion of an ester derivative (which includes mixed ester-metal salts) of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid wherein the hydrocarbon substituent contains at least about 50 aliphatic carbon atoms and no more than about 5% olefinic linkages based on the total number of carbon-carbon covalent linkages in the substituent.
• Sources of the hydrocarbon substituent include substantially saturated olefin polymers, particularly polymers of monoolefins having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms. Polyisobutylene is said to be the most preferred source of hydrocarbon substituent.
• Alcohols said to be useful in preparing the ester derivatives include compounds of the general formula in which R 3 is hydrogen; aryl; lower alkyl such as ethyl, propyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, etc.; or aralkyl; n is 0 to about 150; and R 1 and R 2 are lower alkylene of up to 8 carbon atoms.
• the ester derivatives When added to fuels, the ester derivatives are said to promote fuel system cleanliness by preventing the formation of deposits in fuel tanks, fuel lines, carburetors, fuel injection devices, and, in many instances reduce combustion chamber deposits, spark plug fouling and exhaust valve deposits. They also function effectively as anti-screen clogging agents.
• the succinic acid derivative is described either as having as a substituent on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 20 to 200 carbon atoms, or as having as a substituent on one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group having from 20 to 200 carbon atoms which is connected to the other alpha-carbon atom by means of a hydrocarbon moiety having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, forming a ring structure.
• the salts of the succinic acid derivative may be monobasic salts with the remaining carboxyl group aminated or esterified. No mention is made, however, of suitable amines or alcohols for use in amination and esterification respectively. The preferred salts are stated to be the dibasic salts.
• UK Patent Application Publication No. 2,177,418A discloses a gasoline composition
• a gasoline composition comprising a major amount of a gasoline suitable for use in spark-ignition engines, and a minor amount of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt of a succinic acid derivative as flame speed improver having as substituent on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 20 to 200 carbon atoms or of a succinic acid derivative having as a substituent on one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 20 to 200 carbon atoms which is connected to the other alpha-carbon atom by means of a hydrocarbon moiety having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, forming a ring structure.
• Salts of the succinic acid derivative can be monobasic with the remaining carboxyl group aminated or esterified. No mention is made, however, of suitable amines or alcohols for use in amination or esterification respectively.
• the preferred salts are stated to be the dibasic salts.
• UK Patent Specification No. 1,306,233 discloses compositions for use in fuels comprising an oil-soluble carboxylic dispersant and a thermally stable, relatively non-volatile petroleum fraction.
• the carboxylic dispersant is a carboxylic acid or an anhydride, ester, metal salt or acylated nitrogen derivative thereof.
• Substantially saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acids and anhydrides are especially preferred as dispersants.
• alkali metal salts of certain succinic acid derivatives are useful as spark-aiders (flame speed improvers) and compared with spark-ketting already known in the art they have the advantage of being less viscous and less prone to agglomeration, the latter being a particular problem as it leads to valve-sticking.
• a gasoline composition comprising a major amount of a gasoline suitable for use in spark-ignition engines and a minor amount of an alkali metal salt of a partial ester of an alkyl polyether alcohol of the general formula in which n is an integer from 4 to 25, R represents a C S -C 2o alkyl group and each R 1 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a C l -C lo alkyl group, with a succinic acid derivative having as a substituent on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 15 to 200 carbon atoms which optionally is connected to the other alpha-carbon atom by means of a hydrocarbon moiety having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, forming a ring structure.
• the present invention further provides a method of operating a spark-ignition internal combustion engine which comprises introducing to said engine a gasoline composition as defined above.
• the alkali metal salt of the partial ester is preferably the sodium, or especially the potassium, salt.
• An alkyl or an aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent group may be linear or branched.
• n is an integer from 4 to 20, more preferably from 4 to 15 and is especially 5 or 6.
• R contains at least 6 carbon atoms, preferably at least 7 carbon atoms.
• R represents a C 9 -C 15 , or more preferably a C 12 -C 15 , alkyl group.
• each R 1 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a C 1 -C 5 alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl, group.
• the compounds of general formula (I) are known compounds or can be prepared by processes analogous to known processes.
• the nature of the substituent(s) on at least one of the alpha-carbon atoms of the succinic acid derivative is of importance since it determines to a large extent the solubility of the alkali metal salt of the partial ester in gasoline.
• the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may conveniently be derived from a polyolefin, the monomers of which have 2 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g. a polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polypentene, polyhexene or mixed polymer. Particularly preferred is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which is derived from polyisobutylene.
• the aliphatic hydrocarbon group has from 15 to 150, more preferably from 15 to 100, and advantageously from 15 to 45, carbon atoms.
• Aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having from 20 to 30 carbon atoms have been found to be very effective.
• the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may contain substituents, e.g. one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by another atom, e.g. a halogen atom, or by a non-aliphatic organic group, e.g. an (un)substituted phenyl group, or a hydroxy, ether, ketone, aldehyde or ester group.
• substituents e.g. one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by another atom, e.g. a halogen atom, or by a non-aliphatic organic group, e.g. an (un)substituted phenyl group, or a hydroxy, ether, ketone, aldehyde or ester group.
• the succinic acid derivative may have more than one C 15 -C 200 aliphatic hydrocarbon group attached to one or both alpha-carbon atoms.
• the succinic acid has one C 15 -C 200 aliphatic hydrocarbon group on one of its alpha-carbon atoms.
• On the other alpha-carbon atom conveniently no substituent or only a rather short hydrocarbon, for example, C 1 -C S group is attached.
• the latter group can be linked with the C 15 -C 200 aliphatic hydrocarbon group, forming a ring structure.
• the substituted succinic acid derivatives are known in the art.
• the substituted succinic acid derivative can conveniently be prepared by mixing the polyolefin, for example polyisobutylene, with maleic acid or maleic anhydride and passing chlorine through the mixture, yielding hydrochloric acid and polyolefin-substituted succinic acid, as described in e.g. UK Patent Specification No. 949,981.
• the partial ester of the polyolefin-substituted succinic acid may conveniently be prepared by reacting in known manner the polyolefin-substituted succinic acid with an alkyl polyether alcohol of general formula (I), e.g. such an alcohol in which n is 5, R is a mixture of C 12 -C 15 alkyl groups and R 1 is a methyl group that is available under the trade mark "Oxilube-500" from member companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group.
• an alkali metal salt can conveniently be prepared by reaction with an alkali metal hydroxide such as potassium hydroxide.
• the gasoline composition according to the invention may conveniently contain from 1 to 1000 ppmw, preferably 100 to 400 ppmw, of the alkali metal salt of the partial ester, most preferably to give an alkali metal, preferably potassium, concentration in the range 4 to 16 ppmw.
• the gasoline composition according to the invention may also contain other additives.
• it can contain a lead compound as anti-knock additive and accordingly, the gasoline composition according to the invention includes both leaded and unleaded gasoline.
• the gasoline composition can also contain antioxidants such as phenolics, e.g. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, or phenylenediamines, e.g. N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, or anti-knock additives other than lead compounds, or polyether amino additives, e.g. as described in US Patent No. 4,477,261 and European Patent Application Publication No. 151,621.
• a particularly suitable additive in addition to the alkali metal salt of the partial ester for the gasoline composition according to the invention is a polyolefin derived from C 2 -C 6 monomers.
• the polyolefin is polyisobutylene having from 20 to 175 carbon atoms and especially from 35 to 150 carbon atoms.
• the amount of polyolefin in the gasoline composition according to the invention is preferably from 100 to 1200 ppmw.
• polyolefin derived from C 2 -C 6 monomers may be substituted by a polyoxyalkylene glycol hemi-ether of the general formula in which EO represents ethyleneoxy, PO represents propyleneoxy, R 2 is C 1 -C 20 alkyl and m and t represent average numbers of ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy moieties in each hemi-ether molecule such that m/(m+t) is in the range 0 to 0.5 and t/(m+t) is in the range 0.5 to 1, having number average molecular weight (M n ) of the hemi-ether in the range 500 to 3000.
• M n number average molecular weight
• R 2 is a mixture of C 12 -C 15 alkyl groups and the kinematic viscosity of the hemi-ether is about 80 mm 2 /s at 20°C according to ASTM D445, such a hemi-ether is available under the trade mark "Oxilube-949" from member companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group.
• the amount of hemi-ether in the gasoline composition according to the invention is preferably from 100 to 1200 ppmw.
• Another particularly suitable additive in addition to the alkali metal salt of the partial esterfor the gasoline composition according to the invention is a C 20 -C 150 alkyl or alkenyl group-containing polyamine.
• the polyamine is N-polyisobutylene-N',N'-dimethyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane.
• the amount of polyamine in the gasoline composition according to the invention is preferably from 5 to 200 ppmw.
• a very suitable additive combination in addition to the alkali metal salt of the partial ester for the gasoline composition according to the present invention is described in United States patent specification No. 4,357,148.
• This additive combination comprises an oil soluble aliphatic polyamine and a hydrocarbon polymer.
• This additive combination reduces the octane requirement increase (ORI).
• ORI octane requirement increase
• the ORI-reduction is associated with the prevention of deposit formation in the combustion chamber and adjacent surfaces in spark-ignition engines and/orwith the removal of such deposits therefrom.
• ORI-reduction is associated with the prevention of deposit formation in the combustion chamber and adjacent surfaces in spark-ignition engines and/orwith the removal of such deposits therefrom.
• a polyolefin the monomers of which have 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in combination with a C 20-150 alkyl or alkenyl group-containing polyamine.
• the gasoline composition according to the present invention preferably contains such a combination.
• a very advantageous species of the above polyolefin is polyisobutylene, having from 20 to 175 carbon atoms in particular polyisobutylene having from 35 to 150 carbon atoms.
• the polyamine used is preferably N-polyisobutylene-N',N'-dimethyl-1,3- diaminopropane.
• the contents of the polyolefin and of the alkyl or alkenyl group-containing polyamine in the gasoline composition according to the present invention is preferably from 100 to 1200 ppmw and from 5 to 200 ppmw, respectively.
• the composition may further suitably contain a non-ionic surfactant, such as an alkylphenol or an alkyl alkoxylate. Suitable examples of such surfactants include C4-C1s-alkylphenol and C 2 - 6 7alkylethoxylate or C 2 - 6 -alkylpropoxylate or mixtures thereof. The amount of the surfactant is advantageously from 10 to 1000 ppmw.
• the composition may still further suitably contain a detergent such as a polyolefin-substituted succinimide. Suitable examples of such detergents include the polyolefin-substituted succinimides described in EP-A-271937. The amount of detergent is advantageously from 10 to 1000 ppmw.
• the gasoline composition according to the invention comprises a major amount of a gasoline (base fuel) suitable for use in spark-ignition engines.
• base fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines.
• These base fuels may comprise mixtures of saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. They can be derived from straight-run gasoline, synthetically produced aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, thermally or catalytically cracked hydrocarbon feedstocks, hydrocracked petroleum fractions or catalytically reformed hydrocarbons.
• the octane number of the base fuel is not critical and will generally be above 65.
• hydrocarbons can be replaced up to substantial amounts by alcohols, ethers, ketones or esters.
• the base fuels are suitably substantially free of water since water may impede a smooth combustion.
• the alkali metal salts of the partial esters can be added separately to the gasoline or they can be blended with other additives and added to the gasoline together.
• a preferred method of adding these salts to gasoline is first to prepare a concentrate of these salts and then to add this concentrate in a calculated, desired amount to the gasoline.
• the present invention therefore further provides a concentrate suitable for addition to gasoline comprising a gasoline-compatible diluentwith from 20 to 50%w, calculated on the diluent, of an alkali metal salt of a partial ester of an alkyl polyether alcohol of the general formula in which n is an integer from 4 to 25, R represents a C 6 -C 20 alkyl group and each R 1 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a C l -C lo alkyl group, with a succinic acid derivative having as a substituent on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 15 to 200 carbon atoms which optionally is connected to the other alpha-carbon atom by means of a hydrocarbon moiety having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, forming a ring structure.
• a gasoline-compatible diluent with from 20 to 50%w, calculated on the diluent, of an alkali metal salt of a partial ester of
• Suitable gasoline-compatible diluents are hydrocarbons, like heptane, alcohols or ethers, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, 2-butoxyethanol or methyl tert-butyl ether.
• the diluent is an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene, xylene, mixtures thereof or mixtures of toluene or xylene with an alcohol.
• the concentrate may contain a dehazer, particularly a polyether-type ethoxylated alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin.
• the dehazer if employed, is preferably present in the concentrate in an amount of from 0.01 to 1%w, calculated on the diluent.
• the invention further provides for the use of an alkali metal salt of a partial ester of an alkyl polyether alcohol of the general formula in which n is an integer from 4 to 25, R represents a C 6 -C 20 alkyl group and each R 1 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a C l -C lo alkyl group, with a succinic acid derivative having as a substituent on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 15 to 200 carbon atoms which optionally is connected to the other alpha-carbon atom by means of a hydrocarbon moiety having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, forming a ring structure, as a spark-aider and anti-valve stick agent in a gasoline composition comprising a major portion of a gasoline suitable for use in spark-ignition engines.
• Polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight (M n ) of 280 as determined by gel permeation chromatography and maleic anhydride were stirred together with heating up to 180°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Chlorine was then added to the reaction mixture over a period of five hours and the reaction mixture maintained at 180°C for a further four hours. The molar ratio of polyisobutylene/maleic anhydride/chlorine in the reaction mixture was 1.0/1.5/1.12. Excess maleic anhydride was then removed by distillation to yield polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride with an acid value of 5.9mmol/g.
• the partial ester (100g) obtained above was dissolved in xylene (50g) and the resulting solution mixed with a solution of potassium hydroxide in methanol (8.5g of 83%w potassium hydroxide dissolved in 21.2g of methanol).
• the reaction mixture was heated to 65°C for a period of three hours, at the end of which time the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate retained. Purification of the filtrate yielded the desired salt (potassium content, 4.4%m).
• Example 2 A mixture of the polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (303.9g) obtained above and 405.5g of the alkyl polyether alcohol of general formula (I) referred to in Example 1 was heated at 200°C for three and a half hours at atmospheric pressure and for one hour at a pressure of 20mmHg. The product obtained, a partial ester, was found to have an acid value of 1.04 mmol/g.
• M n number average molecular weight
• a potassium salt of a partial ester of a condensate of a blend of C 12 -C l5 alkanols, propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in molar ratio alkanol: propylene oxide: ethylene oxide of 1: 4.2: 5.6 density at 20°C ASTM D1298 of 0.98; viscosity index ASTM D2270 of 186; number average molecular weight (M n ) of 700; available under the trade mark "Oxilube-501" from member companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group
• polyisobutenyl succinic acid was prepared using the above condensate in place of the alkyl polyether alcohol referred to in Example 2.
• a mixture of the polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (35 kg) obtained above and 35.2 kg of the alkyl polyether alcohol of general formula (I) referred to in Example 1 was heated at 200°C for four and a half hours at atmospheric pressure.
• the product obtained, a partial ester was found to have an acid value of 1.04 mmol/g.
• Reaction of the partial ester (69 kg) obtained above dissolved in xylene (30 kg) with a solution of potassium hydroxide in methanol (17 kg of 25%w solution) at 65 °C for three hours, followed by filtration and then purification yielded the desired salt with a potassium content of 2.10%w.
• the non volatiles concentration was 61.1%w.
• a method of predicting what might happen in a vehicle engine under certain driving conditions is to study the appearance and the viscosity characteristics of an additive package (blend) after removal of all the light components (i.e. those components boiling below 350°C).
• additive packages A to H shown in Table 1 were distilled to remove the light components using a rotary evaporator operated fora period of 1 hour at 140°C and 1.3 Pa and the viscosities of the remaining residues determined according to ASTM D445. The results are also shown in Table I.
• Additive I N-polyisobutylene-N',N'-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane, the polyisobutylene having an average molecular weight of 1350 as determined by vapour phase osmometry
• Additive II potassium polyisobutenyl succinate, the polyisobutylene having an average molecular weight of 950 as determined by vapour phase osmometry
• Additive III polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of 650 as determined by gel permeation chromatography
• Additive IV a polyoxyalkylene glycol hemi-ether of formula (II) in which R 2 is a mixture of c 12 -c 15 alkyl groups, the hemi-ether having a kinematic viscosity of about 80mm 2 /s at 20°C according to ASTM D445 which is available under the trade mark "Oxilube-949" from member companies
• Additive packages A, B and C were tested in the inlet valve-stick test in a Volkswagen Transporter according to the following method.
• the vehicle was first run on a base fuel over a distance of 50 kilometres in order to flush out the fuel system. Then the vehicle was test-run 112 kilometres on a mixture of the base fuel and one of additive packages A, B and C. Over this distance, the vehicle experienced hot soak periods, periods of idling and maximum speeds of 24, 40 and 56 kilometres/hour in 2nd, 3rd and 4th gears respectively. During the hot soak periods, the vehicle was allowed to stand for 10 minutes with the engine switched off. Conversely, during the periods of idling, the vehicle was allowed to stand for 30 seconds with the engine switched on.
• additive packages A, B and C were tested in a Vauxhall Cavalier.
• the potassium was added as the salt of the partial ester of polyisobutylene-substituted succinic acid (the polyisobutylene having an average molecular weight of 280 as determined by gel permeation chromatography) with the alkyl polyether alcohol of formula (I) in which n is 5, R is a mixture of c 12 -c 15 alkyl groups and R 1 represents a methyl group (available under the trade mark "Oxilube-500" from member companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group).

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• 1990
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• 1991
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