CN216669994U - Soil condensate measuring device capable of controlling conditions - Google Patents
Soil condensate measuring device capable of controlling conditions Download PDFInfo
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- CN216669994U CN216669994U CN202123196403.2U CN202123196403U CN216669994U CN 216669994 U CN216669994 U CN 216669994U CN 202123196403 U CN202123196403 U CN 202123196403U CN 216669994 U CN216669994 U CN 216669994U
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Abstract
The utility model provides a soil condensed water measuring device capable of controlling conditions, which belongs to the technical field of soil monitoring and comprises a soil box body, a plurality of micro seepage gauges, a temperature patrol instrument, a control box body, a humidity regulator and an automatic temperature controller, wherein the soil box body is internally divided into a plurality of soil containing chambers for containing different soils; the micro seepage gauges are embedded in the soil containing chambers in a one-to-one correspondence manner; the temperature polling instrument is buried in the soil of the soil box body; the control box body is arranged above the soil box body and is connected with the soil box body to form a sealed space, and soil in the soil box body is exposed in the control box body; the humidity regulator is arranged on the control box body; the automatic temperature controller is arranged on the control box body. The soil condensed water measuring device capable of controlling the conditions can be used for performing a soil condensed water contrast test under the conditions of different soil types, soil particle sizes, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, and researching the influence of different soil and meteorological conditions on the formation of the soil condensed water.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model belongs to the technical field of soil monitoring, and particularly relates to a soil condensed water measuring device capable of controlling conditions.
Background
The research areas for soil condensation water are mainly focused on arid and semi-arid regions, which have the problem of water resource shortage, and the soil condensation water is one of the important water sources for maintaining the ecosystem and is an important water source for insects, small animals, particularly arthropods and mollusks in the desert habitat. The experimental result of the soil condensed water has positive significance for the aspects of development and utilization of the soil condensed water in northern arid regions, soil moisture conservation, crop growth, soil improvement, desertification control in northwest regions, ecological environment improvement and the like.
The soil condensate comprises two parts of hot condensate and hygroscopic water. The soil thermal condensation water is liquid water formed by condensing atmospheric water vapor and soil pore water vapor in the ground and surface soil when the ground temperature and the surface ground temperature reach dew points; the soil hygroscopic water refers to the gaseous water adsorbed from the atmosphere or soil air on the surface of dry soil particles under the action of molecular attraction and electrostatic attraction. The current experimental method cannot distinguish between the two, so that the soil condensed water mentioned in the text is the sum of the soil hot condensed water and the hygroscopic water.
The research method of the soil condensed water mainly takes field experiment tests as main tests, has fewer indoor tests, mainly obtains the amount of the soil condensed water through field observation experiments, and analyzes the formation mechanism, the influence factors, the condensation amount, the condensation time, the change rule and the like of the soil condensed water. In the field observation test, the meteorological conditions and the soil conditions are certain and cannot be controlled, the observation result is a test result under the comprehensive environmental factors, and the influence of a single factor on the soil condensed water is difficult to analyze. The soil condensed water measured by the field experiment is the sum of the soil moisture absorption water and the hot condensed water, and cannot be distinguished.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
The embodiment of the utility model provides a soil condensed water measuring device capable of controlling conditions, which can obtain test results of hot condensed water and hygroscopic water through indoor condition control, and provides a tool for research on influence factors and influence degrees influencing the soil condensed water by scientific research personnel.
In order to achieve the purpose, the utility model adopts the technical scheme that: there is provided a soil condensed water measuring apparatus capable of controlling conditions, comprising: the soil box body is internally divided into a plurality of soil containing chambers for containing different types of soil; the miniature seepage meters are correspondingly arranged in the soil containing chambers one by one, and the type of soil contained in the miniature seepage meters is the same as that of the soil embedded in the miniature seepage meters; the temperature polling instrument is used for being buried in the soil of the soil box body; the control box body is arranged above the soil box body and is connected with the soil box body to form a sealed space, so that the soil in the soil box body is exposed in the control box body; the humidity regulator is arranged on the control box body and is used for regulating the relative humidity of the air in the control box body; the automatic temperature controller is arranged on the control box body and used for adjusting the temperature of the air in the control box body.
In a possible implementation manner, the miniature seepage tester comprises an outer sleeve, a plurality of layers of food drawers stacked in the height direction and a nylon net sleeved outside the food drawers, the food drawers are sleeved together by the nylon net and placed in the outer sleeve, and the soil contained in the food drawers is the same as the type of the soil buried in the outer sleeve.
In one possible implementation, the food steamer is a PVC tubing and the outer sleeve is a PVC tubing.
In one possible implementation, two adjacent food drawers have an overlap of 5mm to 10 mm.
In a possible implementation, the top of the outer sleeve is higher than the top of the food drawer.
In a possible implementation manner, a sealing structure is arranged between the soil box body and the control box body.
In a possible implementation manner, the sealing structure is a sealing strip arranged between the soil box body and the control box body, or an outer frame arranged at a seam between the soil box body and the control box body.
In a possible implementation manner, the soil box body and the control box body respectively comprise a density board, an insulating layer and a fireproof layer from outside to inside.
In a possible implementation manner, the humidity regulator includes a humidity control chamber, a humidifier and a fan, the humidity control chamber is connected to a side wall of the control box, the humidifier is disposed in the humidity control chamber, and the fan is mounted on a common wall of the control box and the humidity control chamber.
In a possible implementation, the top of the control box body is provided with a safety valve.
Compared with the prior art, the soil condensed water measuring device with controllable conditions has the beneficial effects that: (1) can carry out the soil condensate water under different soil types, soil particle diameter, atmospheric temperature and the relative humidity condition through this device and form contrast test, research different soil and meteorological condition are to the influence that the soil condensate water formed.
(2) Compared with the field observation experiment, the experiment of indoor controllable conditions reduces the influence of other influencing factors on the formation of the soil condensed water, realizes the observation experiment of the controllable conditions, particularly can control the formation of the soil heat condensed water under the condition of simultaneously controlling the atmospheric temperature and the relative humidity thereof, obtains the test result of the soil moisture absorption water, and analyzes the formation rule and the influencing factors of the soil moisture absorption water.
(3) Through this experimental apparatus, can carry out the condensate water measurement of different soil types simultaneously, realize under same weather and humidity condition, survey the soil condensate water yield of different grade type soil in the different degree of depth for the formation law of analysis soil condensate water and the influence of soil type to the formation of soil condensate water.
(4) The soil condensate measuring device has the advantages that the soil condensate measuring under controllable conditions is realized, scientific researchers can flexibly design experimental schemes according to research purposes, and tools are provided for researching influence factors and influence degrees influencing the soil condensate by the scientific researchers.
(5) Can realize the measurement of soil moisture absorption water through this experimental apparatus, can carry out the measurement of the moisture absorption water of multiple different soil simultaneously, go on repeatedly, can obtain the soil moisture absorption volume of different grade type soil, provide the instrument for scientific research personnel's formation rule and the influence factor of soil moisture absorption water.
The device has the advantages of simple structure, low cost and easy acquisition of used materials and equipment, easy manufacture, indoor implementation and convenient research of scientific research personnel.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a first schematic structural diagram of a soil condensate measuring device with controllable conditions according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram II of a soil condensate measuring device capable of controlling conditions according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a third schematic structural diagram of a soil condensate measuring device with controllable conditions according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a fourth schematic structural diagram of a soil condensation water measuring device with controllable conditions according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a micro-seepage tester provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional structural view of a soil box or a control box provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a humidity conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention;
description of reference numerals:
1. an automatic temperature controller; 2. an outer frame; 3. a thermometer; 4. a hygrometer; 5. a fan; 6. a humidifier; 7. A humidity control chamber; 8. a control box body; 9. a safety valve; 10. an outer sleeve; 11. a food steamer; 12. a nylon mesh; 13. a handle; 14. a soil box body; 15. a compartment divider; 16. a temperature polling instrument; 17. a support; 171. A vertical rod; 172. a base plate; 173. a support leg; 18. a fire barrier layer; 19. a density board; 20. and (7) an insulating layer.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantageous effects to be solved by the present invention more clearly apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the utility model and are not intended to limit the utility model.
Referring to fig. 1 to 4 together, a soil condensate measuring apparatus of the present invention, which can control conditions, will now be described. The soil condensed water measuring device capable of controlling the conditions comprises a soil box body 14, a plurality of miniature seepage gauges, a temperature patrol gauge 16, a control box body 8, a humidity regulator and an automatic temperature controller 1, wherein the soil box body 14 is internally divided into a plurality of soil containing chambers for containing different types of soil; the miniature seepage meters are correspondingly arranged in the soil containing chambers one by one, and the soil contained in the miniature seepage meters is the same as the type of the soil embedded in the miniature seepage meters; the temperature polling instrument 16 is used for burying in the soil of the soil box 14; the control box body 8 is arranged above the soil box body 14 and is connected with the soil box body 14 to form a sealed space, so that the soil in the soil box body 14 is exposed in the control box body 8; the humidity regulator is arranged on the control box body 8 and is used for regulating the relative humidity of air in the control box body 8; the automatic temperature controller 1 is arranged on the control box body 8 and is used for adjusting the temperature of air in the control box body 8.
The soil condensate water measuring device of the steerable condition that this embodiment provided compares with prior art, (1) can carry out the soil condensate water under different soil types, soil particle diameter, atmospheric temperature and the relative humidity condition through this device and form contrast test, the influence of different soil and meteorological condition to the formation of soil condensate water of research.
(2) Compared with the field observation experiment, the experiment of indoor controllable conditions reduces the influence of other influencing factors on the formation of the soil condensed water, realizes the observation experiment of the controllable conditions, particularly can control the formation of the soil heat condensed water under the condition of simultaneously controlling the atmospheric temperature and the relative humidity thereof, obtains the test result of the soil moisture absorption water, and analyzes the formation rule and the influencing factors of the soil moisture absorption water.
(3) Through this experimental apparatus, can carry out the condensate water measurement of different soil types simultaneously, realize under same weather and humidity condition, survey the soil condensate water yield of different grade type soil in the different degree of depth for the formation law of analysis soil condensate water and the influence of soil type to the formation of soil condensate water.
(4) The soil condensate measuring device has the advantages that the soil condensate measuring under controllable conditions is realized, scientific researchers can flexibly design experimental schemes according to research purposes, and tools are provided for researching influence factors and influence degrees influencing the soil condensate by the scientific researchers.
(5) Can realize the measurement of soil moisture absorption water through this experimental apparatus, can carry out the measurement of the moisture absorption water of multiple different soil simultaneously, go on repeatedly, can obtain the soil moisture absorption volume of different grade type soil, provide the instrument for scientific research personnel's formation rule and the influence factor of soil moisture absorption water.
In the embodiment, the temperature and the humidity of the air in the box body 8 are controlled through the humidity regulator and the automatic temperature controller, so that an environment atmosphere is created for the soil in the soil box body 14, and the humidity and the temperature of the soil are regulated.
Wherein, the humidity regulator, the automatic temperature controller and the temperature polling instrument 16 are all connected with a power supply lead.
In the temperature polling instrument 16 selected in this embodiment, the distance between the temperature probes of the temperature polling instrument 16 is required to be 5cm, and the bottom of the temperature polling instrument 16 is a tip, so that the temperature polling instrument is convenient to insert into soil; the temperature profiler 16 records a time interval of 10 minutes.
As a specific embodiment of the soil condensed water measuring device with controllable conditions provided in this embodiment, the micro-seepage meter may adopt a structure as shown in fig. 1 to 5. Referring to fig. 5, the micro seepage tester comprises an outer sleeve 10, a plurality of layers of food steamer 11 stacked along the height direction, and a nylon net 12 sleeved outside the food steamer 11, wherein the food steamer 11 are sleeved together by the nylon net 12 and placed in the outer sleeve 10, and the soil contained in the food steamer 11 is the same as the type of the buried soil. During measurement, the condensation amount or the evaporation amount of the soil is obtained according to the weight change on each food steamer 11, namely the weight change of each food steamer 11 is the condensation amount or the evaporation amount of the condensed water of the soil, the micro seepage meter is increased in weight, the generation of the condensed water is proved, the weight is reduced, and the evaporation effect is proved.
Wherein, the nylon net 12 is provided with a handle 13 so as to be convenient for lifting all the food drawers 11 out of the outer sleeve 10.
As an embodiment of the micro seepage meter provided in this embodiment, referring to fig. 5, the food drawer 11 is a PVC pipe, and the outer sleeve 10 is a PVC pipe. Namely, the food steamer 11 is processed by selecting proper PVC pipes, the materials are easy to obtain, and the manufacture is simple. The food steamer 11 is internally provided with a nylon cloth back cover so as to be convenient for containing soil.
As an improved embodiment of the micro-seepage meter provided in this embodiment, referring to fig. 5, two adjacent cages 11 have an overlap of 5mm to 10mm, which can improve the reliability of the stacking between the cages 11. For example, the outer step is processed at the bottom of the upper food steamer 11, the inner step is processed at the lower food steamer 11, and the upper and lower food steamers 11 are connected by plugging, so that the two food steamers 11 can be reliably connected.
As an improved embodiment of the micro-seepage meter provided in this embodiment, referring to fig. 1 to 4, the top end of the outer casing is higher than the top surface of the soil; the miniature seepage tester is placed in the outer sleeve, and the top of the food steamer is flush with the top surface of the soil.
As an embodiment of the matching of the control box body and the soil box body, see fig. 4, wherein the control box body 8, the soil box body 14 and the micro-tester can be selected with matching dimensions, for example, the length, width and height of the control box body 8 are 60cm × 60cm × 120 cm; the length, width and height of the soil box 14 are 60cm × 60cm × 40 cm; the diameter of the outer sleeve 10 is 11cm, and the height is 20 cm; the diameter of a single food steamer 11 is 9cm, the food steamer is formed by overlapping and buckling 4 same food steamers 11 with the height of 6cm, and a nylon cloth bottom cover with 400 meshes is selected at the position 1cm at the bottom of each food steamer 11.
As another possible implementation manner of the cooperation of the control box body and the soil box body, referring to fig. 1 to 3, the length of the soil box body is twice the length of the control box body, the control box body is slidably arranged on the soil box body, and the soil containing chamber needing to contain soil is exposed through the sliding of the control box body, so that the soil can be conveniently contained in the soil containing chamber for replacing soil, and the cage drawer can be conveniently taken out for weighing and the soil in the cage drawer can be conveniently replaced.
When the support 17 has been set up to the soil box outside, then the control box slide along support 17 can, and at this moment, the length of support 17 is the twice of control box to the control box pushes away from the soil box and supports on support 17.
In order to identify and identify the soil in the different drawers 11, the outer wall of each drawer 11 is provided with a label.
As shown in fig. 1 to 4, in addition to the above embodiments, in order to improve the sealing property of the sealed space in the control box 8, a sealing structure is provided between the soil box 14 and the control box 8.
In some embodiments, the sealing structure is a seal disposed between the soil box 14 and the control box 8, or an external frame 2 disposed at the seam between the soil box 14 and the control box 8. In an example I, the width of the control box body 8 is the same as that of the soil box body 14, the control box body 8 is directly butted on the soil box body 14, a sealing groove is arranged on the butting surface of the control box body 8 and the soil box body 14, and a sealing strip is arranged in the sealing groove; in the second example, the seam between the soil box 14 and the control box 8 is sealed by the arranged outer frame 2, the outer frame 2 can simultaneously enhance the reliability of the connection between the control box 8 and the soil box 14, the outer frame 2 can be connected with the control box 8 and the soil box 14 through screws, and meanwhile, a rubber layer can be arranged on the inner side of the outer frame 2 to improve the sealing performance.
Optionally, the material of the outer frame 2 is a density plate 19, and the length, width and height thereof are 92cm × 62cm × 10 cm.
Optionally, referring to fig. 1 to fig. 3, a support 17 may be further provided, the support 17 includes a side plate surrounding the soil box 14, an upper end of the side plate is connected to the outer frame 2, a length, a width, and a height of the entire support 17 are 90cm × 62cm × 40cm, the support is made of a density plate 19, four legs extend from a bottom of the support, and a bottom plate is provided inside the support to support the soil box 14. When the support is not arranged, the support legs or the rollers can be directly arranged at the bottom of the soil box body.
Alternatively, referring to fig. 3, the support 17 includes a bottom plate 171, a support foot 173 disposed under the bottom plate 171, and a vertical rod 172 disposed on the bottom plate 171, an end surface of the vertical rod is triangular and is supported at four corners of the soil box, wherein an outer frame is disposed on the vertical rod, the bottom plate supports the soil box, and the support foot may also be replaced by a roller.
In some possible embodiments, referring to fig. 6, the soil box 14 and the control box 8 each include, from the outside to the inside, a density board 19, an insulating layer 20 and a fire-resistant layer 18. The heat insulation material can keep the temperature constant as much as possible under the condition of sealing the device, and the fireproof material can prevent fire caused by overhigh heating temperature. Optionally, a compartment partition plate 15 is arranged in the soil box 14, and divides the soil box 14 into containing compartments with the same volume, wherein the containing compartments are density plates 19 and fireproof materials, the density plates 19 are arranged in the middle, the fireproof materials are arranged on the periphery, the length and the width of the containing compartments are 60cm × 40cm, and the thickness of the containing compartments is 1 cm.
Based on the above-mentioned implementation of the micro-seepage meter, as a specific example of the humidity regulator provided in this embodiment, referring to fig. 7, the humidity regulator includes a humidity control chamber 7, a humidifier 6 and a fan 5, the humidity control chamber 7 is connected to one side wall of the control box 8, the humidifier 6 is disposed in the humidity control chamber 7, the fan 5 is mounted on a common wall of the control box 8 and the humidity control chamber 7, and the fan 5 sends the water vapor atomized by the humidifier 6 into the control box 8.
In other possible embodiments, the humidity controller and thermostat 1 may be of any suitable type, such as a digital type, and the humidity controller and thermostat 1 may be used to directly regulate and read the humidity and temperature values.
Certainly, in order to facilitate observation of humidity and temperature and to know changes of humidity and temperature inside the control box 8 more accurately, optionally, the two hygrometers 4 and the thermometer 3 are arranged on the side surface of the control box 8, wherein the two hygrometers 4 are arranged at the upper and lower positions of the control box 8, so that differences of humidity inside the control box 8 can be monitored conveniently; similarly, thermometers 3 are provided at respective upper and lower positions of the control box 8.
In this embodiment, the humidity controller is fixed on the outer wall of the control box body 8 by screws, the automatic temperature controller is arranged on the inner wall of the control box body 8 by screws, and the automatic temperature controller comprises an automatic temperature controller and a quartz tube electric heater 2.
In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 1-4, a safety valve 9 is provided at the top of the control tank 8 to prevent danger when the pressure in the tank is too high.
In the above embodiments, the descriptions of the respective embodiments have respective emphasis, and reference may be made to the related descriptions of other embodiments for parts that are not described or illustrated in a certain embodiment.
An example of a measuring method of a soil condensed water measuring apparatus based on a controllable condition includes the steps of:
s1: the miniature seepage tester is respectively arranged on two sides of the chamber partition board of the soil box body 14, different types of soil are filled in the miniature seepage tester, the same soil as that in the seepage tester is filled in the periphery of the miniature seepage tester, and the temperature polling device 16 is buried in the soil of the soil box body 14.
S2: the relative humidity of the air in the adjusting control box body 8 is kept constant in a certain period of time; the adjusting interval of the relative humidity is 2 hours or more, and is consistent with the time interval weighed by the miniature seepage meter; weighing the weight change of each food steamer 11 in the micro seepage tester at intervals of 2 hours or more, wherein the weight change is the condensation amount or the evaporation amount of the soil condensed water, and the evaporation effect is proved to occur when the weight of the micro seepage tester is increased and the condensed water is proved to be generated and the weight is lightened.
S3: and repeating the steps of S1 and S2 periodically to obtain the condensation amount of the soil condensation water of different types of soil at different relative humidity at different depths under a certain temperature.
S4: as in the step S1, the temperature of the atmosphere in the control box 8 is adjusted, and the weight of each of the food drawers 11 is weighed at intervals of 2 hours or more; the periodic repetition of S1 and S4 can obtain the condensation amount of the soil condensation water of different types of soil at different temperatures at different depths under the same atmospheric humidity.
S5: the same as the step S1, the relative humidity and the temperature of the atmosphere in the control box body 8 are controlled at the same time, the relative humidity of the atmosphere is increased, the atmospheric temperature is adjusted to be kept above the dew point humidity, and the weight of each food steamer 11 is weighed at intervals of 2 hours or more; the periodic repetition of S1 and S5 can obtain the moisture absorption of the soil of different types at different depths under the same atmospheric humidity.
The above description is intended to be illustrative of the preferred embodiment of the present invention and should not be taken as limiting the utility model, but rather, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the utility model.
Claims (10)
1. A condition-controllable soil condensate measurement device, comprising:
the soil box body (14) is internally divided into a plurality of soil containing chambers for containing different types of soil;
the miniature seepage measuring instruments are correspondingly arranged in the soil containing chambers one by one, and the types of soil contained in the miniature seepage measuring instruments are the same as the type of soil embedded in the miniature seepage measuring instruments;
the temperature patrol instrument (16) is buried in the soil of the soil box body (14);
the control box body (8) is arranged above the soil box body (14) and is connected with the soil box body (14) to form a sealed space, so that the soil in the soil box body (14) is exposed in the control box body (8);
the humidity regulator is arranged on the control box body (8) and is used for regulating the relative humidity of the air in the control box body (8);
and the automatic temperature controller is arranged on the control box body (8) and is used for adjusting the temperature of the air in the control box body (8).
2. The condition-controllable soil condensate water measuring device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said micro-seepage meter comprises an outer casing (10), a plurality of layers of stacked cages (11) along a height direction, and a nylon net (12) sleeved outside said cages (11), said nylon net (12) sleeving each of said cages (11) together and being placed inside said outer casing (10), and the soil contained inside said cages (11) being of the same type as the soil buried therein.
3. The condition controlled soil condensate measurement device of claim 2, wherein the cage (11) is PVC tubing and the outer sleeve (10) is PVC tubing.
4. A condition controllable soil condensate measuring device as claimed in claim 2, wherein adjacent two of said food drawers (11) have an overlap of 5mm-10 mm.
5. The condition controllable soil condensate measuring device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the top of said outer casing (10) is higher than the top of said cage (11).
6. A condition controllable soil condensate water measuring device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a sealing structure is provided between said soil box (14) and said control box (8).
7. The condition controllable soil condensate water measuring device as claimed in claim 6, wherein said sealing structure is a sealing strip disposed between said soil box (14) and said control box (8) or an outer frame (2) externally disposed at a joint of said soil box (14) and said control box (8).
8. The apparatus for measuring conditioned soil condensate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soil box (14) and the control box (8) each comprise, from outside to inside, a density board (19), an insulating layer (20) and a fire-proof layer (18).
9. The apparatus for measuring soil condensed water with controllable conditions according to claim 1, wherein the humidity regulator comprises a humidity control chamber (7), a humidifier (6) and a blower (5), the humidity control chamber (7) is connected to a side wall of the control box (8), the humidifier (6) is arranged in the humidity control chamber (7), and the blower (5) is installed on a common wall of the control box (8) and the humidity control chamber (7).
10. A condition controllable soil condensate measuring device as claimed in any one of claims 1-9, wherein a safety valve (9) is provided at the top of said control tank (8).
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Cited By (1)
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CN114113197A (en) * | 2021-12-17 | 2022-03-01 | 中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所 | Method for measuring soil condensed water with controllable conditions |
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CN114113197A (en) * | 2021-12-17 | 2022-03-01 | 中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所 | Method for measuring soil condensed water with controllable conditions |
CN114113197B (en) * | 2021-12-17 | 2024-06-21 | 中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所 | Method for measuring soil condensate capable of controlling conditions |
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