CN201666954U - Radon synchroballistic type tritium in the air continuous monitoring instrument - Google Patents
Radon synchroballistic type tritium in the air continuous monitoring instrument Download PDFInfo
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- CN201666954U CN201666954U CN2010201120116U CN201020112011U CN201666954U CN 201666954 U CN201666954 U CN 201666954U CN 2010201120116 U CN2010201120116 U CN 2010201120116U CN 201020112011 U CN201020112011 U CN 201020112011U CN 201666954 U CN201666954 U CN 201666954U
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- tritium
- ionization chamber
- radon
- casing
- polyester film
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N Tritium Chemical compound [3H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 229910052722 tritium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 229910052704 radon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N radon atom Chemical compound [Rn] SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 12
- 229920006267 polyester film Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LBDSXVIYZYSRII-IGMARMGPSA-N alpha-particle Chemical compound [4He+2] LBDSXVIYZYSRII-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005250 beta ray Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003446 memory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012806 monitoring device Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
A radon synchroballistic type tritium in the air continuous monitoring instrument comprises a tritium measuring ionization chamber at the middle part and radon measuring compensated ionization chambers at two sides, a row of center electrode wires connected to a zero electric potential are provided at the middle part of the tritium measuring ionization chamber, aluminum plating polyester film windows connected with the high voltage are respectively provided at two sides of the electrode wires to compose a high gas tightness inner embedded parallel board current gas type tritium measuring ionization chamber; a row of collector electrode wires connected to the zero electric potential are respectively provided at the middle part of the upper and lower casings of the ionization chambers and the two aluminum plating polyester film windows to compose two thin window type parallel board radon measurinf compensated ionization chambers, the effective volume of each compensated ionization chamber is 1/2 of the volume of the tritium measuring ionization chamber. The utility model has advantages of simple structure and convenient operation, the response ratio dispersancy of the tritium measuring ionization chamber and the radon measuring compensated ionization chambers to the measured radon is reduced greatly, the stability and the precision of real time tritium monitoring can be improved, the utility model is specially adapted to continuously real time monitor the tritium in the air in the environment with high natural radon concentration or existing other radioactivity inert gases.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to a kind of continuous, real-time monitoring device of radioactive gas nuclide tritium, tritium continuous monitor in specifically a kind of radon synchroballistic formula air.
Background technology
The radgas tritium comprises HTO and HT.The ceiling capacity of tritium β particle is 18KeV, average energy 5.7kev, and aerial maximum range 5mm is difficult to survey with common beta rediation detector, and usual way is to adopt flow-type ionization chamber to measure.More than 30 year domestic past used state-run 262 factories (Xi'an nuclear instrument factory) FJ-357 low energy β gas monitoring instrument to carry out the monitoring of tritium in the air always, the new product that this factory releases over nearly 10 years mainly contains XH-3125 tritium gas control measurement instrument and XH-3127 low energy β gas measurement instrument, the TAM-1 of Chinese Radiation Protection Research Inst, TAM-2, tritium monitor in the TAM-3 type series air, in the influence of the memory effect that reduces tritium to measuring, improve the detection sensitivity of tritium monitor, realize connecting of instrument and computing machine, fluid drive, show measurement result, before there has been very big improvement data processing storage and printing drawing aspect.
Examination monitoring for tritium under other radgas existence conditions, U.S. Jalbert once developed the coaxial compensation survey tritium ionization chamber (Jalbert.R.A A Tritium Monitor For FusionReactor Rep LA-9382-MS, Los Alames National Lab.NIM (1982)) of radioactivity inert gases such as a kind of Kr-85 of examination in the eighties in last century.This shared impenetrable polyester film of tritium β of coaxial garden column type ionization chamber or thin aluminium foil are as common wall.Tested gas enters the internal ionization chamber by the central electrode of hollow.Tritium is measured in the internal ionization chamber, and the high energy β ray that other gases beyond the tritium produce, except that inner room produces ionization current, pass common wall and on mistress's electrode, also can collect offset current, measure thereby be implemented under other radgas existence conditions examination tritium.
Yet the tritium monitor of above-mentioned Kr-85 or Rn compensation belongs to hard compensation, promptly requires measuring chamber and compensated chamber identical to the ray response that is compensated, and opposite by polarity that ionization chamber adds high pressure, the reversal that produces in electrometer offsets.In fact because some difference or the other reasons that exist on the structure of measuring chamber and compensated chamber, volume, offset current is difficult to zero, and in a single day instrument installs and be definite value and can not adjust.
The comprehensive above-mentioned tritium monitor principle that has other radgas examination functions, the domestic tritium seminar that is responsible for by me Chinese Radiation Protection Research Inst in 2004 has successfully developed tritium monitor in the TAM-5 type radon examination type air, and has declared patent.Though this instrument has satisfied on-the-spot monitoring requirement, find that at the service check of model machine the subject matter of its existence is to survey the tritium ionization chamber and survey the response ratio of radon compensated ionization chamber to tested radon gas and be spindle, has bigger dispersiveness.Be reflected in ENVIRONMENT RADON CONTENT when rising when descending, the ratio of two ionization detection chamber electric currents has certain difference.Show as in ENVIRONMENT RADON CONTENT and transferred to when descending by rising, instrument provides negative value at interpolation branch for a long time.Fig. 1 is the structural representation of tritium continuous monitor complete machine in the existing radon synchroballistic formula air.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this utility model is can carry out structural improvement to the compensation tritium monitor of radon that tritium β and radon α particle carry out real-time continuous, synchro measure to above-mentioned.Not only simplify the structure, and survey tritium ionization chamber and survey radon compensated ionization chamber are greatly reduced the response ratio dispersiveness of tested radon gas, improve the precision of real-time tritium monitoring.
The technical solution of the utility model is as follows: tritium continuous monitor in a kind of radon synchroballistic formula air, comprise the square boxlike ionization chamber of prolate casing, the middle part of casing is for surveying the tritium ionization chamber, the both sides of surveying the tritium ionization chamber respectively are provided with one and survey the radon compensated ionization chamber, it is characterized in that the middle central electrode silk (6) that is provided with row's connecting to neutral current potential of said survey tritium ionization chamber, respectively there is an aluminized polyester film window (4) that connects high pressure the both sides of wire electrode, survey two ends, the tritium ionization chamber left and right sides and be respectively equipped with air inlet/outlet (8,10), the embedded parallel-plate flow gas that constitutes a high-air-tightness is surveyed the tritium ionization chamber;
In the middle of two aluminized polyester film windows and casing upper and lower casing (3,13), respectively be provided with the passive electrode silk (5) of row's connecting to neutral current potential, the parallel-plate that constitutes two thin window formulas is surveyed the radon compensated ionization chamber, and the active volume of each compensated ionization chamber is for surveying 1/2 of tritium ionization chamber volume;
Casing body (7) both sides respectively are provided with a groove, and two aluminized polyester film windows (4) are installed in respectively in two grooves, and air inlet/outlet (8,10) is located at the two ends of body (7);
Said aluminized polyester film window, central electrode silk, passive electrode silk each other, and with casing between all contact by Polyvinylchloride or teflon insulation.
On the basis of such scheme, it is characterized in that also comprising particle filter (36), spinner-type flowmeter (37), the ion device (35) that disappears, barrier film aspiration pump (31), and electrometer prestage (39,40), show that (41) and 8031 single-chip data disposal systems (42) and 0-10V simulation export (43) and alarm unit (44).
On the basis of such scheme, it is characterized in that the detector casing carries out alloy aluminum ionization chamber upper and lower casing (3,13), the body (7) that peroxidating is handled by surfaces externally and internally, with airtight casing of the fastening formation of screw (1).
On the basis of such scheme, on the basis of such scheme, it is characterized in that said central electrode silk (6) and passive electrode silk (5) are fixed in the ionization chamber casing by teflon insulation seat (2), said two-sided aluminized polyester film window is fixed on the stainless steel frame, and stainless steel frame is fixed on the ionization chamber casing body (7) by polyvinyl chloride insulation body (9).
The utility model has been realized tritium observation process radon disturbs in the gas real-time, synchroballistic.Especially this monitor is simple in structure, and is easy to operate, not only simplifies the structure, and survey tritium ionization chamber and survey radon compensated ionization chamber are greatly reduced the response ratio dispersiveness of tested radon gas, improved the stability and the precision of real-time tritium monitoring.The flow-type ionization chamber of its special construction design can carry out synchro measure and compensation to the interference of the radioactivity inert gas radon that exists in the tested air.This instrument is specially adapted in the concentration of natural radon higher, or exists in the environment of other radioactivity inert gas, and tritium in the air is carried out continuously, monitors in real time.
Description of drawings
Tritium monitor complete machine structure synoptic diagram in the existing radon examination type air of Fig. 1
Fig. 2 the utility model is surveyed tritium ionization chamber schematic side view
Fig. 3 the utility model is surveyed tritium ionization chamber master and is looked synoptic diagram
Description of reference numerals: 1 screw, 2 teflon insulation seats, 3 ionization chamber shells, 4 high-field electrodes, 5 passive electrodes, 6 central electrodes, 7 ionization chamber bodies, 8 air admission holes, 9 polyvinyl chloride insulation bodies, 10 ventholes, 13 ionization chamber shells, 31 sampling pumps, 32 parallel-plate-types are surveyed the radon ionization chamber, and 33 walls are surveyed the tritium ionization chamber, and 34 parallel-plate-types are surveyed the radon ionization chamber, the 35 ion devices that disappear, 36 particle filters, 37 flowmeters, 38 sample lines, 39,40 electrometer prestages, 41 show, 42 8031 single chip computer measurement control system, and 430-10V simulates output, 44 report to the police 45 Monitoring and Controlling centers.
Embodiment
Be described further this use is novel below by specific embodiment.
Survey tritium ionization chamber schematic side view and the main synoptic diagram of looking with reference to the utility model that figure 2, Fig. 3 provide.The tritium continuous monitor comprises ionization chamber (or claiming the ionization chamber detector) in the radon synchroballistic formula air of the present utility model, also comprise electrometer prestage 39,40, show 41 and 8031 single-chip data disposal systems 42 and 0-10V simulation output 43 and alarm unit 44, the connection between these unit can be finished according to prior art.Ionization chamber detector of the present utility model is undertaken by surfaces externally and internally that alloy aluminum that peroxidating handles is surveyed tritium ionization chamber body 7 and two ionization chamber shells, 3,13 usefulness screws 1 are fastening up and down constitutes an airtight chamber.Placed in the middle by teflon insulation seat 2 in chamber, fix the survey tritium ionization chamber central electrode 6 that row's spacing is the nickel wire formation of 10mm, both sides by polyvinyl chloride insulation body 9 fixing be the parallel and equidistant with it two-sided aluminized polyester film window of stainless steel frame, constitute the public high-field electrode 4 of surveying the tritium ionization chamber and surveying the radon ionization chamber.Here, the two-sided aluminized polyester film window of stainless steel frame is fastening with this body and function of survey tritium ionization chamber washer sealing up and down, adds the air inlet/ outlet 8,10 at two ends, the left and right sides, constitutes flow-type ionization chamber.Space between two aluminized polyester film windows 4 is unique passage that tested gas passes through.In the outside of two two-sided aluminized polyester film windows of stainless steel frame up and down, be respectively the radon of the survey up and down ionization chamber shell 3,13 that alloy aluminum is made.In the bottom of its chamber interior correspondence as high-field electrode aluminized polyester film window, equidistant same by teflon insulation seat 2, fixing row's spacing is the passive electrode 5 of the nickel wire formation survey radon ionization chamber of 10mm.
Like this, the survey tritium ionization chamber nickel wire passive electrode 6 that is positioned at cavity central authorities has constituted the free flowable therein flow gas of air with the two-sided aluminized polyester film window of its both sides closed stainless steel framework high-field electrode 4 and has surveyed the tritium ionization chamber.And these two the two-sided aluminized polyester film window of stainless steel frame high-field electrodes and passive electrode silk 5 in the space, both sides have constituted two parallel-plates surveying the tritium ionization chamber around central authorities respectively and have surveyed the radon ionization chambers.When surveying the tritium ionization chamber, synchronous, the monitoring in real time of airborne tritium β+radon α particle and radon α particle have been realized at sampled airflow.The output current of two ionization chambers is respectively through prestage, in real time signal is presented singlechip microprocessor to the electrometer secondary instrument, air (tritium and radon) concentration signal and its radon concentration with the moment that survey tritium major loop is quoted are subtracted each other, and finally provide the airborne tritium concentration in per moment.
The compensation tritium monitor of radioactivity inert gas after the utility model improves comprises that still shell body is the survey tritium ionization chamber and the radon compensated ionization chamber of alloy aluminum prolate square box structure.Survey the middle wire electrode connecting to neutral current potential of tritium ionization chamber, but both sides directly are two aluminized polyester film windows that connect high pressure up and down, itself constitutes the parallel-plate flow-type ionization chamber of a high-air-tightness.On the aluminized polyester film window of surveying tritium ionization chamber both sides, respectively have an active volume be 1/2 survey tritium ionization chamber volume, be the parallel-plate thin window survey radon compensated ionization chamber of metal wire structure with the relative passive electrode of aluminized polyester film window that connects high pressure.
Here said aluminized polyester film window and central electrode silk or passive electrode silk, each other and with the alloy aluminum casing between all contact for insulation by Polyvinylchloride or teflon.
To contain of the air admission hole injection of the gas of tritium and radon from flow gas survey tritium ionization chamber, export from vent port, what survey then that the tritium ionization chamber provides is the common signal of tritium β and radon α, and what the compensation ionization chamber of radon that is made of two aluminized polyester films and passive electrode silk up and down provided then only is the radon alpha signal.Like this, make it to combine Monitoring Data handled with the single trigger microprocessor of tritium monitor and software program in the prior art TAM-2 air, just realized that tritium observation process radon disturbs in the gas in real time, synchroballistic.Especially this monitor is simple in structure, and is easy to operate.
Claims (5)
1. tritium continuous monitor in the radon synchroballistic formula air, comprise the square boxlike ionization chamber of prolate casing, the middle part of casing is for surveying the tritium ionization chamber, the both sides of surveying the tritium ionization chamber respectively are provided with one and survey the radon compensated ionization chamber, it is characterized in that the middle central electrode silk (6) that is provided with row's connecting to neutral current potential of said survey tritium ionization chamber, respectively there is an aluminized polyester film window (4) that connects high pressure the both sides of wire electrode, survey two ends, the tritium ionization chamber left and right sides and be respectively equipped with air inlet/outlet (8,10), the embedded parallel-plate flow gas that constitutes a high-air-tightness is surveyed the tritium ionization chamber;
In the middle of two aluminized polyester film windows and casing upper and lower casing (3,13), respectively be provided with the passive electrode silk (5) of row's connecting to neutral current potential, the parallel-plate that constitutes two thin window formulas is surveyed the radon compensated ionization chamber, and the active volume of each compensated ionization chamber is for surveying 1/2 of tritium ionization chamber volume;
Casing body (7) both sides respectively are provided with a groove, and two aluminized polyester film windows (4) are installed in respectively in two grooves, and air inlet/outlet (8,10) is located at the two ends of body (7);
Said aluminized polyester film window, central electrode silk, passive electrode silk each other, and with casing between all contact by Polyvinylchloride or teflon insulation.
2. tritium continuous monitor in the radon synchroballistic formula air as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that also comprising particle filter (36), spinner-type flowmeter (37), the ion device (35) that disappears, barrier film aspiration pump (31), and electrometer prestage (39,40), show that (41) and 8031 single-chip data disposal systems (42) and 0-10V simulation export (43) and alarm unit (44).
3. tritium continuous monitor detector in the radon synchroballistic formula air as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that the detector casing carries out alloy aluminum ionization chamber upper and lower casing (3,13), the body (7) that peroxidating is handled by surfaces externally and internally, with airtight casing of the fastening formation of screw (1).
4. tritium continuous monitor detector in the radon synchroballistic formula air as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that said central electrode silk (6) and passive electrode silk (5) are fixed in the ionization chamber casing by teflon insulation seat (2), said two-sided aluminized polyester film window is fixed on the stainless steel frame, and stainless steel frame is fixed on the ionization chamber casing body (7) by polyvinyl chloride insulation body (9).
5. tritium continuous monitor detector in the radon synchroballistic formula air as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that said central electrode silk (6) and passive electrode silk (5) are fixed in the ionization chamber casing by teflon insulation seat (2), said two-sided aluminized polyester film window is fixed on the stainless steel frame, and stainless steel frame is fixed on the ionization chamber casing body (7) by polyvinyl chloride insulation body (9).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2010201120116U CN201666954U (en) | 2010-02-11 | 2010-02-11 | Radon synchroballistic type tritium in the air continuous monitoring instrument |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2010201120116U CN201666954U (en) | 2010-02-11 | 2010-02-11 | Radon synchroballistic type tritium in the air continuous monitoring instrument |
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| CN201666954U true CN201666954U (en) | 2010-12-08 |
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| CN2010201120116U Expired - Lifetime CN201666954U (en) | 2010-02-11 | 2010-02-11 | Radon synchroballistic type tritium in the air continuous monitoring instrument |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103267798A (en) * | 2013-05-20 | 2013-08-28 | 中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所 | Measuring device and measuring method of high-concentration tritium in gas |
| CN104570038A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2015-04-29 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | Method and device for quickly measuring radon concentration |
| CN105022079A (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2015-11-04 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Ionization chamber system |
| CN109116401A (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2019-01-01 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七〇九研究所 | A kind of moisture-proof dirt-resistant flow-type ionization chamber detector |
| CN109269844A (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2019-01-25 | 江油联合氚碳仪器有限责任公司 | The system and method for the separation of radon tritium and measurement of tritium |
| CN109655872A (en) * | 2019-01-29 | 2019-04-19 | 衡阳师范学院 | Fast measurement of radon device and method |
| CN110954936A (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2020-04-03 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一九研究所 | A Tritium Measurement Device Based on Well-shaped Ionization Chamber |
-
2010
- 2010-02-11 CN CN2010201120116U patent/CN201666954U/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103267798A (en) * | 2013-05-20 | 2013-08-28 | 中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所 | Measuring device and measuring method of high-concentration tritium in gas |
| CN103267798B (en) * | 2013-05-20 | 2015-07-15 | 中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所 | Measuring device and measuring method of high-concentration tritium in gas |
| CN104570038A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2015-04-29 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | Method and device for quickly measuring radon concentration |
| CN104570038B (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2017-07-14 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | A kind of method and device of quick measurement radon consistence |
| CN105022079A (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2015-11-04 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Ionization chamber system |
| CN105022079B (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2018-09-21 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Ionize chamber system |
| CN109116401A (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2019-01-01 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七〇九研究所 | A kind of moisture-proof dirt-resistant flow-type ionization chamber detector |
| CN109116401B (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2021-07-09 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一九研究所 | Dampproofing anti-staining air flow type ionization chamber detector |
| CN109269844A (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2019-01-25 | 江油联合氚碳仪器有限责任公司 | The system and method for the separation of radon tritium and measurement of tritium |
| CN109655872A (en) * | 2019-01-29 | 2019-04-19 | 衡阳师范学院 | Fast measurement of radon device and method |
| CN110954936A (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2020-04-03 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一九研究所 | A Tritium Measurement Device Based on Well-shaped Ionization Chamber |
| CN110954936B (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2022-07-26 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一九研究所 | Tritium measuring device based on well-shaped ionization chamber |
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Granted publication date: 20101208 |
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