CN1395611A - Method for reducing the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing engine fuels for spark-ignition internal combustion engines - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for reducing C content of 0.1-20 vol% ethanol for a general spark ignition type internal combustion engine₃－C₁₂Process for the vapour pressure of a fuel mixture for hydrocarbon-based engines, characterised in that, apart from the ethanol component and a C₃－C₁₂The hydrocarbon component contains, in addition to the hydrocarbon component , at least one oxygen-containing additive (c) selected from the group consisting of alcohols other than ethanol, ketones, ethers, esters, hydroxyketones, ketoesters, and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds, the oxygen-containing additive (c) being used in the fuel mixture in an amount of at least 0.05% by volume of the total fuel mixture. Also disclosed is a mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b) and an oxygenate additive (c) that can be used in the process of the invention.

Description

Method of reducing the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing engine fuels for spark-ignition internal combustion engines

technical field

The present invention relates to engine fuels for spark ignition internal combustion engines and, more particularly, to methods of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of fuel compositions containing hydrocarbon liquids and ethanol through the use of oxygen-containing additives. The ethanol and the DVPE conditioning components used to obtain the fuel composition are preferably derived from renewable feedstocks. By means of the method according to the invention it is possible to obtain motor fuels containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol which meet the standard requirements for spark-ignition internal combustion engines operating on gasoline.

Background of the invention

Gasoline is an important fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines. The extensive use of gasoline will produce pollution to the environment. The burning of gasoline derived from crude oil or mineral gases disturbs the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and causes the greenhouse effect. Crude oil reserves are dwindling, and some countries are already facing crude oil shortages.

Growing concerns about environmental protection, increasingly stringent requirements to control the amount of harmful components in exhaust gas pollutant emissions and the shortage of crude oil have forced industry to develop cleaner burning alternative fuels.

Existing vehicles and machines around the world that use spark ignition internal combustion engines do not currently allow for the complete elimination of gasoline as a motor fuel.

The task of producing alternative fuels for internal combustion engines has existed for a long time and many experiments have been carried out to produce engine fuel components using renewable resources.

US Patent 2 365 009 issued in 1944 describes the combination of C _1-5 alcohols and C _3-5 hydrocarbons as fuels. In US Patent 4 818 250, issued in 1989, the authors contemplate the use of 1,8-terpene dienes obtained from citrus and other plants as motor fuels, or as a component to be mixed with gasoline. In US Patent 5 607 486, issued 1997, the authors disclose novel motor fuel additives containing terpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons and lower alcohols.

Currently, tert-butyl ether is widely used as a gasoline component. Motor fuels containing t-butyl ether are described in US Patent 4 468 233 issued 1984. Most of these ethers come from petroleum processing, but they can also be produced from renewable resources.

Ethanol is one of the most promising motor fuel components for use in blends with gasoline. Ethanol is obtained from the processing of renewable raw materials, commonly referred to as biomass, which can be derived from carbon dioxide under the influence of solar energy.

Obviously, compared with gasoline combustion, ethanol combustion significantly reduces the production of harmful substances. However, the use of motor fuels consisting primarily of ethanol requires specially designed engines. At the same time, spark-ignition internal combustion engines that normally operate on gasoline can be driven on engine fuel containing a mixture of gasoline and not more than 10% by volume of ethanol. Currently, this blend of gasoline and ethanol is sold under the name "gasohol" in the United States. Current European gasoline regulations allow the addition of up to 5% by volume of ethanol to gasoline.

A major disadvantage of ethanol and gasoline blends is the increased dry vapor pressure equivalent for blends containing up to about 20 vol% ethanol compared to virgin gasoline.

Figure 1 shows the relationship between dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) and ethanol content in blends of ethanol and summer gasoline A92, summer and winter gasoline A95 at 37.8°C. Gasoline known as A92 and A95 is the standard gasoline bought at gas stations in the United States and Sweden. Gasoline A92 comes from the United States, and gasoline A95 comes from Sweden. The ethanol used is fuel-grade ethanol produced by the Williams Company of the United States. The DVPE of the mixture was determined according to standard method ASTM D 5191 at SGS Laboratories, Stockholm, Sweden.

For an ethanol concentration range of 5-10 vol% that is particularly suitable as a motor fuel for standard spark ignition engines, the data in Figure 1 show that the DVPE of gasoline and ethanol blends can exceed the DVPE of the source gasoline by more than 10%. Because oil companies typically supply the market with gasoline already at the highest allowable DVPE, which is strictly limited by current regulations, it is not possible to add ethanol to this currently commercially available gasoline.

It is known that the DVPE of gasoline and ethanol blends can be adjusted. U.S. Patent 5 015 356 issued May 14, 1991 mentions that C ₆ -C ₉ or C ₆ -C ₁₀ can be produced by removing volatile and non-volatile components from C ₄ -C ₁₂ gasoline Gasoline intermediates and reformulation of gasoline. The fuels are said to be more alcohol-friendly than existing gasolines because they have a lower dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE). A disadvantage of this method of adjusting the DVPE of gasoline and ethanol blends is that to obtain this blend, special reformulated gasoline must be produced, which can adversely affect the supply chain and lead to higher motor fuel prices. At the same time, this gasoline and its blends with ethanol have high flash points, which can impair their performance.

Certain compounds are known to reduce DVPE when added to gasoline or its blends containing ethanol. For example, the authors of U.S. Patent 5 433 756, issued July 18, 1995, disclose chemical clean-burning promoter compounds containing, in addition to gasoline, ketones, nitroparaffins, and alcohols other than ethanol. The authors state that the catalytically clean burn promoter compositions disclosed in said patent are capable of reducing the DVPE of gasoline fuel. There is no mention in this patent of the effect of any of the clean burn promoter compositions on the DVPE of gasoline and ethanol mixtures.

US Patent 5 688 295 issued November 18, 1997 provides a compound as a gasoline additive or as a fuel for standard gasoline engines. According to this invention, an alcohol-based fuel additive is proposed. The fuel additive contains 20-70% alcohol, 2.5-20% ketone and ether, 0.03-20% aliphatic and silicon compound, 5-20% toluene, and 4-45% white spirit (mineral spirits). Alcohol is methanol or ethanol. In this patent it is stated that said additives can improve gasoline quality, in particular reduce DVPE. Disadvantages of this method of regulating the DVPE of motor fuels are the need for large amounts of additives, ie not less than 15% by volume of the mixture; and when silicon compounds are used, the combustion of which produces silicon oxides, which lead to increased engine wear.

In WO9743356 a method is described for reducing the vapor pressure of hydrocarbon-alcohol blends by adding a co-solvent of hydrocarbon and alcohol to the blend. Also disclosed is a spark ignition engine fuel composition comprising a hydrocarbon component of _C5 to _C8 linear or branched alkanes substantially free of olefins, aromatics, benzene and sulfur, wherein as determined according to ASTM D2699 and D2700 a hydrocarbon component having a minimum antiknock index of 65, and a maximum DVPE of 15 psi as determined in accordance with ASTM D5191; a fuel-grade alcohol; and a co-solvent for the hydrocarbon component and alcohol, wherein the components of the fuel composition are selected for The amount is such that the engine fuel has a minimum anti-knock index of 87 and a maximum DVPE of 15 psi. The co-solvents used are biologically derived 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) and other heterocyclic ethers such as pyrans and oxepans, preferably MTHF.

The disadvantages of the method used to adjust the dry vapor pressure equivalent of a mixture of hydrocarbon liquid and ethanol are as follows:

(1) Only hydrocarbon components of C ₅ -C ₈ linear or branched alkanes must be used, which (i) do not contain unsaturated compounds such as olefins, benzene and other aromatics, (ii) do not contain sulfur, as in the invention (iii) The hydrocarbon component is coal gas condensate or natural gas condensate;

(2) Only specific types of compounds containing oxygen must be used, i.e., ethers, including short-chain and heterocyclic ethers, as co-solvents for hydrocarbon components and alcohols;

(3) A large amount of alcohol must be used in fuel, not less than 25%;

(4) A substantial amount of co-solvent must be used, not less than 20% methyl tetrahydrofuran; and

(5) It is necessary to adjust the spark ignition type internal combustion engine when such a fuel composition is used, and, in particular, it is necessary to change the software of the on-board computer or replace the on-board computer itself.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method which overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art. A first and foremost object of the present invention is to provide a method for reducing the vapor pressure of _C3 - _C12 hydrocarbon-based fuel mixtures containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol for general-purpose gasoline engines to no more than the vapor pressure of the _C3 - _C12 hydrocarbons themselves, or at least A method that can meet the requirements of the gasoline fuel standard.

Brief description of the invention

The above objects of the present invention have been achieved by the method of the preamble of claim 1, characterized in that an oxygen-containing additive selected from at least one of the following types of compounds is used in the fuel mixture in an amount of at least the total amount of the fuel mixture 0.05% by volume, said compounds are: alcohols other than ethanol, ketones, ethers, esters, hydroxy ketones, ketone esters and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds.

The present inventors have discovered that certain types of compounds bearing oxygen-containing groups unexpectedly lower the vapor pressure of gasoline-ethanol mixtures.

This effect can be further enhanced unexpectedly by specific C ₆ -C ₁₂ compounds.

They have also found that, surprisingly, the octane rating of the resulting hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture can be maintained and even increased by using the oxygenated components of the present invention.

According to the method of the present invention, up to about 20% by volume of fuel grade ethanol (b) can be used in the overall fuel composition. The oxygenated additive (c) used may be derived from renewable feedstocks and the hydrocarbon component (a) used may be, for example, any standard gasoline (which does not have to be reformulated) and may optionally contain aromatic components and Sulfur may also be a hydrocarbon derived from renewable feedstocks.

By means of the method of the present invention it is possible to prepare a fuel for a standard spark ignition internal combustion engine which gives said engine the same optimum performance as when using standard gasoline currently available on the market. The emission of toxic substances in the exhaust gas and the fuel consumption can also be reduced by using the method of the invention.

According to an aspect of the present invention, in addition to the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE), the antiknock index (octane number) can also be suitably controlled.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a fuel grade ethanol (b) and an oxygenated additive (c), and optionally, an additional component (d), which is a C ₆ -C ₁₂ fraction alone or a mixture thereof The additive mixture can then be used in the process of the invention, ie added to the hydrocarbon component (a). The mixture of (b) and (c), and optionally (d) can also be used as a fuel in a modified engine, ie a gasoline engine of a non-standard type, by itself. The additive mixture can also be used to adjust the octane number and/or reduce the vapor pressure of high vapor pressure hydrocarbon components.

Further objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, examples and dependent claims.

Brief description of the drawings

In FIG. 1 , dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) is given as a function of ethanol content in prior art ethanol and gasoline blends.

In Figure 2, the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of different fuels according to the invention is given as a function of their ethanol content.

Detailed description of the invention

The present process allows _C3 - _C12 hydrocarbon fractions to be used as hydrocarbon component (a), including narrower ranges within this wider range, with no restrictions on the presence of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatics and sulfur. Specifically, the hydrocarbon component may be a hydrocarbon mixture of currently commercially available standard gasoline and carbonized tail gas from petroleum processing, chemically recovered coal, natural gas and synthesis gas. Hydrocarbons derived from renewable feedstocks may also be included. C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon fractions can generally be obtained by fractional distillation or by mixing various hydrocarbons.

Importantly, as previously stated, component (a) may contain aromatics and sulfur, either co-produced or naturally present in the hydrocarbon component.

The DVPE of fuel mixtures containing up to 20% ethanol by volume (calculated as pure ethanol) can be reduced according to the method of the invention. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vapor pressure increase caused by the introduction of ethanol in the vapor pressure of the ethanol-containing hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture is reduced by 50%, more preferably by 80%, and even more preferably the vapor pressure of the ethanol-containing hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture is reduced To a level equivalent to the hydrocarbon component itself, and/or to the vapor pressure required by commercial gasoline standards.

It can be seen from the examples that, if desired, the DVPE can be reduced even below the DVPE of the hydrocarbon component used.

According to the most preferred embodiment, other properties of the fuel, such as octane number, are kept within required standard limits.

This can be achieved by adding at least one oxygenate organic compound (c) other than ethanol to the motor fuel mixture. The oxygen-containing organic compound can adjust (i) dry vapor pressure equivalent, (ii) antiknock index and other performance parameters of the engine fuel composition and (iii) reduce fuel consumption and emission of toxic substances in engine exhaust. Oxygenates (c) contain oxygen attached to at least one of the following functional groups: These functional groups are present, for example, in the following types of organic compounds and they are useful in the present invention: alcohols, ketones, ethers, hydroxyketones, ketoesters, and heterocycles with oxygen-containing rings.

Fuel additives may be derived from fossil based sources or preferably from renewable sources such as living organisms.

The oxygenated fuel additive (c) may generally be an alcohol other than ethanol. Typically, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohols, saturated or unsaturated, are used, but alkanols are preferred. More preferred are alkanols with the general formula R-OH, wherein R is an alkyl group containing 3-10 carbon atoms, more preferably 3-8 carbon atoms, such as propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol , isobutanol, tert-butanol, n-pentanol, isoamyl alcohol, tert-amyl alcohol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, diethylmethanol, diisopropylmethanol, 2-ethylhexanol, 2 , 4,4-trimethylpentanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, linalool, 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol, phenol, phenylmethanol, methylphenol , methylcyclohexanol or similar alcohols and mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or alicyclic ketone, saturated or unsaturated, having the general formula RC(O)-R', wherein R and R' are the same or different, each being a C ₁ -C ₆ hydrocarbon group , can also be cyclic, preferably a C ₁ -C ₄ hydrocarbon group. Preferred ketones (R+R') have 4-9 carbon atoms, including methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 3-heptanone, 2 - Octanone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, trimethylcyclohexanone, or similar ketones and mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic ether, including both saturated and unsaturated ethers, having the general formula RO-R', wherein R and R' are the same or different, each C ₁ -C ₁₀ Hydrocarbyl. In general, lower C ₁ -C ₆ dialkyl ethers are preferred. The total number of carbon atoms in the ether is preferably 6-10. Typical ethers include methyl tert-amyl ether, methyl isoamyl ether, ethyl isobutyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, dibutyl ether, diisobutyl ether, diisoamyl ether, benzene Methyl ether, methyl anisole, phenetole or similar ethers and mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or alicyclic ester, including saturated and unsaturated esters, having the general formula RC(O)-OR', wherein R and R' are the same or different. R and R' are preferably hydrocarbon groups, more preferably alkyl groups, more preferably alkyl groups and phenyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are esters in which R is C ₁ -C ₄ and R' is C ₄ -C ₆ . Typical esters are alkyl alkanoates including n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, isobutyl propionate, isobutyl isobutyrate, n-pentyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, Isopentyl propionate, methyl benzoate, phenyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate or similar esters and mixtures thereof. In general, it is preferred to use esters containing 5 to 8 carbon atoms.

The additive (c) may simultaneously contain two oxygen-containing groups connected to different carbon atoms in the same molecule.

Additive (c) may be a hydroxyketone, a preferred hydroxyketone has the general formula: or Wherein R is a hydrocarbon group, R ₁ is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group, preferably a lower alkyl group, ie (C ₁ -C ₄ ). In general, it is preferred to use ketols containing 4 to 6 carbon atoms. Typical hydroxyketones include 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone or similar ketols or mixtures thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the fuel additive (c) is a ketoester, preferably having the general formula: Wherein R is a hydrocarbon group, preferably a lower alkyl group, ie (C ₁ -C ₄ ). Typical ketoesters include methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate and t-butyl acetoacetate. Ketoesters containing 6-8 carbon atoms are preferred.

The additive (c) may also be a heterocyclic compound containing epoxy, preferably an oxygen-containing heterocyclic ring containing a C ₄ -C ₅ ring. More preferably, the heterocyclic additive has a total carbon number of 5-8. The additive may preferably have the following general formula (1) or (2): wherein R is hydrogen or hydrocarbon group, preferably -CH ₃ , and R ₁ is -CH ₃ or -OH, or -CH ₂ OH, or CH ₃ CO ₂ CH ₂ -.

Typical heterocyclic additives (c) are tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4-oxotetrahydropyran or similar heterocyclic additives or mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be derived from a mixture of one or more of any of the compounds described above from the different classes of compounds described above.

Suitable fuel grade alcohols (b) that may be used in accordance with the present invention are readily identifiable by those skilled in the art. A suitable example of an ethanol component is ethanol containing 99.5% principal substance, in determining the amount of component (c) included in ethanol in an amount of at least 0.5% by volume of ethanol and falling within the definition of component (c) above Any impurities should be considered. That is, such impurities must be included in the range of at least 0.5% of the ethanol in order to be considered as part of component (c). To meet current gasoline engine fuel standard requirements, any water, if present in ethanol, should preferably be present in an amount not exceeding about 0.25% by volume of the total fuel mixture.

Thus, denatured ethanol mixtures containing about 92% ethanol, hydrocarbons, and by-products as already offered on the market can also be used as the ethanol component of the fuel compositions of the present invention.

All amounts are in % by volume of the total volume of the motor fuel composition unless otherwise indicated.

Generally, the amount of ethanol (b) is 0.1-20%, usually about 1%-20% by volume, preferably 3%-15% by volume, more preferably about 5%-10% by volume. Oxygen-containing additives (c) are generally used in amounts of 0.05% to about 15% by volume, more typically 0.1% to about 15% by volume, preferably about 3-10% by volume, most preferably about 5-10% by volume.

Generally, the amount of ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) is 0.15-25% by volume, generally about 0.5-25% by volume, preferably about 1-20% by volume, more preferably 3-15% by volume , most preferably 5-15% by volume.

Therefore, the ratio of ethanol (b) to oxygen-containing additive (c) in the motor fuel composition is generally 1:150-400:1, more preferably 1:10-10:1.

The total oxygen content of the ethanol and oxygenate-based motor fuel composition, expressed as wt% oxygen based on the total weight of the motor fuel composition, is preferably not greater than about 7 wt%, more preferably not greater than about 5 wt%.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to obtain a motor fuel suitable for the operation of standard spark ignition internal combustion engines, the aforementioned hydrocarbon components, ethanol and further oxygen-containing components are mixed so that the resulting motor fuel composition has the following properties :

- Density at 15°C and normal atmospheric pressure is not less than 690kg/m ³ ;

- an oxygen content of not more than 7% w/w of the motor fuel composition, based on the amount of oxygen-containing components;

- the antiknock index (octane number) is not lower than the antiknock index (octane number) of the source hydrocarbon component, and preferably 0.5 (RON+MON) is not lower than 80;

- the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) is substantially the same as the DVPE of the source hydrocarbon component, preferably 20kPa-120kPa;

- the acid content does not exceed 0.1 wt% HAc;

- pH 5-9;

- the content of aromatic hydrocarbons does not exceed 40% by volume, including benzene, and for benzene alone, not more than 1% by volume;

- the evaporation limit of the liquid at normal atmospheric pressure, expressed as a percentage of the source volume of the motor fuel composition:

Initial boiling point, min. 20℃

Volume of liquid evaporated (at 70°C, min.) 25% by volume

Volume of liquid evaporated (at 100°C, min.) 50% by volume

Volume of liquid evaporated (at 150°C, minimum value) 75% by volume

Volume of liquid evaporated (at 190°C, min.) 95% by volume

Distillation residue, max. 2% by volume

Final boiling point, maximum 205°C

Sulfur content not exceeding 50mg/kg

Resin content does not exceed 2mg/100ml

According to a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the hydrocarbon component and the ethanol should be added together, followed by the addition of further oxygenates to the mixture. Thereafter, the resulting motor fuel composition should preferably be maintained at no lower than -35°C for at least about 1 hour. It is a feature of the present invention that the components of the motor fuel composition can simply be added to each other to form the desired composition. Stirring or otherwise is generally not required to provide adequate mixing to form the composition.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to obtain engine fuel compositions suitable for operation of standard spark ignition internal combustion engines and to minimize detrimental effects on the environment, it is preferred to use oxygen-containing components from renewable raw materials.

Optionally, component (d) may be used to further reduce the vapor pressure of _the fuel mixture of components (a), (b) and (c), a single _aliphatic or Cycloaliphatic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons can be used as component (d). Preferably the hydrocarbon component (d) is a cut selected from C ₈ -C ₁₁ . Suitable examples of (d) are benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, isopropyltoluene, diethylbenzene, isopropylxylene, tert-butylbenzene, tert-butyltoluene, tert-butyl Xylene, cyclooctadiene, cyclooctatetraene, 1,8-terpene, isooctane, isononane, isodecane, isooctene, myrcene, allocymene , tert-butylcyclohexane or similar hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof.

The hydrocarbon component (d) may also be a fraction having a boiling point of 100-200° C. obtained in the distillation of oils, bituminous coal resins or synthesis gas processing products.

As already mentioned, the present invention also relates to an additive mixture comprising components (b) and (c) and optionally component (d), which can subsequently be added to hydrocarbon component (a) or As such, it is used as a fuel for modified spark ignition internal combustion engines.

Preferably, the volume ratio of ethanol (b) to additive (c) in the additive mixture is 1:150-200:1. According to a preferred embodiment of the additive mixture, said mixture contains the oxygen-containing component (c) in an amount of 0.5-99.5% by volume of the additive mixture, and ethanol (b) in an amount of 0.5-99.5% by volume of the additive mixture, and in an amount of Additive mixture 0-99% by volume, preferably 0-90% by volume, more preferably 0-79.5% by volume, most preferably 5-77% by volume containing at least one C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon, preferably C ₈ - Component (d) of C ₁₁ hydrocarbons. Preferably, the volume ratio of ethanol (b) to the sum of other additive components (c)+(d) in the additive mixture is 1:200-200:1, more preferably 1:10-10:1.

The octane number of the additive mixture can be set, by adding the corresponding part of the mixture (b), (c), (d) to the component (a), the mixture can be used to increase the octane number of the component (a) Adjust to the desired value.

As the examples demonstrate the efficacy of the present invention, the following motor fuel compositions are given which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but merely providing illustrations of some presently preferred embodiments of the invention.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that all of the fuel compositions in the following examples can of course also be prepared by first preparing components (b) and (c), optionally (d) of the additive mixture, and then adding This mixture is added to component (a) or otherwise obtained, in which case a certain amount of mixing may be required.

Example

For the preparation of blended motor fuels the following are used as components (b), (c) and (d):

- Fuel grade ethanol available at Sekab in Sweden or from ADM and Williams in the US;

- Oxygenates, unsubstituted hydrocarbons alone and mixtures thereof, commercially available from Merck in Germany and Lukoil in Russia.

- Naphtha, which is a straight-run gasoline product containing aliphatic and cycloaliphatic saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkylate, which is a hydrocarbon fraction containing almost all isoparaffins, obtained from the alkylation of isobutene with butanol. Alkylbenzene, which is a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained from the alkylation of benzene. Generally, technical grade alkylbenzenes contain ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, cumene, butylbenzene and the like.

All source gasoline and ethanol-containing motor fuels, including those containing components of the present invention, were tested at SGS Laboratories, Sweden, and Auto Research Laboratoies Inc., USA, using standard ASTM methods.

The drivability test was carried out on a 1987 VOLVO 240 DL according to the standard test method EU2000 EDC EC98/69.

Euro 2000 (EU2000) New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) standard test instructions are the same as standard EU/ECE test instructions and drive cycles (91/441 EEC resp. ECE-R83/01 and 93/116EEC). These standardized EU tests include an urban driving cycle and an additional urban driving cycle and require compliance with specific emissions regulations. Exhaust emissions were analyzed using an isovolumetric sampling procedure with hydrocarbon detection using a flame ionization detector. Exhaust emission regulation 91/441EEC (paragraph I) lists special CO, (HC+NO) and (PM) standards, while EU fuel consumption regulation 93/116EEC (1996) proposes consumption standards.

The test is carried out with a 1987 VOLVO 240 DL, which is B230F, 4 cylinders, 2.32-liter engine (No.LG4F20-87) that produces 83KW power at 90 rpm and 185Nm torque at 46 rpm.

Example 1

Example 1 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing motor fuels when using gasoline as the hydrocarbon base with a dry vapor pressure equivalent of 90 kPa (about 13 psi) according to ASTM D-5191.

For the preparation of this composition winter gasolines A92, A95 and A98, currently commercially available in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem, were used.

Figure 1 shows the DVPE characteristics of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on winter gasoline A95. The ethanol-containing motor fuels used in this example based on winter gasoline A92 and A98 also showed similar characteristics.

The source gasoline contains aliphatic and cycloaliphatic C ₄ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The winter gasoline A92 used has the following characteristics:

DVPE＝89.0kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝87.7

Fuel 1-1 (not based on the invention) contains winter gasoline A92 and ethanol and has the following properties at different ethanol contents:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE＝94.4kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.1

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE＝94.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.2

The following different embodiments of fuels 1-2 and 1-3 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on winter gasoline A92.

The fuel 1-2 of the present invention contains winter gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88.5: 4.5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝89.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.9

A92: ethanol: isoamyl acetate=88:5:7% by volume

DVPE＝88.6kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.0

A92: ethanol: diacetone alcohol = 88.5: 4.5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝89.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.65

A92: ethanol: ethyl acetoacetate = 90.5: 2.5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝89.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝87.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl propionate = 87.5: 5.5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝88.7kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.4

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90kPa.

A92: ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.9

A92: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 85: 8.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.3

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.25

The fuel 1-3 of the present invention contains winter gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additive (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d), and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 79:9:2:10% by volume

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝88.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.25

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: naphtha=80:5:5:10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝88.7kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝88.6

A92: ethanol: tert-butanol: naphtha=81:5:5:9% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝87.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.6

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: benzene: ethylbenzene: diethylbenzene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 0.5: 3: 4% by volume

DVPE＝90kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: toluene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝90kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-xylene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝90kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.9

Compositions 1-5 and 1-6 below demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on winter gasoline A98.

The winter gasoline A98 used has the following characteristics:

DVPE＝89.5kPa Antiknock Index 0.5(RON+MON)＝92.35

Comparative fuels 1-4 contain winter gasoline A98 and ethanol and have the following properties at different compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE＝95.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.85

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE＝94.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.1

Fuels 1-5 contain winter gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygenated additives (c) and have the following properties depending on the composition:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 84: 9: 7% by volume

DVPE＝88.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate = 84: 9: 7% by volume

DVPE＝89.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.3

A98: ethanol: benzyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝89.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.05

A98: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝88.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.9

A98: ethanol: diethyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝89.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.85

A98: ethanol: methyl propyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝89.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

A98: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝89.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.65

A98: ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝89.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90kPa.

A98: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.7

A98: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 85: 8.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

A98: ethanol: methyl phenol = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.05

Fuels 1-6 contain winter gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b), oxygenated additives (c) and _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons (d), and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane = 80:5:5:10% by volume

DVPE＝82.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.2

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-isopropyl toluene = 78.2: 6.1: 6.1: 9.6% by volume

DVPE＝81.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.8

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha=80:5:5:10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝82.5kPa

0.5(RON+M0N)＝92.35

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: m-isopropyl toluene = 80: 5: 5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝82.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.25

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: naphtha=83:5:5:7% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝82.1kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.5

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90kPa.

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane=85:5:5:5% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.3

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha=85:5:5:5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl xylene = 85: 9.5: 0.5: 5% by volume

DVPE＝90kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.1

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. Typically, this is required when the DVPE value of the source gasoline is above the current regulatory limit for the corresponding gasoline. In this way, for example, it is possible to convert winter gasoline into summer gasoline. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha=60:9.5:0.5:15:15% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝70kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.85

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: alkylate: naphtha=60:9.5:0.5:15:15% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝70kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.6

A98: ethanol: tert-butanol: naphtha=60:9:3:28% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝70kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.4

The following fuels 1-8, 1-9 and 1-10 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on winter gasoline A95.

Winter petrol A95 has the following properties:

DVPE＝89.5kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝90.1

Tests carried out according to the above-mentioned standard test method EU2000 NEDC EC 98/69 demonstrated the following results:

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.13g/km;

HC (hydrocarbon) 0.280g/km;

NO _x (nitrogen oxides) 0.265g/km;

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 227.0g/km;

NMHC ^* 0.276g/km;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km 9.84

*Non-methane hydrocarbons.

Comparative fuels 1-7 contain winter gasoline A95 and ethanol, and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE＝94.9kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.6

A95: Ethanol = 90: 10% by volume (hereinafter referred to as RFM1)

DVPE＝94.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.4

Tests performed on a comparative fuel blend (RFM1) demonstrated the following results compared to winter gasoline A95:

CO -15.0%;

HC -7.3%;

NO _x +15.5%;

_CO2 +2.4%;

NMHC ^* -0.5%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km +4.7%

A "-" represents a decrease in emissions, while a "+" represents an increase in emissions.

Invented fuel 1-8 contains winter gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c), and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A95: ethanol: diisoamyl ether = 86: 8: 6% by volume

DVPE＝87.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.6

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝87.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.85

A95: ethanol: isoamyl propionate=88:5:7% by volume

DVPE＝87.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.35

A95: ethanol: isoamyl acetate=88:5:7% by volume

DVPE＝87.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.25

A95: ethanol: 2-octanone = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝87.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.5

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝87.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.6

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90kPa.

A95: ethanol: diisoamyl ether = 87: 9: 4% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.0

A95: ethanol: isoamyl acetate=88:7:5% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.3

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 88: 7: 5% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.8

Invented fuels 1-9 contain winter gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d), and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 83.7: 5: 2: 9.3% by volume

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝88.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.65

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha=83.7:5:2:9.3% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝88.5kPa0.5(RON+MON)＝90.8

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: alkylate = 81:5:5:9% by volume

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝87.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: naphtha=81:5:5:9% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝87.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.1

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.1

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha=80:9.2:0.2:0.6:10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 80: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.6

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. Typically, this is required when the DVPE value of the source gasoline is above the current regulatory limit for the corresponding gasoline. In this way, for example, it is possible to convert winter gasoline into summer gasoline. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isooctane = 60: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.8

A95: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: naphtha=60:9:1:30% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝70.0kPa0.5(RON+MON)＝90.4

Fuels 1-10 contain 75% by volume of winter gasoline A95, 9.6% by volume of ethanol, 0.4% by volume of isobutanol, 4.5% by volume of m-isopropyltoluene and 10.5% by volume of petroleum with a boiling point of 100-200°C Naphtha. Comparison of this fuel formulation with a comparable blend of gasoline and ethanol (RFM1) demonstrated the potential for lower DVPE, higher octane, lower levels of toxic emissions in the exhaust and lower fuel consumption. Motor fuel compositions have the following properties:

Density at 15°C, according to ASTM D 4052 749.2kg/m3;

Initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 29℃;

Vaporizable part -70°C 47.6% by volume;

Vaporizable part -100°C 55.6% by volume;

Vaporizable part -150°C 84.2% by volume;

Vaporizable part -180°C 97.5% by volume;

Final boiling point 194.9℃;

Vaporization residue 1.3% by volume;

Vaporization loss 1.6% by volume;

Oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 3.7%w/w;

Acidity value, according to ASTM D 1613, wt% HAC 0.004;

PH, according to ASTM D 1287 6.6;

Sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 18mg/kg;

Gum content, according to ASTM D 381 1mg/100ml;

Water content, according to ASTM D6304 0.03%w/w;

Aromatics, according to SS 155120, including benzene 30.2% by volume;

Benzene, alone, according to EN238 0.7% by volume;

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 89.0kPa;

Antiknock index 0.5 (RON+MON) according to ASTM D

2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.6

Tests carried out on motor fuel formulations 1-10 according to standard test method EU2000 NEDC EC98/69 demonstrated the following results, compared to winter gasoline A95;

CO -21%;

HC -9%;

NO _x +12.8%;

CO ₂ +2.38%;

NMHC -6.4%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km +3.2%

Fuel formulations 1-1 to 1-10 demonstrated reduced DVPE values relative to tested summer grade gasoline-based ethanol-containing motor fuels. Similar results were obtained when the additives in Examples 1-1 to 1-10 were replaced with other oxygenates of the present invention.

To prepare the fuel formulations 1-1 to 1-10 of the motor fuel compositions, the starting gasoline was mixed with ethanol and the corresponding oxygen-containing additives were added to the fuel mixture. The resulting motor fuel composition was then allowed to stand at not lower than -35°C for 1 to 24 hours before testing. All of the above formulations were prepared without using any mixing equipment.

The use of oxygen-containing additives other than ethanol (c) in ethanol-containing engine fuel blends for standard internal combustion spark-ignition engines formulated to comply with gasoline standards has been determined, taking into account both vapor pressure and antiknock stability Possibility of additive mixture with ethanol (b).

The following fuel compositions demonstrate this possibility.

A mixture containing 50% ethanol and 50% isoamyl alcohol is blended into winter grade gasoline in various proportions, and its dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) does not exceed 90kPa. All resulting mixtures have a DVPE value not higher than that required by the Winter Gasoline Regulations, ie 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 87: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE＝89.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.15

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 86: 7.0: 7.0% by volume

DVPE＝89.3kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.5

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume DVPE = 86.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.9

Figure 2 shows the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content when Blend 2 containing 33.3% ethanol and 66.7% tert-amyl alcohol was blended with winter gasoline A95. Figure 2 demonstrates that varying the ethanol content in gasoline from 0-11% does not raise the vapor pressure of these compositions above the standard DVPE value of 90 kPa required for winter grade gasoline.

Similar DVPE characteristics were also observed for winter gasoline A92 and A98 blended with an additive blend containing 33.3 vol% ethanol and 66.7 vol% tert-amyl alcohol.

The effect of lowering the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasoline by increasing the ethanol content in the resulting composition from 0-11% by volume is also observed when part of the oxygenated additive is replaced by _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons (component (d)) . The following compositions demonstrate the benefits obtained using the method of the present invention.

An additive mixture containing 40% ethanol by volume, 10% isobutanol by volume and 50% cumene by volume is blended with winter gasoline with a DVPE not higher than 90 kPa. The resulting different compositions have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 85: 6: 1.5: 7.5% by volume DVPE = 84.9kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.9

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 80: 8: 2: 10% by volume DVPE = 84.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝94.1

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 86: 5.6: 1.4: 7% by volume

DVPE＝85.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.8

Similar results were obtained when other oxygenates of the invention and _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons were used in the proportions according to the invention to prepare an additive mixture which was then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline. These gasolines are fully qualified as motor fuels for use in standard spark ignition engines.

Example 2

Example 2 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of an ethanol-containing motor fuel when gasoline is used as the hydrocarbon base using a dry vapor pressure equivalent of 70 kPa (about 10 psi) according to ASTM D-5191.

For the preparation of the present composition mixtures A92, A95 and A98 summer gasolines currently commercially available in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem were used.

The source gasoline contains aliphatic and cycloaliphatic C ₄ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, both saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 shows the DVPE properties of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on summer gasoline A95. Ethanol-containing motor fuels based on winter gasoline A92 and A98, respectively, showed similar properties.

Fuels 2-2 and 2-3 below demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on summer gasoline A92.

Summer Gasoline A92 has the following properties:

DVPE＝70.0kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝87.5

Comparative fuel 2-1 contains summer gasoline A92 and ethanol, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE＝77.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.3

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE＝76.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.5

Fuel 2-2 contains summer gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c), and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE＝69.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.3

A92: ethanol: isobutanol = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝67.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.8

A92: ethanol: diethylmethanol = 85: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE＝69.6kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.5

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85.5: 7.5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝69.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.0

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ether = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝68.9kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.1

A92: ethanol: di-n-butyl ester = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝88.5

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝69.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.5

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70kPa.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol = 87.5: 10: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.6

A92: ethanol: di-n-butyl ether = 85: 9: 6% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.2

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.4

Fuel 2-3 contains summer gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b), oxygenated additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d), and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: ethanol: methyl ethyl ketone: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝69.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝69.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.1

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isononane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝68.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝68.9kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.2

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha=80:9.5:0.5:10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝67.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝67.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.9

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyl toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝67.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.2

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70kPa.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.85

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: tert-butylbenzene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.5

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: tert-butyl toluene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 5: 2.5% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.1

Fuels 2-5 and 2-6 below demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on summer gasoline A98.

Summer Gasoline A98 has the following properties:

DVPE＝69.5kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝92.5

Comparative fuels 2-4 contain summer gasoline A98 and ethanol, and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE＝76.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.3

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE＝76.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.7

Fuels 2-5 contain summer gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c), and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝69.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.5

A98: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 83: 9.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝69.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.9

A98: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝69.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.4

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.7

A98: ethanol: tert-amyl alcohol = 90: 5: 5% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.8

Fuels 2-6 contain summer gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b), oxygenated additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d), and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝69.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.7

A98: ethanol: isopropanol: alkylbenzene=80:5:5:10% by volume

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝94.0

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 81.5: 9.5: 0.5: 8.5% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.5

A98: ethanol: tert-butanol: 1,8 terpene = 86: 7: 4: 4% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.6

The following fuels 2-8 to 2-10 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on summer gasoline A95.

Summer Gasoline A95 has the following properties:

DVPE＝68.5kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝89.8

The tests carried out on summer gasoline A95 according to the above method showed the following results:

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.198g/km;

HC (hydrocarbon) 0.245g/km;

NO _x (nitrogen oxides) 0.252g/km;

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 230.0g/km;

NMHC ^* 0.238g/km;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km 9.95

*Non-methane hydrocarbons.

Comparative fuels 2-7 contain summer gasoline A95 and ethanol, and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE＝75.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.9

A95: Ethanol = 90: 10% by volume (hereinafter referred to as RFM2)

DVPE＝75.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.25

Tests performed on a reference fuel blend (RFM2) showed the following results, compared to summer gasoline A95:

CO -9.1%;

HC -4.5%;

NO _x +7.3%;

CO ₂ +4.0%;

NMHC ^* -4.4%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km +3.6%

A "-" represents a decrease in emissions, while a "+" represents an increase in emissions.

Fuels 2-8 contain summer gasoline A95 and oxygenated additives and have the following properties depending on the composition:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

A95: ethanol: diisoamyl ether = 86: 8: 6% by volume

DVPE＝66.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.2

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝67.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

A95: ethanol: tert-butanol = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝68.4kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.6

A95: ethanol: tert-amyl alcohol = 90: 5: 5% by volume

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

A95: ethanol: isopropanol = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.8

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝66.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.0

A95: ethanol: diethyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝68.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

A95: ethanol: trimethylcyclohexanone = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝67.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.8

A95: ethanol: methyl tert-amyl ether = 80: 8: 12% by volume

DVPE＝68.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.8

A95: ethanol: n-butyl acetate = 87: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE＝68.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.1

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 5: 5% by volume

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.0

A95: ethanol: methyl acetoacetate = 85: 7: 8% by volume

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.9

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. Typically, this is required when the DVPE value of the source gasoline is above the current regulatory limit for the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70kPa.

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 10: 5% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.6

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 6: 4% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.5

Fuels 2-9 contain summer gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b), oxygenated additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d), and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A95: ethanol: tert-amyl alcohol: alkylbenzene=80:7:4:9% by volume

DVPE＝67.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.6

A95: ethanol: tert-butanol: alkylbenzene = 80:7:4:9% by volume

DVPE＝68.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.8

A95: ethanol: propanol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝68.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.1

A95: ethanol: diethyl ketone: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝68.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.2

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyl toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-170°C

DVPE＝68.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.4

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: alkylate = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-170°C

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝68.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. Typically, this is required when the DVPE value of the source gasoline is above the current regulatory limit for the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: cyclooctadiene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.1

Fuel formulations 2-10 contained 81.5% by volume of summer gasoline A95, 8.5% by volume of m-cymene, 9.2% by volume of ethanol, and 0.8% by volume of isoamyl alcohol. Fuel formulations 2-10 were tested to demonstrate how the compositions of the present invention can increase octane while maintaining dry vapor pressure equivalents at the same level as the source gasoline, compared to RFM2, a mixture of gasoline and ethanol, while Lower levels of toxic emissions in the exhaust and lower fuel consumption. Fuel formulations 2-10 have the following properties:

Density at 15°C, according to ASTM D 4052 754.1kg/m3;

Initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 26.6°C;

Vaporizable part -70°C 45.2% by volume;

Vaporizable part -100°C 56.4% by volume;

Vaporizable part -150°C 88.8% by volume;

Vaporizable part -180°C 97.6% by volume;

Final boiling point 186.3℃

Vaporization residue 1.6% by volume;

Vaporization loss 0.1% by volume;

Oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 3.56% w/w;

Acidity value, according to ASTM D 1613, wt% HAC 0.007;

PH, according to ASTM D 1287 8.9;

Sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 16mg/kg;

Gum content, according to ASTM D 381 ＜1mg/100ml;

Water content, according to ASTM D6304 0.12%w/w;

Aromatic hydrocarbons, according to SS 155120, including benzene 30.3% by volume;

Benzene, calculated alone, according to EN238 0.8% by volume;

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 68.5kPa;

Antiknock index 0.5 (RON+MON) according to ASTM D

2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.7

Tests carried out on motor fuel formulations 2-10 according to the above standard test method EU2000NEDC EC98/69 and demonstrate the results in terms of (+) or (-)% relative to summer source gasoline A95:

CO -0.18%;

HC -8.5%;

NO _x +5.3%;

_CO2 +2.8%;

NMHC -9%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km +3.2%

Fuel formulations 2-1 to 2-10 showed reduced DVPE values relative to tested summer grade gasoline-based ethanol-containing motor fuels. Similar results were obtained when the additives in Examples 2-1 to 2-10 were replaced by other oxygenates of the present invention.

To prepare all of the aforementioned fuel formulations 2-1 to 2-10 of the motor fuel compositions, gasoline is first mixed with ethanol and the corresponding oxygen-containing additives are added to the mixture. The resulting motor fuel composition was then allowed to stand at not lower than -35°C for 1 to 24 hours before testing. All of the above formulations were prepared without using any mixing equipment.

Preparation of ethanol-containing gasoline using an additive mixture containing ethanol and oxygenates other than ethanol with summer grade gasoline has been accomplished. The following fuel compositions demonstrate the possibility of meeting the standard requirements for summer-grade gasoline, including ethanol-containing gasoline with a vapor pressure not higher than 70 kPa.

Figure 2 shows the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) vs. Functional relationship of ethanol content. Figure 2 demonstrates that varying the ethanol content in gasoline from 0-20% does not raise the vapor pressure of these compositions above the standard DVPE value of 70 kPa required for summer grade gasoline.

Similar DVPE characteristics were observed for summer gasoline A92 and A98 blended with an additive blend containing 35 vol% ethanol, 5 vol% isoamyl alcohol, and 60 vol% naphtha boiling point 110-170°C.

The ratio of ethanol to oxygenates other than ethanol in the additive mixture used to make ethanol-containing gasoline is very important. The ratios between additive components determined by the present invention allow the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasoline to be adjusted within a wide range.

The following compositions demonstrate the possibility of using additive mixtures with high and low ethanol content. An additive mixture containing 92 vol% ethanol, 6 vol% isoamyl alcohol and 2 vol% isobutanol was blended with summer grade gasoline. The resulting composition has the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 18.4: 1.2: 0.4% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.3

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 82: 16.56: 1.08: 0.36% by volume

DVPE＝69.9kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol=78: 20.24: 1.32: 0.44% by volume

DVPE＝70.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝94.5

An additive blend containing 25 vol% ethanol, 60 vol% isoamyl alcohol and 15 vol% isobutanol was blended with summer grade gasoline. The resulting composition has the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 5: 12: 3% by volume

DVPE＝66.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝88.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 84: 4: 9.6: 2.4% by volume

DVPE＝65.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 86: 3.5: 8.4: 2.1% by volume

DVPE＝65.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

Similar results were obtained when the other inventive oxygenates (c) and the _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons (d) were used in proportions determined according to the invention to prepare an additive mixture which was then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline. These gasolines are fully qualified as motor fuels for use in standard spark ignition engines.

Furthermore, the additive mixtures containing ethanol and the inventive oxygenates other than ethanol in the proportions according to the invention can be used alone as fuel for engines which are suitable for operation with ethanol.

Example 3

Example 3 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of an ethanol-containing motor fuel when gasoline is used as the hydrocarbon base using a dry vapor pressure equivalent of 48 kPa (about 7 psi) according to ASTM D-5191.

For the preparation of the present composition mixture, unleaded summer gasoline A92, A95 and A98 under the trade marks Phillips J Base Fuel, Union Clear Base and Indolene complying with US standards and purchased in the United States were used.

Source gasoline contains aliphatic and cycloaliphatic _C5 - _C12 hydrocarbons, both saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 shows the DVPE properties of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on US summer grade gasoline A92. Ethanol-containing motor fuels based on US summer gasoline A95 and A98, respectively, showed similar properties.

American Summer Gasoline A92 has the following properties:

DVPE＝47.8kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝87.7

Fuel 3-1 contains American Summer Gasoline A92 and ethanol, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE＝55.9kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.0

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE＝55.4kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.1

Fuel 3-2 contains American Summer Gasoline A92, ethanol and oxygenated additives, and has the following properties depending on the composition:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5% by volume

DVPE＝47.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.6

A92: ethanol: isoamyl propionate=82:8:10% by volume

DVPE＝47.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.9

A92: Ethanol: Diethylhexanol = 82:8:10% by volume

DVPE＝47.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.2

A92: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 82: 7: 10% by volume

DVPE＝47.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.3

A92: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 82: 7: 10% by volume

DVPE＝47.7kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.1

A92: ethanol: methoxybenzene = 80: 8.5: 11.5% by volume

DVPE＝46.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.6

A92: ethanol: methoxytoluene = 82: 8: 10% by volume

DVPE＝46.5kPa0.5(RON+MON)＝90.8

A92: ethanol: methyl benzoate = 82: 8: 10% by volume

DVPE＝46.0kPa0.5(RON+MON)＝90.5

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for US summer grade gasoline is 7 psi, which equates to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 9: 8% by volume

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.8

A92: ethanol: methoxytoluene = 84: 8: 8% by volume

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.5

A92: ethanol: methyl benzoate = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.1

Fuel 3-3 contains US Summer Gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b), oxygenated additives (c) and _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons (d), and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha=75:9.2:0.3:0.1:15.4% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝47.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: m-isopropyl toluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE＝47.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE＝47.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.3

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for US summer grade gasoline is 7 psi, which equates to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha = 76: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 14.4% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.6

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: isooctane = 76: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 4% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: m-isopropyl toluene = 77: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 3% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.9

The following fuels demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on US Summer Gasoline A98.

American gasoline A98 has the following properties:

DVPE＝48.2kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

Comparative fuels 3-4 contain American Summer Gasoline A98 and ethanol, and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE＝56.3kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE＝55.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.6

Fuels 3-5 contain US Summer Gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygenated additives (c) and have the following properties depending on the composition:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 82.5: 9: 8.5% by volume

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 82.5: 9: 7: 1.5% by volume

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.4

A98: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝48.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.7

Fuels 3-6 contain US Summer Gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygenated additives (c) and _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons (d), and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.9

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: m-isopropyl toluene = 75.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 14.9% by volume

DVPE＝47.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝94.4

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 8.4: 7% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: m-isopropyl toluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝48.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.7

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: alkylate = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7.9: 7.5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.6

The following fuels demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on US Summer Gasoline A95.

American Summer Gasoline A95 has the following properties:

DVPE＝47.0kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝90.9

The test uses American summer gasoline A95 as the comparison fuel. The test is carried out according to EU2000 NEDC EC98/69. The test is carried out with a 1987 VOLVO 240 DL, which is B230F, 4 cylinders, and produces 83KW power at 90 rpm and runs at 46 2.32-liter engine (No.LG4F20-87) that produces 185Nm of torque per rpm.

Performance testing of US Summer Gasoline A95 performed as above demonstrated the following results:

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.406g/km;

HC (hydrocarbon) 0.356g/km;

NO _x (nitrogen oxides) 0.278g/km;

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 232.6g/km;

NMHC ^* 0.258g/km;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km 9.93

*Non-methane hydrocarbons.

Comparative fuels 3-7 contain US Summer Gasoline A95 and ethanol, and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE＝55.3kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.5

A95: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE＝54.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

Tests were performed on a comparative gasoline-ethanol blend (RFM3) containing 90 vol% US summer grade gasoline A95 and 10 vol% ethanol on a 1987 VOLVO 240 DL, B230F, 4 cylinder, 2.32 liter engine ( No.LG4F20-87), tested according to EU2000NEDC EC 98/69, showing the following results, compared to summer gasoline A95:

CO -12.5%;

HC -4.8%;

NO _x +2.3%;

CO ₂ +3.7%;

NMHC -4.0%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km +3.1%

A "-" represents a decrease in emissions, while a "+" represents an increase in emissions.

Fuels 3-8 contain American Summer Gasoline A95, ethanol, and oxygenated additives, and have the following properties, depending on composition:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5% by volume

DVPE＝47.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.7

A95: ethanol: n-pentyl acetate = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝47.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.8

A95: ethanol: cyclohexyl acetate = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝46.7kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

A95: ethanol: tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 80: 12: 8% by volume

DVPE＝47.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.6

A95: ethanol: methyl tetrahydropyran = 80: 15: 5% by volume

DVPE＝46.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.5

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for US summer grade gasoline is 7 psi, which equates to 48.28 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 84: 8.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.7

A95: ethanol: phenyl acetate = 82.5: 10: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.3

A95: ethanol: tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 81: 10: 9% by volume

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

Fuels 3-9 contain US Summer Gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b), oxygenated additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d), and have the following properties depending on the composition:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha=75:9.2:0.3:0.1:15.4% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝47.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE＝47.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: m-isopropyl toluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE＝46.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: cyclooctatetraene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝46.6kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.5

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-oxotetrahydropyran: allocymene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝46.7kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.1

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some occasions, it only needs to be adjusted to be consistent with the requirements of the current corresponding gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for US summer grade gasoline is 7 psi, which equates to 48.28 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha = 76.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7: 6.9% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.7

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: isooctane = 76.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7: 6.9% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: m-isopropyl toluene = 77: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 13.4% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝48.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.9

Fuel formulation 3-10 contains 76 vol% US Summer Gasoline A95, 9.2 vol% ethanol, 0.25 vol% isoamyl alcohol, 0.05% isobutanol, 11.5 vol% naphtha boiling point 100-200°C , and 3% by volume of cumene. The tests carried out on fuel formulations 3-10 demonstrated how the invention fully complies with the requirements of current standards for ethanol-containing gasoline, firstly the DVPE level but also other parameters. At the same time this gasoline also guarantees a lower level of toxic emissions in the exhaust and a lower fuel consumption compared to the mixture RFM3 (American summer gasoline A95 blend with 10% ethanol). Fuel formulations 3-10 have the following properties:

Density at 15°C, according to ASTM D 4052 774.9kg/m3;

Initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 36.1℃;

Vaporizable part -70°C 33.6% by volume;

Vaporizable part - 100 50.8% by volume;

Vaporizable part -150°C 86.1% by volume;

Vaporizable part -180°C 97.0% by volume;

Final boiling point 204.8℃;

Vaporization residue 1.5% by volume;

Vaporization loss 1.5% by volume;

Oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 3.37%w/w;

Acidity value, according to ASTM D 1613, wt% HAC 0.007;

PH, according to ASTM D 1287 7.58;

Sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 47mg/kg;

Gum content, according to ASTM D 381 2.8mg/100ml;

Water content, according to ASTM D6304 0.02%w/w;

Aromatics, according to SS 155120, including benzene 31.2% by volume;

Benzene, alone, according to EN238 0.7% by volume;

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 48.0kPa;

Antiknock index 0.5 (RON+MON) according to ASTM D

2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.2

The engine fuel preparation 3-10 was tested on a 1987 VOLVO 240DL, which was B230F, 4 cylinders, 2.32 liters engine (No.LG4F20-87), and the test was carried out according to the test method EU2000 NEDC EC as described above 98/69 and demonstrate the results relative to US Summer Gasoline A95 (+) or (-)%:

CO -15.1%;

HC -5.6%;

NO _x +0.5%;

No change in _CO2

NMHC -4.5%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km no change

Similar results were obtained when other oxygenates were substituted for the oxygenates tested.

To prepare all of the above-mentioned fuel formulations, first US Summer gasoline is mixed with ethanol and the corresponding oxygen-containing additives are added to the fuel mixture. The resulting motor fuel composition was then allowed to stand at not lower than -35°C for 1 to 24 hours before testing. All of the above formulations were prepared without using any mixing equipment.

The possibility of using an additive mixture containing ethanol and oxygenates other than ethanol to regulate the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on summer-grade gasoline meeting US standards and used in standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines was determined. The addition of C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons to the additive mixture composition increases the effectiveness of the additive's vapor pressure lowering effect in reducing the excess vapor pressure resulting from the introduction of ethanol in gasoline.

Additive blend containing 60% by volume ethanol, 32% by volume isoamyl alcohol and 8% by volume isobutanol in varying proportions blended with a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) not higher than 7 psi, equivalent to 48.28 kPa of US summer grade gasoline .

The resulting composition has the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 87.5: 7.5: 4: 1% by volume

DVPE=51.7kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.7

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 85: 9: 4.8: 1.2% by volume

DVPE＝51.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.8

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 12: 6.4: 1.6% by volume

DVPE＝52.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.5

The above example demonstrates the possibility of partially reducing the excess vapor pressure, ie the excess vapor pressure caused by the presence of ethanol in the mixture by about 50%.

An additive mixture comprised 50% ethanol by volume and 50% methyl isobutyl ketone by volume in varying proportions blended with a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) not higher than 7 psi, equivalent to 48.28 kPa US summer grade gasoline. The resulting composition has the following properties:

A92: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝49.4kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.0

A95: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 84: 8: 8% by volume

DVPE＝48.6kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.7

A98: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 82: 9: 9% by volume

DVPE＝49.7kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.9

The above example demonstrates the possibility of partially reducing the excess vapor pressure, ie about 80% of the excess vapor pressure caused by the presence of ethanol in the mixture.

Figure 2 shows a mixture containing 35% ethanol, 1 vol% isoamyl alcohol, 0.2 vol% isobutanol, 43.8 vol% naphtha boiling point 100-170°C, and 20 vol% cumene Dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content when blended with US Summer gasoline A92.

Figure 2 demonstrates that the use of this additive mixture in formulating ethanol-containing gasoline can reduce the excess vapor pressure caused by the presence of ethanol by more than 100%.

When American summer grade gasoline A95 and A98 are mixed with 35% ethanol, 1 vol% isoamyl alcohol, 0.2 vol% isobutanol, 43.8 vol% naphtha with a boiling point of 100-170°C, and 20 vol% cumene Similar results were observed when the mixture was mixed.

Similar results were obtained when other oxygenates and the _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons of the present invention were used in proportions established by the present invention to formulate an additive mixture, which mixture was then used to make ethanol-containing gasoline. These gasolines are fully qualified as motor fuels for use in standard spark ignition engines.

In addition, additive mixtures containing ethanol, oxygenates other than ethanol, and _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons in proportions according to the present invention can be used alone as fuel for engines that can run on ethanol.

Example 4

Example 4 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of an ethanol-containing engine fuel when the fuel hydrocarbon base is a non-standard gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent of 110 kPa (about 16 psi) measured according to ASTM D-5191.

For the preparation of the composition mixtures, currently commercially available unleaded winter gasolines A92, A95 and A98 from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem in Sweden and condensates (GK) from Gazprom in Russia were used.

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for the fuel formulation was prepared by mixing 85% by volume of winter gasoline A92, A95 or A98 with about 15% by volume of aerocondensate hydrocarbon liquids (GC).

To prepare the hydrocarbon components (HCC) of the fuel formulations 4-1 to 4-10 of the motor fuel compositions, about 85% by volume of winter gasoline A92, A95 or A98 was first mixed with gas condensate hydrocarbon liquids (GC). The resulting hydrocarbon fraction (HCC) was then left for 24 hours. The resulting gasoline contains C ₃ -C ₁₂ aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 shows the DVPE properties of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on US winter grade gasoline A98 and condensate. Ethanol-containing motor fuels based on US winter gasoline A92 and A98 and gas condensation (GC) showed similar properties.

A gasoline containing 85% by volume of winter gasoline A92 and 15% by volume of gas condensation (GC) has the following properties:

DVPE＝110.0kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝87.9

Comparative fuel 4-1 contains winter gasoline A92, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% by volume

DVPE＝115.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.4

A92: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝115.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.6

The fuel 4-2 of the present invention contains winter gasoline A92, gas condensate (GC), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE＝109.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.35

A92: GC: ethanol: 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝110.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.75

A92: GC: ethanol: propanol = 68: 12: 12: 8% by volume

DVPE＝109.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.0

A92: GC: ethanol: diisopropylmethanol = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝109.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.0

A92: GC: ethanol: acetophenone = 72: 13: 9: 6% by volume

DVPE＝110.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.8

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutyl propionate = 75: 13: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE＝109.2kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.0

Fuel 4-3 contains winter gasoline A92, gas condensation (GC), ethanol, oxygenated additives and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: cumene = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝108.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.7

A92: GC: ethanol: tert-butyl ethyl ether: naphtha=68:12:9.5:0.5:10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝108.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl methyl ether: toluene = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝107.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.6

The following fuel compositions demonstrate that the present invention reduces the excess DVPE of non-standard gasoline to the corresponding DVPE level of standard gasoline. The DVPE of standard winter gasoline A92 is 90kPa.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: ethylbenzene=55:10:9.5:0.5:15:10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝89.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.9

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isopropyl toluene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝90.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.6

The following composition demonstrates the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of an ethanol-containing fuel mixture based on about 85% by volume of winter gasoline A98 and about 15% by volume of condensate.

A gasoline containing 85% by volume of winter gasoline A98 and 15% by volume of gas condensation (GC) has the following properties:

DVPE＝109.8kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

Comparative fuel 4-4 contains winter gasoline A98, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% by volume

DVPE＝115.3kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.1

A98: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝114.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝94.0

The fuel 4-5 of the present invention contains winter gasoline A98, gas condensate (GC) and oxygen-containing additives, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE＝109.6kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.3

A98: GC: ethanol: ethoxybenzene = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE＝110.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝94.0

A98: GC: ethanol: 3,3,5 trimethylcyclohexanone=72:13:7.5:7.5% by volume

DVPE＝109.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.3

Fuels 4-6 contain winter gasoline A98, aircondensate, ethanol, oxygenated additives and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d), and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝107.4kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.8

A98: GC: ethanol: ethyl isobutyl ether: Myrzene = 72: 13: 9.5: 0.5: 5% by volume

DVPE＝110.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.6

A98: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 68: 12: 5: 5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝102.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.5

The following fuel compositions demonstrate that the present invention reduces the excess DVPE of non-standard gasoline to the corresponding DVPE level of standard gasoline. The DVPE of standard winter gasoline A98 is 90kPa.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝89.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝94.0

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: cumene=55:10:9.5:0.5:15:10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝89.6kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝94.2

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyl toluene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝88.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝94.1

The following composition demonstrates the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of an ethanol-containing fuel mixture based on about 85% by volume of winter gasoline A98 and about 15% by volume of condensate.

A gasoline containing 85% by volume of winter gasoline A98 and 15% by volume of gas condensation (GC) has the following properties:

DVPE＝109.5kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝90.2

According to the above method, the hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 85% by volume of winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) was tested as a reference fuel to obtain the following results:

CO 2.033g/km;

HC 0.279g/km;

NO _x 0.279g/km;

CO ₂ 229.5g/km;

NMHC 0.255g/km;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km 9.89

Fuels 4-7 contain winter gasoline A95, gas condensation (GC) and ethanol, and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A95: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% by volume

DVPE＝115.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.7

A95: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% by volume

DVPE＝114.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.5

A comparative fuel mixture (RFM4) containing 80.75% by volume of winter gasoline A95, 14.25% by volume of gas condensate (GC) and 5% by volume of ethanol was tested by the above method and compared to 85% by volume of winter gasoline A95 and 15% by volume % (+) or (-)% of Gasoline Condensate (GC) by way of proof results:

CO -6.98%;

HC -7.3%;

NO _x +12.1%;

CO ₂ +1.1%;

NMHC -5.3%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km +2.62%

Fuels 4-8 contain winter gasoline A95, gas condensation (GC), ethanol and oxygenated additives, and have the following properties depending on the composition:

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE＝109.1kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

A95: GC: ethanol: phenol = 72: 13: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE＝107.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.6

A95: GC: ethanol: phenyl acetate = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝106.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.8

A95: GC: ethanol: 3-hydroxy-2-butanone = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝108.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.6

A95: GC: ethanol: tert-butyl acetoacetate = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝108.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

A95: GC: ethanol: 3,3,3-trimethylcyclohexanone=71:12:9:8% by volume

DVPE＝108.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.6

Fuels 4-9 contain winter gasoline A95, aircondensate, ethanol, oxygenated additives and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d), and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝107.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.1

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: cyclooctatetraene = 72: 13: 9.5: 0.5: 5% by volume

DVPE＝108.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.6

The following fuel compositions demonstrate that the present invention reduces the excess DVPE of non-standard gasoline to the corresponding DVPE level of standard gasoline. The DVPE of standard winter gasoline A95 is 90kPa.

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130°C

DVPE＝89.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.4

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: tert-butylxylene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝89.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.5

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: cumene=55:10:5:5:20:5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200°C

DVPE＝89.9kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.2

Motor fuel 4-10 contains 55% by volume of winter gasoline A95, 10% by volume of gas condensate, 5% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of tert-butanol, 20% by volume of naphtha with a boiling point of 100-200°C, and 5% by volume of cumene. Tests carried out on fuel formulations 4-10 demonstrate how the present invention enables ethanol-containing gasoline formulations to fully comply with the requirements of current standards, starting with the dry vapor pressure equivalent limit, but also with other parameters of the fuel, even when the source hydrocarbon component (HCC) This is also true when the DVPE is significantly higher than the standard requirement. At the same time, compared with the above-mentioned mixture RFM4, the ethanol-containing gasoline has lower levels of toxic substance emissions in the exhaust gas and lower fuel consumption. Fuel formulations 4-10 had the following properties:

Density at 15°C, according to ASTM D 4052 698.6kg/m3;

Initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 20.5°C;

Vaporizable part -70°C 47.0% by volume;

Vaporizable part -100°C 65.2% by volume;

Vaporizable part -150°C 92.4% by volume;

Vaporizable part -180°C 97.3% by volume;

Final boiling point 189.9℃

Vaporization residue 0.5% by volume;

Vaporization loss 1.1% by volume;

Oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 3.2%w/w;

Acidity value, according to ASTM D 1613, wt% HAC 0.001;

PH, according to ASTM D 1287 7.0;

Sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 18mg/kg;

Gum content, according to ASTM D 381 2mg/100ml;

Water content, according to ASTM D6304 0.01%w/w;

Aromatics, according to SS 155120, including benzene 30.9% by volume;

Benzene, alone, according to EN238 0.7% by volume;

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 90.0kPa;

Antiknock index 0.5 (RON+MON) according to ASTM D

2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.3

Motor fuel formulations 4-10 were tested as described above and demonstrated as (+) or (-)% relative to the results for a motor fuel containing 85% by volume of winter gasoline A95 and 15% by volume of aerocondensates result:

CO -14.0%;

HC -8.6%;

No change in NO _x

CO ₂ +1.0%

NMHC -6.7%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km +2.0%

Similar results can be obtained when the oxygen-containing additives of Examples 4-1 to 4-10 are replaced by other oxygen-containing additives of the present invention.

To prepare all of the above-mentioned fuel formulations 4-1 to 4-10 of the present motor fuel composition, the hydrocarbon component (HCC), which is a mixture of winter gasoline and condensate, is mixed with ethanol and added to the mixture The corresponding oxygen-containing additives and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons are added. The resulting motor fuel composition was then allowed to stand at not lower than -35°C for 1 to 24 hours before testing. All the above formulations were prepared without using any mixing equipment.

The fuel formulation according to the invention demonstrates the possibility to adjust the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on non-standard gasoline with high vapor pressure for use as standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines.

Figure 2 shows that the dry vapor Pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content.

Figure 2 demonstrates that using this additive mixture containing ethanol and an oxygenated additive other than ethanol, it is possible to obtain an ethanol-containing gasoline whose vapor pressure does not exceed that of the source hydrocarbon component (HCC).

When the fuel mixture is an additive mixture containing 40% by volume of ethanol and 60% by volume of methyl benzoate, and a mixture of hydrocarbon components containing 15% by volume of aerocondensate and 85% by volume of winter gasoline A92 or A95, it can obtained similar DVPE results.

Similar results were obtained when other oxygenates and the _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons of the present invention were used in the proportions according to the present invention to prepare an additive mixture which was then used to make ethanol-containing gasoline.

The vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of these gasoline blends of the invention does not exceed the DVPE of the source hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, an oxygen-containing additive may be added in an amount sufficient to render the resulting ethanol-containing gasoline fully compliant as a motor fuel for a standard spark ignition internal combustion engine.

Example 5

Example 5 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of an ethanol-containing motor fuel when the fuel hydrocarbon base is reformulated gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent of 27.5 kPa (about 4 psi) according to ASTM D-5191.

For the preparation of the composition mixture, unleaded reformulated gasoline from Preem, Sweden, and from Lukoil, Russia, and petroleum ether, from Merck, Germany, were used.

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for the motor fuel composition was prepared by mixing 85% by volume of winter gasoline A92, A95 or A98 with about 15% by volume of aerocondensate hydrocarbon liquids (GC).

The source gasoline contains C ₆ -C ₁₂ aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 shows the DVPE properties of ethanol-containing motor fuels based on reformulated gasoline A92 and petroleum ether. Ethanol-containing motor fuels based on reformulated gasoline A95 and A98 and petroleum ether showed similar properties.

It should be noted that the addition of ethanol to reformulated gasoline produced a higher vapor pressure rise than the addition of ethanol to standard gasoline.

A gasoline containing 80% by volume of reformulated gasoline A92 and 20% by volume of petroleum ether (PB) has the following properties:

DVPE＝27.5kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝85.5

Comparative fuel 5-1 contains reformulated gasoline A92, petroleum ether (PB) and ethanol, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% by volume

DVPE＝36.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.0

A92: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% by volume

DVPE＝36.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.7

Fuel 5-2 of the present invention contains the gasoline A92 of redeployment, sherwood oil (PB), ethanol and oxygen-containing additive, and has following property when composition is different:

A92: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝27.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.5

A92: PB: ethanol: diisobutyl ether = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝27.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.8

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝27.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.1

A92: PB: ethanol: 2,4,4-tributyl-1-pentanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝25.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.8

Fuel 5-3 contains reformulated gasoline A92, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol, oxygenated additives and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A92:PB:ethanol:isoamyl alcohol:naphtha=60:15:9.2:0.8:15% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 140-200°C

DVPE＝27.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝89.3

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol: naphtha: xylene = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 140-200°C

DVPE＝27.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.2

A92: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: cumene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15% by volume

DVPE＝27.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.3

The following fuel compositions demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing gasoline based on reformulated gasoline A98 and petroleum ether (PB).

A motor fuel containing 80% by volume of reformulated gasoline A98 and 20% by volume of petroleum ether (PB) has the following properties:

DVPE＝27.3kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝88.0

Comparative fuel 5-4 contains reformulated gasoline A98, petroleum ether (PB) and ethanol, and has the following properties when the composition is different:

A98: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% by volume

DVPE＝36.3kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.0

A98:PB:Ethanol=72:18:10% by volume

DVPE＝35.8kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.5

Contrast fuel 5-5 of the present invention contains the gasoline A98 that redeploys, sherwood oil (PB), ethanol and oxygen-containing additive, and have following property when composition is different:

A98: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝26.9kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

A98: PB: ethanol: n-pentanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝26.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.2

A98: PB: ethanol: linalool = 68: 17: 9: 6% by volume

DVPE＝27.1kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.6

A98: PB: ethanol: 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol = 68: 17: 9: 6% by volume

DVPE＝27.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.5

Comparative fuels 5-6 contain reformulated gasoline A98, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol, oxygenated additives and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d), and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A98:PB:ethanol:isoamyl alcohol:naphtha=60:15:9.2:0.8:15% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 140-200°C

DVPE＝27.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.7

A98: PB: ethanol: linalool: allocymene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15% by volume

DVPE＝26.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

A98: PB: ethanol: methylcyclohexanol: 1,8-terpene = 60: 15: 9.5: 1: 14.5% by volume

DVPE＝25.4kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.2

The following motor fuel compositions demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent of an ethanol-containing fuel mixture based on about 80% by volume of reformulated gasoline A95 and about 20% by volume of petroleum ether. A gasoline containing 80% by volume of reformulated gasoline A95 and 20% by volume of petroleum ether (PB) has the following properties:

DVPE＝27.6kPa

Antiknock index 0.5(RON+MON)＝86.3

Hydrocarbon Component (HCC) containing 80% by volume of reformulated gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum ether (PB) according to the above method was used as a reference fuel, and the test was carried out using a 1987 VOLVO 240 DL, which is B230F , 4-cylinder, 2.32-liter engine (No.LG4F20-87), the test was carried out according to the test method EU2000 NEDC EC 98/69, and the following results were obtained:

CO 2.631g/km;

HC 0.348g/km;

NO _x 0.313g/km;

CO ₂ 235.1g/km;

NMHC 0.308g/km;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km 10.68

Fuels 5-7 contain reformulated gasoline A95, petroleum ether (PB) and ethanol, and have the following properties when the composition is different:

A95: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% by volume

DVPE=36.6kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.2

A95:PB:Ethanol=72:18:10% by volume

DVPE＝36.1kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.7

A fuel mixture (RFM5) containing 72% by volume of reformulated gasoline A95, 18% by volume of petroleum ether (PB) and 10% by volume of ethanol (RFM5) was used as a comparison fuel. The test was carried out using a 1987 VOLVO 240 DL, which was B230F, 4 cylinders, 2.32 liter engine (No.LG4F20-87), tested according to EU2000 NEDC EC 98/69, and compared to gasoline containing 80 volume % reformulated gasoline A95 and 20 volume % petroleum ether (PB) (+) or (-)% of the way to prove the result:

CO -4.8%;

HC -1.3%;

NO _x +26.3%;

CO ₂ +4.4%;

NMHC -0.6%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km +5.7%

Fuels 5-8 contain reformulated gasoline A95, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol and oxygenated additives, and have the following properties while varying in composition:

A95: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝27.1kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

A95: PB: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE＝27.0kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.4

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate = 64: 15: 15: 10% by volume

DVPE＝25.6kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝93.0

Fuels 5-9 contain reformulated gasoline A95, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol, oxygenated additives, and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, and have the following properties while varying in composition:

A95:PB:ethanol:isoamyl alcohol:naphtha=60:15:9.2:0.8:15% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 140-200°C

DVPE＝27.1kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝91.4

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: tert-butylcyclohexane = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

DVPE＝26.5kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝90.7

A95: PB: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-hydroxytetrahydropyran: isopropyl toluene = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

DVPE＝26.1kPa

0.5(RON+MON)＝92.0

Motor Fuel 5-10 contained 60% by volume of reformulated gasoline A95, 15% by volume of petroleum ether (PB), 10% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran and 10% by volume of iso Propyltoluene. Tests performed on Formulations 5-10 demonstrate how the present invention enables reformulated ethanol-containing gasoline formulations to have low vapor pressures where the presence of ethanol in motor fuel compositions, compared to the source hydrocarbon component (HCC), and Did not cause an increase in dry vapor pressure equivalent. In addition, this gasoline also guarantees a lower level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas and lower fuel consumption compared to the aforementioned mixture RFM5. Formulations 5-10 had the following properties:

Density at 15°C, according to ASTM D 4052 764.6kg/m3;

Initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 48.9°C;

Vaporizable part -70°C 25.3% by volume;

Vaporizable part -100℃ 50.8% by volume;

Vaporizable part -150℃ 76.5% by volume;

Vaporizable part -180°C 95.6% by volume;

Final boiling point 204.5℃;

Vaporization residue 1.4% by volume;

Vaporization loss 0.5% by volume;

Oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 4.6%w/w;

Acidity value, according to ASTM D 1613, wt% HAC 0.08;

PH, according to ASTM D 1287 7.5;

Sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 39mg/kg;

Gum content, according to ASTM D 381 1.5mg/100ml;

Water content, according to ASTM D6304 0.1%w/w;

Aromatics, according to SS 155120, including benzene 38% by volume;

Benzene, alone, according to EN238 0.4% by volume;

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 27.2kPa;

Antiknock index 0.5 (RON+MON) according to ASTM D

2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 91.8

Motor fuel formulations 5-10 were tested as described above and expressed as (+) or (-)% relative to the results of a motor fuel containing 80% by volume of reformulated gasoline A95 and 20% by volume of petroleum ether Proof result:

CO -12.3%;

HC -6.2%;

No change in _NOx ;

_CO2 +2.6%

NMHC -6.4%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , l/100km +3.7%

Similar results were obtained when the oxygen-containing additives of Examples 5-1 to 5-10 were replaced by other oxygen-containing additives of the present invention.

To prepare all of the above-mentioned fuel formulations 5-1 to 5-10 of the present motor fuel composition, the hydrocarbon component (HCC), which is a mixture of gasoline formulation and petroleum ether (PB), is first mixed with ethanol and added to the mixture Add corresponding oxygen-containing additives and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons. The resulting motor fuel composition was then allowed to stand at not lower than -35°C for 1 to 24 hours before testing. All of the above formulations were prepared without using any mixing equipment.

The present invention demonstrates the possibility of adjusting the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing engine fuels based on non-standard gasoline with low vapor pressure for use as standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines.

Figure 2 shows the comparison of a hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 80 vol% reformulated gasoline A92 and 20 vol% petroleum ether, with 40 vol% ethanol, 20 vol% 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane Characteristics of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ketone, 20 vol.% naphtha boiling point 130-170°C and 20 vol.% t-butyltoluene of oxygenated additive mixture 5. This figure demonstrates that the use of the additive of the present invention makes it possible to obtain ethanol-containing gasoline whose vapor pressure does not exceed that of the source hydrocarbon component (HCC).

Similar DVPE characteristics were obtained when the above oxygenated additives were blended with reformulated gasoline A95 or A98 containing 20 vol% petroleum ether and 80 vol% reformulated gasoline.

Similar results were obtained when other oxygenates and the _C6 - _C12 hydrocarbons of the present invention were used in proportions according to the present invention to formulate oxygenated additives, which were then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline.

The vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of these gasolines of the invention does not exceed the DVPE of the source hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, the antiknock index of all ethanol-containing gasoline prepared by the method of the present invention is higher than that of the source hydrocarbon component (HCC).

The above description and examples of preferred embodiments are to be considered as illustrations, not as limitations, of the invention as defined by the claims. As will be readily understood, numerous variations and combinations of the features described above may be used without departing from the invention as defined by the claims. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Claims (20)

1. A method for reducing the vapor pressure of a C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon-based engine fuel mixture containing 0.1-20% by volume of ethanol for general purpose spark ignition internal combustion engines, characterized in that ethanol component (b) and a C ₃ - In addition to the C ₁₂ hydrocarbon component (a), it also contains an oxygen-containing additive (c), which is selected from alcohols different from ethanol, ketones, ethers, esters, hydroxy ketones, ketone esters, and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds. At least one, the oxygen-containing additive (c) is used in the fuel mixture in an amount of at least 0.05% by volume of the total fuel mixture. 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the oxygen-containing additive (c) is added to the ethanol component (b) and the mixture of (c) and (b) is then added to the hydrocarbon component (a). 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the ethanol component (b) is added to the hydrocarbon component (a) and thereafter the oxygen-containing additive (c) is added to the mixture of (b) and (a). 4. Process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the oxygen-containing additive is selected from the following compounds: alkanols containing 3-10 carbon atoms, ketones containing 4-9 carbon atoms, ketones containing 6-10 carbon atoms Atomic dialkyl ethers, alkyl alkanoic acid esters, said additives containing 5-8 carbon atoms, hydroxy ketones containing 4-6 carbon atoms, ketoesters of alkanoic acids, said additives containing 5-8 carbon atoms, and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds containing 5-8 carbon atoms. 5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon-based ethanol-containing fuel mixture is reduced by 50%, more preferably by 80%, of the value of the vapor pressure rise caused by ethanol, and even more preferably down to the equivalent Based on the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon component itself, and/or equivalent to the standard requirement for the vapor pressure of any commercially available gasoline. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the octane number of the fuel obtained from (a), (b) and (c) is at least the same as that of (a), and/or satisfies commercially available The standard limit for the octane number required for gasoline. 7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the _C3 - _C12 hydrocarbon component mixture is selected from non-reformulated standard gasoline, hydrocarbon liquids from petroleum processing, hydrocarbon liquids from natural gas, from chemical recovery The hydrocarbon liquid of the coal carbonization tail gas, the hydrocarbon liquid from the synthesis gas processing or a mixture thereof, preferably non-reformulated standard gasoline. 8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the modified ethanol mixture supplied to the market contains about 92% by volume of ethanol, and the remainder to 100% by volume is hydrocarbons and by-products, which can be used in fuel compositions or fuel additive composition. 9. Process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ethanol component (b) used contains at least about 99.5% by volume of ethanol. 10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that no mixing method is used and the motor fuel composition is allowed to stand for at least 1 hour before use. 11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the additives are used in amounts of up to 15% by volume of the total fuel composition. 12. Process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the resulting fuel composition exhibits the following characteristics: (i) Density at 15°C, according to ASTM D 4059, at least 690 kg/m ³ ; (ii) Oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815, not more than 7% w/w; (iii) Dry vapor pressure equivalent, according to ASTM D 5191, is 20-120kPa; (iv) Acid content, according to ASTM D 1613, not greater than 0.1 wt% HAC; (v) pH, according to ASTM D 1287, is 5-9; (vi) Aromatic content, according to SS 155120, not more than 40% by volume, of which benzene content according to EN238, not more than 1% by volume; (vii) Sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453, not more than 50mg/kg; (viii) Colloid content, according to ASTM D 381, not more than 2mg/100ml; (ix) Water content, according to ASTM D6304, not more than 0.25% w/w; (x) Distillation characteristics according to ASTM D86 with an initial boiling point of at least 20°C; a vaporizable fraction of at least 25% by volume at 70°C; a vaporizable fraction of at least 50% by volume at 100°C; and a vaporizable fraction of at least 150°C 75% by volume; vaporizable fraction at 190°C of at least 95% by volume; final boiling point not higher than 205°C; vaporization residue not more than 2% by volume; and (ix) Antiknock index 0.5 (RON+MON), at least 80 according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D2700-86. 13. A motor fuel composition for a general-purpose spark-ignition internal combustion engine obtainable by the process of any one of claims 1-12, comprising: (a) hydrocarbon components consisting of C3-C12 hydrocarbon fractions; (b) Fuel-grade ethanol, added in an amount of 0.1-20% by volume, suitably 1-20% by volume, preferably 3-20% by volume, and more preferably 5-10% by volume of the total volume of the motor fuel composition ;and (c) Oxygen-containing additives, which include alkanols containing 3-10 carbon atoms, ketones containing 4-9 carbon atoms, dialkyl ethers containing 6-10 carbon atoms, alkyl alkanoates , the additive contains 5-8 carbon atoms, hydroxy ketones containing 4-6 carbon atoms, ketoesters of alkanoic acids, the additive contains 5-8 carbon atoms, and 5-8 carbon atoms At least one of oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds, the additive is added in an amount of 0.05-15% by volume of the total volume of the engine fuel composition, suitably 0.1-15% by volume, preferably 3-10% by volume, most preferably 5% by volume -10% by volume. 14. A mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) usable in the process of claim 1, characterized in that the volume ratio of (b) to (c) is from 1:150 to 400:1, more preferably 1:10 to 10:1, and the oxygen-containing additive is selected from alkanols containing 3-10 carbon atoms, ketones containing 4-9 carbon atoms, dialkyl ethers containing 6-10 carbon atoms, Alkanoic acid alkyl esters, said additives containing 5-8 carbon atoms, hydroxy ketones containing 4-6 carbon atoms, ketoesters of alkanoic acids, said additives containing 5-8 carbon atoms, and containing 5 - an oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound of 8 carbon atoms. 15. The mixture of claim 14, characterized in that it contains: ethanol component (b) in an amount of 0.5-99.5% by volume, preferably 9.5-99% by volume, more preferably 20-95% by volume, most preferably 25- 92% by volume; oxygen-containing component (c), the content of which is 0.5-99.5% by volume, preferably 0.5-90% by volume, more preferably 0.5-80% by volume, most preferably 3-70% by volume; and containing at least A component (d) of C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, preferably C ₈ -C ₁₁ hydrocarbons, in an amount of 0-99% by volume, preferably 0-90% by volume, more preferably 0-79.5% by volume, Most preferably 5-77% by volume, the ratio of component (b):((c)+(d)) in the mixture is preferably kept in the range of 1:200-200:1, more preferably 1:10-10: 1. 16. The mixture according to claim 15, characterized in that component (d) is an individual aliphatic saturated and unsaturated or alicyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, or a mixture thereof, and/or a hydrocarbon having a boiling point of 100-200° C. Oil distillation, hydrocarbon fractions of bituminous coal resins or products obtained from synthesis gas processing. 17. Mixture according to claims 14-16, characterized in that component (b) is a modified ethanol mixture as available on the market, which contains about 92% by volume of ethanol, the remainder being hydrocarbons and by-products, both combined to form Component (b). 18. Mixture according to claims 14-16, characterized in that the fuel grade ethanol contains at least 99.5% by volume of ethanol. 19. Use of the mixture according to claims 14-16 as fuel for modified gasoline engines. 20. Use of the mixture according to claims 14-16 for obtaining ethanol-containing gasoline fuel, the octane number of which is adjusted to the desired level by mixing the corresponding amount of said mixture with the universal gasoline fuel (a) while maintaining or reducing the vapor pressure of the fuel composition thus obtained compared to the vapor pressure of the gasoline component (a) alone.

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